DOCSLIB.ORG

Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations Jim Zanotti Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs August 1, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41368 Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations Summary Several Turkish domestic and foreign policy issues have significant relevance for U.S. interests, and Congress plays an active role in shaping and overseeing U.S. relations with Turkey. This report provides background information on Turkey and discusses possible policy options for Members of Congress and the Obama Administration. U.S. relations with Turkey—a longtime North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ally—have evolved over time. Turkey’s economic dynamism and geopolitical importance have increased its influence regionally and globally. Although Turkey still depends on the United States and other NATO allies for political and strategic support, its increased economic and military self-reliance since the Cold War allows Turkey relatively greater opportunity for an assertive role in foreign policy. Greater Turkish independence of action and continuing political transformation appear to have been mutually reinforcing—with both led for more than a decade by Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan and the Islamist-rooted Justice and Development Party (AKP). However, it remains unclear how Turkey might reconcile majoritarian views favoring Turkish nationalism and Sunni Muslim values with secular governance and protection of individual freedoms and minority rights, including with regard to Turkey’s Kurdish citizens. The record of U.S.-Turkey cooperation during the Obama Administration has been mixed. To some extent it mirrors the complexities that past U.S. administrations faced with Turkey in reconciling bilateral alignment on general foreign policy objectives with substantive points of disagreement involving countries such as Greece, Cyprus, Armenia, and Iraq. Patterns in the U.S.-Turkey bilateral relationship indicate that both countries seek to minimize damage resulting from disagreements. However, these patterns also suggest that periodic fluctuations in how the two countries’ interests converge may persist. It is unclear how this dynamic might affect the extent to which future U.S. approaches to regional issues involve Turkey, or might affect the countries’ efforts to increase closeness in other facets of their political and economic relationship. Congress has shown considerable interest in the following issues: • U.S.-Turkey cooperation and consultation in the Middle East regarding major regional security issues involving Syria, Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan; • Difficulties in Turkey’s relations with Israel, prospects of their improvement, and how those might affect U.S.-Turkey relations; • A possible deal between Turkey and a Chinese government-owned company to co-produce a Turkish air and missile defense system, which could have implications for U.S.-Turkey defense cooperation and for Turkey’s political and military profile within NATO; • A potential congressional resolution or presidential statement that could recognize World War I-era actions by the Ottoman Empire (Turkey’s predecessor state) against hundreds of thousands of Armenians as genocide; and • Domestic developments in Turkey in light of major protests in June 2013, apparent power struggles among key actors following subsequent corruption- related allegations, and upcoming elections in 2014 and 2015. Many U.S. policymakers also are interested in the rights of minority Christian communities within Turkey; the currently stalemated prospects of Turkish accession to the European Union (EU); promoting increased trade with Turkey; and Turkey’s role in the Cyprus dispute. Congressional Research Service Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations Contents Introduction and Issues for Congress ............................................................................................... 1 U.S.-Turkey Relations ..................................................................................................................... 5 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 5 Cooperation and Challenges in the Middle East and NATO ..................................................... 6 Strategic Assessment ................................................................................................................. 8 Impact of Public Opinion, Debate, and Reaction ...................................................................... 9 Bilateral and NATO Defense Cooperation .............................................................................. 10 Overview ........................................................................................................................... 10 Afghanistan ....................................................................................................................... 12 China-Turkey Air and Missile Defense Cooperation? ...................................................... 13 Country Overview ......................................................................................................................... 15 Recent Domestic Controversies: Erdogan, the Fethullah Gulen Movement, and the Justice Sector ........................................................................................................................ 16 Broader Concerns Regarding Rule of Law, Civil Liberties, and Secular Governance ............ 22 Domestic Political and Economic Implications: 2014-2015 Elections and Erdogan’s Future ................................................................................................................................... 