The Muslim World in the 21st Century Samiul Hasan Editor The Muslim World in the 21st Century Space, Power, and Human Development 1 3 Editor Samiul Hasan, Ph.D. Department of Political Science United Arab Emirates University Al Ain, UAE [email protected] ISBN 978-94-007-2632-1 e-ISBN 978-94-007-2633-8 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2633-8 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011944176 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) BabuPuchchu Where the hopes are Preface Muslims live all over the world, but are in majority in 48 countries, all of which, ex- cept one, are in Africa and Asia. Most of these countries seem to be poor, burdened with debts, and are grouped as the least developed countries (LDCs). Except for 12 countries, most with exclusive dependence on oil, all countries with predominantly Muslim population have a low or medium human development index (HDI) ranks. Fifteen out of the forty heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) in the world have a Muslim majority population. Only few countries with Muslim majority have de- mocracies. Why? Many questions but no single volume has the answers. The idea of a book to deal with the above and many other questions related to Muslims and their countries have been with me for a long time, in particular since the work on my doctoral dissertation on voluntarism and sustainable development planning in resource poor Asia a long time ago at the University of Waterloo, Can- ada. The resolve increased with the distressing incidences of 9/11. The idea of this book was crystallized by a documentary by the National Geo- graphic based on Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond. Still two potential problems thwarted the progress: the availability of the data and the inability to con- ceive the whole spectrum of issues in all countries where Muslims are dominant. The recent posting of online data by the World Bank boosted my courage, and the enthusiasm from the Springer (especially Teresa M. Krauss—the then editor) and the eagerness of some possible authors to contribute got the ball rolling. I am in- debted to Jared Diamond and the National Geographic (for unknowingly helping me to shape the idea and the focus of this work), to the World Bank (for making volumes of data available online), the Springer (especially the editor, Teresa M. Krauss for encouragement), and to all the authors (for contributing pieces to hold the ‘thesis’ together). I am recording my gratitude to all. I am also expressing thanks (on my own and all the authors’ behalf) to the re- viewers who spent valuable time to comment on earlier drafts of the chapters (of- ten even suggesting improvements in expression or style). We are gratefully listing them all: Abdul Rashid Moten, Adil Khan, Ahmed Mustafa Elhussein Mansour, Alan Fowler, Amer Mavani, Christopher Shove, Dennis Leavens, Donald Baker, Gerry Garland, Gordon Nelson, Jerry Kolo, Jenny Onyx, Mohammad al Faruque, Morshidi Sirat, Parikshit Basu, Riaz Hassan, Richard Faflak, Robert Arthur, and vii viiiviii Preface Yusof Siddiq. The reviewers, however, bear no responsibility for the shortcomings, if any, of the chapters. Abdellaziz El Jaouhari, a colleague and friend, deserves special mention and thanks for excellent statistical analyses. I am thankful to Saif Mohamed al-Mah- rouqi for transliteration helps and to Mohsin Abbasi for technical cooperation. Salam Abbas and Mahra Mubarak, and Amina al-Sharaf at the United Arab Emir- ates University helped in different ways—I am grateful to them. I express sincere appreciation to Esther Otten (the new editor), Miranda Dijks- man, Jayne van Ham, and Crest Premedia Production Team for their alacrity, dili- gence, and patience. Finally, I record my gratitude to my wife Arifa and my daughters Babu (Afrin Samia) and Puchchu (Fariha Tahsin) for being considerate and enthusiastic. United Arab Emirates University Samiul Hasan 18 March 2011 Contents I The Themes, Premises, and Principles 1 The Muslim World and Human Development: An Introduction ���������� 3 Samiul Hasan 2 Islamic Jurisprudence: Sources and Traditions Creating Diversity in Human Relationships ������������������������������������������������������������ 23 Samiul Hasan 3 Human Development: Perspectives, Gaps, and Issues for the MMCs ... 43 Samiul Hasan II Muslim Majority Countries (MMCs): Geography, Resources, and People 4 The Muslim World: A Geographical Analysis ����������������������������������������� 67 George Odhiambo 5 Biophysical Resources and the Built Environment: Features, Foci, and Issues in the Muslim Majority Countries................................ 91 Saif Al Qaydi 6 People in the Muslim Majority Countries: History, Composition, and Issues ............................................................................ 115 Samiul Hasan III Power Relationships and External Influence in the MMCs 7 European Colonization and the Muslim Majority Countries: Antecedents, Approaches, and Impacts ................................................... 133 Samiul Hasan ix x Contents 8 Power Configuration in the Muslim World: Exploring the Post-WWII Era ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 159 S. M. Abdul Quddus 9 Foreign Aid, Foreign Debt, and Development: The Muslim World Scenario ......................................................................................... 173 M. Moniruzzaman IV Human Development in the MMCs: Situational Analyses 10 Economic Activity and Achievements in the Muslim World ���������������� 197 Anis Chowdhury and Mohammad Zulfan Tadjoeddin 11 International Trade and Foreign Investment ���������������������������������������� 225 Mohammad Zulfan Tadjoeddin and Anis Chowdhury 12 Urban Infrastructure in the Muslim Majority Countries: A Situational Analysis ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 241 Abdellaziz El Jaouhari and Samiul Hasan 13 Human Development: Health, Hygiene, and Education in the Muslim World �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 263 Abdellaziz El Jaouhari and Samiul Hasan V MMCs: Political Integrity and Umma Solidarity 14 Democracy and Development in the Muslim World ����������������������������� 279 Abdul Rashid Moten 15 Muslim Ummah, International Organisations, and Human Development in the MMCs ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 299 Ishtiaq Hossain VI Space, Power, and Human Development: Conclusions, and Recommendations 16 Space, Power, and Human Development in the Muslim World: Connections and Conclusions .................................................... 319 Samiul Hasan and Abdellaziz El Jaouhari 17 Human Development in the MMCs: Uniformity of Purpose, Diversity of Actions ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 343 Samiul Hasan Index ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 357 Contributors Abdellaziz El Jaouhari Department of Geography and Urban Planning, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE Abdul Rashid Moten Department of Political Science, International Islamic Uni- versity Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Anis Chowdhury Department of Economics, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia and Department of Economics and Social Affairs of the United Nations (UN-DESA) George Odhiambo Department of Geography and Urban Planning, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE Ishtiaq Hossain Department of Political Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia M. Moniruzzaman Department of Political Science, International Islamic Univer- sity Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Mohammad Zulfan Tadjoeddin Department of Economics, University of West- ern Sydney, Sydney, Australia S. M. Abdul Quddus Department of Political Science, International Islamic Uni- versity Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Saif Al Qaydi Department of Geography and Urban Planning, United Arab Emir- ates University, Al Ain, UAE Samiul Hasan Department of Political Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE xi List of Boxes Box 3.1 Aspects of Development: Requirements and Essentials ................. 44 Box 3.2 Major Foci of Development ............................................................ 45 Box 4.1 MMCs in Africa and Asia: Their Geographic Regions ................... 67 Box 7.1 Spatial Fragmentation and Related Impacts: Somalia ..................... 147 Box 7.2 Spatial Dumping and Related Impacts: Sudan ................................ 148 Box 7.3 Nigeria—An Invented ‘Hodgepodge’ Nation ��������������������������������� 150 xiii List of Figures Fig. 2.1 Islam: major divisions, schools, and approaches .......................... 29 Fig. 4.1 MMCs are between 12°S and 45°N ���������������������������������������������� 69 Fig. 5.1 Geographical location of the Muslim majority countries.............. 92 Fig. 5.2 Main MMC production of natural gas in 2008 ( billion cu m) ������ 98