Abbey Theatre, 443, 544; Rioting At, 350 Abbot, Charles, Irish Chief Secretary, 240 Abercorn Restaurant, Belfast, Bomb In, 514 A

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INDEX

Abbey Theatre, 443, 544; rioting at, 350 247, 248; and Whiteboys, 179, 199, Abbot, Charles, Irish chief secretary, 240 201, 270 Abercorn restaurant, Belfast, bomb in, 514 Ahern, Bertie, Taoiseach, 551, 565;and Aberdeen, Ishbel, Lady, 8 Tony Blair, 574; investigated, 551;and abortion, in early Ireland, 7; in modern peace process talks (1998), 566 Ireland, banned, 428, 530–1; Aidan, Irish missionary, 26 referendum on, 530; see ‘X’case AIDS crisis see under contraception ActofAdventurers(1642), 129 Aiken, Frank, 419, 509; minister of defence, ActofExplanation(1665), 134 440; wartime censorship, 462 Act to prevent the further growth of popery aislingı´ poetry, 169 (1704), 163, 167, 183 Al Qaeda, attacks in United States, 573 Act of Satisfaction (1653), 129 Albert, cardinal archduke, 97 ActofSettlement(1652), 129 alcohol: attitudes towards in Ireland and ActofSettlement(1662), 133 Britain, nineteenth century, 310; Adams, Gerry, republican leader, 511, consumption of during ‘Celtic Tiger’, 559–60, 565; and the IRA, 522;and 549; and see whiskey power-sharing, 480–1; and strength of Alen, Archbishop John, death of, 76 his position, 569; and study of Irish Alen, John, clerk of council, 76 history, 569; and talks with John Hume, Alexandra College, Dublin, 355 559, 561; and David Trimble, 569;and Alfred, king, 26 visa to the United States, 562; wins Algeria, 401 parliamentary seat in West Belfast, Allen, William, Manchester Martyr, 302 526 Alliance Party, 515, 573;andtalks,1998, Addington, Henry, British prime minister, 566 241, 254 Allied Irish Bank, 552 Adomnan,´ and life of Colum Cille, 22 amateur drama societies, twentieth-century Adrian IV, pope, 38, 41 Ireland, 482 Adrian, Mollie, and the Easter Rising, 388 America: British colonies in, 89, 141, 146, Aer Lingus, Irish airline, 493 175; and constitutional issues, 176; agrarian disturbances, 199–202, 243, embargo on trade with British colonies, 246–9; and Captain Rock, 246, 248, 176; Ireland and discovery of, 81;and 293; Caravats, 246, 247–8, 249;and Irish Catholics, 177; Irish opinion and, Church of Ireland, 202; and Protestant 184; Irish soldiers sent to, 175;andWar sympathisers, 203; and Rightboys, 201, of Independence, 361 270; and Rockite movement, 247, 249, Amnesty Association, 316; and see 252, 293, 314; Shanavests, 193, 246, Fenianism

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Ancient Order of Hibernians, 369 and boxing, 432; Catholics in British Andrews, John M., Unionist politician, 439 army, 262; and Catholic recruitment, An Garda Siochana´ , 421; and see Ireland, 170, 177; in Irish Free State, 432;Irish Irish Free State service in, during First World War, 382; anglicisation of Ireland, 139 in late sixteenth century, 97; linked with Anglo-Irish, 47; mission of, 155 Catholic relief, 178; and military music, Anglo-Irish Agreement, 1985, 556–8, 559, 432; and ‘mutiny’ in Irish Free State, 560, 562, 563, 567; and anti-RUC 432; recruitment to, 351; regulars, 249; protests, 557; and by-election protests, and show-jumping, 432;in1641, 117; 557; and Irish government, 556;key and Ulster, 374; see also Irish abroad points of, 556; and northern army, Indian, Irish in, 311 nationalists, 556; and Margaret Arras, siege of, 125 Thatcher, 557; and Unionists, 557, Ashbourne, county Meath, military 559–60; and see Northern Ireland engagement at, 1916, 390, 397 Anglo-Irish Bank, nationalised, 552 Ashbourne, Lord, 332; and Land Act, 1885, Anglo-Irish Free Trade Agreement (1965), 326, 337 494 Ashe, Thomas, and Easter Rising, 390; Anglo-Irish war see Irish War of death on hunger strike, 397, 398 Independence Asquith, H. H., prime minister, 367, 368, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 26 373, 384, 399; attack on by Annagassan, county Louth, Vikings in, 27 suffragettes, 369; and Curragh ‘mutiny’, annals, Irish, 36, 39; of Lough Ce´, 55 432; and militarisation of his Annegray, monastery, 25 government, 383 Ansbacher (Cayman) Bank, 550;and Athlone, siege of, 136 non-resident accounts, 551 Auchinleck, Sir Claude, British general, Antrim, county, 10, 24, 88; de Courcy 459 attack on, 38; excluded from Home Aud, and gun-running, 386 Rule, 268, 374 Aughrim Volunteers, 179; and see Antrim Town, in 1798 rising, 222, 338 Volunteers of 1778 Apprentice Boys of Derry, 134; parade in Aughrim, battle of (1691), 79, 136, 138, August 1969, 505 154, 169, 237 Aran Islands, 348 Augustinian order, 47 An Argument on behalf of the Catholics of Australia, 408; clerical abuse in, 536;as Ireland by T. W. Tone, 207–8 model for Ireland, 375, 487 Argyll, Scotland, 24 automobiles, in Ireland, 360; number of, Ark of the Covenant, 8 360 Arkle, racehorse, 545 auxiliaries, British army formation, in Irish Arklow, county Wicklow, battle in 1798, War of Independence, 401–2 222 Armada, Spanish, survivors of, 95 ‘B’ Specials see Ulster Special Constabulary Armagh, county, 4, 10; Catholics bearing Bachelor’s Walk, Dublin, shootings at, 372 arms in, 202; massacre in (1641), 115; Bagenal, Sir Henry, 96, 97 and partition, 268, 374 Bagenal, Mabel, earl of Tyrone’s wife, 96 Arminianism, 111; see also Laud, Balbriggan, county Dublin, sack of, 402 archbishop Balcombe Street IRA gang, 571 Army Comrades Association, 444; Baldwin, Stanley, prime minister, 438 membership, 444, 445 Balfour, Arthur, Irish chief secretary, 358, army in Ireland: 97; anti-army feeling in 359–60, 361, 447 Ireland, 351;in1914, 376; Balfour, Gerald, Irish chief secretary, 358, augmentation of in Ireland, 1767, 173; 359, 360–1

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Balfour’s Land Act, 1891, 326 Beleek, county Fermanagh, 135 Balkan wars, 1990s, 571 Belfast, 24, 141, 339, 542; bombs in (July Ballinamuck, county Longford, battle at, 1972), 514; as Catholic city, 557;and 1798, 224 Catholics in, 339;dockstrikein(1907), ballrooms in Ireland, 495 358; election of nationalist lord mayor, Ballygawley, county Tyrone, bomb at, 557; general labourers in, 358;and 559 industrialisation, 312; military riot in Ballykelly, county Londonderry, bomb at, (1793), 211; and modernisation, 312, 526 469;innineteenthcentury,336–7;and Ballymena, county Antrim, battle in 1798, Orangeism, 312; population, 336;and 222 religious segregation in, 339;and Ballymoney, county Antrim, 572; and rising rioting in (1886), 336; sectarian in 1798, 222 murders (1922), 423; slum-dwellers in Ballynahinch, county Down, in 1798, 226, nineteenth century, 329 338 Belfast Agreement see Good Friday Balmoral, near Belfast, demonstration at, Agreement 368 Belfast city council, 438 Baltic Exchange, IRA bomb at, 561 Belfast City Hall, 395; protest at, 1985, 557 Baltinglass, Viscount, 93; and revolt, 93 Belfast Constitutional Compact, 1791, 207 Bandon, county Cork, 135; and William of Belfast Independent Labour Party, 357 Orange, 134 Belfast Newsletter, 477 Bangor, county Down, 24, 28; gun-running Belfast Telegraph, criticises O’Neill, 491 at, 371 Belgium, invaded, 1940, 453, 462; and see Banishment Act, 1697, 163 Louvain Bank of England, 182 Belsen concentration camp, 463 Bank of Ireland, 552; and Irish Parliament Benburb, county Tyrone, battle of 1646, 126 house, 240 Bennett report on RUC, 523 banking crisis, 2008, 470 Bennett, Louie, and Constitution of 1937, Bann River, ﬁshery, 70 450 Bannaven Taberniae, possible birth-place of Bentham, Jeremy, political reformer, 257 St Patrick, reputed to be Carlisle, Beresford, John, Revenue Commissioner, England, 4 181, 195, 205, 229, 238 Bantry Bay, county Cork, French expeditions Berlin Wall, fall of, 560 to (1689–90), 211;(1796), 216–18 Best, George, soccer player, 492 Banville, John, novelist, 544 Beveridge report, 460 Barry, Kevin, IRA volunteer, executed, 402 Bevin, Ernest, British politician, 459 Bastille, fall of, 206 Bibliotheque` royale, Paris, 203 battle of the Atlantic, 453 Biggar, J. G., Irish parliamentarian, 316, 317 Becket, Thomas, murdered, 37, 41 Bilton Hotel, Dublin, 315 Beckett, J. C., historian, 187 Binchy, Daniel A., historian, 13, 14, 31, 33 Beckett, Samuel, playwright, 481, 482 Bingham, Sir Richard, military governor, 95 Bede, Venerable, 18 Birmingham pub bombing, 521 Bedford, duke of, lord lieutenant, 161, 172; Birrell, Augustine, Irish chief secretary, 245, and Catholic recruitment, 172 366, 384 beef industry; inquiry into, 549; Bishop’s Bonﬁre, The, by Sean O’Casey, 481 irregularities in, 550 Bishops’ wars see Scotland beef, salted, exports, 141 Black and Tans, British military formation, bee-keeping, in early Ireland, 6 401; and see War of Independence Behan, Brendan, playwright, 480, 481, 482; Black Death, 55–6, 89; and depopulation as andEoinO’Duffy,445 result of, 55

590 / Index

black oath, in Ulster, 110 Boyle, Henry, Irish politician, 150, 151, Blackrock College, 310 152, 159, 160, 161, 173; and Money Blair, Tony, prime minister, 1997, 565, 566, bill dispute, 150 574, 576; and Bertie Ahern, 574;and Boyle, Richard, earl of Cork, 95, 107, 109; David Trimble, 574; and peace talks, and wife’s tomb, 111 1998, 566 Boyne Volunteers, 179; and see Volunteers Blaney, Neil, Irish government minister: and of 1778 Jack Lynch, 507; sacked, 507 Boyne, battle of 1690, 79, 135, 138, 154, Blaquiere, Sir John, Irish chief secretary, 205 237, 338 Blaris Moor, county Down, army camp at, Boyne, River, 1, 27 219 Bradford, Revd Robert, Member of Bloody Sunday (1921), 402; reprisals, 403 Parliament, assassinated, 526 Bloody Sunday (1972), 513, 514, 525 Braganstown, county Louth, massacre at, 59 Bloomﬁeld, Kenneth, civil servant, 491 Breen, Dan, IRA leader, 431 Blueshirts see Army Comrades Association brehon law, 59, 62; and brehons, 7 BMW cars, in Northern Ireland, 555 Brest, French naval base, 216, 220; and see boards of guardians, Ireland, 273;inBelfast, Bantry Bay 437 Brett, Sergeant Charles, shot by Fenians, 302 Bobbio, monastery, 25 Bright, John, clauses in Land Act named Boer War, 351, 361; Irish attitude towards, after, 308 311 Brighton bomb, 1984, 526 Bogside, battle of, 505, 506 Brigid, Irish saint, 40 Boland’s mill, in Easter Rising, 387, 388 Britain and Ireland: Britain and Northern Boleyn, Anne, 75 Ireland, 555; as common cultural zone, Bolingbroke, Henry see Henry IV 309–10; and devolution, 555, 563;and Bolton, sack of, during English Civil War, direct rule, 555; and integration, 555; 127 and invasion, 1940, 379; and Irish Bombay Street, Belfast, burned, 505, 525 Catholics, 178; and IRA in Northern Bonaparte see Napoleon Ireland, 522–3; and military Bonar Law, Andrew, British politician, 368, involvement, 555; and role for Dublin 373 in Northern Ireland, 563; Bond, Oliver, United Irish arrests in his travel between, 308; and see Northern house, 220 Ireland Boniface, pope, 25 Britain, at war, 1914, 374; IRA violence in, Book of Invasions, The, 1 521; as warfare state, 408 boroughs, establishment of, 48 British Broadcasting Corporation Borrisoleigh, county Tipperary, 246, 248 (BBC); in Northern Ireland, 492; Boru, Brian, 31, 33 received in the Republic, 496 Botanic Gardens, Belfast, demonstration in, British embassy in Dublin, burned 1972, 513 1893, 341 British empire, and Catholics, 169;Irish Boucicault, Dion, playwright, 309 attitude towards, 376; Irish in defence Boulogne, Irish soldiers in, 86; and see Irish of, 311; Irish in, 310–11 abroad British Enkalon, factory, 51 Boulter, Archbishop Hugh, lord justice, 159 British Israelites, 8 Boundary Commission, 408; and Northern British state, 122, in nineteenth century; and Ireland, 408; and Ulster Unionists, 408, administrative reform, 314; liberalism 425–6 of, 265 Bowen Colthurst, Captain J. C., and British Union of Fascists, congratulates de shooting prisoners, 391 Valera, 463 Boycott, Captain Charles, 320 Brittany, civil war in, 212

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Brodrick, Alan, Irish politician, 157 Butler, Piers, earl of Ossory, 75 Brooke, Sir Alan, British general, 459 Butler, Thomas, tenth earl of Ormond, 94 Brooke, Sir Basil, later Lord Brookeborough, Butt, Isaac, Irish parliamentarian, 270, 304, 458, 489, 490, 499 314–17, 345 Brookeborough see Brooke, Sir Basil butter exports from Ireland, 141 Brooke, Peter, Secretary of State for Byrne, Gay, Irish broadcaster, 496 Northern Ireland, 560 Byrne, Miles, 1798 leader, 224 brothels in Ireland, nineteenth century, 291 Byrne’s country (Wicklow), 110 brown earl of Ulster, 56 Brown, Ford Madox, artist, 309 Cahill, Edward, SJ, and Freemasonry, 448 Browne, Geoffrey, of Tuam, county Galway, Cahill, Joe, IRA leader, 511, 513, 569 132 Cairo gang, killed on ‘Bloody Sunday’, 406 Browne, Michael, bishop of Galway; on Calais, 53, 77 danger of cinema, 431 Callaghan, James, British politician, 514 Browne, Dr Noel, minister for health, 477, Calpurnius, 4 479 Calvin, Jean, religious reformer, 83 Bruce invasion, 54–5, 57, 60, 96 Camden, earl, lord lieutenant, 227 Brunswick clubs, 264 Cameron Commission, appointed, 503; Buchenwald concentration camp, 463 report, 505 Buckingham, Lord, lord lieutenant, and the Cameron, Julia Margaret, photographer, ‘Regency rats’, 198 309 Buckinghamshire, Lord, lord lieutenant, Campaign for Democracy in Ulster, 499 177, 180, 182, 183, 184 Campaign for Social Justice, 499 Bunreacht na hEireann´ , 452;see Campbell, William, 204 Constitution of 1937 Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, British Bunting, Major Ronald, 502 politician, 344, 366 burial grounds, disputes over, 262 Canada, and Irish Free State, 408, 426; Burke, Edmund, Irish parliamentarian, 145, clerical abuse in, 536; as model for 212 Ireland, 375; as model for Northern Burke family, 62 Ireland, 487 Burke, Raphael, Irish politician, Canary Wharf, London, IRA bomb at, 564 investigated, 551 Canterbury, claims jurisdiction over Irish Burke, Richard, secretary to Catholic church, 35 Committee, 209 Captain Moonlight, agrarian insurgent, 323 Burke, T. H., assassinated, 325 Caravats see under agrarian disturbances Burke, Ulick MacWilliam, 86 Carbonari, Italian secret society, 300 Burntollet, county Londonderry, 502 Carlingford, county Louth, 65 Bush, George W., United States president, Carlisle, Lord, lord lieutenant, 177, 184, 576 185, 187 Butcher Boy, The, 544 Carlisle, reputed St Patrick’s birth-place, 4 Butler, Charles, Catholic activist, 237, 256 Carlow, 65; 1798 rising in, 221 Butler family, 62 Carlyle, Thomas, writer, 299 Butler, James, ﬁrst earl of Ormond, 52, 57, Carmelite order, 47 59 Carnarvon, Lord, lord lieutenant, 332 Butler, James, fourth earl of Ormond, 61 Carnew, county Wicklow, 221 Butler, James, twelfth earl of Ormond, 123, Carney, Winifred, and Easter Rising, 388 124, 126, 129, 133; truce with the Carrickfergus, county Antrim, 135; and its Confederates, 125 castle, 46; French attack on, 179;and Butler, James, thirteenth earl of Ormond, rising in 1798, 222 149 Carrickshock, county Kilkenny, 271

