DOCSLIB.ORG

The French and Indian War 1754-1763 Teacher's Education Kit

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The French and Indian War 1754-1763 Teacher's Education Kit French The and Indian War 1754-1763 Teacher’s Education Kit Grades 4-6 9 Indian Nations and French and Indian War Forts 1754-1760 Fortress Louisbourg MALESEET MICMAC Québec C ha ua R I O R e d P E c ie S U n r E e e K r w a L S t P n e i K a N n e o S Richelieu n b NIPPISSING nI e s Montréal b c Sault Ste-Marie o ALGONQUIN A e c t T ABENAKIN Lake U Ft. MichilimackinacL Valcour Bay Champlain A K O E H Ft. Saint-Frederic M U Ft. Frontenac (Crown Point) R O Ft. Carillon MENOMINEE (Ticonderoga) N OTTAWA N Lake George Portsmouth Fort La Baye A N Ft. William Henry I O I C (Fort Edward Augusta) A R O N T A Ft. Edward Ft. Toronto A K E K o G L Ft. Oswego A H n I n Mohawk G C e H AW c A t OT i C A c I Albany Boston D u WINNEBAGO D Ft. Niagara H A OH t N L u M MASCOUTEN N A D d M A O I A s G o E SAUK Y A U N A E P n K C O N W Y R P Newport A E A O O L N A D LAKE ERIE C R e KICKAPOO la New Haven E A w KEY Ft. Detroit Ft. Presque Isle S a C re S Ft. Le Boeuf U Ft. Saint Joseph T Long Island British Disputed Ft. Machault New York City Territory Territory Ft. Sandusky (Ft. Venango) POTAWATOMI French R E Territory S Ft. Miami WA us A q ue Ft. Duquesne ha Modern State Line n Philadelphia DEL (Fort Pitt) n Ft. Ligonier a Ft. Ouiatenon Indian nation name E Ft. Necessity FOX and area E Ft. Cumberland Baltimore N h Pickawillay Po s tom Fort, name of fort a W Winchester a b MIAMI A S c when it was built a Alexandria W H (later fort name) S N I C h Fredericksburg e A s K a e p Proclamation of Vincennes n o T e i t a u h k c 1763 boundary e O k N E y B G a U Williamsburg y D J a O I m R es North M 0 100 200 Kilometers n E Da 0 100 200 Miles U R SHAWNEE oa L no N ke A B I Y H ad Ca k pe in Ft. LoudounC F e A a New Bern r L A P 10 11 French and Indian War Forts and Roads in Pennsylvania I E KEY R E E New York K French & Indian War Fort L A Ft. Presque Isle Forbes' Road Ft. Le Boeuf s h Braddock's Road c n n e i r Indian Town F Pennsylvania a t Modern State Lines Ft. Machault n (included for reference only) Venango u North o 0 100 200 Kilometers y y 0 100 200 Miles M n e h Kittanning y Ft. Augusta g e n ll Ft. Allen Logstown A e h Ft. Duquesne (Fort Pitt) ta Y a g o i Bushy Run n a u e o l u Ft. Shirley Harris's Ferry i g e J l h h Ft. Ligonier h io l D O A a g Ft. Lyttleton O Susquehana A S R g h ' e ES n n Ft. Bedford RB Philadelphia o y FO n B o R Ft. Necessity ADDO CK' Ft. Loudon M S R OA D Wills Creek Ft. Frederick (Ft. Cumberland) Maryland Winchester Po to m a c Alexandria 12 13 Treaty of Paris 1763 Before 1763 After 1763 C C h h e au e a P E R I O R nc a I O c u U d P E R R n a S re S U e d E i r K e E i A w K w e L a A a L L L t t in n K i a a K e S Richelieu S Richelieu e n n n n e b e Lake Lake L Valcour Bay Champlain Valcour Bay Champlain A L A K K E E H H U U R N R N O Lake George A O Lake George C A N C N G o I G o I I T A R n N A R I E O E O N T A K n K n H L A n L Mohaw H k e Mohaw k e C c C I c I H t t i H c i M u c M u d d s E s E o o K n K n A A L D L D I E e e R l I E E a E R la E w E w A K a K a L L A S u S sq us u 3 q e ue h h a a French 6 M M 7 h h i h s s i s s s a P 1 i ot s a Po s b o i t m s b o s a m s a i a British Land p f ip a p W c p c i i W C o C h h e e K Disputed s ReservedK for s e o a e i n o a p i n e h t h p u e t O u e c a O a c k k n k k y e i Area e l B the Indians J J B a a mes m e n s an n D Da R o o i R an t oa ok Spanish a British nok Ya C m Y d ap a C k d ap e k Britishi a e n i F l n F e c e a a ro P e P e P e B e D B ro r D a o e a d e e d e Sa S nte an S e S tee av a a v a n n n n a a h North h North Spanish GULF OF MEXICO 14 Teacher Background on the French and Indian War Who Were the People Involved? to coordinate their actions, policy, and trade. The confederacy was extremely he French and Indian War started powerful and often dominated neighboring as a struggle for control of the land T nations. The Seneca in the Ohio River west of the Allegheny Mountains in the Valley were members of the Iroquois Ohio River Valley. As the conflict spread, Confederacy. The Iroquois Confederacy European powers began to fight in their would send representatives to the colonies throughout the world. It became Delaware and Shawnee to advise them a war fought on four continents: North and let them know the Iroquois position America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. on