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Voices of Immigrants Handbook

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Voices of Immigrants Handbook GETTING ON: FROM MIGRATION TO INTEGRATION CHINESE, INDIAN, LITHUANIAN, AND NIGERIAN MIGRANTS’EXPERIENCES IN IRELAND Prepared for the Immigrant Council of Ireland by The Migration and Citizenship Research Initiative, UCD Published by: Immigrant Council of Ireland 2 St. Andrew Street Dublin 2, Ireland Information and Support Service: Tel: +353 1 674 0200 or E-mail: [email protected] Administration: Tel: +353 1 674 0202 or E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.immigrantcouncil.ie Edited by: Colleen McFadyen Designed by: Dermot O’Connor & Associates Ltd Cover Photographs: Derek Speirs Printed by: Four Print Ltd ISBN: 978-0-9545496-7-1 © Copyright 2008. Immigrant Council of Ireland No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except for brief quotations used in critical reviews. The information in this publication is provided in good faith and every effort has been made to ensure that it is accurate and up to date. The Immigrant Council of Ireland (ICI) disclaims any responsibility for errors and omissions in the text. Any person relying upon this publication or using it in connection with any legal matter shall be deemed to have accepted these terms of use and shall not hold the ICI liable for the use or misuse of this publication or of any of the information contained therein. About the Authors Alice Feldman is a lecturer in the School of Sociology and co-director of the Migration and Citizenship Research Initiative at University College Dublin (UCD). Over the past 15 years, her research has addressed the social and policy dynamics of ethnic diversity, migration and social change in local, national and international contexts. She serves in a variety of research and advisory capacities with a number of NGOs and agencies in Ireland involved in interculturalism and integration. Mary Gilmartin is a lecturer in geography at NUI Maynooth. Since graduating with a PhD in geography from the University of Kentucky, she has taught at universities in the UK and Ireland. Her teaching interests centre on cultural and political geography. Her recent research and publications focus on the geographies of migration, with a particular focus on Ireland. Steven Loyal is a senior lecturer in the School of Sociology, UCD. His research interests include the sociology of migration; ethno-racial domination; class, stratification and inequality; sociological theory; and the sociology of knowledge. Bettina Migge received her PhD at Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA in 1998. She is senior lecturer in linguistics in the School of Irish, Celtic Studies, Irish Folklore and Linguistics at UCD. She does research and teaches in the area of sociolinguistics. She has published widely on language contact, language and gender, language and migration, language and education, language description, on the Creoles of Suriname and French Guiana, and on the languages of West Africa. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Research for this report was carried out by 12 researchers in teams of three which included a lead researcher, a UCD doctoral student and a community researcher. Research among Chinese migrants was led by Alice Feldman (UCD), supported by Diane Nititham and Hong Liu. Research among Indian migrants was led by Steve Loyal (UCD), supported by Nanette Schuppers and Jophy K. Cherian. Research among Lithuanian migrants was led by Mary Gilmartin (NUI Maynooth), supported by Jane-Ann O’Connell and Donata Leahu. Research among Nigerian migrants was led by Bettina Migge (UCD), supported by Theo Ejorh and Susan Okigbo. The final report was written by the four lead researchers. However, this report would have not been possible without the involvement and generous assistance of a wide range of people. We would particularly like to thank Jennifer Scholtz, Jolanda van der Noll, Gijs van Houten, Arunas Teiserskis, and Thomas Kutty for their assistance at various stages in the research, and to Nanette Schuppers for her additional contributions to the analysis of survey data. The steering group established by the Immigrant Council of Ireland (ICI), which consisted of Denise Charlton, Dug Cubie, Siobhán Hegarty, Lawrence Lee, Piaras MacÉinrí, Fidele Mutwarasibo, Jane Pillinger, Evelina Saduikyté, Prashant Shukla, and Aki Stavrou, provided invaluable guidance, feedback and advice. Within UCD, we wish to thank Dr Marc Caball and Valerie Norton of the Humanities Institute of Ireland, Máire Coyle, Stephen Hannon, Maeve O’Connell and Marie Williams. We would also like to acknowledge the assistance of a variety of organisations in contacting interviewees and survey respondents, including the Lithuanian Association of Ireland, the