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Carson, Ciaran,´ poet, 544 in twentieth century, 532;inthe1960s, Carson, Edward, Sir, Unionist leader, 368, 494–5;inthe1980s, 531–2;inthe 372, 373, 374, 379, 404, 497;enters 1990s, 533–6; and abuse in residential Asquith’s government, 384;hisstatue institutions, 536; and mass attendance, unveiled at Stormont, 435 508; and moral monopoly, 473;and Carton, county Kildare, 154 religious observance, 537;andsex CaseofIreland...stated,The, by William abuse, 473; special position of under Molyneux, 151 1937 Constitution, 508; and vocations, Casement, Roger: capture of, 385; 473, 532, 537; see also Ferns, diocese; execution, 394; humanitarian, 384, Ryan report 394, 396 Catholic Committee, 162, 167, 168, 186, Casey, Bishop Eamonn, 532, 533 192;(1790s), 209;(1820s), 259; and Cashel cathedral, county Tipperary, 74 see Catholic emancipation Castlebar, county Mayo, battle of, 1798, Catholic emancipation, 254–7, 269, 277, 224 294, 310, 314; and Catholic rent, 262; castle-building, medieval period, 46 as a national struggle, 242; and see Castlereagh, Lord, chief secretary, 192, 228, O’Connell, Daniel 229, 233, 234, 235, 236, 240, 241, Catholic priests, and state salary, 240 246 Catholic Relief Acts, 183, 194, 227;(1778), Castlereagh police barracks, records stolen 178, 183, 186;(1782), 188;(1792), from, 574 209;(1793), 209, 254 Castletown, county Kildare, 154 Catholic Truth Society, 430 Castleward, county Down, 154 Cavan: and Covenant, 374; and partition, Catherine of Aragon, 75 374 Cathleen ni Houlihan,byW.B.Yeatsand Cavendish, Lord Frederick, chief secretary, Lady Gregory, 350 assassinated, 325 Catholic Association, 262, 263; and see Cavendish, political family, 151 Catholic emancipation; O’Connell, CDB see Congested Districts Board Daniel; and Easter Rising, 394 Celestine, pope, 3 Catholic church Celtic Tiger, 469, 471, 497, 537–46, 552; in early modern Ireland, 107, 124; and alcohol consumption, 549;beneﬁts Catholic power, destruction of, 131; not shared equally, 538;cultural and Counter-Reformation, 84, 107; preconditions for, 541; explanations under Cromwell, 131; and loyalty, 83; for, 538–41; ﬁrst mention, 529;and in Restoration Ireland, 133 modernisation, 541; and northern in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Unionists, 540, 554 153, 163–72, 186, 202, 228, 243; Celts, 1, 2–3; see also Gaeil Catholic ascendancy, 277; Catholic censorship in Ireland: and Censorship priests, castration proposed for, 152; Board, 430, 443, 495; and Censorship Catholic recovery, 165–8; as chaplains of Films Act (1923), 428;and in prisons, 262; and the ‘colonial Censorship of Publications Act (1929), patronage’, 310; family networks, 166; 428; during Emergency, 461–2;andin and grievances, 316; and D. P. Moran, Europe in 1920s, 429;inUnitedStates 352; and nineteenth century practice, in 1920s, 429 304; post-Union, 241–3;andthe Chamberlain, Joseph, British politician, 334, professions, 313; as proportion of 359 population, 313; Protestant fears of, Chamberlain, Neville, British prime 312; and threat from Europe, 169;and minister; and appeasement, 441; and de wealth of Ireland, 313; and see Catholic Valera, 441; praised by de Valera, 465; emancipation and united Ireland, 454

593 / Index

chancery in Ireland, creation of, 47 Civil War, American, 300, 301 Channel Islands, 47, 61 civilians, treatment of in wartime Europe, Chaplin, Charlie, actor, 461 462 Charlemagne, Irish visitors to court of, 26 Clan na Poblachta, 475; in coalition Charlemont, Lord, 162, 186, 192 government, 1948, 475; and papal Charles I, king of England, 114, 115, 122, encyclicals, 475 123, 124, 126, 133, 453; and crisis of Clann na Talmhain, political party, 1950s, three kingdoms, 122; and Old English, 475 108; and Parliament, 111; policies of, Clanricard, Ulick, marquis, 110 110, 111; and the Scots, 111; his seal, Clare, county, and Irish civil war, 419;East 142; suspected of popish leanings, 111; Clare by-election, 1916, 396 and Wentworth, 111 Clare, earl of, lord chancellor, 130, 193, Charles II, king of England, 132 198, 205, 230, 231, 238 Charles V, emperor, 76 Clarence, George, duke of, chief governor, Chequers, talks at, 576 43 Chernobyl, nuclear accident in, 531–2 Clarke, Austin, poet, 482 Chesterﬁeld, Lord, lord lieutenant, 159 Clarke, Mrs Thomas, and Irish Constitution Chichester, Sir Arthur, lord deputy, 102, of 1937, 450 104, 245 Clarke, Thomas, 369, 383, 385, 394 Chichester-Clark, Major James, prime Cleary, Fr Michael, 533 minister of Northern Ireland, 504 Clerkenwell prison, explosion at, 304 chief governor, ofﬁce of in eighteenth Clinton, William Jefferson, United States century, 146; and see individual lords president, 560, 562; and Northern deputies and lords lieutenants Ireland, 565; visit to Ireland, 1995, 564; children’s allowance, 489; under Fianna 2000, 573 Fail,´ 450; in Northern Ireland, Clonard monastery, Belfast, talks at, 576 compared to Republic, 487; and see Clonmacnois, sack of, 31 Ireland, Republic of Clontarf: battle of, 1014, 28, 31, 33; Daniel Chinese, in Ireland, 546 O’Connell meeting at, 275 Christian Brothers, Irish, 273, 310 Clontibret, county Monaghan, battle of, Christianity in early Ireland, 3, 7, 11–13, 33 1595, 96; invasion of, 1986, 557 Christians, in Spain, 51 Clotworthy, Sir John, parliamentarian, 112, Chronicle, of Prosper of Aquitaine, 3 116 church in Ireland: and disestablishment, Clyn, Fr John, annalist, 55 306, 315, 333, 335; evangelicals in, Coalisland, county Tyrone, civil rights 263; Church of Ireland, 13; enemies of march in, 501 Christ, term for the English, 97; Coercive Acts, 1774, 176 medieval period, alleged abuses in, 40, coign and livery, 62, 85 41; Presbyterian hostility to, 105;in coinage, Danish, 31;inmedievalIreland,10 1830s, 267 Colclough, John, 192 Churchill, Lord Randolph, British politician, Cold War, end of, 560 332, 333, 336–40, 368 Coleraine, renamed Londonderry, 100; Churchill, Winston, prime minister, 442; awarded university, 492 and attack on Ireland’s neutrality, Collins, Michael, revolutionary, 406, 407, 464–5; praises Northern Ireland, 457; 409, 426;deathof,419, 423;and and united Ireland, 454 Treaty, 408, 410, 569 cinema in Ireland, 191 Collins, Thomas, castle spy, 219 Cistercian order, 47 Colombia, south America, Sinn Fein´ Citizen Army, and Easter Rising, 369, 385, members arrested in, 574 387, 388 colonies, military, 89; and see plantations

594 / Index

Colum Cille, 22–4, 26, 28, 40 Constitution of Ireland, 1937, 446–52, 541, Columba see Colum Cille 553; and articles 2 and 3, 447, 531, Columbanus, 24–6, 28 567, 568; article 44, 447, 448; and Bill Columbus, Christopher, 81 of Rights, 451; and Cahill, Edward, SJ, commercial propositions see Orde, Thomas 447; and Catholic moral code, 448;and Commission for Defective Titles, 98 Church of Ireland, 447;and Commission on Emigration, 1948, 482–3; contraception, 448; Craigavon and, report of, 482 447; and Department of External Committee Room Fifteen, House of Affairs, 446; and divorce, 448;and Commons, 343 Freemasonry, 448;andIrish News, common law in Ireland, 47 447;andJews,448; and McQuaid, Commonwealth, Ireland leaves, 477, 478, John Charles, 447; and Presbyterian 486 Assembly, 447; proposal to end articles communism, collapse of, 1989–90, 560 2 and 3, 562; and Senate, 451;strengths compensation for improvement, 307; see of, 451–2; and Supreme Court, 448, also Ulster custom 451; and women, 388, 449–51 Confederation of Kilkenny, 121–6; and King Constitution of Norway, sectarian nature of, Charles, 123; oath of association, 126; 448 and Supreme Council, 126 Constitution of United States, 447 Confessio,ofStPatrick,4–5, 11 Contagious Diseases Act, 355; women and, conﬁscations, Williamite, 88, 135 353, 354 confraternities, 304 Continuity Irish Republican Army, 579; see Congested Districts Board (CDB), 357, 359, also Provisional Irish Republican Army; 361, 366; budget of, 360 Real Irish Republican Army Connacht: agrarian disturbances in, 199; contraception, 428, 429, 472, 509, 529–30; divided into counties, 48;lackof and AIDS crisis, 529; and contraceptive settlers in, 46; president of, 91; train, 508; see also Constitution of 1937 transplantation to, 130 Control of Manufactures Acts, 442 Connaught Telegraph, 318, 320 Convention Act (1793), 211, 259 Connolly, James, socialist revolutionary, Cooke, Edward, under-secretary, 219, 230, 357, 358, 385, 387, 391, 394;and 233, 235, 237, 241 British empire, 384; and proclamation Cooke, Henry, Presbyterian leader, 336 of 1916, 388 Coote, Sir Charles, military commander, 127 conquest of Ireland, 41, 98 Cork City: and Cromwell, 131;sackof,402; conscription, threat of, during First World slum-dwellers in, 329 War, 382, 383, 385, 386, 398;and Cork, county, Vikings in, 27; Catholics in, Catholic bishops, 398, 399 131; and Easter Rising, 390; and Irish Conservative Party: Conservative-Unionist civil war, 419; marked out, 48, 51 Party, 363; and entry into Asquith’s Cork, earl of see Boyle, Roger government, 1915, 384; and Home Corn Laws, 205 Rule, 332, 358, 359 Cornwallis, marquis, lord lieutenant, 227, Constitution of 1782, 156, 186–8, 208, 210, 228, 231, 234, 235, 239, 240, 241 228, 241; assessment, 189, 205–6; Coroticus, British general, 4, 26, 31 British anxiety at, 191; ﬂawed nature of, Coroticus, Letter to, 4, 5, 6, 11 198; and ‘simple repeal’ of Declaratory corporation tax, in Ireland, 540 Act, 190; and see Parliament in Ireland, Corry, Isaac, Irish parliamentarian, 235 eighteenth century Cosgrave, W. T., Taoiseach, 406, 419, 420, Constitution of Great Britain, sectarian 422, 424, 509; and foreign affairs, 426; nature of, 448 government of, and language revival, Constitution of Irish Free State, 1922, 408 428; and moral policies of, 431

595 / Index

Costello, Declan, Irish politician, 507 Culloden Volunteers see Volunteers of 1778, Costello, John A., 475, 486; as Taoiseach, 179 475 Culloden, battle of (1746), 169 Council of Ireland see Sunningdale Cumann na mBan, 369; and Easter Rising, Agreement 388 Countess Cathleen,byW.B.Yeats,350 Cumann na nGaedheal, in power, 353, 425, Country Girls, by Edna O’Brien, 496 431–3; poor organisation of party, 432; county divisions, Ireland, 139 social policies of, 432; and see Court of Claims, 133 Cosgrave, W. T.; Irish Free State Court of Wards, 108 Curragh, county Kildare; army base at, 354; Courts of Justice, French, 147 ‘mutiny’ at, 372 Cowen, Brian, Taoiseach, 551, 552, 553 Currie, Austin, civil rights activist, 501;and Craig, James (after 1927 Lord Craigavon), Sunningdale Agreement, 516 368, 372, 404, 419, 422, 434, 435, Curry, John, Catholic historian, 168 436, 440; as populist Unionist, 439; Cusack, Cyril, actor, 481 and Ulster Special Constabulary, 436; Cuthbert, Norman, report with K. S. Isles, understanding with Collins, 423 on Northern Ireland, 491 Craig, William, minister for home affairs, Czechoslovakia, 452 501, 502; sacked, 503 Craigavon, new town, 492 Dail´ (lower house of Irish Parliament); crannog´ , lake-dwellings, 15 debates in Irish language in, 428; Crauford, Colonel Robert, 239 hunger-strikers win seats in, 525;and Crawford, Sharman, land reformer, 297 phasing out Dail´ courts, 421; see also cricket, derided as garrison game, 350; see Irish Free State; Irish Parliament; Irish also tennis Republic Crimean War, 287; Irish soldiers in, 311 Dal´ Cais,´ dynasty of, 28 Crimes Act, 359 Dal´ Riata, kingdom of, 24 Cromwell, Henry, son of Oliver, 132 Dalrymple, Sir John, political agent, 178 Cromwell, Oliver, Lord Protector: and Daly, James, newspaper editor, 318, 319 conversion of Irish Catholics, 131; Dancing at Lughnasa, by Brian Friel, Cromwellian Ireland, 128–32; 543 Cromwellian policies, novelty of, 129; Danes, in East Anglia, 32 death of, 132; and debts of war, 129; Dangan, county Offaly see Philipstown and English language, 129; and friars, Dark, The, by John McGahern, 496 131;inIreland,43, 122, 126–8, 371; DATI see Department of Agriculture and and Irish costume, 129; and Irish Technical Instruction customs 129; and Irish land, 129–31; Davies, Sir John, coloniser, 43, 52, 60 and law, 129; and population transfer, Davis, Thomas, 277–9, 293, 348, 352;and 129; and settlers, 131; as a republican, D. P. Moran, 352 128; as a Unionist, 128 Davitt, Michael, 318–19, 320, 323, 325, Cromwell, Thomas, Tudor secretary, 76, 77, 329; and John Devoy, 319; and Charles 78, 80, 86 Stewart Parnell, 319 Crosse and Blackwell, food processors, Dawson Bates, Richard, minister for home 442 affairs, 437 Crossmaglen, county Armagh, 512 D-Day, 6 June 1944, allied invasion of Crying Game, The, 544 Europe, 454 Cuba, and Ireland, 560 Deal, Kent, bomb at Marines’ barracks, Cullen, Paul, archbishop and cardinal, 559 302–4, 306, 308, 312; and education, Death of a Naturalist, by Seamus Heaney, 310 493

596 / Index

de Beaumont, Gustave, social investigator, bishops, 399; and Constitution of 1922, 265 446; and condolences on Hitler’s death, de Bermingham, Peter, 48, 59 465; and direct foreign investment, 483; de Burgh family, 46 and document no. 2, 409; escape from de Chastelain, General John, 574; Lincoln gaol, 406;hatredfor,444;and announces end of IRA arsenal, 576;on IRA, 436, 440; on language revival, decommissioning, 570, 574 428; and League of Nations, 426;and Declaration of Arbroath, 54 military tribunal, 440; and neutrality, Declaration of Breda, 132, 133 453; and partition, 441, 454; refusal on Declaratory Act, 148, 187; and see war criminals, 465; reply to Churchill, Constitution of 1782; Irish Parliament 464, 465–7; and the Treaty of 1921, de Courcy, John, adventurer, 10, 38, 47, 48, 409; St Patrick’s day 1943 broadcast by 54 de Valera, 464; takes power 1932, 426; Defenders, agrarian society, 202, 215, 237; vision of Ireland, 464 sent on board naval ships, 219; and see Devlin, Bernadette, Member of Parliament, agrarian disturbances 503, 513 de Lacy, Hugh, adventurer, 37, 38, 46, 48, devolution see Home Rule 53 Devonshire, duke of, lord lieutenant, 151, Delhi, India, Irish in storm of, 194 311 Devoy, John, Fenian chief, 313, 316, 319, Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), 468, 564, 320, 384 575;setupin1971, 510; Jeffrey de Wilton, Lord Grey, military governor, 93 Donaldson, 566, 570; overtakes Dickens, Charles, novelist, 309 Unionist Party as largest party, 573; Dickson, Reverend William Steele, United and David Trimble, 570;and Irishman, 175 Sunningdale Agreement, 515, 517; and Dillon, John, Irish parliamentarian, 343, see Paisley, Reverend Ian 364, 368, 382, 393, 396, 398 Denmark, invasion of (1940), 457 Dillon, John Blake, Young Irelander, 277 Department of Agriculture and Technical direct foreign investment, in Instruction (DATI), 361, 362 twentieth-century Ireland, 469, 483; Derrig, Tomas,´ minister of education, 443; and see also Celtic Tiger and see Irish language discoverer see Penal Laws Derry, 127; burned, 1608, 99; city council Discovery of the True Causes why Ireland in, 438, 498; civil rights march in, has never been subdued, by Sir John October 1968, 501; civil rights march Davies, 43 in, 1972, 513;denieduniversity,492; Disraeli, Benjamin, British politician, 305, monastery in, 24; police action, 501; 335, 351 renamed Londonderry, 100;sectarian Divis Street, Belfast, riot on, 1964, 497; and troubles in, 404;siegeof1689, 135, see Northern Ireland 338, 341 divorce; debate on, 472, 531;inearly Derry, earl bishop of, 192 Ireland, 7; in modern Ireland, banned, Desmond, earl of, 73, 91;deathof,93;and 428; and see Republic of Ireland holy war, 92; massacre of followers, 93; Dodds, Nigel, politician, 575 rising, 93; and Dublin Castle, 91 Dominican Convent School, Dublin, 355 de Tocqueville, Alexis, social investigator, Dominican order, 47, 51, 83, 84 265 Donaghadee, county Down, gun-running at, de Valera, Eamon, Irish revolutionary and 371 parliamentarian, 387, 393, 396, 406, Donaldson, Jeffrey, politician, 571; leaves 409, 431, 483, 568;and1916 Rising, Unionist Party, 570 388, 406; activities in 1920s, 431;and Donegal, county; and Covenant, 374;and American pressure, 454; and Catholic partition, 374

