Natural Environment Research Council
Institute of Geological Sciences
Mineral Reconnaissance Programme Report
-4
A report prepared for the Department of Industry This report relates to work carried out by the Institute of Geological Sciences on behalf of the Department of Industry. The information contained herein must not be published without reference to the Director, Institute of Geological Sciences.
D. Ostle Programme Manager Institute of Geological Sciences Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG
No.62 Mineral reconnaissance in the Northumberland Trough INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Natural Environment Research Council
1 Mineral Reconnaissance Programme
Report No. 62 Mineral reconnaissance in the 1 Northumberland Trough
8 Geotog y 1and geochemistry J. H. Bateson, BSc, MIMM I C. C. Johnson, BSc, PhD, FGS Geophysics I A. D. Evans, BSc
0 Crown copyright 7983 I London 1983 A report prepared for the Department of Industry Mineral Reconnaissance Programme Reports 47 An airborne geophysical survey of the Whin Sill between Haltwhistle and Scats’ Gap, south 20 Geophysical field techniques for mineral exploration Northumberland 21 A geochemical drainage survey of the Fleet granitic 48 Mineral investigations near Bodmin, Cornwall. Part complex and its environs 3-The Mulberry and Wheal Prosper area 22 Geochemical and geophysical investigations north- 49 Seismic and gravity surveys over the concealed west of Llanrwst, North Wales granite ridge at Bosworgy, Cornwall 23 Disseminated sulphide mineralisation at Garbh 50 Geochemical drainage survey of central Argyll, Achadh, Argyllshire, Scotland Scotland 24 Geophysical investigations along parts of the Dent 51 A reconnaissance geochemical survey of Anglesey and Augill Faults 52 Miscellaneous investigations on mineralisation in 25 Mineral investigations near Bodmin, Cornwall. Part sedimentary rocks 1 -Airborne and ground geophysical surveys 53 Investigation of polymetaiiic mineralisation in Lower 26 Stratabound barium-zinc mineralisation in Dalradian Devonian volcanics near Alva, central Scotland schist near Aberfeldy, Scotland; Preliminary report 54 Copper mineralisation near Middleton Tyas, North 27 Airborne geophysical survey of part of Anglesey, Yorkshire North Wales 55 Mineral exploration in the area of the Fore Burn 28 A mineral reconnaissance survey of the igneous complex, south-western Scotland Abington - Biggar - Moffat area, south-central 56 Geophysical and geochemical investigations over Scotland the Long Rake, Haddon Fields, Derbysh’ire 29 Mineral exploration in the Harlech Dome, North 57 Mineral exploration in the Ravenstonedale area, Wales Cumbria 30 Porphyry style copper mineralisation at Black 58 Investigation of small intrusions in southern Stockarton Moor, south-west Scotland Scotland 31 Geophysical investigations in the 59 Stratabound arsenic and vein antimony mineralisa- Closehouse -Lunedale area tion in Silurian greywackes at Glendinning, south 32 Investigations at Polyphant, near Launceston, Scotland Cornwall 60 Mineral investigations at Carrock Fell, Cumbria. 33 Mineral investigations at Carrock Fell, Cumbria. Part Part 2 -Geochemical investigations 1 -Geophysical survey 61 Mineral reconnaisance at the Highland Boundary 34 Results of a gravity survey of the south-west with special reference to the Loch Lomond and margin of Dartmoor, Devon Aberfoyle areas 35 Geophysical investigation of chromite-bearing 62 Mineral reconnaissance in the Northumberland ultrabasic rocks in the Baltasound-Hagdale area, Trough Unst, Shetland Islands 36 An appraisal of the VLF ground resistivity technique as an aid to mineral exploration 37 Compilation of stratabound mineralisation in the Scottish Caledonides 38 Geophysical evidence for a concealed eastern extension of the Tanygrisiau microgranite and its possible relationship, to mineralisation 39 Copper-bearing intrusive rocks at Cairngarroch Bay, south-west Scotland 40 Stratabound barium-zinc mineralisation in Dalradian schist near Aberfeidy, Scotland; Final report 41 Metalliferous mineralisation near Lutton, ivybridge, Devon
42 Mineral exploration in the area around Culvennan The Institute of Geological Sciences was formed by the Fell, Kirkcowan, south-western Scotland incorporation of the Geological Survey of Great Britain 43 Disseminated copper-molybdenum mineralisation and the Geological Museum with Overseas Geological Surveys and is a constituent body of the Natural Environ- near Balluchulish, Highland Region ment Research Council 44 Reconnaissance geochemical maps of parts of south Devon and Cornwall Bibliographic reference Bateson, J. H. and others. 1983. Mineral 45 Mineral investigations near Bodmin, Cornwall. Part reconnaissance in the Northumberland Trough Mineral 2 -New uranium, tin and copper occurence in the Reconnaissance Programme Rep. Inst. Geol. Sci., NO. 62 Tremayne area of St Columb Major 46 Gold mineralisation at the southern margin of the Printed in England for the Institute of Geological Sciences Loch Doon granitoid complex, south-west Scotland by lmediaprint I
CONTENTS 19 Copper contents of panned concentrates I from the northeastern part of the survey Summary 1 area 25 20 Lead contents of panned concentrates from Introduction 1 the northeastern part of the survey area 26 I Geology 3 21 Zinc contents of panned concentrates from Introduction 3 the northeastern part of the survey area 27 Stratigraphy 3 22 Barium contents of panned concentrates from I Igneous activity 3 the southern part of the survey area 28 Structure 9 23 Copper contents of panned concentrates from the southern part of the survey area 29 History of mining 9 24 Lead contents of panned concentrates from the I Previous exploration 9 southern part of the survey area 30 25 Zinc contents of panned concentrates from the Landsat imagery 11 southern part of the survey area 31 I Geochemical survey 11 26 Means and ranges for Ba, Cu, Pb and Zn in Introduction 11 panned concentrates and stream sediments 32 Drainage basin reconnaissance 14 27 Six areas of soil sampling in the I Soil sampling 35 Northumberland Trough 34 28 Comparative values between shallow auger and Geophysical surveys 44 deeper sampling in Area 3 (Newbrough) 36 Airborne survey 44 29 Pb, Zn and Ba in soils from Area 1 Ground surveys 45 I (Melkridge) 3 8 Drilling 60 30 Pb, Zn and Ba in soils from Area 2 (Brown Moor) 39 Conclusions and recommendations 68 I 31 Pb, Zn and Ba in soils from Area 3 Acknowledgements 69 (Newbrough) 40 32 Pb, Zn and Ba in soils from Area 4 (Torneys References 69 I Fell) 41 Appendix 1 Geochemical sampling methods 71 33 Pb, Zn and Ba in soils from Area 5 (Settling- stones) 42 Appendix 2 Methods of chemical analysis 71 34 Results from soil survey in Area 6 (Ewesley) 43 I Appendix 3 Table of anomalous panned 35 Location of geophysical surveys: key map 46 concentrate samples 7 2 36 Aeromagnetic contour map: Settlingstones Mine and surrounding area 48 Appendix 4 List of chemical analyses (micro- 37 Total magnetic field profiles at Melkridge 49 I fiche) In pocket 38 Magnetic traverses and anomalies north-west of the Melkridge survey area 50 39 Traverse locations and total magnetic field FIGURES I profiles in the Settlingstones area 51 Area of investigation 2 40 Location map for geophysical traverses at Geography of Lower Carboniferous 4 Brown Moor 53 Geological map of Northumberland 5 I 41 