political matters. In the 1750s, the area west of the Beyond the Ohio River Valley were the Allegheny Mountains was a vast forest. nations around the Great Lakes. These American Indians primarily from three nations were traditionally French allies. nations – the Seneca, the Lenape The French called these nations the “far (LEN-ah-pay) or Delaware, and the Indians” and often called on these warriors Shawnee – inhabited the upper Ohio River to assist them in defending their colony. Valley. About 3,000 to 4,000 American The French also relied on the American Indians were living there. Their economy Indian nations along the St. Lawrence was based upon hunting, fishing, and River for assistance. agriculture. With enough land they were self-sufficient. They hunted beaver and The population of all the Indian nations other animals for trade. A few French and in northeastern North America was British traders traveled through the area. about 175,000. The American Indians traded furs and food for metal products, cloth, firearms, and other products. The American Indians were excellent warriors and scouts. During battles in the French and Indian War, their presence often made the difference between winning and losing. (For more on the American Indians please see the Teacher Background on Eastern Woodland American Indian Life, pages 28-33). Northeast of the Ohio River Valley, in what is now western New York, was the home of the Haudenosaunee (hou-DE-noh-saw-nee) or Iroquois Confederacy. To form the confederacy, six nations had come together Stretched beaver skin Teacher’s Background 15 Teacher Background on the French and Indian War New France had three colonies: Canada To the east of the Allegheny Mountains (along the St. Lawrence River), the Illinois lived more than 1 million colonists in country (the mid-Mississippi Valley), and the 13 British colonies. They had a Louisiana (New Orleans and west of the strong economy based on farming. Their Mississippi). There were about 70,000 population was expanding rapidly, both colonists throughout the French through immigration and population settlements. Their economy was based on growth. Although they had no settlers in trade with the American Indians. It was a the Ohio River Valley in 1750, the British weak economic system, and the colonies colonies claimed the land. Virginia, in fact, were not self-sustaining. They needed to claimed this land and all the lands as far purchase food from the Indians or import west as the “islands of California.” it.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Brief Memoir of the Old French Fort at Toronto
    3 9004 01514902 BRIEF MEMOIR OLD FRMCH FOET AT TORONTO. BY THE REV. DR. SCADDING. 77 ; BRIEF MEMOIR OLD FRENCH FORT AT TORONTO BY THE REV. DR. SCADDING [The foundation stone of an Obelisk to mark the site of the old French fort or trading post at Toronto, was laid on the last day of the Semi-Centennial week, 1884, by the Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, assisted by the Mayor of Toronto, A. Boswell, Esq., and J. B. McMurrich, Esq., Chairman of the Semi-Centennial Committee. The following paper, prepared at the request of the Committee, was read on the occasion.] The domain of the Five Nations of the Iroquois, which extended along the whole of the south side of Lake Ontario, was, for a time, regarded, in theory at least, as neutral ground, by the French of New France and the English of New England. But both French and English soon shewed a desire to obtain a foothold there ; first for the purposes of trade, and, secondly, with a view, it cannot be doubted, of ultimate possession by treaty or otherwise. By permission from the neighbouring Aborigines, La Salle, in 1679 ? erected a small stockade at the mouth of the Niagara River, to be simply a receptacle for the peltries brought down from the far West, from Michilimackinac and Detroit, by way of Lake Erie ; which stockade, by 1725 had become the strong, solid fortress which, with some enlargements, we see to-day in good order on the eastern side of the entrance to the world-famous river just named.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Robes at the Edge of Empire: Jesuits, Natives, and Colonial Crisis in Early Detroit, 1728-1781 Eric J
