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Earthscan Publications the Pesticide Detox Towards a More Sustainable The Pesticide Detox Towards a More Sustainable Agriculture Edited by Jules Pretty London • Sterling, VA First published by Earthscan in the UK and USA in 2005 Copyright © Jules Pretty, 2005 All rights reserved ISBN: 1-84407-142-1 paperback 1-84407-141-3 hardback Typesetting by JS Typesetting Ltd, Porthcawl, Mid Glamorgan Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press Ltd, Trowbridge Cover design by Andrew Corbett For a full list of publications please contact: Earthscan 8–12 Camden High Street, London, NW1 0JH, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7387 8558 Fax: +44 (0)20 7387 8998 Email: [email protected] Web: www.earthscan.co.uk 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166-2012, USA Earthscan is an imprint of James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd and publishes in association with the International Institute for Environment and Development A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pretty, Jules N. The pesticide detox : towards a more sustainable agriculture / Jules Pretty. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-84407-142-1 (pbk.) – ISBN 1-84407-141-3 (hardback) 1. Agricultural pests–Biological control. 2. Pesticides–Environmental aspects. 3. Organic farming. I. Title. SB975.P75 2005 632’.96–dc22 2004024815 Printed on elemental chlorine-free paper Contents List of Contributors vii Preface x Acknowledgements xix List of Terms, Acronyms and Abbreviations xxii 1 Pesticide Use and the Environment 1 Jules Pretty and Rachel Hine 2 The Health Impacts of Pesticides: What Do We Now Know? 23 Misa Kishi 3 Paying the Price: The Full Cost of Pesticides 39 Jules Pretty and Hermann Waibel 4 Corporations and Pesticides 55 Barbara Dinham 5 Overview of Agrobiologicals and Alternatives to Synthetic Pesticides 70 David Dent 6 Farmer Decision-making for Ecological Pest Management 83 Catrin Meir and Stephanie Williamson 7 The Human and Social Dimensions of Pest Management for Agricultural Sustainability 97 Niels Röling 8 Ecological Basis for Low-toxicity Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Rice and Vegetables 116 Kevin Gallagher, Peter Ooi, Tom Mew, Emer Borromeo, Peter Kenmore and Jan-Willem Ketelaar 9 Towards Zero-pesticide Use in Tropical Agroecosystems 135 Hans R. Herren, Fritz Schulthess and Markus Knapp vi THE PESTICIDE DETOX 10 From Pesticides to People: Improving Ecosystem Health in the Northern Andes 147 Stephen Sherwood, Donald Cole, Charles Crissman and Myriam Paredes 11 Breaking the Barriers to IPM in Africa: Evidence from Benin, Ethiopia, Ghana and Senegal 165 Stephanie Williamson 12 Towards Safe Cocoa Pest Management in West Africa 181 Janny G.M. Vos and Sam L.J. Page 13 Agroecological Approaches to Pest Management in the US 193 Carol Shennan, Tara Pisani Gareau and J. Robert Sirrine 14 Towards Safe Pest Management in Industrialized Agricultural Systems 212 Stephanie Williamson and David Buffin 15 Policies and Trends 226 Harry van der Wulp and Jules Pretty References 238 Index 285 List of Contributors Emer Borromeo works at the Philippine Rice Research Institute, and formerly worked at the Plant Protection Department of the International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, The Philippines. David Buffin is former coordinator of the UK and Europe programmes at Pesticide Action Network, UK, and is now at City University. Donald C. Cole is associate professor in epidemiology and community medicine with the Department of Public Health Sciences of the University of Toronto, Canada. His research has included the health risks associated with pesticide exposure among Nicaraguan and Ecuadorian farm families. Charles Crissman is regional representative for sub-Saharan Africa at the International Potato Center (CIP), Nairobi, Kenya. His research has included the economic, health and environment tradeoffs of agricultural technologies. David Dent is director of CABI Bioscience, a Division of CAB International, UK. Barbara Dinham is director of Pesticide Action Network (PAN-UK). Kevin Gallagher is IPM specialist at the Global IPM Facility of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Plant Protection Service, Rome. Tara Pisani Gareau is at the University of California Santa Cruz, where she is studying the role of hedgerows in vegetable cropping systems in the Central Coast region of California for improving biological control of insect pests, and the sociopolitical incentives and disincentives for habitat enhancement in farms. Hans Herren is director general of the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi. He was awarded the World Food Prize in 1995. Rachel Hine is research officer at the Centre for Environment and Society, University of Essex, UK. Peter Kenmore is coordinator at the Global IPM