24 U.S. and European Union Approaches .................................................................................... 25 The Kurdish Issue .................................................................................................................... 27 Economy .................................................................................................................................. 29 Overview of Macroeconomic Factors and Trade .............................................................. 29 Energy Issues ..................................................................................................................... 30 Key Foreign Policy Issues ............................................................................................................. 32 Israel ........................................................................................................................................ 32 Syria ......................................................................................................................................... 35 Iraq ........................................................................................................................................... 38 Iran ........................................................................................................................................... 39 The Crimea Issue—Russia and Ukraine .................................................................................. 41 Possible U.S. Policy Options and Areas of Concern ..................................................................... 42 Influencing Regional Change and Promoting Stability ........................................................... 42 Arms Sales and Military/Security Assistance .......................................................................... 43 Possible “Armenian Genocide Resolution” ............................................................................. 45 Bilateral Trade Promotion ....................................................................................................... 47 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 48 Figures Figure 1. Turkey and Its Neighbors ................................................................................................. 4 Figure 2. Map of U.S. and NATO Military Presence in Turkey .................................................... 12 Figure 3. Major Pipelines Traversing Turkey and Possible Nuclear Power Plants ........................ 32 Congressional Research Service Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations Tables Table 1. Parties in Turkey’s Parliament ......................................................................................... 16 Table 2. U.S. Merchandise Trade with Turkey .............................................................................. 30 Table 3. Significant U.S.-Origin Arms Transfers or Possible Arms Transfers to Turkey .............. 43 Table 4. Recent U.S. Foreign Assistance to Turkey ....................................................................... 45 Appendixes Appendix A. Profiles of Key Figures in Turkey ............................................................................ 50 Appendix B. List of Selected Turkish-Related Organizations in the United States ....................... 54 Appendix C. Historical Context ..................................................................................................... 56 Appendix D. Religious Minorities in Turkey ................................................................................ 57 Appendix E. Additional Foreign Policy Issues .............................................................................. 60 Appendix F. Congressional Committee Reports
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Turkey's Deep State
    #1.12 PERSPECTIVES Political analysis and commentary from Turkey FEATURE ARTICLES TURKEY’S DEEP STATE CULTURE INTERNATIONAL POLITICS ECOLOGY AKP’s Cultural Policy: Syria: The Case of the Seasonal Agricultural Arts and Censorship “Arab Spring” Workers in Turkey Pelin Başaran Transforming into the Sidar Çınar Page 28 “Arab Revolution” Page 32 Cengiz Çandar Page 35 TURKEY REPRESENTATION Content Editor’s note 3 ■ Feature articles: Turkey’s Deep State Tracing the Deep State, Ayşegül Sabuktay 4 The Deep State: Forms of Domination, Informal Institutions and Democracy, Mehtap Söyler 8 Ergenekon as an Illusion of Democratization, Ahmet Şık 12 Democratization, revanchism, or..., Aydın Engin 16 The Near Future of Turkey on the Axis of the AKP-Gülen Movement, Ruşen Çakır 18 Counter-Guerilla Becoming the State, the State Becoming the Counter-Guerilla, Ertuğrul Mavioğlu 22 Is the Ergenekon Case an Opportunity or a Handicap? Ali Koç 25 The Dink Murder and State Lies, Nedim Şener 28 ■ Culture Freedom of Expression in the Arts and the Current State of Censorship in Turkey, Pelin Başaran 31 ■ Ecology Solar Energy in Turkey: Challenges and Expectations, Ateş Uğurel 33 A Brief Evaluation of Seasonal Agricultural Workers in Turkey, Sidar Çınar 35 ■ International Politics Syria: The Case of the “Arab Spring” Transforming into the “Arab Revolution”, Cengiz Çandar 38 Turkey/Iran: A Critical Move in the Historical Competition, Mete Çubukçu 41 ■ Democracy 4+4+4: Turning the Education System Upside Down, Aytuğ Şaşmaz 43 “Health Transformation Program” and the 2012 Turkey Health Panorama, Mustafa Sütlaş 46 How Multi-Faceted are the Problems of Freedom of Opinion and Expression in Turkey?, Şanar Yurdatapan 48 Crimes against Humanity and Persistent Resistance against Cruel Policies, Nimet Tanrıkulu 49 ■ News from hbs 53 Heinrich Böll Stiftung – Turkey Representation The Heinrich Böll Stiftung, associated with the German Green Party, is a legally autonomous and intellectually open political foundation.