Total magnetic field profiles at Brown Dinantian succession in Northumberland 6 hl00r 54 Comparative Tournaisian succession 7 42 Location map for geophysical traverses at Comparative Visean succession 8 Newbrough and Torneys Fell 55 1 Mints, trials and mineral shows in 43 Total magnetic field profiles at Torneys Northumberland 10 Fell 57 8 Main elements of structure from Landsat 44 Total magnetic field profiles at Newbrough 58 imagery 12 I 45 a) hIode profiles of total magnetic field anomaly 9 Sample sites for stream sediment samples 13 LLC~OSSa fault in the \t’hin Sill 10 Panned concentrate data - Barium IG b) An interpretation of the Ncwbrough 11 Panned concentrate data - Copper 17 I magnetic anomal) 59 12 Panned concentrate data - Lead 18 46 Locations of ,“;cwbrou$ boreholes 6 1 13 Panned concclntrate data - Zinc 19 -l7 Element distributions and magnetic suscept- 14 Stream sediment data - Barium 20 ibilit). measurements from Newbroqh bore- I 15 Stream sediment data - Copper 21 hole 1 62 16 Stream sediment data - Lead 22 48 I:lcmc~nt distributions and magnetic susccptibil- I7 Stream scdimcnt data - Zinc 23 ity measurements from Ncwbrough borchole 2 18 Barium contents of panned concentrates 1 63 from the northeastern part of the sulvc’) D arca 24 I 49 Element distributions and magnetic susceptibil- ity measurements from Newbrough borchole 3 64 50 Element distributions and magnetic susceptibil- ity measurements from Newbrough borehole 4 65 51 Interpretation of Newbrough borchole data 67
TABLES Inter-clement correlation coefficients signifi- cant at the 99% confidence limit for 1875 panned concentrates 33 A correlation coefficient matrix based on 2002 stream sediment samples 35 Values of lead, zinc and barium in soils 35 Soil sample depths 35 Comparison of deep (Cobra) and shallow (hand auger) soil samples (Newbrough) 37 Summary statistics for soil samples from Ewesley area 37 Details of boreholes at Newbrough 60 Some trace element data for samples of unaltered and altered Whin Sill 68 SUMMARY Several of these linear magnetic anomalies were further examined by geochemical (soil sampling) A geochemical and geophysical reconnaissance and ground-geophysical techniques. The geo- programme was commenced in 1978 to investigate chemical data obtained from the soil traverses in the favourability of the large Carboniferous deposi- the areas examined did not provide unequivocal tional trough underlying Northumberland for the information, values for the ore elements being discovery of new metalliferous mineral deposits generally low. and/or new styles of mineralisation. The long One magnetic anomaly indicating an east- historical association of the southern part of ward extension of the Sun Vein near to the area with successful mining ventures Newbrough was identified as a drilling target, indicated that a more comprehensive evaluation of and four inclined boreholes were drilled from two potential was justified. The importance of the sites to test the fault structure affecting the Whin Whin Sill as a host lithology had long been Sill as interpreted from the magnetic data. Three recognised and the disposition of the Sill played a of the holes were continued to sufficient depth to significant part in determining the direction of pass through the Whin Sill and into the sediments effort in the area. beneath. Sufficient information was obtained from The association of mineral deposits with fault- the holes to permit stratigraphic correlation ing in the Whin Sill was considered to justify an between them and also to establish structural airborne magnetic survey for mapping such relationships, while considerable variation in the structures in that part of the basin underlain by the texture and degree of alteration of the quartz- sill at shallow depth. The main geochemical effort dolerite was apparent in the cores. Base metal involved a drainage reconnaissance of the entire mineralisation associated with the alteration of the Lower Carboniferous trough area. Sill, and also in some of the carbonate sediments, The geochemical data obtained from stream was identified. sediments and panned concentrates were processed Chemical analyses of samples from the Whin bY computer, employing simple statistical Sill quantify the changes in composition effected techniques from which a number of anomalous by the process of hydrothermal alteration. areas were defined which are not attributable Magnetic susceptibility values determined on to either the known ore bodies or artificial the Whin Sill core show great variability, consistent contamination. The data derived from the regional with the variation in the degree of alteration to geochemical survey identified not only the known White Whin. (and now largely worked out) mining areas but also a number of other areas with anomalously high metal values. Barium, in stream sediments and panned concentrates, was a reliable indicator of INTRODUCTION mineralisation and identified the Settlingstones- Whinnetley-Fallowfield area. High barium values The area under investigation occupies some 4500 in concentrates were also obtained from an area km2 in Northumberland, extending from to the south of Rothbury (Ewesley Farm) which Bewcastle in the southwest to the North Sea coast is geographically remote from any known mineral- near Berwick-on-Tweed. The area is covered by isation. Soil samples subsequently collected in this Ordnance Survey 1:50 000 topographic sheets 75, arca also contained elevated barium values, and it is 80, 8 1, 85, 86, 87 and by the published Geological considered that unexposed barium mineralisation Sheets 1 and 2, 3 and 4 at a scale of 4 miles to 1” exists in the area, probably associated with a in addition to the one-inch to one mile Geological fracture cutting the Whin Sill. Sheets 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14, 18, 19 and 20 From the airborne geophysical data a number (Figure 1). of linear magnetic anomalies were identified, The area ranges in elevation from sea level to several of which can be equated with known fault >500 m. There is a wide range of terrain, from the structures or their probable extensions. Of the gently rolling, largely glacial drift-covered, faults thus indicated, some have carried significant intensely farmed coastal arca to upland moorland mineralisation, and apparently related magnetic and forest. The glacial deposits are of different anomalies in their vicinity were thus identified as types, mainly derived from the west and north- of possible mineral exploration significance. west by movement of the Western Ice from the
1 -\ f / Area of investigation \ -/
One - inch Geological E
Kelso l 0LV 10 Kms
‘0
5 . 5 I- 5 4n . J
Figure 1. Area of investigation
