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Universidade De São Paulo Escola De Comunicações E UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO! ESCOLA DE COMUNICAÇÕES E ARTES! PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS DA COMUNICAÇÃO JOAQUIM CARDIA GHIROTTI Frank Miller e os quadrinhos: pelo que vale a pena morrer SÃO PAULO 2017 JOAQUIM CARDIA GHIROTTI Frank Miller e os quadrinhos: pelo que vale a pena morrer Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Comunicação da Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências da Comunicação Área de Concentração: Interfaces sociais da Comunicação Linha de Pesquisa: Comunicação, Cultura e Cidadania Orientador: Prof. Dr. Waldomiro de Castro Santos Vergueiro SÃO PAULO 2017 Autorizo a reprodução e a divulgação parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. GHIROTTI, J. C. Frank Miller e os quadrinhos: pelo que vale a pena morrer. Tese apresentada à Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências da Comunicação. Aprovado em: Banca examinadora Prof. Dr. Waldomiro de Castro Santos Vergueiro (orientador) Julgamento:________________________________Assinatura:__________________ Julgamento:________________________________Assinatura:__________________ Julgamento:________________________________Assinatura:__________________ Julgamento:________________________________Assinatura:__________________ Julgamento:________________________________Assinatura:__________________ “Worth dying for. Worth killing for. Worth going to hell for. Amen.” - Frank Miller, Sin City. Agradeço ao professor Waldomiro Vergueiro, por ter aceitado o desafio desta pesquisa, e me dado a oportunidade e o privilégio de ter sua orientação, sua liderança sempre certeira, criteriosa, clarificadora, que foi fundamental para a lapidação, o desenvolvimento e a maturação deste trabalho. Acima de tudo, pela inspiração. Aos meus pais, pela paciência, afeto, diligência, dedicação, apoio incondicional que sempre me deram. Por terem me apresentado música, cinema e quadrinhos, arte. Ou seja, por tudo. A minha mãe, pela ajuda sem a qual este trabalho não existiria. A minha tia Nancy, pela inspiração acadêmica, pelos conselhos, pela ajuda comprando livros que complementaram a bibliografia, sempre atenta ao que eu, embrenhado na pesquisa, não conseguia ver diretamente. Aos resistentes e motivadores Leandro Seiler, Igor Noboa e Daniel Rodrigues, professores e amantes dos quadrinhos como eu. Frequentemente, submeti trechos e seções inteiras do texto a eles, e suas análises, inquisições, críticas, sugestões, correções, recomendações e objeções foram fundamentais para que eu progredisse na pesquisa. À Fabiana Rodrigues, que me ajudou com a organização e tradução de textos, fazendo muito mais do que deveria, dando-me um apoio que foi fundamental. Ao Marcelo Briseno Marques de Melo, pelo apoio, pelas críticas e observações que seu expertise sobre comunicação e histórias em quadrinhos trouxeram às questões de pesquisa. Aos colegas do Observatório de Histórias em Quadrinhos da ECA/USP, pela amizade e por manter a pesquisa e a discussão sobre quadrinhos viva. Em especial, agradeço ao colega Celbi Pegoraro, que me deu atenção e auxiliou com seu conhecimento, fazendo observações e comentários sempre pertinentes. A Moira, David, Harry, John, Gwen, Maya, Ivan, Rachel e todos os Bovills, que sempre me receberam e me acolheram tão bem. O auxílio de Moira Bovill foi indispensável para essa pesquisa. A Frank Miller, por acreditar em super-heróis. RESUMO GHIROTTI, J. C. Frank Miller e os quadrinhos: pelo que vale a pena morrer. 226f Tese (Doutorado) – Escola de Comunicações e Artes, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2017. As décadas de 1980–1990 marcam um ponto importante da história das revistas de quadrinhos de super-heróis. Mudanças no mercado, no público, na política, nos debates morais e culturais do momento ofereceram um cenário propício para novos desenvolvimentos no gênero super-herói. Esse quadro é cercado pelo pós-modernismo, a urbanização, a contracultura, mudanças nas artes e condições políticas que se desenvolvem da Guerra Fria, geograficamente centrada entre a Europa e os Estados Unidos, para a Guerra do Iraque, o que desloca atenções geopolíticas e conflitos para o Oriente Médio. Os quadrinhos de super-herói passam a oferecer maior liberdade temática para seus autores, e discussões sobre direitos autorais ganham força. Este cenário dispõe das condições para que alguns autores pudessem levar os super-heróis para discussões diferentes das décadas precedentes, permitindo o surgimento de trabalhos significativos, de autores que marcam suas obras abordando os super-heróis de forma pessoal. A presente pesquisa procura entender como o autor de histórias em quadrinhos Frank Miller se posicionou diante