    [Show full text]
  • Sabiha Gökçen's 80-Year-Old Secret‖: Kemalist Nation
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO ―Sabiha Gökçen‘s 80-Year-Old Secret‖: Kemalist Nation Formation and the Ottoman Armenians A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Communication by Fatma Ulgen Committee in charge: Professor Robert Horwitz, Chair Professor Ivan Evans Professor Gary Fields Professor Daniel Hallin Professor Hasan Kayalı Copyright Fatma Ulgen, 2010 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Fatma Ulgen is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2010 iii DEDICATION For my mother and father, without whom there would be no life, no love, no light, and for Hrant Dink (15 September 1954 - 19 January 2007 iv EPIGRAPH ―In the summertime, we would go on the roof…Sit there and look at the stars…You could reach the stars there…Over here, you can‘t.‖ Haydanus Peterson, a survivor of the Armenian Genocide, reminiscing about the old country [Moush, Turkey] in Fresno, California 72 years later. Courtesy of the Zoryan Institute Oral History Archive v TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page……………………………………………………………....
    [Show full text]
  • ECFG-Turkey-2021R.Pdf
    About this Guide This guide is designed to prepare you to deploy to culturally complex environments and achieve mission objectives. The fundamental information contained within will help you understand the cultural dimension of your assigned location and gain skills necessary for success (Photo: A US Senior Airman at a fruit stand in Adana). ECFG The guide consists of 2 parts: Part 1 is the “Culture General” section, which provides the foundational Turkey knowledge you need to operate effectively in any global environment. Part 2 is the “Culture Specific” section, which describes unique cultural features of Turkish society. It applies culture-general concepts to help increase your knowledge of your assigned deployment location. This section is designed to complement other pre-deployment training (Photo: Former President Obama meets with Turkish President Erdoğan). For further information, visit the Air Force Culture and Language Center (AFCLC) website at www.airuniversity.af.edu/AFCLC/ or contact the AFCLC Region Team at [email protected]. Disclaimer: All text is the property of the AFCLC and may not be modified by a change in title, content, or labeling. It may be reproduced in its current format with the express permission of the AFCLC. All photography is provided as a courtesy of the US government, Wikimedia, and other sources. GENERAL CULTURE PART 1 – CULTURE GENERAL What is Culture? Fundamental to all aspects of human existence, culture shapes the way humans view life and functions as a tool we use to adapt to our social and physical environments. A culture is the sum of all of the beliefs, values, behaviors, and symbols that have meaning for a society.
    [Show full text]
  • A Causative-Diagnostic Analysis of Turkey's Majcr Prcblems And
    A CAUSATIVE-DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF TURKEY'S MAJCR PRCBLEMS AND A CQUwUNICATIVE APPROACH TO THEIR SOLUTION (DEMOCRATIC PLANNING AND MASS COMMUNICATION) Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By ILHAN OZDIL, B.S. The Ohio State University 195U Approved by* VI Adviser Table of Contents Page Introduction • . • T± Propositions ...... .............................. Tl The Sti*ucture of the Study ...................... •▼'111 The irfethod uf the Study........................ • . lx The Vindication of the Topical Selection........... Xl P&A Diagnosis Chapter 1 A Brief Retrospect ........... 1 Chapter II About the Nature of the Kemalist Revolution .... 9 1. The Nature of Kemalisra........... 9 2. The idain Principles, Objectives and Reforms of the Kemalist Revolution 13 3. Turkish Revolution as a Far-reaching Democratic Educa­ tional Process ........... 16 Chapter III A Causative-Diagnostic Analysis of Sane Uajor Problems of Turkey.................................25 1. Agriculture ...................................... 35 A. Definition and description of the problem...... 35 B. Causative-diagnostic analysis of the problem . 1+1 C. Remedial proposals and their communicative bearings ............... 1+8 D. Present Situation......... 5U 2 • Industry 56 A* Definition and description of the problem ..... 56 B. Causative-diagnostic analysis of the problem . 63 C. Remedial proposals and their communicative bearings .......................................73 D. Present Situation ......... 76 3* Public Health and Social Welfare............. 79 A. Definition and description of the problem...... 79 B. Causative-diagnostic analysis of the problem . 82 C. Remedial proposals and their communicative bearings ..... ..................... .... 87 D. Present situation .... ..... 91 li. Politics and Democratization . ............. 98 A. Definition and description of the problem...... 98 B.