2 Southern Uplands and Cheviots. Boulder clay, stones, limestones and subordinate sandstones are 6-9 m thick, is widespread over many parts of known from the Bewcastle-Canonbie area, result- . P the area, with drumlin fields and areas of glacial 1w xrom deposition under shallow marine outwash. conditions; many of the limestones are algal. Little regional mineral exploration had been To the northeast, conditions became undertaken prior to this reconnaissance, except progressively less marine, and the succession thins in the area bordering the Cheviot Complex and is more arenaceous. The occurrence of algal (Haslam, 1975; Leake and Haslam, 1978). Informa- limestones in the top 40 m of the succession (here tion from the two earlier investigations has been about 220 m in total thickness) allows correlation incorporated into the report. Sampling in the to be made with the succession in the Bewcastle Bewcastle area was undertaken by field parties area; but the general characteristics of the sedi- engaged in the compilation of the Lake District mentary rocks show close similarity to the Cement- sheet in the Regional Geochemical Atlas, and stones= Group which is 700 m thick in the some data obtained from this source have also Rothbury-Cheviot area. The succession in the been incorporated. most northeasterly area consists of a sequence of mudstones, sandstones and cementstones with algal limestones occurring locally. As in the Tournaisian, the sediments of the Visean (Figure 6) vary in thickness as well as GEOLOGY lithology when traced from southwest to north- INTRODUCTION east through the trough. The Middle Border Group, The present structural framework of Northern near to the base of the Visean, comprises 250 m England was initiated by the northward movement of deltaic sandstones in the northeast but laterally of the upper crust towards the rising Caledonides is represented by a thicker succession including (Leeder, 1974). This resulted in tensional stress more argillaceous and calcareous strata to the which was relieved by linear zones of brittle southwest. Lithologically the succession here is fracture; differential movement along these result- similar to the Border Group of similar age on the ed in the establishment of basin and block southern flanks of the Southern Uplands. structures (Figure 2). By Upper Palaeozoic time The lithologies of the succeeding Upper Border these elements of the structure were well establish- Group (Scremerston Coal Group) indicate ed, the rapid development of the basins being rhythmic sedimentation throughout the area, thin reflected in the great accumulation of sediments limestones alternating with thin coals, thick seat- within them. earths and mudstones, and grit/sandstone units; The Northumberland Trough is a Caledonoid they yield only a restricted marine fauna. The downwarp in which some 2500 m of sediments increasing amount of Yoredale cyclic sedimenta- accumulated during the Visean. It is bounded to tion (repeated limestone-mudstone-sandstone north and south by the stable areas of the South- units) indicates more widespread marine trans- ern Uplands and the Alston Block respectively. gressions, followed by delta progradation during The former probably remained as a topographically regression periods, over large areas of the trough. positive area (indeed it provided much of the sedi- Terrigenous detritus was still available from the mentary infill of the trough) throughout the Cheviot mass to the north and is recognised in the Carboniferous while the Alston Block survived as sandstones. South of Cheviot, the beds are thinner a land barrier until the last of the Visean and more calcareous, and form the Liddesdale transgressions (Figure 3). The Alston Block has a Group, the upper parts of which are associated Visean sequence of strata from the Melmerby with the known mineralisation. The thickness of Scar Limestone to the Great Limestone. this Group ranges from approximately 900 m in the northeast to more than 2000 m in the axial part of the trough. STRATIGRAPHY Sedimentation continued into the Namurian Within the trough, Carboniferous sediments from and Westphalian with decreasing marine influence, Tournaisian to Westphalian age are recognised these shallower water deposits being preserved in (Taylor and others, 197 1). The Lower Carbon- synclines mainly along the Stublick Fault Zone. iferous sedimentary succession is conveniently subdivided into five main groups covering the Tournaisian and Visean as shown in Figure 4. IGNEOUS ACTI VlTY The Tournaisian succession (Figure 5), represented The most important igneous event of the region by the Lower Border Group and equivalents, is was emplacement of the Whin Sill, there being exposed in several areas: at Bewcastle in the south- only a thin group of submarine basalts in the west, at Kielder and Redesdale in the centre, and Tournaisian of Redesdale. With a probable average in an arc surrounding the Cheviot massif north- thickness of some 30 m, the Sill generally lies in wards from Rothbury. the middle of the Upper Liddesdale Group, though Approximately 500 m of alternating mud- it also occurs at higher horizons.
3 1 I I I I I I I
I 0 50 100 Kms I <:Z:% Submerged by end of JOURNASIAN
D ------Submerged after beginning of D1 times I Figure 2. Geography of Lower Carboniferous (from Taylor and others, 1971) I I I I I I I I- I r
4Om
20=
00.
a0
Whin Sill and dykes Westphalian El Upper Carboniferous
Granite Namurian
,_ Faults 1lJ-J Visean Lower Carboniferous Tournasian I Pre-Devonian
Figure 3. Geological map of Northumberland NORTH ‘W & NW NORTH- NORTH NORTH- Area:. CUMBERLAND UMBERL AND UMBERLAND Overlying MILLSTONE GRIT UPPER LIMESTONE UPPER LIMESTONE SERIES GROUP GROUP beds: Great Lst Great Lst Great- Dry&n Ls t
MIDDLE MIDDLE UPPER P2 LIMESTONE GROUP LIMESTONE GROUF LIDDESDALE Oxford Lst Ox ford Lst D GROUP 2 LOWER LIMESTONE = P 1 Lower a Bmkbwses GROUP F Low Tipalt Lst Lst z -- LOWER LIMESTONE Dun Lst a B2 LOWER GROUP z LIDDESDALE Re&sdale Lst D 1 5 GROUP L =a SCREMERSTON OW - Naworth Bryozm Rmd SCREMERSTON UPPER COAL GROUP COAL GROUP 0 BORDER GROUP crz S Lu 2 LL Clattering Band ______-____-__-_--_------f 0 MIDDLE m FELL SANDSTONE FELL SANDSTONE fx BORDER GROUP a 0 C2% Whitberry Band GROUP GROUP az CAMBECK W CT , BEDS m--m- -I------I MAIN ALGAL CEMENTSTONE CEMENTSTONE
GROUP LYNEBANK COTTONSHOPE GROUP LAVAS &se not seen LOWER h \ FREESTONE BEDS KELSO LAVAS
Figure 4. Dinantian succession in Northumberland (from Taylor and others, 197 1)
ROTHBURY LOWER and pad nf TWF Fn ROTHBURY LOWER t and east of TWEED B6wCASTLEREDESDALE CHEVIOT LALLEY I I II II 1
Metry F;et \ b -r ’ L x ‘5 1 \w:s 100 - IO \ I I --500 I I \ 200 - \ \ R I
I 300 -1000
i : : ’. : Limestone R El Sandstone Conglomerate I lly’ :;d Volcanics I Figure 5. Comparative Tournaisian succession (from Taylor and others, 197 1) R 1 I I I I NORTH WEST NORTH CUMBERLAND NORTHUMBERLAND NORTHUMBERLAND
1 Limestone
Figure 6. Comparative Visean succession (from Taylor and others, 197 1)