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library Spring 5-10-2019 Black Robes at the Edge of Empire: Jesuits, Natives, and Colonial Crisis in Early Detroit, 1728-1781 Eric J. Toups University of Maine, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Canadian History Commons, Diplomatic History Commons, Social History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Toups, Eric J., "Black Robes at the Edge of Empire: Jesuits, Natives, and Colonial Crisis in Early Detroit, 1728-1781" (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2958. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/2958 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BLACK ROBES AT THE EDGE OF EMPIRE: JESUITS, NATIVES, AND COLONIAL CRISIS IN EARLY DETROIT, 1728-1781 By Eric James Toups B.A. Louisiana State University, 2016 A THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (in History) The Graduate School The University of Maine May 2019 Advisory Committee: Jacques Ferland, Associate Professor of History, Advisor Stephen Miller, Adelaide & Alan Bird Professor and History Department Chair Liam Riordan, Professor of History BLACK ROBES AT THE EDGE OF EMPIRE: JESUITS, NATIVES, AND COLONIAL CRISIS IN EARLY DETROIT, 1728-1781 By Eric James Toups Thesis Advisor: Dr. Jacques Ferland An Abstract of the Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (in History) May 2019 This thesis examines the Jesuit missionaries active in the region of Detroit and how their role in that region changed over the course of the eighteenth century and under different colonial regimes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Scottish Highland Regiments in the French and Indian
    Eastern Illinois University The Keep Masters Theses Student Theses & Publications 1968 The cottS ish Highland Regiments in the French and Indian War Nelson Orion Westphal Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program in History at Eastern Illinois University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation Westphal, Nelson Orion, "The cS ottish Highland Regiments in the French and Indian War" (1968). Masters Theses. 4157. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/4157 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PAPER CERTIFICATE #3 To: Graduate Degree Candidates who have written formal theses. Subject: Permission to reproduce theses. The University Library is rece1v1ng a number of requests from other institutions asking permission to reproduce dissertations for inclusion in their library holdings. Although no copyright laws are involved, we feel that professional courtesy demands that permission be obtained from the author before we allow theses to be copied. Please sign one of the following statements. Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University has my permission to lend my thesis to a reputable college or university for the purpose of copying it for inclusion in that institution's library or research holdings. I respectfully request Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University not allow my thesis be reproduced
    [Show full text]
  • The Triumph of Britannia?
    CLASH OF EMPIRES: THE BRITISH, FRENCH & INDIAN WAR 1754 - 1763 CHAPTER 9 The Triumph of Britannia? FIER THE FALL OF NEW FRANCE and the stunning victories of the Seven Years' War, British officials turned their attention to the defense and administration of the newly enlarged American empire. For the first time, British leaders had to face the challenges of ruling large numbers of non-Protestant subjects. With 90,000 Catholic subjects in Canada, and at least 50,000 Native Americans (including perhaps 10,000 warriors) living east of the Mississippi River, a large military presence (7,500 regulars) seemed necessary. Rather than burdening British taxpayers, who had footed the enormous costs of the war, Great Britain now expected American colonists to pay for their own defense. At the same time, Parliament enacted a series of measures to centralize colonial administration and enforce trade laws. Once treated as imperial partners rather than dependents by the wartime administration of William Pitt, many American colonists bristled at what they believed was a systematic effort to deprive them of their British liberties. The burst of pro-British patriotic fervor that had briefly spanned the Atlantic Ocean quickly gave way to protests and recriminations. BRITONS OR AMERICANS? The 1765 Stamp Act and the colonial protests that followed have long been viewed as the first steps leading to the American Revolution. The decade that ended in April 1775 with the outbreak of rebellion in Massachusetts would be better characterized as a struggle to define the relationship between mother country and colonies rather than a drive for independence.
