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Práticas Autárquicas Face Às Espécies Exóticas Invasoras Em Portugal

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Práticas Autárquicas Face Às Espécies Exóticas Invasoras Em Portugal Os contornos da invasão: práticas autárquicas face às espécies exóticas invasoras em Portugal Sofia Cristina da Silva Oliveira Mestrado em Ecologia, Ambiente e Território Departamento de Biologia 2016 Orientador Paulo Talhadas dos Santos, Professor Auxiliar, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Coorientador Ruth Maria de Oliveira Pereira, Professora Auxiliar Convidada, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Todas as correções determinadas pelo júri, e só essas, foram efetuadas. O Presidente do Júri, Porto, ______/______/_________ FCUP I Os contornos da invasão: práticas autárquicas face às espécies exóticas invasoras em Portugal Agradecimentos Em primeiro lugar, quero agradecer aos meus orientadores – Professor Paulo Santos e Professora Ruth Pereira – por me terem dado a oportunidade de elaborar a minha tese de mest rado sobre duas áreas que tanto me fascina m : as espécies exóticas invasoras e a Educação Ambiental . Agrade ço - vos também todos os ensinamentos, toda a disponibilidade e paciência para esclarecer as minhas dúvidas, e, principalmente, agradeço - vos a liberdade e o apoio que me deram para expandir a minha dissertação de formas que nã o estavam inicialmente previstas . Gostaria de agradecer também ao Professor Nuno Formigo , pelo apoio, por todos os ensinamentos e ainda pela disponibilidade que demonstrou ao longo de todo o meu percurso neste mestrado. Ao Professor João Honrado agradeço imenso a disponibilidade e todo s os conselhos que me transmitiu sobre a monitorização da vegetação. A todos os funcionários municipais e respetivas autarquias, um muito obrigada! Obrigada por terem dedicado parte do vosso tempo para me encaminharem da melhor forma possível por todos os canais necessários. Obrigada por disponibilizarem parte do vosso dia para responderem ao meu inquérito. Obrigada pela curiosidade e pelas palavras de incentivo. Sem a vossa colaboração este trabalho ficaria muito aquém daquele aqui apresentado! Agradeço ao NEBUP por ter entusiasticamente abraçado o “ Boundary Breach ” e por ter permitido testar este jogo nos Dias Abertos da FCUP. Obrigada também a todos os incríveis voluntários que contribuíram para o sucesso desta atividade. Sem vocês não tinha sido a mesma coisa! E, como não poderia deixar de ser, queria também aqui deixar um “muito obrigada” à Verónica Belchior por ter sido o elemento de ligação inicial nesta “parceria”. Muitos foram também os colegas e amigos que contribuíram de alguma forma para o trabalho aqui apresentado. Por isso, agradeço a todos os colegas do laboratório 1.14 – especialmente à Antónia Moutinho, à Ana Rita Almeida e ao Ricardo Sousa – por todos os cont ributos e, sobretudo, pela vossa “maluquice saudável” que animou o nosso ambiente de trabalho. À Cátia Gonçalves um agradecimento especial por todo apoio, por toda a paciência que teve para rever o meu trabalho e ainda pelo rigor incluído nas FCUP II Os contornos da invasão: práticas autárquicas face às espécies exóticas invasoras em Portugal críticas apontadas, que permitiram elevar a qualidade do resultado final. À Isabel Brilhante um enorme obrigada por ter posto a sua perícia em trabalhos man uais ao serviço do “ Boundary Breach ”, para que este ficasse pronto a tempo da data de realização do primeiro teste. Mas, sobretudo, obrigada pelas palavras de incentivo constantes. Por último, queria também agradecer à minha família, sobretudo à minha mã e e à minha avó, pelas palavras de incentivo e por todo o apoio , que ajudaram a conduzir a minha dissertação a bom porto. " If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together ." - Provérbio Africano FCUP III Os contornos da invasão: práticas autárquicas face às espécies exóticas invasoras em Portugal Produção científica No âmbito desta dissertação de mestrado foram produzidas duas comunicações orais e uma apresentação de póster: Oliveira, S.S . , Santos, P. e Pereira, R. (2016a). The actions of Portuguese municipalities to combat invasive alien species. 9ª edição do IJUP – Encontro de Investigação Jovem da Universidade do Porto . Palácio das Artes – Fundação da Juventude, Porto, Portugal, 17 - 19 de Fevereiro de 2016. Oliveira, S.S . , Santos, P. e Pereira, R. (2016b). Gestão autárquica das espécies exóticas invasoras em Portugal. Livro de resumos do V Congresso da Ordem dos Biólogos/I Cimeira Ibérica de Biólogos . Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal. Pág. 30. Oliveira, S.S . , Santos, P. e Pereira, R. (2016c). Boundary breach: viagens, recordações e o mundo das invasões. Livro de pósteres do Congresso SciCom.Pt 2016 – 4º Congresso de Comunicação de Ciência . Pavilhão do Conhecimento, Lisboa, Portugal. Pág. 24. Além disso, encontram - se em fase de preparação dois artigos c ientíficos e uma comunicação oral: Oliveira, S.S . , Santos, P. e Pereira, R . Control and eradication programs addressing invasive alien species: a global review . Artigo científico a submeter à revista Biological Conservation ; Oliveira, S.S., Santos, P e Per eira, R. Management of biological invasions: the contribution of environmental education and citizen science in Portugal . Comunicação oral e artigo científico a submeter ao II Congresso Internacional “Educação, Ambiente e Desenvolvimento” . FCUP IV Os contornos da invasão: práticas autárquicas face às espécies exóticas invasoras em Portugal Resumo A globalização está intimamente relacionada com vários impactes ambientais adversos, entre os quais se encontram as invasões biológicas, que são uma das principais causas da perda de biodiversidade. Além disso, as espécies exóticas invasoras têm também impac tes marcadamente negativos na economia e no bem - estar da sociedade. Assim, existe a necessidade de gerir estas espécies de forma a minimizar os prejuízos provocados por estas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho de investigação teve como objetivo caracte rizar o contributo dos municípios portugueses para a gestão desta ameaça no panorama nacional. Para isso, preparou - se um questionário que aborda cinco áreas fundamentais: 1. A identificação e monitorização d as espécies exóticas invasoras; 2. O controlo; 3. A errad icação; 4. A prevenção de novas introduç ões ; 5. A Educação A mbiental. Este questionário foi aplicado a todas as 308 autarquias portuguesas. Após a realização dos inquéritos , preferencialmente por via telefónica, procedeu - se à análise estatística das respostas obtidas e foram também aplicados critérios de forma a comparar a gestão efetuada pelos municípios com aquela que seria a ideal. No total, obtiveram - se 178 questionários preenchidos , o que corresponde a uma taxa de resp osta de 57,8%. A pós a aplicação dos c ritérios de classificação, verificou - se que 86,0% das autarquias respondentes já implementaram, no mínimo, uma medida no sentido de combater as espécies exóticas invasoras , o que sugere que a maioria dos municípios portugueses já possui algum gra u de consciência acerca desta problemática. No entanto, 73,6% das autoridades locais inquiridas efetua va m uma gestão não satisfatória e 14,0% não faz ia quaisquer esforços de gestão direcionados para as invasões biológicas . Portanto , em Portugal, é ainda necessá rio um maior esforço municipal para que seja possível dar uma resposta adequada a este problema. Com estre trabalho pretendeu - se também contribuir para o combate à ameaça que as espécies exóticas invasoras representam, alertando para o problema em questã o e produzindo materiais para auxiliar as autoridades locais a lidar com as invasões biológicas de forma mais eficiente. FCUP V Os contornos da invasão: práticas autárquicas face às espécies exóticas invasoras em Portugal Palavras - chave Espécies exóticas invasoras, i nvasões biológicas, autarquias, municípios, Educação A mbiental , gestão ambiental FCUP VI Os contornos da invasão: práticas autárquicas face às espécies exóticas invasoras em Portugal Abstract Globalization is the origin of many environ mental issues , such as biological invasions, which are among the major factors leading to biodiversity loss worldwide. Besides, invasive alien sp ecies also cause damages to the economy and well - being of human societies. Therefore, adoption of measures in order to manage this threat is crucial. The current investigation project aimed to characterize the contribution of Portuguese municipalities to the management of invasive alien species in the national context. Thus, a questionnaire was prepared in order to assess the performance of the national authorities in terms of: 1. Identification and monitoring of invasive alien species; 2. Control of invasive alien species; 3. Eradication of inva sive alien species; 4. Prevention of new introductions; 5. Environmental Education. T he above mentioned questionnaire was appli ed, preferably through phone calls, to all Portuguese municipalities (n=308). T he responses were submitted to a statistical analysis an d criterions were applied in order to compare the management practices adopted by the local author ities to the ones that would be most efficient, according to current scientific knowledge. Overall, 178 questionnaires were filled, which corresponds to a response rate of 57. 8%. T he application of the abovementioned criterions allowed to ve r ify that 86.0% of inquired municipalities had implemented, at least, one measure to address this issue . This suggest most local authorities questioned already possess some degree of awareness of the problem invasive alien species represent. Nevertheless, 73.6% of answering municipalities practice d a n un satisfactory management
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