8 In the northeastern part of the trough, the HISTORY OF MINING intrusion is seen locally as a pair of sills at different horizons. Dykes of similar quartz-doleritic Documentary evidence indicates that mining, composition also occur in the area, two of which particularly of lead ore (Smith, 1923)) was a wide- (St Oswald’s Chapel and Lewisburn-High Green spread commercial occupation, within the area of dykes) are of considerable length. At a number of the Northumberland Trough, by the end of the locations in the trough there are also northwest- eighteenth century (Figure 7). At least two of the southeast trending basic dykes, for example the better known mines of the area, Settlingstones and Acklington dyke [NU 2300201 , which are related Fallowfield, have documented history back into to a Tertiary event. the 17th century. During the 18th and 19th Fitch and Miller (1967) obtained an age of 295 centuries and early years of the 20th, a number of + 6 Rla for the Whin intrusion; recalculation using relatively small mines and trials were opened with new constants gives 301 + 6 Ma. varying economic success, and exploitation of The Whin Sill is of considerable importance to some of the established mines continued well into the economic geology of the area, since when the 20th century, finally ceasing with the closure hydrothermally altered it is a favoured host for of the mine at Settlingstones in 1968. mineralisation. A number of the most productive During the latter part of the 19th century the orebodies in the area (Settlingstones, Stonecroft mines northeast of Morralee, including Waterhouse, and Greyside) occupy positions within the \Vf+-: Whinnetley, Langley Barony, Settlingstones and Sill. Stonecroft/Greyside, were at their maximum production and collectively produced some 132 700 tons of lead concentrate and 364 000 tons S TR UCTURE of witherite, the latter entirely from the Settling- The composition and structure of the Lower stones mine. Silver is recorded from all the mines, Palaeozoic basement beneath the Northumberland in concentrations varying from 2.3 oz to 7 oz per Trough can only be inferred by extrapolation of ton of lead concentrate. The above mines fall the Lower Palaeozoic features of the Southern along a pronounced northeast-trending system of Uplands. There, the main structural trend is north- sub-parallel faults that has been invaded by eastwards and it may reasonably be assumed that mineralising solutions. this Caledonide direction dominates the grain of Outside this mineralised zone, the mineral the basement of the Northumberland Trough. occurrences are small and many were not econom- Emplacement of the granitic masses of Cheviot ically viable, the exception being at Fallowfield (on and Weardale during Lower Old Red Sandstone another approximately northeasterly-trending times gave rise to slow isostatic uplift which was structure) which during the 19th century produced responsible for the initiation of the Stublick- an estimated 105 000 tons of witherite and more Ninety Fathom Fault system close to the northern than 10 000 tons of lead concentrate containing margin of the Weardale intrusion, and for the an average of 4 oz per ton silver. similar Alwinton-Ridlees Fault system south of the Cheviot mass. Continuing uplift led to erosion 01’ the sedimentary cover of both ‘granites, basal Carboniferous conglomerates containing boulders PREVIOUS EXPLORATION derived from thcsc granites. During the Carboniferous, the structural Prior to the work under review, there had been no dcprcssion bounded by the fault systems activated attempt to investigate this large Lower Carbon- during the emplacement of the granites was the site iferous sedimentary basin on a regional scale. of the accumulation of’ a considerable (up to The Cheviot arca was examined by Lcakc and 2000 m) thickness of scdimcnt. Haslam (1978) who carried out a geochcmical The cffccts of Hcl-cynian movements in the study using panned concentrates from stream arca are idcsntified by the formation of the sediments. An earlier study of stream waters and Bcwcastle and Lemmington anticlinal structures, stream sediments from the Cheviot area was the result of gcncrally west-cast compression. reported by Haslam (1975). Thcrc followed a period of wrench faulting, and iZ small suite of panned concentrates had the continuing build-up of stress within the also been collcctcd from the Kelso map sheet hitherto stable Cheviot Granite was dissipatc\d b>v (Smith, R. T., orai communication, 1980) in the the dcvelopmcnt of major dcxtral wrench faults. course of a geochemical sumc). of the Lower ‘I’hc~ intrusion of lhc Whin Sill and associated dykcs C;Lrbonifcrous rocks at the southern boundary of is rclatc~d to this phase of inovcment. the Southern Uplands. Information relating to the Renewed comprcbssion after the intrusion, and Carboniferous areas from thcsc surveys has been rcnc\vcd movcmcnt along prc-existing fractures, considered in the results obtained in the recent WX4 an important part of the later structural survey. In addition, material collected in the area history of’ the region, since all the major, and most of the Bewcastle anticlinc for ultimate inclusion of the minor or-c bodies arc spatial])- rclatcd to in the Lake District sheet of the Geochcmical faults. ‘atlas of Great Britain, has also been used. 9 Kilometres
0 Mines and trials a . /_ \;_ Cheviot Intrusive 67
ALNWICKm
lDartington
l Kirkwhelpington *Quarryhouse
!e,s0 \ l Fallowfield
j80 420
Figure 7. Mines, trails and mineral shows in Northumberland
10 LANDSAT IMAGERY part with the mapped boundary between the D2 and D3 sediments in the Carboniferous succession. The literature search that preceded the field- This feature also coincides, in its middle section, work indicated that there was a strong spatial with a zone where the Whin intrusion is represent- relationship betwen the location of known mineral- ed by two sills. isation and mapped faults. At an early stage of the The main lineaments as outlined (1 and 3) investigation it was, therefore, decided to examine above seem to define clearly the margins of the Landsat images in order to investigate the Alston Block, being equated to the Stublick- possibility that some major structural control Ninety Fathom and the Pennine Fault zones, while could be identified. The study was undertaken on the NE-SW lineaments (2) may, by virtue of their 1:250 000 prints of bands 5, 6 and 7 of the similar characteristics, be regarded as defining a Landsat image taken on 8 June, 1975. Geographical block extending SW from the Cheviot mass which and geological control was based on the published could be interpreted as a marginal downfaulted 4 mile to 1 inch geological sheeets 1, 2 and 4. segment of the Southern Uplands massif. It also Linear features were identified by eye or with seems probable that these bounding fractures a 5 inch hand lens, but no attempt was made at played a role in (a) generally delimiting the north- the plotting stage of the investigation to ward extent of the Northumberland Carboniferous differentiate between or to identify the origin of trough and (b) exerting some specific control on the lineations. the size of the Upper Carboniferous basin in This Landsat analysis shows (Figure 8) that particular. there are 4 main directions of linear features: The significance of the remote sensing work is NE-SW, NW-SE, N-S and E-W. No attempt that it helps to determine a three-dimensional struct- has been made statistically to evaluate their ural model of the region, of value in delineating the directional frequency, but the NE and NW areas in which mineralisation is most likely to be directions appear to occur most frequently. The found. Using a working hypothesis of migrating lineaments vary in length from 0.5 km to more fluids being expelled from deeper parts of a sedi- than 25 kms. Their density is not uniform, there mentary basin, then this simple structural analysis being a less dense pattern in the area to the south- identifies, in broadest terms, the area likely to be west of the Cheviot complex (which may reflect the locus of mineral deposition. The area of the dominantly moorland characteristics of the mineralisation in the Haltwhistle-corbridge- area). By contrast, a high density of fractures Hallington triangle coincides with the junction occurs in the southeast, despite the fact that much of two ‘lines of least resistance’, the