    [Show full text]
  • A Place Under Heaven: Amerindian Torture and Cultural Violence in Colonial New France, 1609-1729 Adam Stueck Marquette University
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Dissertations (2009 -) Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Projects A Place Under Heaven: Amerindian Torture and Cultural Violence in Colonial New France, 1609-1729 Adam Stueck Marquette University Recommended Citation Stueck, Adam, "A Place Under Heaven: Amerindian Torture and Cultural Violence in Colonial New France, 1609-1729" (2012). Dissertations (2009 -). Paper 174. http://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/174 A PLACE UNDER HEAVEN: AMERINDIAN TORTURE AND CULTURAL VIOLENCE IN COLONIAL NEW FRANCE, 1609-1730 by Adam Stueck A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Milwaukee, Wisconsin May 2012 ABSTRACT A PLACE UNDER HEAVEN: AMERINDIAN TORTURE AND CULTURAL VIOLENCE IN COLONIAL NEW FRANCE, 1609-1730 Adam Stueck Marquette University, 2012 This doctoral dissertation is entitled, A Place Under Heaven: Amerindian Torture and Cultural Violence in Colonial New France, 1609-1730 . It is an analysis of Amerindian customs of torture by fire, cannibalism, and other forms of cultural violence in New France during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Contemporary French writers and many modern historians have described Amerindian customs of torturing, burning, and eating of captives as either a means of military execution, part of an endless cycle of revenge and retribution, or simple blood lust. I argue that Amerindian torture had far more to do with the complex sequence of Amerindian mourning customs, religious beliefs, ideas of space and spatial limits, and a community expression of aggression, as well as a means of revenge. If we better understand the cultural context of Amerindian torture, we see more clearly the process of cultural accommodation in New France.
    [Show full text]
  • Concord Hymn
    Lesson Plans for Week ofNovember 23 BiiffL 612 3 2 3 I f' u.s. History U.s. History: Mainstream 8-1, 8-2, 8-4, 8-5 Text: Call to Freedom, Holt, Rinehart & Winston 2003. Objectives: • SWBAT Discuss the importance of the Boston Massacre and Tea Party on the road to revolution and independence. • SWBAT Describe the actions taken by the First Continental Congress. • SWBAT Evaluate how the fighting at Lexington and Concord affected the colonies conDict with Great Britain. • SWBAT Analyze the accomplishments of the Second Continental Congress • SWBAT Evaluate the influence of Thomas Paine's Common Sense on the colonies • SWBAT_Evaluate the impact of the Declaration of Independence on the colonies • SWBAT Identify the main ideas stated in the Declaration of Independence. • SWBAT Classify the colonists complaints against the British government • SWBAT Analyze and draw conclusions from a primary source document. P A Academic Standards 8.2.9.A Analyze the political and cultural contributions of individuals and groups to Pennsylvania history from 1787 to 1914. 8.2.9.B Identify and analyze primary documents, material artifacts and historic sites important in Pennsylvania history from 1787 to 1914. 8.2.9.D Identify and analyze conflict and cooperation among social groups and organizations in Pennsylvania history from 1787 to 1914. 8.3.9.A Identify and analyze the political and cultural contributions of individuals and groups to United States history from 1787 to 1914. 8.3.9.C Analyze how continuity and change have influenced United States history from 1787 to 1914. Materials: -The Boston Tea Party and the Intolerable Acts -Cost of Having an Army Graph -Cost ofHaving an Army Graph Questions -The Road to Independence Chart -The Declaration of Independence -Declaration of Independence: Colonists Complaints against the King Graphic Organizer Monday: Students will complete a warm up about the Boston Tea Party.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 4 How Did the War Progress?
    Unit 4 How Did The War Progress? “The blow which has knocked the French in the head.” —Col. Henry Bouquet, on the Treaty of Easton, referring to the Ohio River Valley Indians’ agreement in the treaty not to fight for the French5 Background for the Teacher Read “How Did the War Progress?” in the Teacher Background on the French and Indian War, pages 22-24. Activity in This Unit There were two distinct phases of the war as it progressed in “Time Line of the French North America. In this unit, you and your students will follow and Indian War” the progress of the war and analyze some of the reasons why • This helps students put the fortunes of the French, the British, and the American the events of the French Indians changed over time. and Indian War in chronological order. Key Teaching Points • Britain formally declared war on France • French General Montcalm arrived in Canada • Lord Loudoun became the commander-in-chief of all British troops in North America • The French, using their American Indian allies, were successful in 1756 and 1757 • William Pitt made changes to war policies which were favorable to the colonists, and the colonists responded with overwhelming support for the war A view of Quebec, 1759, with many ruined buildings • The British captured the fortress at Louisbourg, after a summer of being Fort Frontenac, and Fort Duquesne in 1758 bombed • The British made peace with the Ohio River Valley Indians in the Treaty of Easton in 1758 • In 1759, Fort Niagara, Fort Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Quebec all fell to the British • The British began to build Fort Pitt • The fall of Montreal in 1760 ended the fighting in North America 5 S.K.