597 / Index

Doneraile, county Cork, creamery in, Dublin Corporation, and slums, 357 361 Dublin Evening Post, 191 Donnybrook Fair, Dublin, excesses at, Dublin Evening Press, 260 310 Dublin Housing Action Committee, 494 Donoughmore, earl of, landlord, 261 Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dorset, duke of, lord lieutenant, 151, 160 443 Down survey, by William Petty, 130 Dublin Metropolitan Police, 250 Down, county, 10; 1798 rising in, 221;de Dublin Opinion, 456 Courcy attack on, 38; and partition, Dublin Theatre Festival, and Archbishop 268, 374 McQuaid, 482 Downing Street Declaration, 1993, 561, Dublin University Magazine, 346 563; reaction to, 562; and see Northern Duckett, William, United Irishman, 216 Ireland Duffy, Charles Gavan, Young Irelander, Downing Street, London, IRA attack on, 277, 278, 280, 297, 298 561 Dukes, Alan, Fine Gael leader, 529;and Dowth, passage-tomb at, 1 Tallaght strategy, 529 Drake, Sir Francis, coloniser, 88, 89 Dunboyne, county Meath, 225 Drapier’s Letters, by Jonathan Swift, 151 Dundas, Henry, British politician, 241 Dreaper, Tom, racehorse trainer, 545 Dungan’s Hill, battle of (1647), 126 Drennan, William, United Irishman, 194, Dungannon Castle, county Tyrone, 102 207, 236 Dungannon, county Tyrone; civil rights Drogheda, county Louth, 312; Parliament march in, 499; town council of, 498; in, 47;sackof,127 Volunteer convention in, 187, 208 Dromore, county Down, 135 Dunlavin, county Wicklow, 221 Druid Theatre Company, Galway, 544 Dunne, Ben, Irish businessman, 550 Druids, in early Ireland, 7, 8 Dunraven, Lord, southern Unionist, 341, Drumcree, county Armagh; Orange parade 362 at, 563; riots at, 565, 572; and see DUP see Democratic Unionist Party Garvaghy Road Durrow, monastery at, 24, 31 Drummond, Thomas, and Ordnance Survey, Dwyer, Michael, insurgent leader in 1798, 274, 275 244 Du Pont factory, 491 Dublin, 48, 141; bombs in, 518;CharlesII East Anglia, and Danes, 32 proclaimed king in, 133; charter of, 38; East India Company, 202, 514; and Catholic city and county marked, 48; clerical recruitment, 202 abuse in, 535; commuter belt around, Easter rebellion, 1916 see Easter Rising, 538; and Cromwell, 131; English 1916 settlers in, 45;fallof(1170), 36;infant Easter Rising, 1916, 298, 377, 379–91, 399, mortality in, 434; overcrowding in, 400; aftermath, 396–9; and Asquith, 434;inthePale,65; Parliament in, 47; 394; begins on Easter Monday, 387;as poverty in, 275; slums in, 329, 434; a Catholic event, 394;expectationof surrendered to Michael Jones, 125;and German arms, 385; ﬁftieth anniversary trade with Wales, 35; tuberculosis in, of, 494, 499; leaders of, 386–7; military 434; Vikings in, 27, 31 repression after, 396; reactions to, Dublin Castle, 8, 48, 132; as centre of 391–3; round-up of suspects following, government, 47–8; construction of, 38; 394; and Sinn Fein,´ 394, 396;trials counter-insurgency policy in 1790s, after, 393–4; and St Stephen’s Green, 218–20; and Easter Rising, 384;and 387; and Unionist opinion, 395 intelligence network, 220;and Easter, date of, 11, 26 surveillance work, 218;in1641, 93, Eccles Street, Dublin, convent in, 355 114 ‘Economic Development’, 1958, 483

598 / Index

economic war, 379, 441, 444, 446;and 1641, 122; English nationalism, 239; graziers, 442; and see de Valera, Norman conquest of, 40;asa Eamon; Irish Free State Protestant power, 82; subsidies to Economist, 287; and Ireland’s quality of life, Ireland, 103; Viking attacks on, 32 537 English attitudes towards Ireland and Irish, Eden, William, later Lord Auckland, chief 236–9, 240, 252–3; and anglicisation of secretary, 184, 185, 238 Ireland, 139 Education Act, Northern Ireland, 1947, 487, English Civil War, 126; and Protestant 488, 496, 498 Ireland, 124 Edward I, king, and Ireland, 43, 44, 50, 52 English common law, and Ireland, 52 Edward II, king, and Ireland, 42, 43, 54 English friars, and Irish, 51 Edward III, king, and Ireland, 42, 43;and English kings and Ireland, 42–4; and see his ‘great army’, 58; and his son Lionel individual kings and queens and Ireland, 58 English of Ireland, 44–6, 51, 65; born in Edward IV, king, and Ireland, 72, 73 Ireland, 57; English ‘by blood’, 57 Edward VII, and Ireland, 308, 351, 353, English language in Ireland, spread of, 88, 435;asprinceofWales,439; visits 291 Ulster, 351 English writings on Ireland, 41 Eireannach, word to describe Catholic Irish, Enniskillen Volunteers, 179; and see 142 Volunteers of 1778 Elizabeth I, queen: and Ireland, 44, 88, 98, Enniskilleners, military force, 135 101, 107; Supreme Governor of Eriugena, Johannes, philosopher, 27 Church, 83 Erne, Lord, estate of, boycotted, 320 Ely, Irish political family, 194 Erne, River, 27 Emergency, period of Second World War see Essex, earl of, coloniser, 88, 90 Second World War Eucharistic Congress (1932), 435 emigration: in the 1920s, 425;in1930s, to European Championship, and Irish soccer Britain, 445; to United States, 442;in team, 545 1950s, 474, 477, 483; and Catholicism, European Court of Human Rights, 470, 292, 293; by county, 291; emigrant 532; and homosexuality, 470, 532 characteristics, 291–3; ending of, 468; European Economic Community, later fears concerning, 474;female European Union, 18, 469, 493, 508; emigration in 1930s, 450; handbook and Britain, 493; and Northern Ireland, on, 431; hatred of England, 293, 294; 541; and structural funds, 470, 509, hostility to Irish, 292; and Irish 540 performance, 293–4; Irish Presbyterian, European single market, 539 175, 289; in nineteenth century, 284–5, Ewart-Biggs, Sir Christopher, British 330; politics of emigrant, 292, 293; ambassador, assassinated, 522 post-war emigrants, 425, 445; remittances, 292; return migration, 292; Fall of Feudalism, by Michael Davitt, 328 during Second World War, 474; and see Fallon, Kieren, champion jockey, 545 immigration Falls Road, Belfast; curfew on, 1970, 512, Emmet, Robert, rising of, 244–6, 255, 514; parade on, 1966, 500 387 famine of 1840s see Great Famine Emmet, Thomas Addis, 213 famine, in early fourteenth century, 55 En Attendant Godot, by Samuel Beckett, farmers, Irish, in nineteenth century, 288–9; 481 and grievances, 316; and politicisation, Encumbered Estates Act, 1849, 295–6 318 England: in 1800, 239; administration in, farming, in early Ireland, 6 84; anti-Catholicism, decline of, 145; Farmleigh House, talks at, 576 anti-Catholic rioting in, 297; England in Farquahar, George, playwright, 237

599 / Index

Farrell, Mairead, on hunger strike, 523 FitzGerald family, 36, 46, 52, 61, 62, 72 Faughart, battle of (1318), 55, 57 FitzGerald, Lord Edward, United Irishman, Faulkner, Brian, Unionist leader, 503, 504, 213, 220, 362 507, 512, 516, 517, 569;and FitzGerald, Garret, 507, 555; and abortion internment, 512, 513; resigns from amendment, 530; and ‘constitutional power-sharing executive, 503, 518, 540; crusade’, 531; and Sunningdale, 516;as and Sunningdale Agreement, 516, 569 Taoiseach, 527, 556 Fenian cycle of tales, 16 FitzGerald, Gerald, eighth earl of Kildare, Fenianism, 300–1, 315; and amnesty, 304; 72, 73–4, 82 in Australia, 301;inBritain,301;and FitzGerald, Gerald, ninth earl of Kildare, 74, British army, 301; and conspiracy, 301; 75, 76; and executions, 77, 80, 112 and Gaelic Athletic Association, 351;in FitzGerald, James Fitzmaurice, revolt of, 91, New Zealand, 301; and prisoners, 302; 92 and recruits to, 300; in United States, FitzGerald, James, prime serjeant, 233 301; and Year of Victory, 301 FitzGerald, John, first earl of Kildare, 57, Ferdinand, Archduke Franz, assassinated, 73 374 FitzGerald, Maurice, 246, 248 Ferguson, Sir Samuel, writer, 346 FitzGerald, Vesey, 264 Fermanagh, county, and partition, 268, 374 Fitzgibbon, John see Clare, earl of Ferns, diocese, clerical abuse in, 534 Fitzgilbert see Strongbow feudal tenure, 46 Fitzmaurice family, 62 Fianna Fail,´ 410, 425, 431, 529, 551;and Fitzthomas, Maurice, 56 cultural affairs, 443; and English privy Fitzwilliam, earl, lord lieutenant, 212, 231 council, 440; established 1926, 432; five-point reform plan see under O’Neill, 1926–32, 432–3; in government in Terence postwar years, 475; in government, flaxseed, imported into Ireland, 175 1951, 475; and governor-general, 440; Fleetwood, Charles, Cromwellian governor, andhealthmattersin1950s, 479;and 132 land annuities, 441–2;and‘oathof flight of the earls, 1607, 98; and see O’Neill, allegiance’, 440;inpower,1932, 433; Hugh and self-sufficiency, 440–52; see also de Flood, Henry, Irish parliamentarian, 174, Valera, Eamon 185, 186, 187, 190, 192 Fielding, Henry, novelist, 237 Flood Tribunal see Mahon Tribunal filid (poets) in early Ireland, 17 flour, to Ireland, 175 Final Solution, 463; see also Holocaust Fontaine, monastery, 25 Fine Gael Party, 425;in1970s, 507; food shortages, post-Union, 243 established, 445; Fine Gael–Labour football, Gaelic, 350 coalitions, 528, 529; in postwar years, Ford Motor Company, 442 475 Ford, Patrick, editor, 319 Fingall, Lord, Catholic peer, 255 foreign direct investment, 540; see under Finnish civil war, 378 Lemass First World War: and Ireland, 268, 377, Foreign Office, British, 426 379, 439; and German breakthrough, Forster, W. E., chief secretary, 323, 325 1917, 398;reactiontoinIreland,379, Fortune, Fr Sean, abuser, 534 382–3; and ‘separation money’, 383; Foster, John, speaker of the Irish Parliament, and war fever in Britain, 379 195, 196, 197, 205, 231–2, 233, 236, fish, salted, exported from Ireland, 141 242, 488 Fitt, Gerry, 501; and Sunningdale Four Courts, Dublin, occupation of by Agreement, 516; wins seat at anti-Treaty forces, 407; shelled, 407; Westminster, 499 and see Irish civil war Fitton, Sir Edward, 91, 95 Fox, Billy, Irish Senator, murdered, 517

600 / Index

Fox, Charles James, British politician, and horse-riding style, 41, 50, 51;and Ireland, 187, 191, 198, 255 language, 50; learned classes, 65; fox-hunting, disruption of, 323 murder of, 52; music, 41, 58, 59; France, and Normans, 35; and Edward III, nomadism, 66; poems of, 53, 62; 43; and expedition to Ireland, 50; primitiveness, 39; religious practices, intrigues and parliamentary reform, 47; resistance to invasion, lack of, 40; 193; and Ireland, 1790s, 211–12;and sources for, 104; succession in, 65–71; Ireland in seventeenth century, 81, 82; as tenants in Munster, 94;territorial and Irish, 50; and James II, 134, 135; advances of, 50; threat from, 46; and Scotland, 101; soldiers, 114; war warfare, 48; women, 52, 70 with in 1415, 61; war with in 1756, Gaelic League, 346, 428 162; at war 1914, 374 Gallowglass, Scottish mercenary soldiers, Franciscan order, 47, 51, 84, 121 45, 54, 62, 96 Franco, General Francisco, Spanish dictator, Galvin, Patrick, writer, 482 Irishmen fighting for, 445 Galway, 110, 130; and Cromwell, 131;and Franco-Prussian war, 1870, 375 1916 Rising, 390 Franklin, Benjamin, American diplomat, Gardiner, Luke, Lord Mountjoy, 178, 186 176, 177 garrison games, 350; and see Gaelic Athletic Free Wales Army, 511 Association; tennis Freeland, General Sir Ian, 512 Garvaghy Road, county Armagh, 563; and Freeman’s Journal, 191, 342, 343 see Drumcree French Protestants, 166 Gascony, France, Normans and, 40, 43, 47 Friel, Brian, playwright, 543 Gate Theatre, Dublin, 443 Frizzell’s fish shop, Belfast, IRA bomb at, Geldof, Bob, and Live Aid concert, 545 561 General Assembly of Presbyterian Church, Frongoch internment camp, Wales, 394 497 general elections GAA see Gaelic Athletic Association Britain: November 1885, 332; 1886, 339; Gaeil, a Celtic people, 2–3; links with 1906, 365; January 1910, 367; October Scotland, 56 1910, 367; December 1918, 399;and Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), 350–1, Irish Parliamentary Party, 399; and Sinn 474; and British army, 351;and Fein,´ 399; and Unionists, 399;British, Fenians, 351 1974, anti-Sunningdale candidates Gaelic Ireland, in middle ages, 62–70; triumph at, 517; 2005, 576 advance of, 70; booleying in, 68; Ireland: 1921, 405; June 1922, 407; 1932, colonisation of, 88; frontiers of, 45;and 433; January, 1948, 475;deValera Gaelic Ulster, 48; lordships, 45; and, 475; 1977, 507, 509 plantations in, 88; Scots in, 24, 110;in General Post Office, Dublin, in Easter sixteenth century, 95; transformation Rising, 387 of, 103–4 George I, king, 153 Gaelic Irish, 51, 83; alleged military George II, king, 256 deficiencies of, 39; antipathy towards, George III, king, 173, 198, 227, 240, 241, 51; barbarism of, 39, 41, 52, 91;and 242, 254, 256, 259;deathof,261 Catholic priests, 65, 346; costume, 41, George IV, king, 43 51, 70;culture,58; customs, 58, 102, George VI, king, coronation of, 431 108; degeneracy, fear of among settlers, Gerald of Wales (Giraldus Cambrensis), 36, 40, 59, 91;diet,41, 68; disunion, 39;as 42, 90, 252; and explanation for enemies, 48, 52; exclusion of, 51–4; success of invasion, 39, 40 fostering, 62, 104; friars, 51; and Gaelic Germany; and war, 1914, 374; dictatorship titles, 75, 77;hairstyles,41, 51, 70; in, 451; and Easter Rising 388;and