northern of this area has been subject, for a considerable margin of the Alston Block and a major NE-SW period, to agricultural development, a factor that lineament. in many areas results in the suppression of all but the strongest linear features. Of the features shown on Figure 8, three sets of fractures are most prominent. GEOCHEMICAL SURVEY 1 an E-W system to the south of the S. Tyne River. INTRODUCTION 2 a pair of long (in excess of 40 km) features The reconnaissance geochcmical sampling was trending NE-SW lying to the north and south based on stream sediments and panned of the Cheviot complex and extending SW as far concentrates. Descriptions of the sample collection as the E-W system referred to in 1. techniques and methods of chemical analysis are 3 a seric,s of approximately NW-SE features given in Appendices 1 and 2. on the eastern side of the Vale of Eden. Sample sites for the stream sediments (approxi- The interpretation of the features referred to in mately 2000) were selected to give an average 1 and 3 is relatively straightforward, since the sampling density of 1 sample per 2-2.5 km* former is clearly7 the Stublick-Ninety. Fathom (Figure 9). Panned concentrates, although Fault zone and its extensions beneath yrounger collected only from selected sites, were obtained cover to cast and west, while the latter is the in sufficient numbers to represent all the main Pennine Fault sy’stem. drainage basins. The ca1isc of the NE-SW, approximately. Soil sampling was restricted to six relatively parallel, l‘c~aturcs referred to in 2, is less apparent. small areas, five of which were defined from the The most northerly of the pair coincides approxi- csamination of data from the airborne geo- match. with the boundary between the Loivcr phy sical survey. The sixth area, at Ewesley, was Palaeozoic (mainly Silurian) rocks of the Southern selected on the basis of high barium values Uplands and the Carboniferous sediments at the obtained from panned concentrates. The soil margin of the Northumberland Trough. The samples were taken by hand auger from depths parallel linear feature some 30 km to the SE lies varying from 0.5 to 1.0 m beneath surface. along the line of an intra-Carbonifcrous Fault at its Spacing between samples varied from area to area northeastern end; but to the SW it coincides in depending upon local conditions and the overall \, ‘x\ ; -
Figure 8. Main elements of structure from Landsat imagery
12 size of the area being investigated. In two of the indicative of contamination by non-geological areas, additional deep till samples were collected materials, since samples derived from the rocks of using a power auger in order to investigate further the area would not be expected to contain more the possibility that better geochemical contrast than a few ppm of tin. Anomalously high values could be obtained from the deeper samples. due to mining activity have also been identified and are indicated on Figures 22-25. Samples containing anomalous levels of one DRAINAGE BASIN RECONNAISSANCE or more of the ore elements (Cu, Ba, Pb and Zn) Data from the geochemical reconnaissance were are listed in Appendix 3. The results presented processed using the G-EXEC system on an IBM below pay particular attention to areas where 360/195 computer at the Rutherford Laboratory. several anomalies occur in a single drainage system The data for the stream sediments and panned (i.e. a train of anomalies). For this interpretation concentrates are presented in the following way: all samples falling in the two top classes (i.e. the 1 Raw analytical and locational data are listed, top 7.5% of each data set) are considered to be by sample number, on microfiche as Appendix 4. anomalous. 2 A cumulative frequency graph for each element is plotted and four class intervals selected at 50% Panned concentrates 75%, 92.5% and 97.5% of the number of samples Co@Wr values are generally low, ranging from in the data set. This is a less rigourous definition <3 ppm to 263 ppm. The range is greater than of class intervals than that of taking the mean If: n that described by Leake and Haslam (1978) for standard deviations, or the method of cumulative Lower Carboniferous panned concentrates probability plots described by Sinclair (1976). collected from an area adjacent to the northwest The method employed, considering the quality of of the survey area. However, the range of values the data used, achieves the objective of defining for the copper content of the panned concentrates anomalous samples without recourse to the more is narrow compared with that of the other ore rigid statistical treatment of the alternative methods elements. Many of the samples in the highest and the assumptions that they involve. class (2140 ppm) are considered to be contaminat- 3 Sixteen elements were determined on all the ed, leaving a fairly even distribution of ‘non- panned concentrate samples, but for the purpose contaminated’, anomalous values. of this report only results from the four main There are no significantly anomalous groups elements of economic interest, barium, copper, of samples in drainage basins, most of the high lead and zinc, are reproduced and discussed values occurring in isolated samples. The high (Figures 10-13). The same suite of elements is copper in two streams draining Harden Edge considered from the stream sediment survey (NT 792 066) confirm the observation of Leake (Figures 14-17). I n order to achieve graphical and Haslam (1978) that copper occurs as chalcopy- resolution, only the two top classes as defined rite in concentrates derived from the Silurian above are plotted with proportional symbol size, sediments near Thirl Moor. all the remaining classes being depicted at a single Lead reports in a wide range of values between smaller, symbol size. <8 ppm and 977 ppm, with a logarithmic mean of 4 Areas of significant anomalies are presented 27 ppm. The anomalously high samples (21250 on a larger scale to show the drainage pattern PP”) occur in two well defined zones, the (Figures 18-25). southern part of the area and the region in the east 5 The logarithmic means, along with some basic (see Figures 24 and 20). statistical parameters, are calculated and presented In the south, the disused mining localities are in Figure 26, and element correlation coefficients readily identified at Acomb [NY 93671 and along arc shown in Tables 1 and 2. a line from north of Newbrough [NY 86681 south- The raw data, as listed in Appendix 4, were westwards to Morralee Wood [NY 80631. The subjected to simple statistical treatment. The mean anomalous samples collected from streams to the value and range (defined as the mean + two south of Dipton Wood [NY 97601 contained standard deviations) for each element are yellow lcad-bearing glass (Haslam, 1978). summarised in Figure 26. Anomalous samples (i.e, A number of drainage basins in the southern those in the highest class interval) were checked area contain high lead values not readily explained. for possible contamination and those considered These are Beltingham Burn and Kingswood Burn, to be contaminated are identified on the geo- draining eastwards from Ridley Common [NY chemical maps of panned concentrates. Contamina- 77611 ; Howden Burn [NY 74621 ; northwest of tion of two types has been recognised, that by Vindolanda [NY 75661 ; and to the south of artifacts identifiable by sample site inspection Plenmellcr Common [NY 72591. (when the samples were taken), and that High lead contents of panned concentrates attributable to high values of Sn recorded in the from the east of the survey area tend to be chemical analyses. In the case of the panned isolated, and many of them are interpreted as being concentrates, values in excess of 82 ppm Sn due to contamination. (equivalent to the 92.5% value) are regarded as Zinc content ranges between 12 and 2042
