LOCAL DYNAMICS OF DIVERSITY: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2011 CENSUS OCTOBER 2013 Prepared by ESRC Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE) Ethnic mixing in Manchester Summary • Ethnic minority groups in Manchester (those other than White British) have grown, and Figure 1. Change in ethnic group segregation live in more even mixed areas in 2011 than in Greater Manchester, 1991-2011 before. Separation in Separation in Separation in • Every ethnic group measured in the census, except 1991 2001 2011 Chinese, is more evenly spread in 2011 than 1991 100 across Greater Manchester wards. 90 • The decreased separation of the White, Caribbean, African, Indian, Pakistani and 80 Bangladeshi groups is a result of dispersal away 70 from the areas where they have been traditionally clustered. 60 • Eight out of 10 of the most diverse wards in 50 Greater Manchester are in Manchester. 40 - Moss Side is the most diverse ward in 30 Manchester. 20 • The population in Manchester and the rest of Greater Manchester is not only becoming more 10 ethnically mixed residentially, but also within households. 0 - The proportion of people living in multiple Caribbean African ethnic group households has increased in Indian Pakistani all districts in Greater Manchester. Excluding White Bangladeshi one person households, 25% of households in Manchester include people from more than one Chinese ethnic group as compared with 12% nationally. Notes: Separation (Index of Dissimilarity) across 215 wards in Bolton, Bury, Manchester, Oldham, Rochdale, Salford, Stockport, Tameside, - The Mixed ethnic group has increased by Trafford, Wigan. 100% indicates complete separation. 0% indicates 71% and accounts for 4% of the population completely even spread of a group. (or 23,200) in Manchester. 1 www.ethnicity.ac.uk Ethnic mixing in Manchester Measuring segregation Figure 2. Change in ethnic group segregation in The most commonly used measure of segregation is Greater Manchester, 2001-2011 (White and Mixed the Index of Dissimilarity, which calculates a summary ethnic groups) measure of the spread of a group across space compared with the spread of the rest of the population. Separation in Separation in It is often referred to as the Segregation Index. The 2001 2011 Segregation Index is calculated by comparing the percentage of a group’s total population in Bolton, 100 Bury, Manchester, Oldham, Rochdale, Salford, 90 Stockport, Tameside, Trafford and Wigan that lives in a ward with the percentage of the rest of the population 80 that lives in the same ward. The absolute difference 70 is added up across the 215 wards, and then halved so that the index is between 0 and 100, with 0% 60 indicating a completely even spread of the population 50 and 100% meaning complete separation. Values of the Segregation Index tend to be higher when they 40 are based on smaller areas because they magnify the 30 differences between places. 20 10 Residential mixing 0 Measuring residential ethnic segregation is a challenge because its meaning and measurement have become White British politically loaded. Figure 1 shows the Segregation Index White Irish (see box) for Greater Manchester1 for ethnic groups that can be measured in each of the last three censuses. The Mixed White-Caribbean Segregation Index shows that the Bangladeshi group (76%) was most separated and the Chinese group (35%) was the Mixed White-African least separated in 1991. Mixed White-Asian 1 includes Bolton, Bury, Manchester, Oldham, Rochdale, Salford, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford, Wigan. Other White During the 1990s the separation of each ethnic group Notes: Separation (Index of Dissimilarity) across 215 wards in decreased, except for the Chinese group. There has been Bolton, Bury, Manchester, Oldham, Rochdale, Salford, Stockport, continued spreading out during the 2000s for the African, Tameside, Trafford, Wigan. 100% indicates complete separation. Indian, Caribbean and Pakistani groups. The increased 0% indicates completely even spread of a group. separation of the Chinese group from a very low base reflects a national trend and is likely to be a result of the settlement of new migrants attending higher education institutions which grew rapidly during this period. The decreased separation of other minority groups represents residential dispersal across Greater Manchester and beyond. The groups that have only been identified by the census since 2001 are shown in Figure 2. The White Irish, White Other and Mixed groups are more evenly spread through Greater Manchester than other ethnic groups. They have all become more evenly spread throughout the region, except for the White Other group. This group almost doubled in size during the decade and its increased segregation is likely to reflect immigration of new migrant groups to ‘gateway’ parts of Manchester, including City Centre ward. Nonetheless, the group is less segregated than most other ethnic groups with an index value of 30%. 