    [Show full text]
  • Col. Bradstreet in the Colonial Wars
    Col. Bradstreet in the Colonial Wars ©2018 OSWEGO COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY 135 EAST THIRD STREET OSWEGO, NY 13126 Col. Bradstreet in the Colonial Wars Paper Read Before the Oswego County Historical Society at Oswego, January 11, 1944, by Dr. W. Seward Salisbury of the Faculty of the Oswego State Teachers College. The chief purpose of this paper is to describe the part which substantial number of Iroquois warriors as allies. Similarly whenever the Colonel Bradstreet played in the colonial wars with especial English appeared weak or ineffectual or suffered a serious reverse, warrior- reference to the expedition leading to the capture of Fort Frontenac. allies for the English would be either few in number or altogether lacking. The significance of the Bradstreet expedition can best be appreciated The English labored under a further disability in their relations to the when seen in the background of the developments of the colonial Iroquois. Although New York was one of the smaller colonies in wars. population, even the limited extension of settlers into the Mohawk Valley The great struggle of the Eighteenth Century revolved around the tended to alienate the Iroquois. The French were in no sense a competitor efforts of the British and French to achieve world empire supremacy. for Iroquois homelands. The most important colonial battleground was in North America. English Distrusted “Colonials” Control of the frontiers and communication routes of the Colony of All during the colonial wars, the distrust and lack of understanding New York was the leading strategy of both combatants. In New York between the English officers on the one hand and the colonial officers and there was no more vital spot than Oswego.
    [Show full text]
  • French & Indian War Bibliography 3.31.2017
    BRITISH, FRENCH, AND INDIAN WAR BIBLIOGRAPHY Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center 1. ALL MATERIALS RELATED TO THE BRITISH, FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR (APPENDIX A not included) 2. FORTS/FORTIFICATIONS 3. BIOGRAPHY/AUTOBIOGRAPHY 4. DIARIES/PERSONAL NARRATIVES/LETTERS 5. SOLDIERS/ARMS/ARMAMENTS/UNIFORMS 6. INDIAN CAPTIVITIES 7. INDIAN HISTORY AND CULTURE 8. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR HISTORIES 9. PONTIAC’S CONSPIRACY/LORD DUNMORE’S WAR 10. FICTION 11. ARCHIVAL APPENDIX A (Articles from the Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine and Pittsburgh History) 1. ALL MATERIALS RELATED TO THE BRITISH, FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR A Brief History of Bedford Village; Bedford, Pa.; and Old Fort Bedford. • Bedford, Pa.: H. K. and E. K. Frear, 1961. • qF157 B25 B853 1961 A Brief History of the Colonial Wars in America from 1607 to 1775. • By Herbert T. Wade. New York: Society of Colonial Wars in the State of New York, 1948. • E186.3 N532 No. 51 A Brief History of the King’s Royal Rifle Corps. • Edited by Sir Edward T. H. Hutton. Winchester: Printed by Warren and Son, Ltd., 1912. • UA652 K5 H9 A Charming Field For An Encounter: The Story of George Washington’s Fort Necessity. • By Robert C. Alberts. National Park Service, 1975. • E199 A33 A Compleat History of the Late War: Or Annual Register of Its Rise, Progress, and Events in Europe, Asia, Africa and America. • Includes a narrative of the French and Indian War in America. Dublin: Printed by John Exshaw, M.DCC.LXIII. • Case dD297 C736 A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and Its Peoples 1724-1774.
