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Microlevel Movements Matter: Persuasion, Identity Performance, Performative Agency, and Resistance in Egypt on Twitter During the Egyptian Arab Spring

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Microlevel Movements Matter: Persuasion, Identity Performance, Performative Agency, and Resistance in Egypt on Twitter During the Egyptian Arab Spring University of Texas at El Paso ScholarWorks@UTEP Open Access Theses & Dissertations 2020-01-01 Microlevel Movements Matter: Persuasion, Identity Performance, Performative Agency, And Resistance In Egypt On Twitter During The Egyptian Arab Spring Audrey Cisneros University of Texas at El Paso Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.utep.edu/open_etd Part of the Communication Commons Recommended Citation Cisneros, Audrey, "Microlevel Movements Matter: Persuasion, Identity Performance, Performative Agency, And Resistance In Egypt On Twitter During The Egyptian Arab Spring" (2020). Open Access Theses & Dissertations. 3068. https://scholarworks.utep.edu/open_etd/3068 This is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UTEP. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UTEP. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MICROLEVEL MOVEMENTS MATTER: PERSUASION, IDENTITY PERFORMANCE, PERFORMATIVE AGENCY, AND RESISTANCE IN EGYPT ON TWITTER DURING THE EGYPTIAN ARAB SPRING AUDREY FAY CISNEROS Doctoral Program in English Rhetoric and Composition APPROVED: Kate Mangelsdorf, Ph.D., Chair Isabel Baca, Ph.D. Roberto Avant-Mier, Ph.D. Stephen L. Crites, Jr., Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School Copyright © by Audrey Fay Cisneros 2020 Dedication For my Mother, Beatriz Cisneros. MICROLEVEL MOVEMENTS MATTER: PERSUASION, IDENTITY PERFORMANCE, PERFORMATIVE AGENCY, AND RESISTANCE IN EGYPT ON TWITTER DURING THE EGYPTIAN ARAB SPRING by AUDREY FAY CISNEROS, MA, BA DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at El Paso in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of English, Rhetoric and Composition THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO May 2020 Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge and thank my committee for their invaluable feedback throughout the dissertation process. My chair, Dr. Kate Mangelsdorf worked very closely with me as a PhD student in our program and as I came to explore the many scholastic possibilities and opportunities within this project. Through her guidance, I was able to hone in my ideas, develop my theories and methodologies, and bridge my research interests together culminating in this dissertation. Dr. Isabel Baca has been a long-standing inspiration and mentor who has consistently made herself available to me for professional, academic, and personal support. Together, Dr. Mangelsdorf and Dr. Baca have believed in my scholarship and in me such that I was simply unable to doubt myself. Dr. Avant-Mier asked provoking questions of my project, expanding upon the relevance and impact of my research. My committee members were enthusiastic about my avenues of interest, patient with the many ways I explored those avenues, and encouraging once I found my way. I must thank the Strauss Fellowship Grant that provided funding for the procurement of Twitter data and the various software tools necessary to complete my study and the Graduate School at UTEP which provided funding through the Dissertation Completion Award, ensuring I was able to complete my project throughout my final year as a PhD candidate. Finally, it is important I thank my friends and family who supported me in powerful and meaningful ways throughout my academic career. My parents Luis and Beatriz Cisneros, for their unconditional support in the acquisition of my education and through their shared caretaking of my son, made it possible for me to engage my academic pursuits. My dear friend Claudia Greenup and her son Christian Nevarez who have selflessly offered emotional support through my long tenure as a graduate student and have generously gifted me their love and v friendship. My sister and best friend, Dr. Dalila Salazar, who without her love and guidance within and beyond the academy, I would not be where I am or who I am today. Finally, to my son Daniel who reminds me of my power and capacity every day, and through his own brilliance, is entirely inspirational in his own right. vi Table of Contents Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................................v Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................x List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ xi Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 Research Questions and Methodology....................................................................................4 Research Questions: .......................................................................................................4 Methodology ..................................................................................................................4 Data Selection .........................................................................................................................6 Methods...................................................................................................................................7 Theoretical Framework ...........................................................................................................8 Performativity, Performative Agency, and Persuasion ..................................................8 Performative Resistance and Persuasion .....................................................................10 Limitations of the Study and Avenues for Additional Research ..........................................11 Outline of Chapters ...............................................................................................................12 Chapter 2: Egypt: A Brief SocioPolitical History .........................................................................14 The Last Ottoman rulers, the Beginning of Egyptianism, and British Occupation ..............15 The Nasser Years ..................................................................................................................20 The Sadat Years ....................................................................................................................25 The Mubarak Years...............................................................................................................29 Post Mubarak, President Morsi, & President Sisi .................................................................36 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................39 Chapter 3: Literature Review and Theoretical Background ..........................................................43 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................43 The Arab Spring, Egypt in Focus .........................................................................................44 Information Communication Technologies, Social Networking Sites, and Resistance ...........................................................................................................46 Insights from Twitter ...................................................................................................58 vii Women and the Egyptian Uprising ..............................................................................65 Spaces of dissent: From digital discourse to cyberactivism .................................................68 Subaltern spaces ...........................................................................................................70 Performative Identities ..........................................................................................................73 Performative Agency and Transformance ............................................................................76 Chapter 4: Methods ........................................................................................................................81 Grounded Theory ..................................................................................................................81 Data Collection .....................................................................................................................84 Observation ..................................................................................................................87 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................................88 Eight days, eight subsets ..............................................................................................88 DiscoverText, SPSS, Qualitative and Qualitative Processes .......................................88 Positionality of the Researcher and Reflexivity during the Analysis ...................................92 Chapter 5: Analysis ........................................................................................................................95 Making Messy Data Manageable ..........................................................................................98
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