14 PPm, with a logarithmic mean of 155 ppm. of RAF Spadeadam; Red Beck [NY 62671 south Anomalously high zinc values indicate the disused of RAF Spadeadam; Haining Burn and Hartley mining localities described above, though there are Burn [NY 64591 6 k m southwest of Haltwhistle; values in the upper class (22100 ppm) distributed the stream draining north off Plenmeller Common across the entire survey area. An area of high zinc [NY 72611 3 k m southeast of Haltwhistle; the values west of Spadeadam Forest [NY 60701 is stream draining northwards off Ridley Common unusual in that none of the other ore elements is [NY 76621 3 km southwest of Bardon Mill; high. the stream draining Haughton Common [NY Barium exhibits a range of values from 19 80721 9 km northwest of Haydon Bridge; ppm to nearly 6.5% (logarithmic mean is 1122 Otterburn Camp [NY 89961; and Raylees Burn ppm). The higher values tend to occur in the north- [NY 92911 4 k m southeast of Otterburn. It is east (Figure 18) and the south (Figure 22). Like likely that the anomalies around RAF Spadeadam lead and zinc, barium distribution reflects the old and Otterbum Camp are the result of contamina- mining localities to the west of Hexham, but high tion from military debris. values are found in streams draining eastwards off Barium content of the sediments ranges Ridley Common [NY 7 76 l] , in an area with no between 155 and 1413 ppm with a logarithmic known mineralisation. mean value of 468 ppm. The distribution of high Figure 18 shows the large number of values is similar to that seen from the panned anomalously high barium samples (266670 ppm) concentrates, namely zones of high barium in the located in several drainage basins in the area to the south and in the northeast. south of Rothbury. The existence of these high values is not attributable to mining activity, or Discussion of results contamination, and the area was further examined The analytical data from the drainage basin recon- by means of a soil sampling grid. naissance survey suggests that a large number of sites can be considered as anomalously high in one Sediments or more of the significant elements, barium, lead, Copper values form a good single lognormal zinc and copper. The sites indicated by the panned population with a logarithmic mean of 11 ppm and concentrate samples are listed in Appendix 3 with a narrow range from 3 to 41 ppm. There is a an indication (where known) of the source of the concentration of the higher values in the south of anomaly. High copper and zinc, in particular, can the area, with values from both the top (227 ppm) in many instances be attributed to contamination and second class interval (20-26 ppm). The known and it is also noted that contamination of this type mineralised localities to the north and west of produces a long train of anomaly, an observation Hexham are more clearly defined by the sediment well shown by King Water draining southwest- samples than by the corresponding panned concen- wards from RAF Spadeadam [NY 61701. trates. Anomalous stream basins identified from With the exception of several areas listed the sediment sample data (but not from the above, prospective drainage basins are indicated panned concentrates) occur near Newbiggin [NY by the existence of both panned concentrate 9446071 and Dipton Mill [NY 9306101 3 km and sediment anomalies in barium, lead and zinc. south of Hexham. Sediments collected from the High copper values in sediment identify arcas of area north of Ottcrburn Camp [NY 89961 contain known mineralisation. The presence of high barium high copper attributed to military debris. values in both sediments and panned concentrates Lvcld concc’n tration has a logarithmic mean of give a particularly good indication of areas of 48 ppm, with 3 range from 13 to 174 ppm. The mineralisation. distribution is lognormal with a slight positive Uncontaminated samples high in Ba, Pb, %n skew caused by a small number of very high lead and Cu come from two distinct arcas, n;uncl)~, values from the disuscd mining localities in the jr, the south, between Hexham and Haltwhistle, south. Figure 6 shows that, apart from a few and f’urtllcr to the northeast, approximately isolated occurrcnccs, the majority of the 11 km to the south 01‘ Rothhuq . The analytical anomalous valr~cs arc iu the south. Although data from the pannrd conccntratc samples broader, thcsc correspond to those identified by collected from these arcas are shown in Figures the p;mned concentrate delta. Sediment saml)l(~s 18-25. with anomalous Icatl values, collcctcd 3 ktn south The 76 panned concentrate samples from the ()I’ EItxham, also have high copper values. arca to the north of Kclso do not indicate* any %~‘)zc values have ;I logarithmic mean of 135 anomalo~ls metal concentratiolls. ppm, with a range from 31 to 589 ppm. IIigh zinc The soulhem part of the Nort humbcrland values ;trc found predominantly in the south, in Basin contains sc\,cral abandoned mining localities, a 71011~displaced to the west from the zone oL‘ high all of kvhich arc well clarified b) the I&L, Pb and lcad. I’hcrc> arc a number of streams where Zn distributions. The anomalicas to the south of ;~nomalous \;~lucs I’or zinc arc more abundant in Bat-doll Mill [NY 7826451, around Ridlcy scaditncnts than in the corresponding panned Common, could reflect an extension of the concentrates: King Water [NY 59691 southwest mineral deposits mined at several places along a
15
BARIUM (concentrate)
PPm Ba
0 >, 66,670 l >, 28,990< 66,670
l c 28,990
Samplecontaminated (determtned for top 2 classes only - see text)
586
Figure 18. Barium contents of panned concentrates from the northeastern part of the survey area 600 COPPER I bncentrate)
PPm cu
l < 63 samplecontaminated (determined @ for top 2 classes only- see text)
KIlometres 0 !
Netherwitton
586
Figure 19. Copper contents of panned concentrates from the northeastern part of the survey area LEAD (concentrate)
PPm Pb
0 > 1,250 . >, 352<1,250
l < 352 sampiecontaminated bLietermined @ for top 2 classes only- see text 1
Kllotnt’!les 0 i 2 3 \ - .-
N o‘,
Netherwltton 59i
I I 58 1-n Alfl 41
Figure 20. Lead contents of panned concentrates from the northeastern part of the survey area 600 ZINC (concentrate) PPm 2-l
0 2 2,100 . >/ 980<2,100
. < 980
sample contamtnated kieterrnined for top 2 classes only - see text 1
N T T -s-----J \ R
Netherwltton
58C
Figure 2 1. Zinc contents of panned concentrates from the northeastern part of the survey area >, 66670 BARIUM 0 l 2 28990<66670 ppm f%I (concentrate’) l C 28990
Contaminated Sdmples (determlned for top two classes only)
Dlsused Mine
Figure 22. Barium contents of panned concentrates from the southern part of the survey area I a >, 140 ‘p 1 y~~<140 PPmCu Contaminated Samples for top two classes only)
Dlsused Mine
560 t
370
Figure 23. Copper contents of panned concentrates from the southern part of the survey area 2 352 < 1250
560 ?