    [Show full text]
  • The Limits of Leadership
    Issue 17 2005 A ccor d 17 Concilia tion Resourc es The limits of leadership:elites and societies in the Nagorny Karabakh peace process Since the ceasefire of 1994,the conflict between Azerbaijan and a n i n t ern a t i o n a l re v i e w o f p e ace i n i t i a t i ve s Armenia over the region of Nagorny Karabakh has remained firmly deadlocked.An internationally-sponsored peace process based on closed talks between Armenian and Azerbaijani leaders has yielded several proposals but no significant agreement.Rather than preparing populations for possible compromises,leaders in the region have long sought to bolster their domestic ratings with hardline stances.Their zero-sum approaches to the competing principles of territorial integrity and self-determination make renewed violence as likely as a peaceful resolution. With insufficient space in either society for the articulation of T constructive solutions or the identification of common ground, h e The limits of leadership:elites and societies in the Nagorny Karabakh peace N process highlights the obstacles to a sustainable agreement.In a go particular,it explores the central challenge of bridging the gap between r potential for agreement at the negotiating table and popular resistance ny to the compromises this entails. K a r a With distrust in the present process so widespread,could a more b inclusive and multi-faceted approach address the dynamics of ak h polarization and provide greater chances of reaching a solution p acceptable to all? ea c e Featuring contributors from diverse constituencies,this issue of p r Accord presents perspectives on the peace process and analysis of o c the impacts of the conflict.It explores the roles of civil society and the e media,the economics of war and peace,and the challenges for further ss democratization.It also contains key texts and agreements,profiles of key actors and a chronology of the peace process.
    [Show full text]
  • Y617[ Working Paper
    Local Elites meet Foreign Corporations 1 [617] Working Paper Local Elites meet Foreign Corporations The Examples of Iran and Azerbaijan Daniel Heradstveit No. 617 June – 2001 Norsk NorwegianNUPI JUNE 01 Institute Utenrikspolitisk of International Institutt Affairs 2 Daniel Heradstveit Utgiver: NUPI Copyright: © Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt 2000 ISSN: 0800 - 0018 Alle synspunkter står for forfatternes regning. De må ikke tolkes som uttrykk for oppfatninger som kan tillegges Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt. Artiklene kan ikke reproduseres - helt eller delvis - ved trykking, fotokopiering eller på annen måte uten tillatelse fra forfatterne. Any views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. The text may not be printed in part or in full without the permission of the authors. Besøksadresse: Grønlandsleiret 25 Addresse: Postboks 8159 Dep. 0033 Oslo Internett: www.nupi.no E-post: [email protected] Fax: [+ 47] 22 17 70 15 Tel: [+ 47] 22 05 65 00 NUPI JUNI 01 Local Elites meet Foreign Corporations 3 Local Elites meet Foreign Corporations The Examples of Iran and Azerbaijan Daniel Heradstveit Paper to be delivered at the seminar on Iran, sponsored by The Research Council of Norway (PETROPOL) August 30. Oslo, Norway [Abstract] Oil companies have jumped on the bandwagon of promotion of democracy and human rights, but without sufficient expertise in local conditions. What works in one country may backfire in another. Azeri democrats want the oil industry to stop propping up the Aliev regime and talk to them instead, but for an Iranian democratic politician, support from Western oil companies is the kiss of death.