601 / Index

‘German plot’, 398;invasionof,1945, eighteenth-century century) ‘Heads of 462; invasion of Ireland, 1940, 379; Bill’, 148; and additional duties, 144; and settlement in eastern Europe, and Money bill, 144, 150;(in 51 nineteenth century) reforms in 1830s, Gibraltar, SAS shootings on, 523 267, 270, 274, 314; civil servants in, Gilbert, Humphrey, coloniser, 89 362; Irish self-government ruled out, Ginkel, General, Williamite soldier, 136 269; (in twentieth-century), 420–4; Giraldus Cambrensis see under Gerald of Cabinet meetings in Irish, 428; Wales inter-Party government, 1949, 477; Gladstone, Herbert, son of W. E. G., 332 health service, 471 Gladstone, William Ewart, prime minister, Government of Ireland Act (1920), 405, 436 304–8, 313, 315, 323, 342, 366, 367; government of Netherlands, and famine, and historical view of Parnell, 344;and 288 Home Rule, 332, 333–5, 337, 338, 340; Gow, Ian, British politician, assassinated, and Irish history, 338; and Land Act, 559 1881, 326; and Parnell, 331;and Gowran, county Kilkenny, English settlers Parnell divorce, 343; as prime minister, in, 45 1886, 333; as prime minister, 1892, Graces, the see Wentworth, Thomas 340; retires from politics, 341 Graham’s bookmaker’s shop, Belfast, Glamorgan, earl of, negotiator, 123, 124 murder of Catholics in, 561 Glasgow, and Ulster, 336 Graiguemanagh, county Kilkenny, tithe Glenarm, county Antrim, and 1798 protests at, 270 rebellion, 222 grammar schools, in Northern Ireland, 555 godless colleges see university question Grant, Charles, chief secretary, 253 Godwin, William, philosopher, 257 Grattan, Henry, Irish politician, 184, 187, Going, Major Richard, magistrate, 247, 249 188, 190, 192, 196, 197, 198, 200, Gonne, Maud, 351, 475 230, 233, 236, 258, 261; and ‘Grattan’s Good Friday Agreement, 1998 (also Belfast Parliament’, 334; and D. P. Moran, 352 Agreement), 447, 566–7; compared to Gray, David, American envoy to Ireland, St Andrews Agreement, 577;and 454 cultural matters, 567; failure of, Gray, Lord Leonard, chief governor, 77, 78, 568–70; and Irish language, 567;and 86 IRA weapons decommissioning, 527, Great Depression, late nineteenth century, 567, 570–1, 575; opposition to early 442 release of prisoners under terms of, 567; Great Dictator, The, 461 and referendums, 568; and Royal Ulster Great Famine, 273, 281–8, 552;and Constabulary, 567; slow progress on emigration, 289–94; evictions during, implementing, 568; and Ulster-Scots, 286; and food supply, 285, 286;and 567; and Unionist Party, 567;and genocide, 287; impact, 288–9; politics Unionists, 567 after, 296–302; as punishment from Goodyear factory, 491 God, 285; and relief, 314 Goold, George, merchant, 178 great recession, 2008, 470, 552–3;and Gordon of Khartoum, mocked, 351 bankers, 553; and credit crunch, 2007, Gore-Booth see Markievicz 470; and social welfare payments, 553; Gormlaith, and intermarriage, 31 and spending, 553; and taxation, 553; Gort, county Galway, Brazilians in, 546 and United Kingdom, 554 Gough Barracks, county Armagh, IRA raid Great War see First World War on, 481 Greece: compared to Ireland, 552;and Government of Ireland: in medieval period, structural funds, 541 72; in sixteenth century, 92;(in green, emblem of Ireland, 8

602 / Index

Gregory, Lady, writer, 347, 348, 350, 352, Hayden, Professor Mary, and Constitution 362, 452 of 1937, 450 Gregory, pope, 92 Hayes, Richard, Irish ﬁlm censor, 461 Grenville, George, British politician, 173, Healy, T. M., Irish parliamentarian, 343, 198, 241, 256, 261; as prime minister, 364 256 Heaney, Seamus, poet, 492, 544; seventieth Grey, Zane, novelist, popularity of, 430 birthday of, 473; wins Nobel prize, Grifﬁth, Arthur, founder of Sinn Fein,´ 8, 544 352–3, 358, 365, 396, 406 hearth money, 144 Grogan, Cornelius, 1798 leader, 224 Heath, Edward, prime minister, 512, 517 Guerin, Veronica, journalist, murdered, 549 hedge schools, 273 Guienne, France, 43, 61 Hemingway, Ernest, novelist, 482 Guildford pub bombing, 521 Hempel, Dr Eduard, German envoy in Guinness’s brewery, 356 wartime, 463, 464 Henrietta Maria, queen, 111 habeas corpus, 184; suspended, 1797, Henry I, king, 35, 38 218 Henry II, king, 35–8, 41, 43, 48, 51, 159; haemophiliacs, inquiry into, 549 expedition to Ireland, 37;andIreland Halifax, earl of, lord lieutenant, 154 37; and Irish church, 35 Hall, Mrs Anna, novelist, 309 Henry III, king, 42, 50, 53 Hall, Radclyffe, novelist, 431 Henry IV, king, 43, 61 Hall-Thompson, Major, minister of Henry VI, king, 71, 72 education, 488 Henry VII, king, 73, 74 Hamburg, United Irishmen in, 220 Henry VIII, 80, 82–3, 90, 126, 137;ashead Hamilton, Justice Liam, and Beef Tribunal, of church of England and Ireland, 82; 550 policy on Ireland, 74 Hamilton, Phyllis, wife of Fr Cleary, 533 Henry Tudor see Henry VII Hanover, elector of, 172; and see George I Hermon, Sylvia, Unionist politician, 576 Harcourt, viceroyalty, 1772–6, 174, 177, Heron, Sir Richard, chief secretary, 177, 187 179, 182, 184 Hardwicke, Lord, lord lieutenant, 255 Herzog, Isaac, 463 Harland and Wolff, shipbuilders, 336 Heyer, Georgette, novelist, popularity of, harp, emblem of Ireland, 8 430 Harrington, earl of, lord lieutenant, 159 Hibernian Journal, 191 Harvey, Beauchamp Bagenal, 1798 leader, hibernicus see under law 224 Hiberniores, the Irish, 65 Haslingden, near Manchester, 319 hides, exports, 141 Hastings, battle of, 1066, 35 Hiffernan, Joanna, artists’ model, 309 Haughey, Charles J., Taoiseach, 507, 509, Higgins, Alex, snooker player, 492 527–8, 540; and abortion amendment, Higgins, Francis, informer, 219 530; and contraception, 529;andBen high-king, concept of, 24 Dunne, 531; and federal Ireland, 556; Highland soldiers in British army, 170 government’s collapse, 528; investigated Hillery, Dr Patrick, minister of education, by Tribunal, 550; and Jack Lynch, 507; 496, 539 on need for frugality, 510; and New Hillsborough Castle, Anglo-Irish Agreement Ireland Forum, 555; and Unionists, 507; signed at, 556; talks at, 576 and united Ireland, 556; sacked, 507 Hillsborough, Lord, British politician, 184 Hawarden, Gladstone’s house, 342 Hisperica famina, 18 Hay, Edward, secretary to Catholic Historia Ecclesiastica, 18 Committee, 261 History of Ireland (c. 1819), 1

603 / Index

Hitler, Adolf, 430, 443;deathof,463;de and talks with Gerry Adams, 559, 561; Valera’s condolences on death, 463–4 and talks with David Trimble, 566 Hobsbawm, Philip, poet, 492 Hundred Years War, 56 Hobson, Bulmer, fianna organiser, 370 hunger strikes, 1980, 523–7; aftermath, Hoche, General Lazare, 216 554–6; first hunger strike, 523; second Holland, invaded, 1940, 453, 462 hunger strike, 524; see also Provisional Holland, Mary, journalist, 542 Irish Republican Army Holocaust of European Jewry, 448 Hunt report, into RUC, 505 Holy Year (1950), celebrations, 478 Huntingdon, John, earl of, 61 Home Government Association, 308, 314, hurling, field game, 350 315 Huxley, Aldous, novelist, 431 Home Rule, 267, 268, 304, 312, 316, 325, Hyde, Douglas, and Gaelic League, 8, 346, 331, 333, 342, 344, 345, 352, 365, 450 366, 377, 394, 395, 399;in1640s, 122; Hynes, Garry, theatre director, 544 alleged medieval antecedents, 72; argument of force, 336; and British IMA see Irish Medical Association empire, 338; and the conquest of Imperial Hotel, and Easter Rising, 391 Ireland, 338; and devolution, 341, 362, Inchiquin see O’Brien, Murrough 366; and education, 338; as election independent companies, 179; and see commitment 1886, 335; and free trade, Volunteers of 1778 338; historical case for, 335; Home Independent Irish Party, 1850s, 297; also Rule Act, 1914, 373, 374, 375, 384; known as Pope’s Brass Band, Irish Home Rule bill, 1886, 334–5; Home Brigade Rule bill, 1893, 341, 364, 373, 448; India, republic of, 409 Home Rule bill, 1912, 367, 368, 370, Indian Mutiny, Irish in, 311 372–3; Home Rule bills, 352; Home Industrial Development Acts, 1945–53, 488 Rule Confederation of Great Britain, Industrial Development Authority, 483, 540 317; killing by kindness, 488;and Industrial Injuries Act, 487 Liberal Party, 344; meaning of, 331; influenza, epidemic in 1320s, 55 and ‘Parliament’, 334; and Parnell, 335; Inghinidhe na hEireann, 351 and the plantation of Ireland, 338; Inishtrahull, county Donegal, 1 Protestant opposition to, 336–40; institutes of technology, 539 rejection, 335; as ‘Rome’ rule, 478;as Insurrection Act, 1796, 218 social revolution, 339;andUlster intendants, French governors, 147 Protestants, 335, 337–8, 363–76 internment, 1971, 512, 513, 525; Home Rule League, 315 commemoration of, at Belfast City Hall, homosexuality in modern Ireland, 472; and 562; end of, 522; and see Northern see European Court of Human Rights Ireland, 1969 Hottentots, Irish compared to, 330 invasion of Ireland, 1169, 45, 52; Gaelic House of Lords, rejects budget, 1909, 367 reaction to, 35; moral pretext for, 47 Household Cavalry, attacked by IRA, 1982, Investment in Education, 1965, 496 526 Invincibles, Fenian splinter group, 325 Houses of Parliament, attacked by IRA, 521 Iona, monastery on, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 31 Howth, county Dublin, and Viking attack, IRA see Irish Republican Army 28; gun-running at, 372 IRB see Irish Republican Brotherhood Hughes, Brendan, IRA leader, 523 Ireland, administration, nineteenth-century, humanism, and Irish reform, 85 314; housing, 284; treatment of disease, Humbert, General Jean, 93, 224, 386 193 Hume, John, 510, 559, 567; and Nobel Ireland, and federalism, 319 Peace Prize, 568; and Sunningdale, 516; Ireland, culture wars, post-1890, 345–50

604 / Index

Ireland, Department of Agriculture, 456 Ireland, compared, 424; and old age Ireland, economy, in 1690, 141 pensions, 420; and Royal Irish Ireland, education in, 267, 273–4; Constabulary, 421;andsocial denominated education in, 315;andin insurance, 420; and see Cosgrave,W.T. England, 274; expansion of, Ireland, Republic of twentieth-century, 539;andthe in 1950s, 483–4, 541–2; cultural affairs, professions, 496; and the religious life, 481–2; and growth rates, 539; politics, 496; secondary, 496; third level, 496, 476–84; social affairs, 477; strikes, 475; 539 unemployment in, 477, 481 Ireland, in eighteenth century; and ‘Age of in 1960s, 493–7; Catholic church in, the Undertakers’, 150;andAmerican 494–5; and economy, 528; IRA in, 494; revolution, 177, 235;British strikes in, 494 government and Irish Catholics, 178; in 1970s, 506–10 building in, 144, 154; and Castle party, in 1980s, 527–33 86, 146, 174; and Catholic numbers, 1990–2007: 469; and banks, 538;andcar 155; threat from, 158; and Catholic ownership, 547; coalition governments question, 151; as a colony, 147, 153; normal, 527; compared to 1950s, 528; and common church problems, 167;as and consumerism, 547–8;and a conquered province, 153; and crucial construction industry, 470, 538;and decade (1790s), 206; and estate consumption of alcohol, 548; improvement in, 154; as ‘Golden age’, convergence with Northern Ireland, 143; and Hereditary Revenue, 144;and 468;andcrime,549; divergence from ‘imperial consensus’, 152; and judges Northern Ireland, 471; and drug abuse, tenure, 184; and links to America, 175; 549; economy of, 577; and emigration, lord lieutenancy, 146; and residency in 528, 546; expansion of education in, Ireland, 146, 173; and Money bill, 148, 532; and Fianna Fail´ governments, 538; 182; and peerage, 153; as ‘Penal era’, and foreigners, 546; growth rates, 537; 143, 166; and pension list, 153;and and holidays abroad, 548;and political conﬂict, 158–63; and political illiteracy, 538; and immigration, 537, consciousness, 162; and Presbyterians, 546; income levels, 537; interest rates, 158, 162; and Presbyterian emigration, 528; and internet access, 548;and 155; and Presbyterian threat, 155;and murder rate, 549; and national debt, prison reform 1780s, 193;and 528; and poverty, 538; and property Protestant anger, 153; and Protestant abroad, 547; and public ﬁnances, 540; anxieties, 202; and Protestant nation, and race, 546, 547; and road-building, 161; and Protestant nationalism, 236; 538; and shopping, 547; social change, and Protestant Parliament, 163;and 1998–2010, 546–54; and tribunals, Protestant patriotism, 153–7;and 549–51; unemployment, 528, 537; and Revenue Board, 153; and riots in see Celtic Tiger Dublin, 1759, 162;and Ireland, family in, position of, 310; fertility sectarianisation, 199–205; as a ‘sister levels of, 472;sizeof,472; illegitimacy, kingdom’, 147; themes, 143;andtrade 284, 472 restrictions, 152; and tree-planting, 154 Ireland, immigration into, 469; to Northern Ireland, Irish Free State, 419;andAn Garda Ireland, 474; and see under different Siochana´ , 421; civil service in, 420;and nationalities Department of External Affairs, 421; Ireland, population: c. 1660, 127;(1700), and Department of Finance, 421; 140;celibacyinnineteenthcentury, economic problems, 424; government 284; life expectancy, 357; marriage, of, 400, 420; and Irish language, 428; 289; in nineteenth century, 272, 281–2, land question in, 328; and Northern 284

605 / Index

Ireland, poverty in nineteenth-century, 267, Irish militia, 1793, 209, 215, 218, 219, 249 272, 284 Irish missionaries, 18–27 Ireland: society in, 15–18; slavery in, 5, 40; Irish nation overseas see Irish abroad in USA, 287, 289 Irish National Land League, 320–3 Irish abroad, as exiles in Europe, seventeenth Irish National League, 325 century, 142; and Catholic seminaries Irish National Liberation Army, 521 on continent, 92; and Irish Brigade in Irish National Volunteers: and Easter Rising, France (Wild Geese), 152, 170, 178; 395; and First World War, 380 and Irish Catholic enlistment in foreign Irish neutrality see Second World War armies, 81, 152; in nineteenth century, Irish Northern Aid Committee, 522 313; and see emigration; mercenaries Irish Parliamentary Party, 331, 365, 367, Irish annals, 53 370, 372, 396, 398; and Catholic Irish Blood Transfusion Service Board, church, 331; composition of, 365;and investigated, 551 conscription, 398; and D. P. Moran, Irish bogs, 44 352; and Easter Rising, 395, 396;and Irish Brigade see Irish abroad First World War, 399–400;asnew Irish Catholic, 369 party, 331; and pay for members, 331; Irish Catholic Magazine, 307 and pledge, 331; withdraws from Irish Catholics: and British government, Westminster, 398;andsee also 158, 162; and English Civil War, 124 Independent; Irish Party; Home Rule Irish Church Act, 1869, 306; and see Church Irish People, The, 301 of Ireland, disestablishment Irish pound, parity with sterling, 421 Irish civil war, 378, 410–19; atrocities in, Irish Press: prosecuted for libel, 433; 419; ‘Big Houses’ burnt during, 419; establishment of, 433; finances of, casualties compared to Finland, 378; 549 Irish Convention, 398; and Sinn Fein,´ Irish Rebellions, by Sir John Temple, 154 398; and southern Unionists, 398;and Irish Republican Army (IRA), 378, 401, Ulster Unionists, 398 422;inthe1950s, 480–1;campaignin Irish executive, 146; see also government Britain, 1938–9, 444; and Catholic Irish Folklore Commission, 443 support, 481; and de Valera, 444;and Irish Free State, house-building in the 1930s murder of de Valera, 444; number of in, 442 members, 444; and ‘Operation Irish Girl, The, painting, 309 Harvest’, 481; raids on British army Irish Historical Studies, 443 bases, 481; and see Provisional Irish Irish Hospitals Sweepstakes, finances of, Republican Army 549 Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), 372, Irish Independent, 369, 433 383, 384–5 Irish Labour Party, in coalition government, Irish Revolutionary Brotherhood see Irish 1948, 475, 477;in1970s, 507, 508 Republican Brotherhood Irish language, 58, 88;in1960s, 496; failure Irish separatism, 269 of, 428; monoglot speakers of, 310;and Irish society national schools, 427; and National twentieth century: and Celtic Tiger, 471; University, 346; Old Irish, 16, 18; changes in, post-1990, 473–4; clerical revival of, 426–8; revival of, as national abuse, 535–6; conservatism of, 330, priority, 493; in schools, 373 482; drug abuse in, 471;and Irish Literary Theatre, 350 modernisation, 471; and personal Irish Manuscripts Commission, 1928, 443 morality, 472; and secularisation, 473, Irish Medical Association (IMA), 477; 535 opposes mother and child scheme, 478, in twenty-first century: crime 471 479, 480 Irish succession struggles, 53