370 380 mu Figure 24. Lead contents of panned concentrates from the southern part of the survey area a >, 2100 . a 980<2100 PPm Zn . < 980 Contamrliated Samples (determlned for top two classes only)
380
Figure 25. Zinc contents of panned concentrates from the southern part of the survey area line between Morralee and Stonecroft (Figure 7). 1974). An uncontaminated concentrate sample To the south and southwest of Haltwhistle, stream from the River Font, to the north of Netherwitton, sediments are derived from Upper Carboniferous contains nearly 13% Ba. Many samples with high rocks and it is possible that some of the high metal Ba values are recorded from a number of stream values are associated with bands of coal (Mason, basins in this area, but there are no recorded 1966). occurrences of barium mineralisation. Smith Streams draining the Alston Block were not (1923) reports several small isolated lead veins in sampled, but it is unlikely that any of the the area, including those at Redpath mine in the anomalous areas in the south of the trough are Harwood Forest south of Simonside [NZ 010930] ; related to mineralisation in this area. There is some Hartington Farm in Hartington [NZ 02881 ; and evidence, however, that Dipton Mill [NY 9306101 Whitton Dene south of Rothbury [NZ 0559991. and Dipton Wood [NY 97601 were on a route Haslam (1975) reports high barium in stream along which ore, either raw or part processed, sediments from localities underlain by Lower was transported from the North Pennine orefield Carboniferous rocks in the area to the south of the to the River Tyne. In the streams draining Dipton Cheviots. As there are no barium minerals Wood lead glass was observed in the panned reported to occur in the sandstone (Robson, concentrate samples. Zinc, barium and copper 1956), he suggests that the barium in the sedi- values are not high in these concentrates but are ments could be derived from micas in the glacial high in the respective sediments. The difference drift, a tentative suggestion supported by the in the recorded values is clearly related to the grain observation that high barium values occur in other size of the analysed material, the metallic areas of the Cheviots where widespread boulder elements being identified with the finer (-100 BS) clay (with micas) has been mapped. However, this material which could have been introduced into is not supported by the high Ba values from the sedimentary cycle from ore processing panned concentrates obtained in the present study, procedures. which are due to the presence of baryte. The northeastern part of the trough is Pearson correlation coefficients for elements characterised by very high levels of barium in determined in the panned concentrates are given in both sediments and panned concentrates. Table 1. There is a good correlation between Threshold values for the upper class interval in barium and strontium which can be attributed to the sediments and concentrates are 1270 ppm Ba the presence of strontium in baryte. Other heavy and 66670 ppm Ba respectively. These compare minerals observed in the concentrates, such as with an average barium abundance of 100 ppm in garnets, hornblende and metallic oxides, account limestones and 700 ppm in shales (Levinson, for the good correlations found with Mn, Fe, Ti
Table 1 Inter-element correlation coefficients significant at the 99% confidence limit for 1875 panned concentrates (data log transformed)
Correlation coefficient Elenzm t 0.30-0.40 0.41-0.50 0.51-0.60 0.61-o. 70 0.71-0.80 0.81-0.90
Ce -Ba, Ti Ba -Ce, Cu, Ca, Ti Fe Pb, Zn, Ni, Mn . Sr Sb Sn Sn Sb, Ni Pb, Fe, Mn, Ti Pb cu Sn, Ti Ba, Zn, Ca Ni, Fe, Mn, Sr Zn cu, Ca Mn Ba, Pb, Ni, Fe, Sr cu Ba, Pb, Zn, Ca Sr Ni Fc, Mn, Ti Ca Ba, Zn, Cu Ti Sr, Pb, Ni Fe, Mn Ni Sn Sr, Ba, Zn, Cu, Ca Pb, Ti Fe, Mn Il’c cu Ba, Sn Zn Sr, Pb, Ca, Ti Ni Mn Mn cu Sn, Zn Ba Sr, Pb, Ca, Ti Ni Fe Ti Ce, Ba, Cu Sn, Pb, Ca, Sr Ni, Fe, Mn Sr* Cu, Ti Zn, Ca, Ni Pb, Fe, Mn Ba
*Based on 1371 samples
33 AREAS OF SOIL SAMPLING -NORTHUMBERLAND TROUGH EWESLEY
1BERWICK
IA reas of soil sampling (\MELKRIDGE HEXHAM v 0 . HAYDON BRIDGE x>o00 Main faults 0 5km Figure 27. Six areas of soil eOutcrop Whin Sill c: sampling in the Northumberland c ‘70 380 390 400 Trough 1 1 and Ni. Barium, zinc and lead show good correla- areas l-6. An examination of the data in tion with each other, but poor correlation with this Table and the accompanying figures shows copper. In the stream sediments (Table 2) the that the background values at Settlingstones copper shows a better correlation with lead and (mineralised structure) are not higher than zinc than is found in the panned concentrates. those reported for the other five areas. In fact, the background data show them to be significantly Table 2 A correlation coefficient matrix based on lower than comparable values at Brown Moor and 2002 stream sediment samples (all significant at Newbrough. The maximum recorded values for the the 99% confidence limit) individual elements Pb, Zn and Ba occur at Newbrough. CU Pb Zn Ba Table 4 shows the percentage of samples that were obtained from depths shallower than 1 m cu - 0.42 0.5 1 0.32 (which was the preferred depth of sampling). Pb 0.42 - 0.60 0.49 Table 4 Soil sample depths Zn 0.51 0.60 - 0.54 YO shallower than 1 m Range of depth (cm) Ba 0.32 0.49 0.54 - Melkridge 66 10-130 Brown Moor 64 20-120 SOIL SAMPLING Newbrough 24 55-l 10 Soil sampling was undertaken in six areas (Figure Torneys Fell 27 20-120 27): Settlingstones 34 75-120 Grid reference of area centre Ewesley 100 10-90 1 Melkridge NY 720658 2 Brown Moor NY 840695 3 Newbrough NY 872685 The greater difficulty of achieving the 4 Torneys Fell NY 870700 preferred sampling depth in the Melkridge and 5 Settlingstones NY 844680 Brown Moor areas was due to the characteristics 6 Ewesley NZ 062922 of the overburden. At Melkridge, although glacial Of these areas l-4 were located on linear drift is believed to be relatively thin, it is common- geophysical anomalies and area 5 was regarded as a ly of a ‘tight’ clay with lithic fragments, whilst in ‘control’ area over a known vein system. Sampling the Brown Moor area the thicker superficial at locality 6 (Ewesley) was undertaken following deposits contain a high proportion of large the discovery of anomalous Ba values in the boulders, which impede penetration by hand auger. ’ panned concentrates. In order to test whether deeper sampling would The samples collected from areas