    [Show full text]
  • Statesmen and Public-Political Figures
    Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan P R E S I D E N T I A L L I B R A R Y CONTENTS STATESMEN, PUBLIC AND POLITICAL FIGURES ........................................................... 4 ALIYEV HEYDAR ..................................................................................................................... 4 ALIYEV ILHAM ........................................................................................................................ 6 MEHRIBAN ALIYEVA ............................................................................................................. 8 ALIYEV AZIZ ............................................................................................................................ 9 AKHUNDOV VALI ................................................................................................................. 10 ELCHIBEY ABULFAZ ............................................................................................................ 11 HUSEINGULU KHAN KADJAR ............................................................................................ 12 IBRAHIM-KHALIL KHAN ..................................................................................................... 13 KHOYSKI FATALI KHAN ..................................................................................................... 14 KHIABANI MOHAMMAD ..................................................................................................... 15 MEHDİYEV RAMİZ ...............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Background and US Relations
    Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations Jim Zanotti Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs December 20, 2013 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41368 Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations Summary Several Turkish domestic and foreign policy issues have significant relevance for U.S. interests, and Congress plays an active role in shaping and overseeing U.S. relations with Turkey. This report provides background information on Turkey and discusses possible policy options for Members of Congress and the Obama Administration. U.S. relations with Turkey—a longtime North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ally—have evolved over time. Turkey’s economic dynamism and geopolitical importance have increased its influence regionally and globally. Although Turkey still depends on the United States and other NATO allies for political and strategic support, its increased economic and military self-reliance since the Cold War allows Turkey relatively greater opportunity for an assertive role in foreign policy. Greater Turkish independence of action and continuing political transformation appear to have been mutually reinforcing—with both led for more than a decade by Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan and the Islamist-rooted Justice and Development Party (AKP). However, it remains unclear how Turkey might reconcile majoritarian views favoring Turkish nationalism and Sunni Muslim values with secular governance and protection of individual freedoms and minority rights, including with regard to Turkey’s Kurdish citizens. The record of U.S.-Turkey cooperation during the Obama Administration has been mixed. To some extent it mirrors the complexities that past U.S. administrations faced with Turkey in reconciling bilateral alignment on general foreign policy objectives with substantive points of disagreement involving countries such as Greece, Cyprus, Armenia, and Iraq.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethno-Nationalism During Democratic Transition in Bulgaria: Political Pluralism As an Effective Remedy for Ethnic Conflict
    Ethno-Nationalism during Democratic Transition in Bulgaria: Political Pluralism as an Effective Remedy for Ethnic Conflict Bistra-Beatrix Volgyi Department of Political Science York University YCISS Post-Communist Studies Programme Research Paper Series Paper Number 003 March 2007 Research Papers Series publishes research papers on problems of post-communism written by graduate and undergraduate students at York University. Following the collapse of communism in the 1990s in Central and South- Eastern Europe, the region has not only undergone a difficult period of economic and political transition, but also has witnessed the rise of ethno-nationalism in several states, along with problems of national identity, state formation and the exclusion (or extermination as in the Yugoslav case) of minorities. Nationalism may adopt a variety of forms simultaneously - ethnic, cultural or civic, where either one of these forms or a mixture of elements from the three, may predominate in a state over time, influenced by politico-economic realities, elite behavior, party coalitions, international interests and ideological influences, as well as societal attitudes. Nationalism in its ethnic variant has led to the alienation and violation of minorities’ rights, and its supporters have advocated the creation of ethnically homogenous states. Proponents of cultural nationalism have attempted the assimilation of national minority ‘low cultures’ into the dominant national ‘high culture.’ On the other hand, civic nationalism has mobilized people in Eastern
    [Show full text]
  • Artthe Civil War of Images in Beirut Saloondimes of Freedom
    r Friday, January 2, 2009 www.thenational.ae The N!tion!l Art The civil war of images in Beirut Saloon Dimes of freedom World Knocking Luxor down just to build it up Last Word The cold comfort of Jingle Bell Rock The Turkish holding company Alarko, a major conglomerate of energy, construc- The upstart newspaper Taraf has thrust tion and tourism firms, resides in a pink former psychiatric hospital up in the itself into the centre of Turkish politics hills off Istanbul’s stunning shore road, on the European side of the city, across with a series of courageous challenges from a seaside dance club called Reina. In December, I went to Alarko to meet with to the military and the government. its chairman, a Turkish-Jewish business- Eye of man named Ishak Alaton. Alaton founded Circulation is up – but the advertisers Alarko in 1954 with another Turkish Jew, Uzeyir Garih, and the two ran the firm to- are gone. Suzy Hansen reports from gether until Garih was stabbed to death in 2001 by a young soldier while visiting a Istanbul on the perils of publishing in cemetery in Istanbul. At the time the mur- der was seen as the random act of a violent the age of Ergenekon psychopath, absent religious or political motivation. But the week that I went to see the storm Alaton, prosecutors reopened the case, sive Ergenekon indictment contained lent sense of comedic timing, and punc- suggesting that the murder was linked to allegations that the group had been con- tuated his sentences with dramatic paus- a mysterious ultranationalist gang called nected to a secret intelligence unit of the es and heavy syllables, as if he admired Ergenekon, whose intrigues have captivat- military police called JITEM, which some the oeuvre of Chris Rock.