Chinese Professional Association in Ireland, the Institute for Chinese Studies at University College Cork, Chinese Students and Scholars Association, NUI Galway, and Southside Chinese Residents’ Association. Thanks also to the members of the focus groups organised by the ICI: Prerna Arya, Benedicta Attoh, Brijandra Bansal, Chinedu Dibor, Clement Esebamen, Arun Garg, Gaurav Gupta, Aiste Griskonyte,v Olatunji Idowu, Emmanuel Igbinosa, Inya, Li Jian, Ruta Kasinskaite, Praveen Kumar, Lawrence Lee, Yupeng Liu, Derek Luk, Hangsu Ma, Jitindra Mittal, Reginald Oko-Flex, Howard Pau, Li Qian, Evelína Saduikyté, Gediminas Sagaitis, Jai Prakash Shukla, Levu Statkute, Ying Yun Wang, Sing Wong, and Qi Liang Zheng. Finally, we would particularly like to thank the people who participated in the research as interviewees and survey respondents. They allowed us into their private lives and patiently responded to our numerous questions. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 Background, Rationale, and Context of Study 3 Defining the Terms 3 Measuring Integration 4 Methodology 7 Survey 7 Interviews 8 Focus Groups 8 Ethical Considerations 8 Integration in Ireland: A Summary of Key Findings 9 Political Integration 10 Economic Integration 11 Social Integration 13 Cultural Integration 15 Migration Status: A Key Factor in Integration in Ireland 18 Developing an Integration Policy in Ireland 19 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS 22 Introduction 22 Preconditions to Integration 23 Defining Integration 24 Measuring Integration 25 Governance Issues: Promoting a Process of Integration and Inclusion 25 Detailed Sectoral Recommendations – Preliminary Remarks 26 Political and Legal Rights and Entitlements 27 Economic 33 Social 35 Culture 36 Concluding Remarks 38 References 39 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 41 Introduction 43 Background, Rationale, and Context of Study 43 Defining the Terms 43 v Measuring Integration 44 Methodology 47 Survey 47 Interviews 49 Focus Groups 51 Ethical Considerations 51 Chapter 2 MIGRANT PROFILES 53 Introduction 55 Chinese, Indian, Lithuanian, and Nigerian Migrants in Ireland: Current Census Statistics 55 Demographic Description of Survey Respondents and Interviewees 57 Paths to Ireland 63 Historical Connections and Choice of Ireland as a Migration Destination 64 Preparation and Initial Arrival 65 Migration Status and Entitlements 66 EU/EEA Citizens 68 Non-EU/EEA Citizens 68 Labour Migrants 69 Students 70 Asylum seekers 70 Parents of Irish-Citizen Children 71 Irregular migrants 71 GNIB Registration 71 Summary 71 Chapter 3 POLITICAL INDICATORS OF INTEGRATION 73 Introduction 75 Access to Services 75 Health Services 75 Childcare 77 Legal and Advice Services 78 Political and Civic Participation and Activities 78 Voting in Ireland 78 Political and Trade Union Activities 80 Civic and Community Activity 82 Conclusion 84 vi Chapter 4 ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF INTEGRATION 85 Introduction/Overview 87 Employment Background, Occupations, and Finding Work 87 Occupational Status Before Coming to Ireland 87 Job Offer Prior to Arrival 88 Finding Work 89 Employment in Ireland 90 Changes in Occupational Status and Levels of Occupational Mobility 90 Treatment at Work 94 Recognition of Qualifications 98 Unemployment 100 Education 101 Change in Financial, Professional, and Personal Situation 103 Income and Cost of Living 105 Conclusion 108 Chapter 5 SOCIAL INDICATORS OF INTEGRATION 109 Introduction 111 Who People Spend Time With and How Much 111 Types of Activities 113 Activities with Family Members 113 Activities with Friends from Home Countries 114 Activities with Other Migrants 115 Activities with Irish Citizens 117 Attitudes to Irish People 119 Racism in Ireland 122 Interactions at Work and in Education 124 Housing, Home, and Neighbourhood 127 Conclusion 133 Chapter 6 CULTURAL INDICATORS OF INTEGRATION 135 Introduction 137 Language and Culture in the Irish Context 137 Language Use 137 Language Proficiency 139 Common Values and Irish Culture 142 Families and Migration 145 vii Family Reunification and Family Visits 148 The Cost of Separating Families 150 Transnational Families 150 Diversity in Ireland 155 Are New Communities Emerging? 155 Accepting Diversity and Change 158 Future Plans 161 Conclusion 164 Chapter 7 INTEGRATION AND THE EXPERIENCES OF THE CHINESE, INDIAN, LITHUANIAN, AND NIGERIAN MIGRANTS IN IRELAND 167 Introduction 169 Integration in Ireland: A Summary of Key Findings 169 Political Integration 169 Economic Integration 171 Social Integration 172 Cultural Integration 173 Integration in the Irish Context 175 Migration Status: A Key Factor in Integration in Ireland 181 Developing an Integration Policy in Ireland 182 References 187 viii FOREWORD D R Until very recently, debate
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