Facility of the FAO Plant Protection Service, Rome. viii THE PESTICIDE DETOX Jan-Willem Ketelaar is coordinator at the FAO Vegetable IPM programme for South East Asia, Bangkok. Misa Kishi is senior environmental health specialist at the JSI Research and Training Institute, US, and visiting researcher at the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Indonesia. Markus Knapp is a scientist and project coordinator for the Integrated Control of Red Spider Mites project at the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi. Catrin Meir is a freelance consultant who has worked in farmer participatory research and training to reduce pesticide use, and the evaluation of IPM pro- grammes in Central America since 1992. Tom Mew is head of the Plant Protection Department of the International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, The Philippines. Peter Ooi is coordinator of the Regional Cotton IPM programme at the FAO Regional Office, Bangkok. Sam Page is organics and soil health specialist at CABI Bioscience, UK Centre. Myriam Paredes is a consultant based in Quito, Ecuador. Her PhD research at Wageningen University and Research Centre, the Netherlands, is on the inter- faces between development interventions, technology and rural people. Jules Pretty is professor of environment and society in the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex, UK. His previous books include Agri-Culture (2002, Earthscan), Guide to a Green Planet (editor, 2002, University of Essex), The Living Land (1998, Earthscan), Regenerating Agriculture (1995, Earthscan), and Unwelcome Harvest (with Gordon Conway, 1991, Earthscan). Niels Röling is emeritus professor of agricultural knowledge systems in devel- oping countries at Wageningen University, the Netherlands. His previous publications include Facilitating Sustainable Agriculture (editor with A. Wage- makers, 1998, Cambridge University Press) and Extension Science: Information Systems in Agricultural Development (1988, Cambridge University Press). Fritz Schulthess is principle scientist and project coordinator for the Biological Control of Cereal Stemborers project at the International Centre of Insect Physi- ology and Ecology, Nairobi. Carol Shennan is director of the Center for Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems at the University of California Santa Cruz. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ix Stephen Sherwood is area representative for the Andes Region at World Neigh- bors and is based in Quito, Ecuador. His graduate research at Wageningen University and Research Centre, the Netherlands, is on the sociobiological developments that led to the modern-day pesticide dependency and ecosystem crisis in the Northern Andes. J. Robert Sirrine is at the University of California Santa Cruz, where he is studying northern Michigan cherry farmers in a network of economic institutions in which they are losing power over their decisions, and integrating agro- ecological theory into the evaluation of practices designed for sustainable production. Harry van der Wulp is senior IPM policy specialist at the Global IPM Facility of the FAO Plant Protection Service, Rome. Janny Vos is farmer participatory IPM specialist at CABI Bioscience, UK Centre. Hermann Waibel is professor of agricultural development economics at the University of Hanover, Germany. Stephanie Williamson coordinates Pesticide Action Network Europe and works in the international and UK programmes at PAN-UK, where she focuses on IPM. Preface There was once a town where all life seemed to live in harmony with its surroundings. The town lay in the midst of a checkerboard of prosperous farms, with fields of grain and hillsides of orchards. Then a strange blight crept over the area and everything began to change. There was a strange stillness. It was a spring without voices. The people had done it themselves. With these words Rachel Carson’s fable of a Silent Spring (1963) became famous worldwide. She painted a picture of a healthy community in town and country- side. This idyll, which could be anywhere in the past, delights visitors and locals alike. But it falls into a mysterious silence, ‘which lay over fields and woods and marsh’. The community had withered and died, and apparently all because of the widespread use of pesticides. This simple story is so compelling that more than 2 million copies of the book have been sold, and it continues to sell well. This is impressive for any book, let alone one mainly documenting the ills of the world. Of course, the truth behind the fable plays out rather differently in real life, as no town has died solely because of agricultural pesticides, and neither has all the wildlife been eliminated. But there is something in what she says that remains significant more than 40 years later. Since the early 1960s, the
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