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A Review of Question Formulation in Polygraph Literature of Polygraphic Method for Counterproductive Behaviour Index Profiling

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A Review of Question Formulation in Polygraph Literature of Polygraphic Method for Counterproductive Behaviour Index Profiling A REVIEW OF QUESTION FORMULATION IN POLYGRAPH LITERATURE OF POLYGRAPHIC METHOD FOR COUNTERPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR INDEX PROFILING Ahmad Zaki Abu Bakar a, Rose Alinda Alias b and Hashim Bin Hj Yusoff c, Faculty of Computer Science and Information System Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Tel : , +60127081170 Fax : (607)-521-8174, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT The research of Polygraphic Method for Counterproductive Behaviour Index Profiling is divided into four phases namely i. Question Formulation, ii. Polygraph Testing, iii. Polygraph Index Profiling, and iv. Historical Profile Repository. The most importance aspect for the success of this research is the question formulation phase. One of the most important aspects of polygraph testing is the formulation of questions. The Question Formulation phase which consist of the technical, organization and personal components play a very important role in the success of the research and the formulation of the framework. APA policies, guidelines, requirements and instrumentation play an important role. The types, needs and goal of the organization determine the attributes to be polygraphed or tested. The profile of the examiner, the examinee (subject), the interpreter, the human resource executive and the question formulation of multilingual Malaysian multiracial based play the dominant roles in the question formulation phase. High security risks and high integrity risks organizations require the appointments of personnel to important key positions to be conducted in a stringent manner with many levels of screening to determine the best person with the best integrity for the right job avoiding wrong hiring. The requirements of question formulation phase must be met with, to achieve the best result of the system. Keywords Polygraph, Counterproductive Behaviour Index Profiling, Repositories, Question Formulation, American Polygraph Association (APA). 1.0 Introduction phase and a test data analysis phase. In the pre- What is a Polygraph? The term "polygraph" test, the polygraph examiner will complete literally means "many writing." (APA,1999). required paperwork and talk with the examinee The name refers to the manner in which selected about the test. During this period, the examiner physiological activities are simultaneously will discuss the questions to be asked and recorded. Polygraph examiners may use familiarize the examinee with the testing conventional instruments, sometimes referred to procedure. During the chart collection phase, the as analog instruments, or computerized examiner will administer and collect a number of polygraph instruments. polygraph charts. It is important to understand what a polygraph Following this, the examiner will analyze the examination entails. A polygraph instrument will charts and render an opinion as to the collect physiological data from at least three truthfulness of the person taking the test. The systems in the human body. Convoluted rubber examiner, when appropriate, will offer the tubes that are placed over the examinee's chest examinee an opportunity to explain and abdominal area will record respiratory physiological responses in relation to one or activity. Two small metal plates, attached to the more questions asked during the test. It is fingers, will record sweat gland activity, and a important to note that a polygraph does not blood pressure cuff, or similar device will record include the analysis of physiology associated cardiovascular activity (Matte, 1996). with the voice. Instruments that claim to record voice stress are not polygraphs and have not A typical polygraph examination will include a been shown to have scientific support. period referred to as a pre-test, a chart collection 1 2. Literature Search Method polygraph examination in which case certain This paper reviews Polygraph Journals research biological groups may be at higher risk for articles published from January 1972 to polygraph errors. December 2007 which is related to polygraph and polygraph issues related to professional In truth, however, the polygraph does nothing ethics, polygraph examiner, technique, policies more than record a subject’s physiological and issues related to formulation phase of the arousal when asked a question during the research on polygraphic method for examination. The control question polygraph counterproductive behaviour index profiling. technique relies on an evaluation as to which question type (between a relevant and control Polygraph Journals entitled POLYGRAPH is a question) elicited the greatest amount of arousal. quarterly journal featuring articles on the detection of deception, forensic According to control question theory, the psychophysiology, techniques, history, subject’s relative responsivity, whether it is psychology, physiology, instrumentation, affected by a chemical agent, physiological legislation, legal notes, training and articles conditioning, or biological differences, should summarizing recent cases. Abstracts, not affect the accuracy of the technique bibliographies and book reviews are featured. whatsoever. That is, as long as a subject is The Polygraph Journals are published quarterly physiologically capable of exhibiting relative from 1972 till now. differences in arousal states between relevant and control questions, the technique should 3. Polygraph Technique achieve accurate results. There are of course, The polygraph technique represents a situations and conditions in which subject fails to psychological procedure whereby a subject’s exhibit significant differences in arousal states truthfulness in inferred by recording and between relevant and control questions, but this evaluating autonomic responsivity to relevant results in an inconclusive, not an erroneous questions (related to the issue under finding. investigation) and control questions (a question similar in nature to the issue under investigation, The polygraph is currently the most accurate however, one to which the subject, in all method available for truth verification. The probability, is lying to or has doubt about the American Polygraph Association has a complete accuracy of his answer (Reid & Inbau, compendium of research studies available on the 1 1977). validity and reliability of polygraph testing . The 80 research projects listed, published since 1980, Research that utilized field procedures and involve 6380 polygraph examinations or sets of experienced examiners has consistently charts from examinations. Researchers demonstrated that subjects who are telling the conducted 12 studies of the validity of field truth to relevant questions focus their emotional examinations, following 2174 field responses to control questions, whereas subjects examinations, providing an average accuracy of who are lying to relevant questions focus their 98%. Researchers conducted II studies involving emotional responses away from control the reliability of independent analyses of 1609 questions and to the relevant questions (Capps, sets of charts from field examinations confirmed 1991). While this predicted response by independent evidence, providing an average discrimination occurs well above chance levels, accuracy of 92%. Researchers conducted 41 there are some subjects whose response studies involving the accuracy of 1787 discrimination is opposite to that which is laboratory simulations of polygraph predicted and who, consequently, produce examinations, producing an average accuracy of misleading polygraph charts. 80%. Researchers conducted 16 studies involving the reliability of independent analyses Unfortunately, many non-professionals, as well of 810 sets of charts from laboratory simulations, as educated PhD’s perceive the polygraph as a producing an average accuracy of 81% (APA, lie detector. That is why they believe that the 2000; BPS, 2004). technique is designed to identify specific “lie The research on Polygraphic Method for responses” which are unique to the guilty Counterproductive behaviour index profiling is subjects. From this perspective, it would appear to develop a polygraphic counterproductive plausible result in misleading responses during a behaviour index profiling for human resource 2 executive to decide for pre empolyment selection, to develop polygraphic repository for counterproductive behaviour index profiling system and to develop Multilingual Polygraph Test Questions based on Malaysian enviroment (Yusof, A Bakar & Alias, 2007). 10 major areas of counterproductive behaviours are covered namely alcohol use, computer abuse, credibility, customer service, fundamental data, illegal drug use, sexual harassment, theft propensity, work attitude, and work history. Currently, various tools including Polygraph Testing have been utilized by many organizations all over the world to assist them in the pre-employment selection process to detect possible counterproductive behaviours in short- listed candidates. The test is to avoid making the 4. Components of Question Formulation mistake of employing unworthy candidates for The most crucial of this research is the question high security risks and high integrity based formulation phase. The question formulation positions. The Polygraph system is basically a phase includes: psycho-physiological detector that collects 1. Technical response data from normally three parts of the i. American Polygraph Association (APA) human anatomy of the subject when asked policy, requirements, guidelines and strategic polygraph test questions. The polygraph
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