606 / Index

Irish Times, 433; on emigration, 477;and John, king of England, and Ireland, 38, 42, mother and child scheme, 478;in 43, 48, 51 wartime, 462 John Paul II, papal visit of, 530 Irish Trades Union Congress, 356 Johnston, William, of Ballykilbeg, 341 Irish Transport and General Workers Union, Jones, Michael, parliamentary commander, 369 125, 126 Irish Volunteers (IV) (1913), 369, 372, 375, Jordan, Neil, film director, 544 383, 384, 399, 401, 407; de Valera, Joyce, James, writer, 344, 481, 482 president of, 396; and Easter Rising, Joyce, William, Lord Haw-Haw, 388, 395; and First World War, 381; propagandist, 462 called Sinn Fein´ Volunteers, 384; split Julianstown, county Louth, battle in, 1641, in 1914, 384; and Ulster, 374; and see 114 Irish National Volunteers justiciar, office of, 47, 50 Irish War of Independence, 378, 401–4, 406, 419; civilian casualties during, Katyn, massacre at, 462 403; and class war, 378;and Kavanagh, Patrick, poet, 482 sectarianism, 378; total casualties Keenan, Brian, hostage, 569 during, 404;truce,July1921, 406–10 Kells, monastery in, 29 Irish Women’s Liberation Movement, 508 Kelly, Gerry, IRA leader, 569 Irish Women’s Suffrage Federation, 369 Kelly, James, Irish army officer, 507 Irish woods, 44 Kennedy, Edward, Senator, 560 Irish World, 319 Kennedy, Geraldine, journalist, 542 Irish Yeomanry (1796), 218, 242, 249 Kennedy, John F., president of United States, Irish-Ireland,andD.P.Moran,352;in 490 wartime, 464 Keogh, John, and Catholic Committee, 186 Irishtown, county Mayo, meeting in, 320 Keogh, Mathew, 1798 leader, 224 Islamic headscarf, controversy over, 547 Keogh, William, Irish parliamentarian, 298 Isles, K. S., report with Cuthbert, N., on Kerry, county marked out, 48; and Irish civil Northern Ireland, 491 war, 419 Isodore of Seville, 2 Kiely, Benedict, novelist, 482 Italy, Normans and, 35, 40; abortion in, Kildare, county, 57; 1798 rising in, 81, 221; 530; compared to Ireland, 552; in the Pale, 65 dictatorship in, 451; divorce in, 530 Kildare Place Society, 273 ITGU see Irish Transport and General Kildare, family, 70, 71, 80; ascendancy of, Workers Union 72; and see under FitzGerald IV see Irish Volunteers Kildare, Thomas, earl of, ‘Silken Thomas’, 76 Jackson, Revd William, French agent, 211, Kilkenny, 57, 121; Confederation of, 83; 212 Irish victory at, 1173, 39; Parliament Jacob’s factory, in Easter Rising, 387 held in, 47, 58; Statutes of, 58–9, 62 Jacobite tunes, in agrarian disturbances, 201 Kilkenny, county, Whiteboys in, 200 Jacobite wars, 1688–91, 163, 204; risings in Killala, county Mayo, 93 Scotland, 170 Killarney, county Kerry, as tourist resort, James I, king, 98, 101, 108 309 James II, king, 43, 134–7, 167, 340; Killeen, Michael, Industrial Development accession of, 154; his ‘Catholicke Authority chief, 540 designe’, 170 Kilmainham prison, 331; and treaty, 325 Japanese war in Far East, 462 Kilmichael, county Cork, ambush at, 403 Jesuits see Society of Jesus Kilwarden, Lord, judge, 244 Jews, 166; in England, 241, 254 Kincora boys’ home, 535; and British John XXIII, pope, 489, 497 Intelligence service (MI5), 535

607 / Index

King, Archbishop William, 154 Larkin, James, union organiser, 356, 357, King’s county, 87; and see Offaly 358 King’s Own Scottish Borderers, and Larkin, Michael, Manchester Martyr, 302 Bachelor’s Walk shootings, 372 Larne, county Antrim, and 1798 rising, 222; kings of England: attitude towards Ireland, and gun-running at, 371 49; ‘king’s party’, in sixteenth century Late Late Show, Irish television broadcast, Ireland, 86 496 Kingship Act (1541), 80, 86, 138, 514 Latin, in early Ireland, 18 kingship of Ireland, 52, 77, 78 Latvians, in Ireland, 546 Kinsale, battle of 1601, 94; James II departs Laud, William, archbishop of Canterbury, from, 136; Spanish army at, 97 111; and Laudianism, 110, 111 Kitchener, Lord, 382, 383; and Irish law: in early Ireland, 6, 16–17;inmedieval regiments, 381 Ireland, 47 Knowth, passage-tomb at, 1 Lawless, Valentine, United Irishman, 216 Lawlor, Liam, Irish politician, investigated, La Touche, James Digges, 158; banking 551 ﬁrm, 182 Leader, The, 351 La Vendee,´ civil war in, 212 League of Nations, 426, 452;and Labour government in Britain in 1945, 485 censorship, 429; and see de Valera, labour movement in late nineteenth-century Eamon Ireland, 353, 356–8 League of North and South, 297 labourer, landless, in nineteenth century, 288 Lecale, county Down, 70 Ladies’ Land League, 325, 369 Lecky, W. E. H., historian, and Irish Home Laggan army, in Ulster, 125, 371 Rule, 335, 337 Lake, General Gerard, 222 Leeds Castle, talks at, 2004, 575 Lally, Mick, actor, 544 Leenane Trilogy, by Martin McDonagh, 544 Lalor, James Fintan, land reformer, 296, 319 Legion of Mary, 430 Land Acts: 1870, 306–7, 314, 315, 316; Lehman Brothers, collapse of, 552 (1881), 323, 337;(1896), 359; 362; Leinster, 24 (1909), 366 Leinster, duke of, 194 land annuities, and de Valera, 441–2; see Leinster, king of see under Strongbow also economic war Lemass, Sean, Taoiseach, 475, 483;and Land Commission, in twentieth century, 328 direct foreign investment, 483; Land League, 318, 323, 325, 326, 340, 396; economic policies of, 493–4;and suppression of, 325 Industrial Development Authority, 483; Land question: nineteenth century, 247, resigns, 506; and term ‘six counties’, 248, 294–6, 330, 333; ‘No rent 493; visits O’Neill, 493 manifesto’ 325, 329; Restoration lesbians in modern Ireland, 472 period, 133; three ‘Fs’, 297, 323;and Lever Brothers, soap manufacturers, 442 revolution, 325, 329, 330 Lever, Charles, novelist, 309 Land War, 1880, 270, 318, 320, 328;and Lewis, George Cornwall, administrator, poor harvests, 317–25; response to 252 Land War, 271 Lexington, and outbreak of American War landlords, Irish: absentee, 295; Catholic, of Independence, 401 307; and the Great Famine, 294, 295, Leyden, Irish visitors to, 26 318 Liberal Party, and nationalism, 399 landownership in Ireland, Gaelic Liberal Unionists, 361 landowning, 101; by Catholics, 130;in Liberty Hall, in 1916, 386; destroyed in nineteenth century, 267; by Protestants, Easter Rising, 391 132; in Restoration period, 135, 140 Library of Ireland, 278 Larcom, Thomas, civil administrator, 274 Libya, and IRA, 560

608 / Index

Liege,` Irish visitors to, 27 Loughgall, massacre in, 1641, 115;SAS Life of Colum Cille, 22 shootings in, 559 Liffey, River, 27 Louis XIV, king of France, 134 Limerick, 48; county marked out, 48;and Louth, county marked out, 48;inthePale, Irish civil war, 419; siege of, 136;treaty 65 of, 137, 186; Vikings in, 27 Louvain Library, German attack on, 391; Lindisfarne, 24, 28 destruction of, 391, 410 Lindsay Tribunal, 551 Lover, Samuel, novelist, 309 linen, 141; in Northern Ireland, 424 Lowry, Michael, Irish politician, liquor interest in Ireland, and Moran, 352 investigated, 550 Lisbon referendum, 2008–9, 551 Loyola, Ignatius, 83 List, Frederick, 352 Lucas, Charles, agitator, 158, 162 literacy, in nineteenth century, 274;spread Lucas, Frederick, Irish parliamentarian, 297 of, 318; and threatening letters, 323 Ludlow, General, Cromwellian commander, literature in Ireland: in English language; 127 seen as a threat, 430–1;inIrish Lughnasa, festival of, 8 language, 430; in the lordship, 61;and lunacy, treatment of, 205 Moran, 352 Luxeuil, monastery, 25 Lithuanians, in Ireland, 546 Lynch, Jack, Taoiseach, 506; and arms for Live Aid concert, 1985, 545 Northern Ireland, 507; on Bloody Liverpool, Irish vote in, 332 Sunday, 513; and election victory, 507; Liverpool, Lord, prime minister, 260 and see Haughey, Charles J. Livestock: Cattle Acts, 1660s, 176; cattle, in Lynch, Liam, anti-Treaty IRA, killed April early Ireland, 6, 15; cattle export, 139, 1923, 419 141; cattle-houghing, 243; Lynch, Patrick, economist, 496 cattle-raiding, 68;inmedievalIreland, Lynn, Dr Kathleen, and 1916 Rising, 388 40; outbreak of plague, 55;sheep,6 Lloyd George, David, British politician, 366, Mac Crimthainn, Feidlimid, Munster king, 394, 395, 398, 408 31 local government in 1830s, 267;and mac Flaind, Blathmacc, abbot, 28 democracy, 360; and grand juries, 360; Mac Murchadha, Aoife, 36, 37 infant mortality, 357; and landed class, Mac Murchadha, Art Mor,´ 60 360; law and order, 267;Local Mac Murchadha, Diarmait, 35–7, 74 Government (Ireland) Act, 1898, 356, Mac Murchadha (MacMorrogh) dynasty, 52 360, 362 mac Neill,´ Loegaire,´ 8 lock-out, Dublin, 1913, 369, 391 Mac Sweeney family, 70 Lockwood report, 1965, 491 MacBride, Sean,´ Irish politician, 475, 478 Londonderry, county, and partition, 268, MacCartan family, 54 374; see also Derry MacDermott family, 56 Long Kesh prison, 523; and see also Maze MacDermott, Sean, leader of Easter Rising, prison 370, 387 Longley, Michael, 544 MacDonagh, Thomas, leader of Easter long march, People’s Democracy, 1969, 502; Rising, 383 see also Terence O’Neill MacDonnell, Sir Antony, civil servant, longphort, Viking base, 27, 28 362–3 Lord of the Dance, 545 MacDonnells of the islands, 101 lordship of Ireland, 1177, 38 MacEntee, Sean, Irish minister of ﬁnance, Loreto convent school, Dublin, 355 453 Lough Erne, base for ﬂying boats, 460 MacLiammoir,´ Micheal,´ actor, 443 Lough Mask, county Mayo, 320 Maclise, Daniel, painter, 309

609 / Index

MacManus, Thomas Bellew, Young Marlborough, duke of, lord lieutenant, 332 Irelander, 298; funeral, 301, 309 Marshall, Richard, administrator, 46, 54 Macmillan, Harold, prime minister, 477, Marston Moor, battle of 1644, 123 571 martial law, sixteenth-century, 93, 95, 104 MacNally, Leonard, informer, 220 Martyn, Edward, 350 MacNeice, Louis, poet, 460, 466 martyrs, in early Irish church, 3 MacNeill, Eoin, 385, 386, 387 Mary of Modena, wife of James II, 134 MacStiofain,´ Sean,´ IRA leader, 511 Mary, queen, 87 Mael Shechnaill dynasty, 52 Mary, wife of William of Orange, 134 Magan, Francis, informer, 220 Maryborough, later Port Laoise, 88 Magdalene asylums, 536 Maryfield, near Belfast, Irish civil servants Magdalene Sisters, film by Peter Mullan, 536 in, 556 Maguire family of Fermanagh, 96, 98 Massachusetts, British colony, 101 Maguire, Frank, Member of Parliament, 524 Mater Hospital, Belfast, remains outside Maguire, Lord, 1641 conspirator, 114 National Health Service, 487 Maguire, Rory, 1641 conspirator, 107, 117 Mathew, Theobald, temperance apostle, Mahon Tribunal, 551 310 Mahon, Derek, poet, 544 Matthew, Sir Robert, and report on Mahon, Major Denis, assassinated, 294 Northern Ireland, 491 Major, John, British prime minister, 559, Maudling, Reginald, British politician, 513, 561; and failing government of, 564, 522 565; and IRA ceasefire, 563;andIRA Maxwell, General Sir John, 391 decommissioning, 564; and need for Maynooth Castle, county Kildare, 76 referendum in Northern Ireland, 564; Maynooth see St Patrick’s College and support of Ulster Unionists, 564 Mayo, county, 130 Malby, Sir Nicholas, military governor, 95 Maze prison, 523; see also Long Kesh Mallin, Michael, and Easter Rising, 388 McAleese, Mary, as president, 472, 542 Mallon, Seamus, 571; on Good Friday McAteer, Eddie, northern nationalist leader, Agreement, 567; and power-sharing 492 executive with David Trimble, 571; McCabe, Patrick, novelist, 544 takes office as deputy first minister, 573 McCafferty, Nell, journalist, 542 Mallow, county Cork, sack of, 402 McCann, Donal, actor, 544 Malone, Anthony, Irish politician, 162 McCartney, Robert, murdered, 576, 579 Malvern Street, Belfast, murder in, 500 McCaughey, Sean, IRA leader, 475 Man–Booker prize, and Irish authors, 544 McCoy, A. P., champion jockey, 545 Manchester, England, and Fenians, 302; McCracken Tribunal, 550; report, 550 bomb in, 1996, 565; Irish in, 329, 332; McCracken, Henry Joy, 215, 222, 338, 355; and Manchester Martyrs, 302 captured, 222 Mandelson, Peter, Secretary of State for McCracken, Mary-Ann, philanthropist, 355 Northern Ireland, 573 McDonagh, Martin, playwright, 544 Manhattan, New York, Irish in, 329 McGahern, John, novelist, 496, 544 Mansion House, Dublin; declaration of McGee, Mrs Mary, and contraception, 509 independence in, 400; Parliamentary McGinley, Sean, actor, 544 Party meeting in, 398; and Labour McGuckian, Medbh, poet, 544 Party, 398; Irish and Sinn Fein,´ 398 McGuinness, Frank, playwright, 543 mantle, Gaelic cloak, 70; see Gaelic Irish McGuinness, Martin, 468, 559, 565, 569;as manuscripts, early Irish, 27 deputy first minister, 578;and Markievicz, Constance (nee´ Gore-Booth), power-sharing, 577; and David revolutionary, 344, 370, 396;and Trimble, 569 Easter Rising, 388 McKenna, Siobhan, actor, 544

610 / Index

McQuaid, John Charles, archbishop, 477, Morrison, Danny, Sinn Fein´ spokesman, 526 494–5, 496; and emigration, 483;and Morrison, Fynes, Tudor traveller, 81 public meetings, 495; and Trinity Morrison, Van, musician, 492 College Dublin, 478, 495;and Mortimer, earl of March, 59, 60 University College Dublin, 495 mother and child scheme, 478–80, 537; Meath, county, in the Pale, 65; 1798 Catholic bishops’ objections to, 478; rebellion in, 221 and Unionists, 486; and see Irish Free Medb, queen, 6 State; Browne, Dr Noel medieval Ireland: intermarriage in, 58; Mountbatten, earl, assassinated in 1979, settlers in, 40, 42 522 Melbourne, Australia, Irish in, 329 Mountjoy, Lord, British general, 97 Melbourne, Lord, British politician, 270, Mountmorres, Viscount, assassinated, 323 274 Mountnorris, Lord, charged, 109 Mercedes cars, in Northern Ireland, 555 Mowlam, Margaret ‘Mo’, Secretary of State mercenaries, 45, 57, 135; Irish swordsmen, for Northern Ireland, 472, 573 125; at Smerwick, 92; in twelfth-century Muirchu,´ author of life of St Patrick, 10 Ireland, 35, 36; and see Irish abroad Mulcahy, Richard, minister for defence, Mesopotamia, part of Turkish empire, 401 419, 432 Methodists, 241; in England, 254 Muldoon, Paul, poet, 544 Michelin factory, county Antrim, 491 Mullaghmast, massacre at, 88, 90 Military Reconnaissance Force, 520 Mullan, Marie, actor, 544 militia, Irish, 195, 197 Mullan, Peter, producer, 536 Milner, Bishop John, 256 Mullingar, county Westmeath, 65 Ministry of all the Talents, 1807, British multinational companies, 539, 540; and see government and Ireland, 256 Celtic Tiger Mitchel, John, writer and revolutionary, municipal corporation reform: England, 277, 279, 286, 287, 293, 316 271; Ireland, 271–2; and see local Mitchell, George, and IRA government decommissioning, 564 Munro, Henry, and 1798 rising, 222, 338 Mitchelstown, county Cork, 359 Munro, Robert, Scottish general, 125, 126 Molyneaux, James, Ulster Unionist leader, Munster, English in, 94 554, 555, 563 Munster, plantation, 80, 91; undertakers in, Molyneux, William, political theorist, 151, 94 152, 159 Munster, president of, 91 Monaghan militia, 210, 219 Murphy, Annie, and Eamon Casey, 533 Monaghan Town, bombs in, 518 Murphy, by Samuel Beckett, 481 Monaghan, county, and Covenant, 374;and Murphy, Fr John, 1798 leader, 224 partition, 374 Murphy, Tom, playwright, 543 Mona Lisa, 544 Murphy, William Martin, 369;andEaster monasteries, 11–13, 20; attacked by Rising, 391 Vikings, 28; dissolution of in Ireland, Musgrave, Sir Richard, 226, 252, 255 82; and monastic lands, 124 Mussolini, Benito, Italian dictator, 443 monks, in early Ireland, 17; disputes over Mutiny Act, Irish, 184, 188 tonsure, 13; and see Gaelic Irish My Fight for Irish Freedom, by Dan Breen, Montague, John, poet, 544 431 Montgomery, Sir Bernard, British general, 459 Napoleon Bonaparte, 220, 254, 261;inIrish Moore, George, novelist, 8 folklore, 258 Moors, in Spain, 51 Naseby, battle of 1645, 123, 124 Moran, D. P., polemicist, 351–2, 358, 537 Nation, 274, 278 Morning Post, 309 National Assets Management Agency, 552