    [Show full text]
  • The Western Question in Greece and Turkey
    THE WESTERN QUESTION IN GREECE AND TURKEY A STUDY IN THE CONTACT OF CIVILISATIONS BY ARNOLD J. TOYNBEE ‘For we are also His offspring’ CONSTABLE AND COMPANY LTD LONDON · BOMBAY · SYDNEY 1922 TO THE PRESIDENT AND FACULTY OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE FOR GIRLS AT CONSTANTINOPLE THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR AND HIS WIFE IN GRATITUDE FOR THEIR HOSPITALITY AND IN ADMIRATION OF THEIR NEUTRAL-MINDEDNESS IN CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH NEUTRALITY IS ‘HARD AND RARE’ PREFACE THIS book is an attempt to place certain recent events in the Near and Middle East in their historical setting, and to illustrate from them several new features of more enduring importance than the events themselves. It is not a discussion of what the peace-settlement in the East ought to be, for the possibility of imposing a cut-and-dried scheme, if it ever really existed, was destroyed by the landing of the Greek troops at Smyrna in May 1919. At any rate, from that moment the situation resolved itself into a conflict of forces beyond control; the Treaty of Sèvres was still-born; and subsequent conferences and agreements, however imposing, have had and are likely to have no more than a partial and temporary effect. On the other hand, there have been real changes in the attitude of the Western public towards their Governments’ Eastern policies, which have produced corresponding changes in those policies themselves; and the Greeks and Turks have appeared in unfamiliar roles. The Greeks have shown the same unfitness as the Turks for governing a mixed population. The Turks, in their turn, have become exponents of the political nationalism of the West.
    [Show full text]
  • Kennan Institute Meeting Reports, 1991-2001
    OP #281: TEN YEARS AFTER THE BREAKUP: KENNAN INSTITUTE MEETING REPORTS, 1991–2001 Vol. VIII No. 18 1991 provoked. A dissident historian, having The Soviet Coup: Impressions of an Eyewitness talked a few minutes with a lieutenant atop a Kennan Institute Research Associate Mark H. tank, noted with relief, “These guys won’t be Teeter flew into Moscow on August 18th and shooting anyone.” One soldier calmly woke up the next morning to news of a coup. This reprimanded a television reporter with a report was transmitted by him via electronic mail statement of the obvious which everyone from the Institute’s Moscow representational needed to hear: “Hey, I’m human too.” One office. sensed that this was not Prague, not 1968. The events in Moscow of 19–21 August It shortly became clear that the center 1991 were clearly historic. As they began to of events would not be the Kremlin, but unfold, however, one soon came to wonder rather the Russian Federation’s administra- how the clamor, confusion, contradictory tive center, an ungainly white building in the information, and seemingly hourly changes Krasnaia Presnia district. A march down of tide could ever be turned into the kind of Kalinin Prospekt to this newly-christened bound-volume history, neat and compact, White House drew more and more adherents that we pass to succeeding generations. This along the way, but their motives were will surely happen, of course, and there is evidently various. A number of people were little doubt that the accounts of the Carrs, clearly Yeltsin supporters as such, chanting Paleologues, and Trotskys of this August will the Russian President’s name in unison every emerge a good deal sooner after the fact than few minutes.
    [Show full text]