de uma determinada área de produção artística, utilizando-se das revistas de super-herói para discutir posicionamentos ideológicos, e reforçar seu caráter mítico e simbólico. Utilizando princípios da história cultural desenvolvidos por autores como Ginzburg, Burke, Gombrich, Schorske e Barzun, contextualiza-se a trajetória das histórias em quadrinhos até os anos 1980 e 1990, estabelecendo as condições da mídia quando do trabalho do artista. Para posicionar Miller em relação a seu mercado e suas relações de produção, são utilizadas as ferramentas analíticas de Michael Baxandall, que oferecem um modelo interpretativo das relações que se dão na produção artística. Finalmente, observam-se as abordagens temáticas e morais de sua obra, com seu contexto dentro de uma trajetória na história cultural. Para isso, traça-se um panorama que discute como a obra de Miller atualiza a jornada do herói de Joseph Campbell, utilizando-se da cultura popular para fazer um diálogo entre discussões morais, históricas e políticas, por meio de uma construção de narrativas heroicas que operam como mitos populares modernos e parâmetros civilizacionais, carregando em si princípios, valores e ideias de uma cultura. Palavras-chave: Histórias em Quadrinhos. Frank Miller. Super-Heróis. Graphic Novels. História Cultural. ABSTRACT GHIROTTI, J.C. Frank Miller and Comics: Worth dying for. 226f Tese (Doutorado) – Escola de Comunicações e Artes, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2017. The decades of 1980-1990 establish an important point in the history of comic books. Changes in the market, the audience, in politics and in the cultural and moral debates of the time offered a scenario which was welcoming to new developments on the super-hero genre. This moment is marked by post-modernism, urbanization, the counter-culture, changes in arts and the political conditions which develop from the Cold War, geographically centred between the United States and Europe, to the Iraq war, which moves the geopolitical attentions and conflicts to the Middle- East. Super-hero comics start offering wider thematic freedom to their authors, and discussions about creator’s rights gain momentum. This scenario contains the conditions for some of these authors to take super-heroes to discussions which are different from the ones happening in the preceding decades, allowing the emergence of important works, made by authors which marked their work in a very personal manner. This research seeks to understand how comic-book author Frank Miller has positioned himself before an area of artistic production, using super-hero comics, and comics in general, to discuss moral positions, and to underline their mythical and symbolic character. Exercising principles of cultural history developed by authors like Ginzburg, Burke, Gombrich, Schorske and Barzun, we situate the trajectory of comics from their inception as magazines until the 1980s and 1990s, establishing which were the conditions of this medium when Miller produced the works we look at. To understand Miller in relation to his market and his production, we use the analytic tools of Michael Baxandall, which offer an interpretative model of the relationships which happen in artistic production. Finally, we observe the thematic and moral approaches of his work, with their context within a trajectory in cultural history. In order to perform this, we establish a context which discusses how Miller work updates Joseph Cambell’s hero’s journey, using popular culture to make connections between moral, political and historical debates, creating heroic narratives which operate as modern popular myths and as civilizational benchmarks, carrying with them the principles, values and ideas of a culture. Keywords: Comic books. Frank Miller. Superheroes. Graphic Novels. Cultural History. LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 - A primeira comunhão, do período clássico de Picasso (1895/96), p. 38 Figura 2 - Retrato de Wilhelm Uhde, p. 39 Figura 3 - Capa de uma das revistas da editora EC Comics, p. 60 Figura 4 - Capa de Fantastic Four número 1, publicada em novembro de 1961, p. 63 Figura 5 - Capa do livro Tijuana Bibles, coletânea organizada por Bob Aldeman, p. 66 Figura 6 - Zap Comix número 4, p. 69 Figura 7 - A chuva hachurada e impiedosa de Will Eisner em Um Contrato com Deus, p. 72 Figura 8 - 2001, uma odisséia no espaço, de Stanley Kubrick, p. 79 Figura 9 - O Capitão confronta o Richard Nixon corrupto e encapuzado, de Steve Englehart, Captain America nº 175, julho de 1974. p. 32, p. 81 Figura 10 - Os personagens centrais da série Big Bang: a teoria criam narrativas, piadas e situações cômicas a partir da figura do nerd, p. 88 Figura 11 - O Monstro do Pântano. Colagem e desenhos de John Tottleblen.
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