611 / Index

National Assistance Act, 487 Nı´ Dhomhnaill, Nuala, poet, 544 National Brotherhood of St Patrick, 301 Nicaragua, 560 National Congress, 193 Nice referendum, 2001, 551 National Convention, 192 Nicholls, George, administrator, National Council of Civil Liberties, 499 274 National Council, of Arthur Grifﬁth, 353 NICRA see Northern Ireland Civil Rights National Guard see Volunteers of 1778, Association National Insurance Act, 1946, 487 Nightingale, Florence, nurse, 311 National Library of Ireland, 361 Nobel Peace Prize, to John Hume and David National Museum of Ireland, 361 Trimble, 568 national schools, 274 Nore, naval base, 216 National University of Ireland, 366 Normans, and invasion of England, 33;and Nationalist Convention, 1916;and North Africa, 35 partition, 395 North Carolina, emigrants in, 175 Nationalist Party in Northern Ireland, 489 North Cork militia, 221 NatWest Tower, London, IRA bomb at, North, Lord, British prime minister, 182, 561 185, 186, 191 naval intelligence, and 1916, 384, 385 Northern Bank, Belfast, robbed, 576 Navigation Acts, 175 Northern Ireland Ne Temere decree, 373, 374 1920–39: achievements of, 439; Neave, Airey, assassinated, 521 beginnings, 404; and British Neilson, Samuel, United Irishman, 213 government, 424; and British treasury, Nelson’s pillar, blown up, 494 422; and Catholic minority, 405, 439; Netherlands, revolt in, 92, 97 common economic problems, north and neutrality see Second World War; south, 424; complacency of Emergency governments, 436; and discrimination, Neville–Percy feud, 65 437; and divisions within Unionism, new departure, 319; and see Land War 437; economy of, 435–6; engineering New English, 95, 106; composition, 106; in, 424; and Free State, compared, 424; numbers, 107; and Parliament, 108; government of, 436;growthinCatholic social origins, 106; weaknesses of, population, 439; and Home Rule 107–8; and Wentworth, 109 government, 436; in interwar period, New Ireland Forum, 1983, 555; and see 434–40; and Irish civil war, 423;lackof Haughey, Charles J. contested elections, 434; militarisation New Model Army, 128, 371 of police, 423; murder rate in, 436; New Ross, county Wexford, battle at 1798, outdoor relief riots, 437; Parliament of, 222 404; and partition, 437; politics in New Unionism, 356 interwar period, 419, 422, 435; Newcastle, duke of, chief minister, 150, primacy of constitutional question, 424; 160 Protestants and Catholics in civil Newcastle, Irish vote in, 332 service, 438; schools in, 435;sectarian Newell, Edward John, informer, 219 disturbances in, 1920, 378; sectarian Newgrange, passage-tomb at, 1 nature of state, 438–9;sectarianrioting Newry, county Down, 312; RUC station in, 1922, 419; and sectarian rioting, bombed, 526 438; sectarian troubles, Derry, 1920, News of the World, 429 404; ship-building in, 424;andsiege newssheets, in the 1640s, 125 mentality, 436; social welfare in, 439; Newtownbarry, county Wexford, battle at spending on education in, 435; teachers 1798, 222, 271 in Northern Ireland, salaries paid by Newtownbutler, county Fermanagh, battle Irish Free State, 425;and at, 135 unemployment, 424, 437

612 / Index

Northern Ireland (cont.) power-sharing government, 468, 469, 1939–69: American soldiers in, 460; 474; 2007, 516, 565, 566, 578–9; Churchill’s praise for Northern Ireland, Protestants in, 579; road traffic deaths 465; and community relations during and casualties compared, 522;siege the War, 460–1; and community mentality among Unionists, 506; relations in 1960s, 491–2;and support from some Labour Members of conscription, 458; criticism of welfare Parliament, 499; unemployment in, state, 487; economic growth in, 484; Unionist attitude towards civil post-1945, 477, 484; female workers in rights, 499, 500; and war-weariness, wartime, 459; and German air-raids, 561; and see Anglo-Irish Agreement; 458; Harland and Wolff, inefficiencies Downing Street Declaration; Good at during wartime, 458, 459;and Friday Agreement; O’Neill, Terence; housing, 488; ministry of development, Paisley, Ian; Provisional IRA; St 491; Northern Ireland Labour Party Andrews Agreement; Sunningdale boosted, 460, 465; politics in postwar, Agreement 469, 484–9; and recruitment to British Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association armed forces, 458; and Second World (NICRA), 500, 501 War, 457–60, 465, 486;strategic Northern Ireland Housing Trust, 1945, 487 importance, 460; and ‘swinging sixties’, Northern Ireland Labour Party, 489, 492–3; unemployment benefit in 490 Northen Ireland, compared to Republic, Northern Star, 210, 211 487; and welfare state, 465, 485, 486, Northington, Lord, lord lieutenant, 192 487, 488–9; see also Emergency Norton, Caroline, artists’ model, 309 1969–2010:inthe1980s, 555; agriculture Norway, and Ireland, 31; invasion of, 457 in, 424; and American model, 499, 501; Nugent conspiracy, 93 anti-discrimination measures in, 557; Nugent, Ciaran, IRA prisoner, 523 and beginnings of Troubles, 469, 474, nuns, in nineteenth-century Ireland, 355 497–506; Catholics, 485, 489, 557, 579; Catholic assertiveness of in 1960s, O´ Briain, Tadhg, 70 498; and Catholic middle class, 498; O´ Conaill, Daithı,´ IRA leader, 511 casualties, 519–20; causes of Troubles, O´ Conchobair dynasty, 52 506; 1970–73, 510–14; 1973–80, O´ Conchobair, Ruadhrı,´ 35, 37 519–20; civil disturbances, reports, O´ Domhnall, Aodh Rua, 70 505–6; civil disturbances in, 1969, 504; ON´ eill,´ Conn, earl of Tyrone, 86 and demand for civil rights in, 498; ON´ eill,´ Domhnal, 60 discrimination against Catholics, 498; ON´ eill,´ Domnall, 52; and Edward Bruce, dissident IRA shootings in, 2009, 565; 54 economic modernisation in, 469; ON´ eill,´ dynasty, 8, 10, 24, 31, 52, 54, economy in 1990s, 469; emergence of 61, 70 Catholic middle class, 498; extradition ON´ eill,´ Enr´ ı,´ 70, 71;womeninhiscamp, of suspects to, 517; fair employment 70 legislation in, 557;framework ON´ eill,´ Niall (father and son), 60 documents for, 1995, 564; gun-running O´ Ruairc, Tigernan, 35 into, 507, 573; jury trials, halted, 523; O’Brien, Dr Conor Cruise, 508;and loyalist murder gangs in, 559; murders censorship, 509 in (1990–4), 520, 561; negotiations, O’Brien, Edna, writer, 496, 544 1992–8, 561–2; and one man one vote, O’Brien, Flann, writer, 444 500; paramilitary violence, 555; pattern O’Brien, Gay, cameraman, 501 of violence, 520–1; Police Service of O’Brien, John, author, 483 Northern Ireland replaces RUC, 573; O’Brien, Michael, Manchester Martyr, 302

613 / Index

O’Brien, Morrogh, Lord Inchiquin, 86, 125 O’Gorman, Chevalier, 203 O’Brien, Vincent, racehorse trainer, 545 O’Hagan, Thomas, lord chancellor, 308 O’Brien, William, Irish parliamentarian, O’Higgins, Kevin, 420, 434; assassinated, 343, 365 432 O’Brien, William Smith, Young Irelander, O’Kelly family, 56 277, 298 O’Leary, Arthur, 204 O’Byrne family, 61 O’Mahony, John, Fenian, 300 O’Cahan family, 54 O’Malley, Donogh, 496, 539;and O’Callaghan, Sean, IRA informer, 570 expansion of education, 497 O’Casey, Sean, playwright, 431, 481 O’Malley, Ernie, writer, 410 O’Connell, Daniel, the Liberator, 8, 132, O’More family, 87, 88 166, 209, 249, 253, 257, 263, 267, O’Neill, Captain Terence, prime minister, 268, 270, 272, 274, 280, 293, 304, 490–1, 492; broadcast, 502, 503;and 336, 345, 352, 368; and bias of judges, Catholics, 490; and his critics, 490; 262; and Catholic emancipation, criticised, 494; and economic 257–66; and Clare election, 262, 264, modernisation, 491; and five-point 524; in folklore, 258; and monster reform plan, 503; meeting with Lemass, meetings, 275; and D. P. Moran, 352; 492; meets Lynch, 506; opposition to, and repeal, 268–70, 274, 275, 445; 500; and proposal to drain Lough significance of victory, 1829, 264–6; Neagh, 491; resigns, 503; visits convent testing the Union, 269; and the Union, school, 491; and wartime service, 490 235; and Waterford election, 263; and O’Neill, Hugh, baron of Dungannon, earl of see Young Ireland Tyrone 2, 95, 100, 105, 117; attainder, O’Connell family of Derrynane, county 108; and militarisation, 96;and Kerry, 166 rebellion, 97–8; (reasons for, 96–7); O’Connell Street (officially Sackville Street surrender, 97 until 1924, but commonly called O’Neill, Owen Roe, Irish general, 114, 125, O’Connell Street for decades before 126, 127 then); destruction of, in Easter Rising, O’Neill, Sir Phelim, 1641 conspirator, 114, 391 117 O’Connor family, 56, 87, 88;massacreof, O’Neill, Shane, 86, 87, 95 48 O’Nolan, Brian (a.k.a. Myles na gGopaleen, O’Connor, Arthur, United Irishman, 213 Flann O Brian), 482 O’Connor, Cathal Croderg, 53 O’Reilly, Philip, 1641 rebel, 117 O’Connor, Frank, writer, 410, 482 O’Shea, Katherine, Parnell’s lover, 343 O’Connor, Roderick, 203 O’Shea, Captain William, 343 O’Conor, Charles, Catholic writer, 168, 188 Oak Boys, agrarian insurgents in county O’Devany, Bishop Cornelius, executed, 104 Armagh, 190; see also agrarian O’Doherty, Sir Cahir, 99 disturbances, Defenders; Whiteboys O’Donnell family (O´ Domhnaill), 54, 96, 98 Observant Friars, 84 O’Donnell, F. H., Irish parliamentarian, 317 Observe the Sons of Ulster Marching O’Donnell, Hugh, 96, 100, 105 towards the Somme,byFrank O’Donnell, Peadar, socialist writer, 441 McGuinness, 543 O’Duffy, Eoin, 444; and de Valera, 445;as Octennial Act see Irish Parliament Blueshirt leader, 398; as Garda Offaly, Lord see earl of Kildare Commissioner, 440 Official Irish Republican Army, origins, 511; O’Faolain, Nuala, journalist, 542 see also Provisional Irish Republican O’Faolain, Sean, writer, 410, 482 Army O’Farrell, Elizabeth, and Easter Rising, Ogle, George, Orangeman, 192, 194 388 oil crisis, 1974, 509; 1979, 510, 528

614 / Index

Old Age Pensions Act, 1908, 366; in Irish Pale, 50; English in Ireland in, 85; Irish Free State, 433 advance into, 122;asLandofPeace,65; Old English in Ireland, 82, 83, 91, 92, 94, and royal government, 92 106, 108, 124; and land, 106;and Palladius, 3, 5; and Pelagian heresy, 3 native Irish, 122; Old English in 1641, papacy, weakness of in eighteenth century, 114;ofPale,105, 108; and plantations, 169 88; resistance to Protestantism, 83–4; Parachute Regiment, 513; attack on threatened with plantation, 108;and headquarters, 514 wealth, 108; and Wentworth, 110 parish missions, 304 Old Protestants, New English post-1660, parlements, French, 147 130, 132, 133 Parliament Act, 1911, 367 Omagh, county Tyrone, Real IRA bomb in, Parliament, in England, 123 572 Parliament in Ireland: medieval and early One man, one vote see Northern Ireland; modern period, 50; 1460, 72; 1530s, O’Neill, Terence 47, 82; 1613, 108; 1635–6, 106, 110; Operation Demetrius see internment, 1971 and Cromwell, 131, 132;(1689); Operation Harvest see Irish Republican ‘Patriot’, 135; tradition of, 47 Army Parliament in Ireland, eighteenth century, Orange Order, 192, 202, 218–19, 231, 242, 143–7; and army, 177; and Catholics, 312, 338, 340, 363, 490, 506, 554–6; 145; and Church of Ireland, 145; in 1798, 226; and ‘boycott’, 320;and compared to other assemblies, 144, Drumcree, 572; and Home Rule crisis, 145; composition of, 83; constituencies, 1912, 368 145; and Constitution, 82, 145; Orde, Thomas, chief secretary, 193, 195–8 electoral system, 144; and English Ordnance Survey, 275 attitudes to, 155–6; fear of Catholicism, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and 145; and foreign affairs, 146; formal Development, 537 subordination, 147; and government, Ormond see Butler 146; House of Commons, 144; House Oulart, county Wexford, battle of, 221 of Lords, 144;andinformal Oxford, council at 1177, 38 subordination, 147, 189; Irish bills to London, 205; and king of Ireland, 146; Pacific war, 462 and legislative independence, 151, 188; paganism, in early Ireland, 7–8, 28 and legislative subordination, 152; Paine, Tom, pamphleteer, 210 libertarian rhetoric, 145; management, Paisley, Reverend Dr Ian R. K., 468, 489, 148; and Money bill dispute, 160–1; 500, 502, 503, 506, 555, 564, 571, and Octennial Act, 1768, 191; 573, 574, 576; and Tony Blair, 574; parliamentary reform, 151, 190–5, 197; and Derry march, 501; and Drumcree, Parliamentary Reform Convention, 563; as first minister, 578; and Good 1783, 408; political culture, 145;and Friday Agreement, 568, 575;andIRA Poynings’ law, 135, 147–8, 152, 184, ceasefire, 563;andIRA 185, 188; and powers, 145;and decommissioning, 564; at Leeds Castle Presbyterians, 145; pride in empire, talks, 2004, 575; and O’Neill/Lemass 145; qualifications for membership, meetings, 492, 497; opposes Terence 145; Regency crisis, 198–9; separation O’Neill, 497–8; and Paisleyism, 498; of executive from Parliament, 148; and Protestant working classes, 497;on sovereignty, 146; subordinate, 147; sharing power with Republicans, 575, undertakers, 146, 159–62;voting, 577; support for, 497; on David 145 Trimble, 570; and Ulster Unionist Party, Parliament, nineteenth century: franchise in 577; and Ulster workers’ strike, 518 1830s, 267, 318; Irish Members of

615 / Index

Parliament withdraw from, 319;and 274, 285; and Catholic bishops, 277, Irish question, 314; Irish representation 306; as chief secretary, 260;and in, 254, 294; Irish vote in British cities, Ireland, 1840s, 275–7; and repeal, 275 332; obstruction in, 317; secret ballot, Peelers see under police in Ireland 1872, 318 Pembroke, earl of see under Strongbow Parnell divorce, and Catholic bishops, 343; Penal Laws, 140, 141, 152, 163, 186, 188, and Irish-American newspapers 273; and Catholic commercial wealth, 343 166, 167; and Catholic interest in land, Parnell, Anna, 325 166; and Catholic laity, 164;and Parnell, Charles Stewart, Irish Catholic priests, 167; and conversions, parliamentarian, 314, 316–45; 164, 167; and ‘Discoverers’, 164;and ascendancy of, 342, 350, 368, 396;at landowning, 164; and provision of bay, 1891, 344; and Catholic church, church service in Gaelic, 164 331; and Conservative Party, 1885–6, Pennsylvania, emigrants in, 175 332–3;deathof,319, 343, 353, 363; Pentonville prison, and execution of fall of, 342–4; and land question, 319; Casement, 394 meets Davitt, 319; in prison, 325; and People’s Budget, 1909, 366, 367 see Land League; Land War; Home People’s Democracy (PD), 502; and see Rule Northern Ireland Parnell, Mrs Katherine see O’Shea, Perceval, Spencer, prime minister, 260 Katherine peregrinatio, early Irish pilgrimage, 23, 25 Parnell, Sir John, Irish politician, 233 Perrot, Sir John, Irish governor, 90 partition, 1920, 341, 373, 378, 395, 404, Perry, Anthony, 1798 leader, 224 425, 514; end of, as national priority, Petty, William, surveyor, 127, 130 493; to be permanent, 404; proposed, philanthropy, in nineteenth-century Ireland, 1920, 404 355 Party Processions Act, 312 Philip II, king of Spain, 91, 92, 97 paruchiae, monastic federations, 11; Philipstown (Dangan), county Offaly, 88 parochial system, 47 Phineas Finn, by Anthony Trollope, 309 Pastorini, purported prophet, 247, 248, Phoenix Park, murders in, 342; see also 263 Invincibles Patrick, Ireland’s patron saint, 3–11, 27, 40; Pictland, 24; see also Scotland cult of, 10–11; Ireland in time of, 5–8; Pike Theatre Club, 481 possibility of more than one, 444; and Pilgrimage of Grace, Tudor rebellion, 82 see St Patrick’s day pilgrimage: in early Ireland, 7; in nineteenth Patriot Parliament of 1689, 122 century, 304; and see Catholicism, Patten report into RUC, 573 practices, and peregrinatio patterns, religious stations, 7, 304 Pill Lane, Dublin, destruction of mass house payments to politicians, inquiry into, in, 164 549 pirates, in Dublin Bay, 109 Payne, Fr Ivan, abuser, 534 Pitt, William, prime minister, 156, 193, 195, PD see People’s Democracy 197, 212, 240, 241, 254, 255;and Peace Preservation Act, 1814, 250 Constitution of 1782, 205; and Union, Pearce, Sir Edward Lovett, architect, 227, 228 144 plan of campaign, 359; and see land Pearse, Patrick, revolutionary, 16, 370, 383, question 385, 387, 396; and Proclamation of planning in Dublin, inquiry into, 549 1916, 388; surrenders, 390 plantation in Leix/Offaly, 87–8 Peel, Sir Robert, prime minister, 247–8, 249, plantation, Munster, 94; native Irish on, 250, 251, 252, 263, 264, 267, 269, 94