    [Show full text]
  • B. the Northside George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. Lived
    1. The creator of the Ferris Wheel lived in what part of Pittsburgh? B. The Northside George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. lived on Arch Street in Pittsburgh and worked for his own company, G.W.G. Ferris and Company, as an inspection engineer for industrial sites. He attended a banquet in 1891 where he answered the challenge for a structure that could rival the Eiffel Tower in Paris. Ferris frantically sketched a gigantic wheel on a napkin and showed it to other engineers. Many wrote Ferris off as a crackpot, but he used his own money to prepare the blueprints and found wealthy investors to aid in the construction of the wheel. 2. Which amusement park is considered the oldest in Pennsylvania? D. Idlewild Park Idlewild originally opened in 1878 and operated as a picnic and recreational ground but began adding amusement rides in the 1890’s. It is the oldest amusement park in Pennsylvania and the third oldest in the nation. 3. Kennywood opened in 1898. How many original structures still remain within the park today? B. 2 The carousel pavilion and a restaurant that originally operated as the Casino 4. Which U.S. President has a historic connection to Kennywood? A. George Washington The Jack Rabbit is now on the site of “Braddock Spring” where English General Edward Braddock and his men (including George Washington) reputedly stopped for water and rest on their way to attack the French Fort “Du Quesne” in 1755. 5. This Kennywood roller coaster was considered the largest coaster of its kind when built.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emigrant Métis of Kansas: Rethinking the Pioneer Narrative Written by Shirley E
    THE EMIGRANT MÉTIS OF KANSAS: RETHINKING THE PIONEER NARRATIVE by SHIRLEY E. KASPER B.A., Marshall University, 1971 M.S., University of Kansas, 1984 M.A., University of Missouri-Kansas City, 1998 A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Colorado in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History 2012 This dissertation entitled: The Emigrant Métis of Kansas: Rethinking the Pioneer Narrative written by Shirley E. Kasper has been approved for the Department of History _______________________________________ Dr. Ralph Mann _______________________________________ Dr. Virginia DeJohn Anderson Date: April 13, 2012 The final copy of this dissertation has been examined by the signatories, and we Find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards Of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. iii ABSTRACT Kasper, Shirley E. (Ph.D., History) The Emigrant Métis of Kansas: Rethinking the Pioneer Narrative Dissertation directed by Associate Professor Ralph Mann Under the U.S. government’s nineteenth century Indian removal policies, more than ten thousand Eastern Indians, mostly Algonquians from the Great Lakes region, relocated in the 1830s and 1840s beyond the western border of Missouri to what today is the state of Kansas. With them went a number of mixed-race people – the métis, who were born of the fur trade and the interracial unions that it spawned. This dissertation focuses on métis among one emigrant group, the Potawatomi, who removed to a reservation in Kansas that sat directly in the path of the great overland migration to Oregon and California.
    [Show full text]
  • The Many Deaths of General Braddock: Remembering Braddock, Washington, and Fawcett at the Battle of the Monongahela, 1755-1855
    Matthew Cheser University of Maryland The Many Deaths of General Braddock: Remembering Braddock, Washington, and Fawcett at the Battle of the Monongahela, 1755-1855 “The old English Hero was once bravely slain but your dull Doggerel murders him again” P.M. to C.W in The Boston Gazette, August 18, 1755 Braddock’s Grave: On the morning of July 17, 2005, British Colonel Patrick Reese Davis of Countess Mountbatten's own Frontiersmen, Legion of Horse, prepared to speak in rural Farmington, Pennsylvania. Behind him stood a tall granite monument marking the grave of General Edward Braddock, who had been defeated and mortally wounded at the Battle of the Monongahela (also known as Braddock’s Defeat) in 1755. While cars whizzed by on Route 40 to Colonel Davis’s right, a steep depression to his left hid the remnants of the road that Braddock’s army had cut through the forested wilderness. Braddock’s original resting place lay in the middle of that segment of road, where the remnants of his retreating army marched over the spot to conceal it from the enemy. Davis’s remarks would conclude the observance of the 250th anniversary of that day. With a line of colorfully outfitted re-enactors in the background and a crowd of comfortably attired spectators before him, Colonel Davis began his remarks. “Americans,” he quoted Winston Churchill, “always do the right thing, after they have exhausted every other possible alternative.”1 After this short introduction, Davis shared the contents of a letter written by his countryman Captain Jones on behalf of his 1st Battalion of the Royal Anglican Regiment 1 Col.
    [Show full text]