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Die Taak Van Kultuurorganisasies in Minderheids- Kultuurgroepemetbesondereverwysingnadie Atkv

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Die Taak Van Kultuurorganisasies in Minderheids- Kultuurgroepemetbesondereverwysingnadie Atkv DIE TAAK VAN KULTUURORGANISASIES IN MINDERHEIDSKULTUURGROEPE MET BESONDERE VERWYSING NA DIE ATKV deur FREDERIK JOHANNES KOK Voorgele om te voldoen aan die vereistes vir die graad D-Phil in die Fakulteit Lettere en Wysbegeerte, Departement Afrikaanse Kultuurgeskiedenis, aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch. Maart 1992 PROMOTOR: PROF. P. W. GROBBELAAR I i I I Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za VERKLARING Ek die ondergetekende verklaar hiermee dat die werk in hierdie tesis vervat, my eie oorspronklike werk is wat nog nie vantevore in die geheel of gedeeltelik by enige ander Universiteit ter verkryging van 'n graad voorgele is nie. .J~... ~.I.~'JM DATUM ---:} .. .~.'.- Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za OPSOMMING DIE TAAK VAN KULTUURORGANISASIES IN MINDERHEIDS- KULTUURGROEPEMETBESONDEREVERWYSINGNADIE ATKV Kultuur is en bly vir die mens van wesentlike belang. Wanneer die kulturele basis bedreig of aangeraak word, vind ernstige teen- reaksie plaas met gepaardgaande konflik en probleme. Alhoewel daar dikwels al gepraat is van internasionalisme in die sin van wegdoening met kulturele en volksbande, is hierdie siening as verkeerd bewys, want elke kultuurgroep het 'n besondere behoefte aan 'n eie kulturele identiteit. Aangesien slegs In klein gedeelte van die wereldbevolking in homo- gene state leef, is die potensiaal vir konflik tussen verskillende kultuurgroepe, wat elkeen streef na die behoud en uitbouing van die eie, groote Die voorkoms van minderhede, wat toenemend bewus raak van hul eie identiteit, is In feit en vera! waar minderheidsgroepe saam met meerderheidsgroepe voorkom, verhoog die konflikpotensiaal. Vir enige minderheidsgroep Ie 'n logiese oplossing vir die behoud en uitbouing van eie kulturele regte in die organisering van mense in kultuurorganisasies om In kollektiewe en meer effektiewe be- dingingsmag te verkry. In hierdie studie word die taak en werksaamhede van kultuur- organisasies ten opsigte van die bewaring, handhawing en uitbouing van 'n spesifieke groep se kultuur ondersoek, veral binne minderheidskultuurgroepe. Eerstens word gekyk na die samestelling van minderheidsgroepe met hul eiesoortige behoeftes, konflikte en bedreigings, asook Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za voorvereistes vir hul voortbestaan. Daarna word kultuur as menslike verskynsel bespreek. Hoofstuk 3 word gewy aan die kultuurorganisasie as In eiesoortige organisasie met sy eie kenmerke, probleme en suksesfaktore. Die kultuurorganisasie in praktyk, vera! binne minderheidsgroepe, kom in hoofstuk 4 aan die bod en word daar ontledend gekyk na verskillende kultuurorganisasies. In hoofstuk 5 word Afrikaanse kultuurorganisasies breedweg be- spreek en word vera! gekyk na die organisasies se kronologiese ontwikkeling, asook probleme, leemtes en uitdagings. ,I' Daarna word die ATKV as In minderheidskultuurorganisasie, met sy ': werksaamhede in die praktyk indringend bespreek. Ten slotte word die vereistes en uitdagings op die pad van kultuurorganisasies vir suksesvolle en effektiewe taakvervulling bespreek om sodoende die belangrike taak van die kultuurorgani- sasie, vera! binne minderheidskultuurgroepe, te verstaan, te beplan en te beoordeel. Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za SUMMARY THE TASK OF CULTURAL ORGANIZATIONSIN MINORITY CUL- TURES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCETO THE ATKV Culture is and always will be of paramount importance to man. If the culture base is threatened, serious conflict and other problems will ensue. Even though there has been talk about a so-called internationalism that denotes a world devoid of different cultures, reality has caught up with the much advocated "melting pot" theory. De- priving groups of their cultural rights, or simply overlooking these rights, can result in a dangerous "boiling pot". Each culture group has a need for its own identity. Because only a small portion of the world population live in culturally homogenious states the potential for conflict is great between different groups that want to uphold and develop their own cultures. This is especially true where minority and majority groups exist within the same national boundaries. For any minority group wishing to preserve and develop its culture a logical solution would be to organize people in cultural organizations to maximize their effectiveness in attaining their goals. In this study, the task and activities of the cultural organization are examined, especially in respect of preserving, maintaining, and developing the culture of a specific group, in particular within minority cultures. Firstly, minorities as a group are discussed, with special reference to their particular needs, conflicts and threats and the conditions for survival. Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Subsequently, culture as a humanphenomenonis examined. In chapter 3 the cultural organization as a distinct organization, with its own characteristics, problems and success factors, is discussed. Chapter 4 examines cultural organizations and analyzes different ones, especiallythose of minority groups. Chapter 5 discusses Afrikaans cultural organizations along broad lines, emphasizing their chronological development, problems, inadequacies and challenges. The ATKV, as a minority cultural organization, and its activities are extensively discussed in the followingchapter. In conclusion, the study deals with the requirements and challenges for the successful task fulfilmentof cultural organizations in order to understand, plan and evaluate their important task, especially within minority cultures. Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Dankbetuiging Hiermee wil ek graag my besondere dank uitspreek: Aan Hom uit, deur en tot Wie alles is, ook die studie, en wat alles moontlik gemaak het. Aan Wilma, vir haar besondere ondersteuning, aanmoedinging en opoffering, asook Frits, Leo, Katrien en Chrisna wat elkeen ook In groot bydrae gelewer het en so dikwels die wa deur die drif moes sleep. Ek. dra graag die studie ook aan julie almal op. Aan prof. Pieter Grobbelaar, my bekwame promotor en kultuurhistorikus duisend, asook die departement Afrikaanse Kultuurgeskiedenis . Aan die ATKV, sy direksie en personeel vir hulle deurlopende hulp en belangstelling. Aan vriende en familie vir hulie belangstelling. Aan mev. Maureen Meiring, In voorslag tikster. Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za -1- DIE TAAK VAN KULTUURORGANISASIES IN MINDERHEIDSKULTUURGROEPE MET BESONDERE VERWYSING NA DIE ATKV I INLEIDING 7 (i) Probleemstelling 7 1. MINDERHEIDSGROEPE 10 1.1 Inleiding 10 1.2 Groepvorming 12 1.2.1 Ras 12 1.2.2 Volk 13 1.2.3 Nasie 15 1.2.4 Nasionalisme 16 1.3 Tipes minderheidsgroepe 17 1.4 Bedreigings en konflikte 20 1.5 Voorvereistes vir voortbestaan 22 2. KULTUUR AS MENSLIKE VERSKYNSEL 25 2.1 Definisies van kultuur 25 2.2 Kultuurskepping, die individu en die kultuurgroep 27 2.3 Kenmerke van kultuur 31 2.4 Kultuurgroei en die waarde van kultuur 32 2.5 Kultuurskok 35 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za -2- 2.6 Kultuur en beskawing 36 2.7 Kultuur en taal 38 2.8 Subkultuur, kontrakultuur en alternatiewe kultuur 39 3. DIE KULTUURORGANISASIEAS ORGANISASIE 42 3.1 Die ontstaan van organisasies 42 G Die rol en waarde van die organisasie 44 3.3 Kenmerke, algemene probleme en suksesfaktore van die organisasie 45 3.3.1 Kenmerke 45 3.3.2 Probleme binne die organisasie 47 3.3.3 Suksesfaktore binne die organisasie 48 3.4 Die aard van kultuurorganisasies 50 3.5 Kenmerke van kultuurorganisasies 52 3.6 Waarde van kultuurorganisasies 56 3.7 Probleme binne die kultuurorganisasie 57 4. DIE KULTUURORGANISASIEAANDIE WERK 61 4.1 Tipes kultuurorganisasies 61 (a) Studie- en bevorderingsorganisasies 61 (b) Handhawings- en bewaringsorganisasies 62 (c) Kunsorganisasies 62 (d) Belangegroeporganisasies 62 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za -3- (e) Brugbouorganisasies 63 (f) Fondsinsamelingsorganisasies 63 (g) Internasionale organisasies 63 (h) Organisasies met In etniese inslag 64 4.2 Werksaamhede van kultuurorganisasies 64 4.3 Enkele kultuurorganisasies in die praktyk 68 4.3.1 Bund deutscher Nordschleswiger (BdN) 68 4.3.1.1 Ontstaansgeskiedenis 69 4.3.1.2 Struktuur en werkswyse 70 4.3.2 Het Davidsfonds (DF) 73 4.3.2.1 Agtergrond 73 4.3.2.2 Doelwitte van die DF 75 4.3.2.3 Struktuur van die DF 76 4.3.2.4 Lidmaatskap en ledevoordele 77 4.3.2.5 Befondsing 79 4.3.2.6 Werksaamhede van die DF 79 4.3.4 Het Algemeen-Nederlandse Verbond (ANV) 81 4.3.4.1 Ontstaan en doelwitte 81 4.3.4.2 Struktuur en werksaamhede 83 4.3.5 Inkatha Yesizwe (Inkatha) 85 4.3.5.1 Ontstaan en doelwitte 85 4.3.5.2 Struktuur en werksaamhede 87 4.3.5.3 Die Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) 88 4.3.6 Mmabana Kultuursentrum 89 4.3.7 Die Vlaamse Volkskunstbeweging (VVKB) 91 4.3.7.1 Ontstaan en doel 91 4.3.7.2 Werksaamhede 92 4.3.7.3 Struktuur, finansiering en ledevoordele 93 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za -4- 4.3.7.4 Algemeen 94 4.3.8 Byuro ya Xitsanga 94 4.3.8.1 Doelwitte 95 4.3.8.2 Lidmaatskap, finansiering en struktuur 96 4.3.8.3 Werksaamhede 96 4.3.8.4 Algemeen 97 4.3.9 Samevatting 98 5. AFRlKAANSE KULTUURORGANISASIES 100 5.1 Omskrywing 100 5.2 Faktore wat In rol gespeel het in die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van kultuurorganisasies 100 5.3 Ontwikkelingsfases van die Afrikaanse kultuurbeweging 103 5.3.1 Die Woestynfase 103 5.3.2 Die P10niersfase 1875-1909 104 5.3.3 Die Ontwakingsfase 1909-1929 109 5.3.4 Die Dinamiese fase 1929-1961 112 5.3.5 Die fase van groter individualisme na 1961 116 5.4 Kenmerke en take 118 5.5 Probleme en leemtes 120 5.6 Uitdagings 122 5.7 Slotsom 125 > 't=;DIE ATKV AS MINDERHEIDSKULTUURORGANlSASIE \1i1J - 6.1 Die Afrikaner as minderheidsgroep 127 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za -5- 6.2 Historiese aanloop tot die stigting van die ATKV 128 6.3 Die ATKV 135 6.3.1 Stigting en wordingsjare eli) 6.4 Die ATKV as organisasie 141 6.4.1 Bestuur en beheer 141 6.4.2 EJendonune 145 6.4. 3 Finansies 146 6.4. 3.1 Bronne van inkomste 146 6.4.
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