616 / Index

plantations, 85; attractions of, 89;and Portlaoise prison, 475 Cromwell, 129; and Ireland, 89;by Portobello barracks, and Easter Rising, massacre, 88; need for capital, 99;and 391 Old English, 107, 110; religious Portugal: compared to Ireland, 552;kingof, element, 84, 90; social purpose, 89; 172; neutrality of, 466; structural threatened in Connacht, 108, 110 funds, 541 plantation of Ulster, 90, 99–103, 105–6, potato, cultivation of, 139–40, 247, 248, 121–6, 296, 337, 338, 341, 491;and 282, 284; and Europe, 282; and potato deserving Irish, 100; and economy, 105; blight in Ireland, 282 inquiries into, 103; and London Potitus, 4 merchant companies, 99, 100, 101, Powell, Enoch, Unionist politician, 563 109; and migration into Ulster, 1620s, Powell, Jonathan, British politician, 568, 104; military force in plantation areas, 578 104; native Irish, 99; and native Irish power-sharing see under Northern Ireland reaction to plantation, 104–5; private Poynings, Sir Edward, 73; and Poynings’ enterprise in Antrim and Down, 101; law, 74; and see Ireland; Parliament in and Scots, 114; servitors in, 100; settler eighteenth century population, 88, 100, 101, 154;terms, Presbyterians in Ireland, restrictions on, 183; 103; undertakers in, 100, 101, 103 and Catholics, 203; in England, 241, Playboy of the Western World, The,by 254 J. M. Synge, 544 Present State of the Church of Ireland, The, Plunket, Lord, Irish lord chancellor, 258; by Bishop Woodward, 203 and Catholic Relief bills, 261, 262 presidencies, provincial, 91 Plunkett, Sir Horace, improver, 361 president of Ireland, ofﬁce of, 448;fears Plunkett, James, writer, 482 concerning, 448; and see Constitution Plunkett, Joseph, and Easter Rising, 383 of 1937 poets, in early Ireland, 7 Preston, Thomas, general, 126 Poland, 265, 452 prince of Wales, later George IV, 198, 256; Poles, in Ireland, 546; in Millstreet, county and Catholics, 259 Cork, 546 princes of Wales see under individual kings Police Service of Northern Ireland see Prior, James, Northern Ireland Secretary of Northern Ireland State, 524 police, in Ireland, 249, 251; Catholic prison war see hunger strikes members of, in nineteenth century, Programme for Economic Expansion, 483 313 Progressive Democrats, 527 Pollock, Hugh, deputy prime minister, Pro-life Amendment Campaign, 530; and see Northern Ireland, 438 abortion Pollock, Joseph, reformer, 186 proportional representation, 420;and polygamy, in early Ireland, 7 Constitution of 1937, 451;inNorthern Ponsonby family, 159 Ireland, 422, 423 Ponsonby, Brabazon, earl of Bessborough, Prosper of Aquitaine, 3 151 Protestant ascendancy, 132, 201, 204, 271, Ponsonby, John, Irish politician, 150, 151, 274; O’Connell and, 258 152, 174, 194, 198, 230 Protestant evangelism, post-Union, 255 Poor Law Act, Ireland, 272–3, 285;and Protestant reformation, 84; Protestant, and women, 356 loyal, 83; Protestant services, penalties Port Laoise, county Leix see Maryborough for non-attendance, 108; recusant ﬁnes, Portadown, Orange parade in, 1986, 558 108 Portland, duke of, British politician, 187, Protestant Telegraph, 1966, 498 191 Protestant Volunteer Corps, 498

617 / Index

Protestants in Irish Free State, decline of in Rathlin Island, Viking attack on, 27; 1920s, 434 massacre on, 88, 90 Protestants: as colonists, 156, 157;and Rea, Stephen, actor, 544 D. P. Moran, 352; and Providence, Reagan, Ronald, United States president, 155 560; and visit to Galway, 532; and see provincial press, 318 Irish Republican Army Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), Real Irish Republican Army, 572, 579 500, 507, 512; and Army Council, 468, Redesdale, Lord, lord chancellor, 251, 255 511, 579; after Bloody Sunday, 514; Redmond, George, Dublin city manager, and British army, 511; and ceasefire, investigated, 551 1975, 520; and ceasefire, 1994, 562–3; Redmond, John, Irish parliamentarian, 270, and ceasefire, 1997, 565; and contacts 365, 367, 368, 374, 379, 381, 382, with British government, 521;and 384, 391, 395, 396, 398, 453, 563;and elections in 1982, 526; emergence of, Easter Rising, 395; as recruiting 510; and fund-raising in USA, 560;and sergeant, 399 informers, 521;andMI6, 521;and Redmond, William, brother of John, 396 military stalemate, 521; origins of, Rees, Merlyn, Secretary of State for 510–11; and political strategy, 525–6; Northern Ireland; and Ulster workers’ and post-ceasefire strategy, 564;and strike, 518 prison war, 523, 525, 526;andReal Reformation, Henrician, 86; perceived as IRA, 569; and Sunningdale, 515, 516, English, 84 517; and tactics in 1970s, 521;and Regency Buck, by Georgette Heyer, 431 David Trimble, 570; and weapons regional technical colleges, 539 decommissioning, 569, 572 Regium Donum, 183 provisions trade in eighteenth-century Regnans in Excelsis (1570), papal bull, 83 Ireland, 175 religion in Ireland, 140; attitudes towards, in Public Record Office of Ireland, destroyed Ireland and Britain, 310; Cromwell, 1922, 391, 410 129; evangelical in nineteenth century, Public Security Act, 440 311; post-Union, 247, 249; revivals, Pym, John, puritan radical, 112, 116 311; wakes, 304 religious houses in Ireland, 47 Quakers in England, 241 Remembrance Day Service, IRA bomb at, Quare Fellow, The,byBrendanBehan, 559 481 Remonstrance of 1317, 52, 54 Queen Elizabeth Bridge, Belfast, controversy republic proclaimed in 1916, 377, 388; Irish over, 497 diaspora and, 388; wording of Queen Elizabeth, attack on, 521 proclamation, 388; and see Easter Queen’s county, 87; and see Leix Rising Queen’s University, Belfast, 366, 501 Republican Labour Party, 499 Quigley, Fr James, United Irishman, Republican Sinn Fein,´ 559 216 republicanism, 206 Quinn family, deaths of children, 572 Restoration Ireland, innocent papists, 133 Quinn, Paul, murdered, 579 Restorick, Private Stephen, shot 1997, 565 Reynolds, Albert, Taoiseach, 534, 561, 565; Radio Teilif´ ıs´ Eireann (RTE),´ 496; and beef tribunal, 550 headquarters bombed, 504 Richard II, king, 42, 43, 60, 61 railways, in Ireland, 275 Richard III, king, 71, 73 Raleigh, Walter, coloniser, 89 Richelieu, cardinal, 114 rath see ringfort Richmond, duke of, lord lieutenant, 259 Rathangan, county Meath, 225 Rightboys see under agrarian disturbances

618 / Index

ringforts, 15 RTE´ see Radio Teilifis´ Eireann´ Rinuccini, Archbishop Giovanni, 122, 126, RUC see Royal Ulster Constabulary 302 rugby, derided, 350 rising (1598), 94, 95 rum, imported into Ireland, 175 rising (1641), 112–21; legacy, 115; Russell, Bertrand, philosopher, 431 massacres, 115;aspeople’srising,115; Russell, T. W., Unionist 339, 363 segregation in plantation area, 104, Russell, Thomas, United Irishman, 244 122, 154, 168, 204, 227, 338, 340, Russell, W. H., Times correspondent, 311 341; sermons on, 154 Russia, 466; invasion of, 462; and League of rising (1798), 8, 93, 122, 298, 338; Nations, 466; mobilisation for war, commemoration of, and D. P. Moran, 1914, 374 352; course, 221–7; and courts martial, Ryan Commission report, 2009, 536; public 219; failure of, 224–5;lackof reaction to, 536 coordination, 93; outbreak, 220–1; Ryan, James, and Catholics, 255 sectarianism, 225–6 Ryan, Mary, portrait of, 309 rising (1803), 298, 302, 386; and see Ryanair, airline, 548 Emmet, Robert rising (1848), 298–300; and Widow Sackville Street (O’Connell Street), Dublin, McCormick’s cabbage patch, 298; and victory parade along, anticipated, 375 see Young Ireland Sackville, Lord George, chief secretary, 160, rising (1867), 301–2, 386, 388; and see 161 Fenianism sacramental test, 145, 148, 152, 183; and Rising, Easter 1916 see Easter Rising see Penal Laws Riverdance, 545 Sadleir, John, Irish politician, 298 Robinson, Mary, 508; elected president, Safeguarding of Employment Act, 1947, 487 542; as president, 472 St Patrick see under Patrick Robinson, Peter, 575; as first minister, 578; St Patrick’s day, 10, 11; Irish Volunteers and power-sharing, 577 exercise (1916), 385 Roche, Sir Boyle, 440 Saintfield, county Down, in 1798, 338 Rockingham, earl of, British politician, 187 Salisbury, Lord, British politician, 329, 332, Rockites see under agrarian disturbances 333, 340, 341;inoffice,336 Rome, 13, 18, 27; empire of, 5 San Giuseppi, Sebastiano de, mercenary, Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, United States 92 president, death of, 463 Sands, Bobby, 447, 525, 526, 527;on Roscommon, county, 110, 130 hunger strike, Rose Tattoo, by Tennessee Williams, shut 524; wins election, 524 down, 482 sanitation, improvement in, 193 Rosebery, earl of, British politician, 341 Saratoga, New York, battle at, 1778, 177 Rossa, Jeremiah O’Donovan, Fenian, 313–14 Sartre, Jean Paul, writer, 482 Rowan, Archibald Hamilton, United SAS see Special Air Service Irishman, 211 Saxons, 2 Rowntree and Mackintosh, sweet Scarman report, 505 manufacturers, 442 Sceilg Mhichıl,´ and Vikings, 28 Royal Irish Academy, 346 Schomberg, Marshal, 135 Royal Irish Constabulary, 401 Scotland, Irish missionaries to, 22;in1641, Royal Irish Rifles, 520; and see Ulster 83, 125; and Bishops’ wars 1638, 122; Defence Regiment and Cromwell, 126; and English Civil Royal Navy, and Ireland, 314–17;and War, 123, 124; and France, 101; Britain, 216 monasteries in, 24; and Normans, 35; Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), 438, 510, and opposition to Charles I, 114; royal 573; and IRA, 526 visits to, 43;andUlster,105

619 / Index

Scots-Irish, in North America, 175 Shergar, racehorse, 545 Scotti, Irish raiders, 4, 5 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, playwright, 237 Scottish Department of Agriculture, 456 Short and Harland, aircraft manufacturers, Scottus, Sedulius, 27 459; strikes, and see Northern Ireland script, early Irish, 18 Short Brothers, aircraft manufacturers, 493 Scullabogue, county Wexford in 1798 rising, Sicily, Normans in, 35, 40 224, 226 Sidney, Lord Deputy, 92 Scully, Denys, Catholic activist, 236, 258, Sikhs, in An Garda Siochana´ , controversy 261 over, 547 SDLP see Social and Democratic Labour Silken Thomas see Kildare, earl of Party Simnel, Lambert, impostor, 73, 74 secession, in United States, 269 Simpson, Alan, producer, 481;arrested, Second World War, 1939–45 (Emergency): 482 American entry into, 454; censorship Sinclair,Betty,andcivilrights,501 during Emergency, 461–2; and de Sinn Fein:´ in 1970s, 510; Ard Fheis´ (1998), Valera, 452; and diplomatic isolation 571; broadcasting ban on, lifted, 562; after, 465; and food for Britain, 453; after Easter Rising, 396;electoral impact on the two Irelands, 464, 465–7; victory (1918), 406, 517; and Good intelligence cooperation, 455;and Friday Agreement, 567; and Irish Ireland, 377, 452–7, 461–4, 465–7, government, 555;andIRA 474, 475, 509; Irish civilians working in decommissioning, 564; in Northern Great Britain, 456–7; and Irish Ireland, 353, 400, 468, 489, 517, 554; economy, 466; Irish female workers to offices raided at Stormont, 574; Great Britain, 459; Irish government’s organises on all-Ireland basis, 527; attitude towards, 456; Irish labour to policy on taking seats in Dail,´ 559;and Britain, 453; and Irish members of talks (1998), 566; and see Adams, British armed forces, 456–7; Irish radio Gerry; Provisional IRA in wartime, 462; and IRA, 461;and Sisters of Mercy, in Crimea, 311 Irish surpluses, 466; and neutrality, six counties, 482; see also Northern Ireland 377, 442, 452, 455, 485, 486;and Sixth of George I see Declaratory Act turf-cutting, 466; see also Northern Skeffington, William ‘Gunner’, 75 Ireland Skibbereen Eagle, 25 sermons, 304 Slane, Irish victory at 1176, 39 Seven Years’ War, 1756–63, 261; and Irish Slav resistance to German settlement, 51 Catholics, 169, 170, 172 slave-owners, compensation for, 286 shamrock, emblem of Ireland, 8, 11 Sligo, 110; and William of Orange, 134 Shanavests see under agrarian disturbances Sloan, Thomas H., radical Unionist, 358 Shankill Butchers, loyalist murder gang, 519 smallpox, outbreak of, 55 Shannon hydroelectric scheme, 425 Smerwick, massacre at, 90, 92, 93 Shannon, Lord, Irish politician, 174, 194 Smith, John alias ‘William Bird’, castle spy, Shannon, River, 27 219 Sharman, William, reformer, 193 Smith, Sir Thomas, coloniser, 88 Sheehy, Fr Nicholas, 200; his executioner Smithfield, London, burnings in, 237 killed, 200 Smyth, Fr Brendan, abuser, 533–4 Sheehy-Skeffington, Francis, husband of Smyth, Lt Col. G. B., murdered, 402 Hannah, murdered, 391, 393, 396 soccer team, Republic of Ireland, 545 Sheehy-Skeffington, Hannah, 355–6, 358, Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), 391; and Constitution of 1937, 450 554, 568, 569;andIRA Sheil, Richard Lalor, Catholic activist, 262 decommissioning, 564; and rise of Sinn Shelburne, Lord, British politician, 175, 187 Fein,´ 527;setupin1970, 510, 514