2 www.ethnicity.ac.uk Ethnic mixing in Manchester Ethnically diverse wards in Figure 3. Super-diversity in Manchester, 2011 Greater Manchester Totalpopulation, 22,562 Diversity can be measured by calculating how close a ward ) ) % % ) is to having an equal number of residents in each ethnic 7 6 ( ( % e 8 n t ( i group (see box). The most diverse ward in Manchester a White British i h n s Cheetham Pakistani (28%) a A W c is Moss Side with a standardised value (0 to 100) of 40. (29%) i r r r e f e h A h t The average for England and Wales is 3.6, with the most t O diverse wards in parts of inner London where the value is O as high as 50. Figure 3 shows that no one ethnic group accounts for more than a third of the population in Moss Side and Cheetham wards. In Moss Side, the White British group is the largest (26%), followed by African (17%), Totalpopulation, 18,902 ) ) Caribbean (10%), Pakistani (7%), Other Black (7%) and ) % ) ) % % 5 % 7 0 ( % ( 7 1 7 e ( Other White (5%). Eight of the 10 most diverse wards in ( k t 1 i i c ( n White Britsh n h a a l n Moss Side a e Greater Manchester are in Manchester: Moss Side, Ardwick, a t B W s b (26%) c r i i r b r e k i e f a r Cheetham, Rusholme, Longsight, Whalley Range, Hulme h h t A a t P C O and Crumpsall. Clifford ward, Trafford and Central Rochdale O ward, Rochdale are the only wards outside Manchester Notes: labels show ethnic groups which that are among the ten most diverse wards in Greater account more than 5% of the population. Manchester. Figure 4. Growth in households with more than one ethnic group in Greater Manchester districts, 2001-2011 30% ) % ( p u o 25% r g c i n h t 20% e 1 n a h t 15% e r o m h t i 10% w s d l o h 5% e s u o H 0% Manchester Trafford Salford Bury Stockport Rochdale Bolton Oldham Tameside Wigan 2001 2011 Notes: horizontal line indicates national average. Measured as a proportion of households with two or more people. 3 www.ethnicity.ac.uk Ethnic mixing in Manchester Measuring diversity but also in terms of the ethnic diversity within households and families. Figure 4 shows that the proportion of Ecologists have a very useful notion of diversity which households with two or more people that contain people is applied to calculate how closely each ward in Bolton, from more than one ethnic group (i.e. multiple ethnic Bury, Manchester, Oldham, Rochdale, Salford, Stockport, group households) grew during the 2000s in each Greater Tameside, Trafford, and Wigan is to having an equal Manchester district. Multiple ethnic group households number of each ethnic group measured in the census. account for a quarter of households in Manchester, above Called the ‘Reciprocal Diversity Index’, the ecologists the national average of 12%. The proportion is considerably sum each of the eighteen ethnic group proportions, first higher than any other district in Greater Manchester. The squaring them, and divide into 1. The Index is greatest proportion is lowest in Wigan (4%). when there are equal numbers in each group, when it is The number of people with a Mixed ethnic identity provides equal to 18, and lowest when there is only one group in an indication of the most intimate form of integration of an area, when it is equal to 1. The index is standardised peoples. Nationally, the proportion of people with a Mixed by stretching it to be always within the range 0 to 100. ethnic identity is 1.2 million or 2.2% of the population. It The average across Manchester is 11 and England & has increased by more than three quarters from 672,000 Wales is 3.6. in 2001. There has been a similar level of increase in Manchester (see Figure 5). The Mixed population accounts Mixing within households and families for 4% of the population in Manchester. The largest Mixed ethnic group in Manchester is the White-Caribbean group The population in Manchester and the rest of England (8,877). Each of the Mixed ethnic groups has grown by and Wales is not only becoming more mixed residentially, more than three-quarters since 2001. Figure 5. Growth of Mixed ethnic group population in Manchester, 2001-2011 2011 23,131 9,997 15,657 11,925 2001 13,472 5,050 8,780 6,583 Mixed White-Caribbean Mixed White-African Mixed White-Asian Mixed Other This briefing is one in a series, Local dynamics of diversity: evidence from the 2011 Census. Author: Stephen Jivraj Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE) The University of Manchester Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK email: [email protected] www.ethnicity.ac.uk 4 www.ethnicity.ac.uk.