620 / Index

Society of Jesus, 83, 84; and Cromwell, 131 Statutes of Kilkenny see Kilkenny Soloheadbeg, county Tipperary, ambush at, staves, to Ireland, 175 401 Steinbeck, John, novelist, 482 Somme, battle of, 1916, 395 Stephen, king of England, 35 ‘Song of Dermot and the earl’, 39 Stephens, James, Fenian, 298, 300, 301 South Africa, and Irish Free State, 426;as Stewart, Sir Robert, 125 model for Ireland, 375 Stone, Andrew, 150 south America, Irish missionaries in, 532 Stone, Archbishop George, 150–1, 152, 158, South Dublin Union, in Easter Rising, 387 159, 161, 173 South Korea, compared to Ireland, 552 Stormont, Northern Ireland Parliament, South Staffordshire regiment, and Easter 435;fallof,513;SinnFein´ ofﬁces Rising, 391 raided, 574; suspended, 514; and see Spain: and Ireland, 81, 82; Irish origins in, Northern Ireland 97; Christians and Moors in, 2, 51, Strafford, earl of see Thomas Wentworth 451; and Civil War, 378; early links Strangford, county Down, 88 with Ireland, 1–2; and Irish soldiers, Strongbow, Richard Fitzgilbert, earl of 114; Normans and, 35; sends assistance Pembroke, 35–7 for FitzMaurice, 92; Spanish expedition Stuart monarchy, and Ireland, 123;andthe to Ireland, 50; Spanish pilgrims to Regency crisis, 198; Stuart cause, end Ireland, 81; and structural funds, 541 of, 145, 169 Special Air Service (SAS), 520, 555;and Stuart, Charles, the young Pretender, 170 IRA, 526; shootings in Gibraltar, 559; Stuart,Francis,broadcaster,inBerlin,462 shootings in Loughgall, county Armagh, student protests: in Paris, 502; in the United 559 States, 502 special category status, for prisoners in Sunday Pictorial, criticises Northern Northern Ireland, 523; and see hunger Ireland’s war effort, 459 strikes Sunday Times, and in-depth interrogation Special Powers Act, Northern Ireland, 423, report, 513 437; demand for repeal, 500 Sunningdale, Berkshire, 516, 554; Special Relief Commission, 1840s, 285 Agreement, 514–19, 567; Assembly Spender, Sir Wilfrid, civil servant, 436, elections under, 515; and Council of 439 Ireland, 516;andIrishDepartmentof Spenser, Edmund, poet, 93, 252 External Affairs, 516;andtheIRA567; Spithead, naval base, 216 reasons for failure, 516–17; signiﬁcance St Andrews, Scotland, talks at, 577; of, 518–19; (for Unionists, 519); and Agreement, 2006, 447, 568, 575–8; and see Northern Ireland see Northern Ireland supergrass trials see prison war St Benedict, rule of, 26 Supreme Court: and abortion, 531;and St Etienne, French politician, 208–9 contraception, 509; and homosexuality, St Germain-en-Laye, Stuart court at, 167 532 St Leger, Anthony, Irish governor, 86–7, 91 surrender and regrant, 85, 86, 87 St Patrick’s cathedral, established, 38; tomb Surrey, earl of, 74 in, 109 Sussex, lord deputy, 90 St Patrick’s College, Maynooth, seminary, Swanzy, district inspector, shot dead, 402 212, 277; and Emmet’s rising, 244 Sweden, and death of Hitler, 463 St Ruth, French commander, 137 Swift, Carolyn, producer, 481 Stamp Act, 176 Swift, Jonathan, satirist, 151, 152, 159, 163 State of the Protestants of Ireland,by Switzerland, and death of Hitler, 463 William King, 154 Sykes, Richard, British ambassador, Statute of Westminster, 1931, 426 assassinated, 521

621 / Index

Synge, John Millington, playwright, 347, Tod, Isabella, philanthropist, 355, 358 348, 352, 544 Toib´ ın,´ Colm, novelist, 544 syphilis, fear of, in Irish Free State, 430;and Toib´ ın,´ Niall, actor, 544 Irish women, 430 Tone, Matilda, 354 Tone, Theobald Wolfe, revolutionary, 207, Taiwan, compared to Ireland, 552 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216–18, 224, Talbot family, 62 352, 354, 516; anniversary of death of, Talbot, Richard, earl of Tyrconnell, 134 499; and Irish involvement in British tallow, exports, 141 wars, 453; and Moran, 352 Tan war see Irish War of Independence Toomebridge, county Derry, and rising in Tandy, George, son of Napper Tandy, 194 1798, 222 Tara Hill, O’Connell meeting at, 276 Tories, political group, 149 Tara, county Meath, 8, 10, 37; brooch Tory democracy, 1880s, 333 found at, 8 Tower of London, 77 Taylor, Denis, snooker player, 545 townlands in Ireland, 139 Teebane, county Tyrone, murder of Townshend, Charles, British politician, 176 Protestant workmen at, 561 Townshend, Lord, 86, 174; and viceroyalty Tehran, street in, named after Bobby Sands, in Ireland, 172–4 525 trade unionism, and Protestant workers, 369 Temple, Sir John, polemicist, 154, 252 transhumance see booleying Templepatrick, county Antrim, agrarian treaty of 1921, 378, 404, 406, 408, 410;and trouble in, 200 Catholic bishops, 410; those in favour, Tenant League, 1850s, 297, 298 those opposed to, 361, 410 tenant right see Ulster custom treaty ports, 408, 441;returnof,452, 454, tennis, derided as garrison game, 350 541 Terenure College, Dublin, 310 Trevelyan, Charles, civil servant, 287 Thatcher, Margaret, prime minister, 554, tribunals in Ireland see Republic of Ireland 555, 556, 559; and Brighton bomb, Trim, county Meath, castle in, 46; 526; and the hunger strikes, 524, 525; O’Connell meeting at, 275 the ‘Iron Lady’, 556; and Ronald Trimble, David, Unionist leader, 563–4, Reagan, 560; rejects New Ireland 574, 575; and Balcombe Street gang, Forum, 556; and rise of Sinn Fein.´ 527; 572; and Tony Blair, 574; and critics in see also Downing Street Agreement Ulster Unionist Party, 570;and Them, band, 492 devolution, 563; and Drumcree, 563, Thirty Years’ War, and Ireland, 121 572; and fate of Brian Faulkner, 569; Thomond, earl of, 95 and Good Friday Agreement, 567;and Thurles, Irish victory at 1174, 39 IRA ceasefire, 562, 563;andIRA Thurot, François, lands at Carrickfergus, weapons decommissioning, 564, 571, 179 575; and Nobel Peace Prize, 568;and Tiger economies in Far East, 537 study of Irish history, 569; takes office Times Literary Supplement, 430 as first minister, 573; and talks with Times, The, London, 237, 287, 342;onIrish John Hume, 566; talks on Northern neutrality, 452 Ireland, 566; and Ulster Unionist Tipperary, county, 48, 57;andEaster Council, 517; weakness of his position, Rising, 390; Whiteboys in, 200 569–70 Tiptoft, Sir John, 72, 73 Trimleston, Lord, Catholic peer, 172 Tırech´ an,´ life of Patrick, 10 Trinity College Dublin, 83, 346;banon tithe, 199–201, 240, 267, 270–1;tithe Catholics attending, 508 proctor, 200 Trollope, Anthony, novelist, 309 tithe war, 270 Troubles see Northern Ireland

622 / Index

Troy, Archbishop Thomas, 178, 186, 234, Rising, 388; entry into Asquith’s 255, 256 government, 1915, 384;andtheir Tsar of Russia, 25 history as epic, 135, 341; and Home tuatha, small kingdoms, 15 Rule, 379, 405; and Home Rule crisis, tuberculosis, prevalence of, 478 1912, 367, 400; and Irish Unionism, Tullahoge, county Tyrone, O’Neill 336; and Liberal Party, 399; as people inauguration chair at, 98 apart, 341–2; and Presbyterian farmers, turasanna, religious practices, 7 337; and southern Unionism, 337; Turner, Samuel, Castle spy, 220 strength of, 339–40; Ulsterisation of Tyrconnell see Talbot Unionism, 341; Unionist–nationalist Tyrone, county and partition, 374 rivalry, 358; and threat from other Tyrone, earl of, see O’Neill, Conn, and Unionists, 423; weakness of, 338–9, O’Neill, Hugh 340; and see Trimble, David; Paisley, Ian U2, 545;concertinBelfast,568 Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) (1913), 372, Ua Brian see under OBriain´ 374, 375, 407, 423; early armed Ua Conchobair see under O´ Conchobair drilling, 368; and First World War, UDR see Ulster Defence Regiment 371–2, 380, 381, 395–6;and UıN´ eill´ see under ON´ eill´ gun-running, 371; organisation, 371 Ulster Army Council, 517 Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) (1966), 498, Ulster Constitution Defence Committee, 498 510 Ulster Convention, 1893, 341 Ulster Workers’ Council (UWC), 518 Ulster Covenant, 371, 374 Ulster workers’ strike, 1974, 458, 518 Ulster custom, 296, 297, 307;and Ulster, earl of, 43 compensation, 297 undertakers, parliamentary see under Ulster Defence Association, 510, 520 Ireland, Parliament in eighteenth Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR), 510;and century collusion with loyalists, 520;and Union ﬂag, controversy over, 488 numbers killed, 520 union, Anglo-Irish in 1650s, 128 Ulster Division 36th, 380, 500; and see Union, Act of, 1800, 146, 197, 227–35, 267, Ulster Volunteer Force 311, 323, 334, 345, 514;and1798 Ulster Hall, Belfast, Unionist meeting in, rising, 228;in1870, 314;andBelfast, 341 234; and Catholics, 234–5; and Church Ulster plantation see under plantation of of Ireland, 306; and Connacht, 234; Ulster and corruption, 232, 233, 234;and Ulster Protestant League, 434, 435 decline of Protestants, 252; and Dublin, Ulster resistance, 557 233; and empire, 228; and Irish Ulster Special Constabulary, ‘B’ Specials, Protestants, 294, 311–12; and Munster, 419, 423, 435, 502, 510;demandfor 234; and nationality, 247, 249; disbandment, 435, 500 opposition to, 230–2; as a penal law, Ulster Unionist Council, 341, 363;and 262; and Scotland, 229; setback for partition, 395 1799, 232; support for, 229–30;terms Ulster Unionist Party: and Catholics, 499; of, 232 and devolution, 554; fragmentation of, Union, Protestant opposition to 1800, 312 510, 514; and integration, 554; mother United Britons, radical reformers, 216 and child scheme, 478; overtaken by United Irish League, 326, 365 DUP, 573; and Sunningdale, 516; and United Irishman, 352 see Trimble, David; Northern Ireland United Irishmen, Society of, 194;and Ulster Unionists 361, 374;andBoerWar, Catholics, 208–9; and Defenders, 213; 351; and British army, 337;andEaster and politicisation, 213; supposed legacy

623 / Index

of, 337; swearing in, 213; see also paramilitary tradition, 190;inNewry, rising, 1798 184; and parliamentary reform, 85;a United Kingdom Permit Ofﬁce in Dublin, Protestant body, 179, 180; as riot 456 police, 179; see also Constitution of United Nations Convention on Human 1782; and individual companies Rights, 489 United States of America, and Britain: Waiting for Godot, play by Samuel Beckett, clerical abuse in, 536; dispute between, 481 301; economy of, 540; and neutrality in Wakeﬁeld, battle of, 1460, 72 Second World War, 453; and Northern Wales, English in, 62; legal system in, 52; Ireland, 560, 565; recession in, 552, links to Dublin, 35; and Normans, 35, 554; and southern states of, 289;and 36; royal visits to, 43 ‘terrorism’, after September 2001, 574 Walker, William, radical Unionist, 357, University College Galway, later National 363 University of Ireland, Galway, 532 Wall Street crash (1929), 437 University of Ulster, IRA attack at, 521 Wall, Maureen, historian, 165 university question, 279, 362, 366;and Walmsley, Bishop Charles, 247, 248; see education for men, 355; post-1960, also Pastorini 473 Walpole, Robert, government of, 152 Ussher, James, archbishop of Armagh, 13 War of Austrian Succession, 170 UVF see Ulster Volunteer Force war, in medieval Ireland, 47, 62; with UWC see Ulster Workers’ Council France, 178, 209, 386; outbreak of, September 1939, 442;intwentieth Vallancey, Charles, linguist, 203 century Ireland, 377–8 Vanguard Unionist Party, 517 Warbeck, Perkin, impostor, 73 Vanishing Irish, The, book by John O’Brien, Warburton, George, magistrate, 253 483, 539 Ward, Peter, murder of, 500 Vatican Council, 494 warfare, Irish, 40, 41, 46; and kerne, Irish veto, controversy, 256, 257, 258, 263 foot soldiers, 59; see also Gallowglass; Victoria Cross, Irish award-winners, 311, Irish abroad 456 Warrenpoint, county Down, paratroopers Victoria, Queen, visits to Ireland, 309; killed at, 1979, 522 derided as Famine Queen, 351;and Warrington, England, IRA bomb in, 561 Victorian values, 310 Wars of the Roses, 71 Vietnam, 401 wars of the three kingdoms, 122 Vikings, 27–33, 135; and Comgall, 28; Warwick, earl of, 73 impact of, 33; and intermarriage with Washington, George, American president, Irish, 31, 32; memory of, 33;andtrade, 175 31; warfare and, 33 Waterford, Vikings in, 27; county marked Vinegar Hill, battle of, 1798, 223 out, 48; early modern, 131; election in, Virginia, colony, 101 1826, 263;fallof1170, 36; medieval, virgins of Christ, 4, 6, 7 57; Richard II lands in, 60; Volunteers Volunteers of 1778, 179–88, 206, 210, 211, in, 179, 180 371; and ‘A Free Trade’, 181–2;in Weld, Dermot, racehorse trainer, 545 Armagh, 186; and Catholics, 202; Wellesley, Sir Arthur, 250; and see Catholic companies, 181; Catholic Wellington, duke of relief, 181; and Catholic threat, 181; Wellesley-Pole, William, chief secretary, Derry Catholics, 181; in Dundalk, 185; 151, 259 an independent body, 180;inKilkenny, Wellington, duke of, prime minister, 239, 186; and military democracy, 180;and 264, 381

624 / Index

Wentworth, Thomas, earl of Strafford, lord Wilson, Thomas, report on Northern deputy, 80, 109–11, 122, 124, 129; ally Ireland, 491 of Laud, 111; and the Graces, 110;and Windsor, Treaty of 1175, 37, 38 Irish army, 112, 114; and ‘popish wine, imports, 141 army’, 112; his trial and execution, 112 Wogan, John, justiciar, 50 West Britons, term of derision for Wolfe Tone Society, 499 Anglo-Irish, 236 women and jury service, 451 West Indies, 141, 146, 236; transportations women in Northern Ireland, 472 to, 131 Women: in early Ireland, 6–7;asCabinet west of Ireland, in Irish imagination, 328 ministers, 472; in early modern Ireland, West of the Pecos, by Zane Grey, 431 70; as emigrants, 348, 354;inIrishFree West, Harry, defeated in election, 524 State, 430; as teachers, 451;local,273; Westmeath, earl of, 1641 conspirator, 130 in nineteenth-century Ireland, 353–6; Westmorland, Lord, lord lieutenant, 206 in paid work, 353; position of, in Weston Park, talks at, 576 Ireland and Britain, 310; position of, in Wexford, Vikings in, 27;fallof1170, 36, 1990s, 542; in postwar Ireland, 472; 57; 1798 rising in, 221, 222, 226;sack as presidents of the Republic, 472; of, 127; settlement patterns in, 130; and university education, 355;and strike in, 1911, 369 votes, 356;votesfor,365, 369; Wharton, earl of, lord lieutenant, 149 and see Constitution of 1937 wheat, imported into Ireland, 175 Women’s Coalition, 472, 573;andtalks, Whelehan, Harry, Irish lawyer, 534 1998, 566 Whigs, political group, 149; government of Women’s Graduate Association, and in 1830s, 270; principles of, 149 Constitution of 1937, 450 whiskey, 70, 71 Wood, William, speculator, 151;and Whistle in the Dark, by Tom Murphy, 543 Wood’s halfpence, 153 Whitaker, T. K., civil servant, 483 Woodenbridge, county Wicklow, Whitby, Council of, 26 Redmond’s speech at, 375, 376, 454 Whiteboys see under agrarian disturbances woods in Ireland, 139 Whitworth, Lord, lord lieutentant, 246, 261 Woodward, Bishop Richard, 203 Whyte, John, academic, 495 Woollen Act 1699, 151, 152, 153 Wickham, William, chief secretary, 245, 384 workhouses, in Ireland, 272 Wicklow, 65; 1798 rising in, 221 World Cup, 1990 and Ireland, 545 Widgery, Lord, report on Bloody Sunday, World Trade Centre, attacked, 2001, 573 514 Wyndham, George, chief secretary, 341, Wild Geese see Irish abroad 358, 360, 361–3; and Land Act, 1903, Wilde, Oscar, playwright, 26 326; and land purchase, 362; Wilfrid, Bishop, 31 resignation of, 341 Willcocks, Richard, magistrate, 253 Wyndham, William, on union, 235 William I, king of England, 34, 35, 44 William Bird, 219; see Smith, John ‘X’case531; see also abortion William of Orange, later William III, 33, 43, 134, 135, 154, 182, 213; and his Yeats,JackButler,artist,309 friends, 153 Yeats, John Butler (father of W. B. Y.), William of Windsor, justiciar, 59 309 Wilson, Field Marshal, Sir Henry, Yeats, William Butler, poet, 8, 16, 309, 344, assassinated, 407 347, 348, 350, 352, 358, 362, 431, Wilson, Harold, prime minister, 458, 502, 473, 536, 544; and D. P. Moran, 352; 517; reports on Northern Ireland, 458; and Nobel prize, 433; and support for and Ulster workers’ strike, 518 Blueshirts, 445

625 / Index

Yellow Ford, battle of, 1598, 97 Yorkshire, bus bomb in, 517 Yelverton, Barry, Irish politician, 188 Yorktown, Virginia, 185 York, James duke of, 134; see also Young Ireland, 275, 277, 345;and James II nationalism, 278; and O’Connell, York, Vikings in, 31; and outbreak of 279–80; and religion, 278; and quarrel English Civil War, 122 with O’Connell, 279–80