I-5 were have a significant effect on geochemical contrast, analysed by AAS (Appendix 1). Five elements a limited number of holes was put down at (Pb, Zn, Ba, Mn and Sr) were determined by Melkridge and Newbrough using a Cobra power Mather Research Ltd, Rothbury. Soils from auger. A comparison of the analyses obtained Ewesley (area 6) were analysed for Cu, Pb, from the two sample types is shown in Table 5, Zn and Ba by XRF at the IGS laboratories. The and plotted in Figure 28. In general, the data , untreated data were plotted graphically (Figures indicate that the values obtained from deeper 28-33). Data for area 6 are shown in contoured samples enhance the contrast. Barium, zinc and format in Figure 34. Background values were taken strontium well illustrate this improvement, from simple cumulative frequency curves at the although the Cobra data for iron and lead show 50 percentile level. only minor advantages over the shallower sampling. Table 3 summarises background, maximum and minimum values of the elements in soils from Table 3 Values of lead, zinc and barium in soils (ppm) Area 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pb 30 5-235 46 25-1000 50 lo-1150 30 20-45 35 25-150 40 19-136 Zn 40 6-350 (J6 40-210 80 34-2850 7.2 32-102 60 18-440 56 7-196 Ba 100 20-1760 260 80-720 330 140-6000 185 60-300 225 80-1760 426 215-12400 The median (in italic) is followed by the minimum and maximum Soils from areas 1-5 analysed by AAS, those from area 6 by XRF 35 100 Ln ppm 0 150 Sr wm 100 10 Fe % 0 1000 Mn ppm 0 Pb PP: 0 500 Ba ppm 0 E 3li4 i0 2; i4 26 i8 ;8 4;) 4i 4-4 (6 :8 Sample nos. I 0-0 Auger hole data 0 250 5OOm l -* Cobra deep sampling 1 I I Posit ion of magnetic 1 (low) anomaly Figure 28. Comparative values between shallow auger and deeper cobra sampling in Area 3 (Newbrough) The location of line EFG is indicated on Figure 3 1 36 Table 5 Comparison of deep (Cobra) and shallow same trend as that identified by the geophysics (hand auger) soil samples (Newbrough) (Figure 3 1). These combined data were considered of sufficient interest to warrant a small scout Co bra Hand auger drilling programme. Median Min.-hlax. hIedian Min.-Max. Torneys Fell Pb 35 10-55 45 10-1451 There is no clear relationship in this location Zn 63 34-420 98 34-280 between the geochemical data and the geophysical Ba 360 200-3200 290 200-720 anomaly (Figure 32). Sr 135 36-280 72 36-110 Settlingstones Mn 440 280-l 150 600 250-2400 The main vein system is delineated reasonably Fe% 2.8 1.9-7.0 3.3 2.0-4.4 closely by peaking of the values for Pb, Zn and Ba in the soils (Figure 33). Additionally, each of the All values in ppm, except Fe hnents shows a small peak in values some 300 m to the NW of the veins, peaks which do not Melkridgc obviously reflect any mapped mineralised structure. Values are generally low. Peaks are dispersed about Values in the soils here are not markedly different the geophysical anomaly, Pb and Ba showing a from those obtained from the other areas. sympathetic relationship (Figure 29). The geo- physical data and some field observations suggest Ewesley that the magnetic anomaly is caused by an Unlike any of the other areas, Ewesley was unexposed Tertiary dyke at shallow depth. sampled on the evidence of anomalous Ba values obtained from the stream sediment reconnaissance. Brown Moor The geology of the area is of poorly exposed The distribution of geochemical values does not sandstones and shales of the Upper Limestone identify an unequivocal trend (Figure 30). The Group striking NE-SW and dipping gently to the eastern end of the area shows greater geochemical SE. Several coal bands occur in the southeast contrasts (particularly in Ba), which may relate corner of the area. Evidence of Ba mineralisation in to local mineralisation, to the effect of decreasing the area is known from joints and small veinlets overburden thickness, or to a combination of both in the bedrock. these factors. The interpretation of geochemical The distribution of barium, lead, zinc and data in this area is not conclusive, but if faulting copper in the soils from this area is shown in in the Whin Sill is responsible for the magnetic Figure 34. Analytical data have been examined anomaly, then the geochemical values may reflect on cumulative plots (Sinclair, 1976), from which mineralisation of the type known locally. were calculated the parameters given in Table 6. Barium There are two distinct populations, which Newbrough can be described as background and anomalous. The aeromagnetic anomaly in this area indicates a The anomalous samples lie along an approximate continuation of the Stonecroft Sun Vein. The NE-SW line, the highest values being where the geochemical values, higher than those obtained soil is shallowest, in the southwest corner of the elsewhere, indicate a zone which follows the area. To the north of Rothley Shield East one Table 6 Summary statistics for soil samples from Ewesley area (calculations made on log-transformed data) Elumuvl t Number of Population Proportion of hlean Mean + 2 standard Mean - 2 standard samples population (%) (6) deviations (b+2SL) deviations (b-2S, ) A A 95 390 Barium 169 700 215 B 5 1200 2000 690 A 80 35 Lead 169 50 24 B 20 62 118 32 A 95 55 Zinc 169 98 30 B 5 114 145 91 A 73 5.5 10.5 * Copper 169 B 27 11.5 20.0 6.5 *Below detection limit 37 Pb Zn ..: :>.:;:;::<....,.,..::_.:._., ..A.. .,. . . . . ,. i ... . :::.:..,.,_ . 200 400 wm ... . .y&$?$$: . . . . ppm I [ ~. b= 30 b=40 b=lOO (Values shaded in excess of background ‘b’) 0 3OOm t - line of magnetic anomaly 371 Y 372 Haltwhistle 1 km Figure 29. Pb, Zn and Ba in soils from Area 1 (Melkridge) 38 Pb Zn Ba Dads .::~:::::::::::::j::~.:...... I ~3 ...... I 1 I / I \ \ f 1 b=46 b= 86 b=260 250m (Values shaded in excess of background ‘b’ ) I I - line of magnetic anomaly Shield on the Wall Dam c:,..,, r)n rlyure au. Pb, Zn and Ba in soils from Area 2 (Brown Moorj 39 Zn I I 1 1 I . I I b=50 b=80 b=330 387 (Values shaded in excess of background ‘b’ 1 - line of magnetic anomaly 0 500m Figure 3 1. Pb, Zn and Ba in soils from Area 3 (Newbrough) Line EFG refers to Figure 28 Pb Zn b=30 b=72 8a Figure 32. Pb, Zn and Ba in soils from Area 4’ (Torneys Fell) 0 500m b=185 c _ e-0 _-+- \ \ \ \ \ \ I \ __.-. 1_._-._. --.. __.._._ _..f__._ _. -570 ) : I 0 0 -- e-0 0 / R c 1 Ba la m I d 1. m II B b= 212 I (Values shaded in excess of background ‘b‘ ) - line of magnetic anomaly Figure 33. Pb, Zn and Ba in soils from Area 5 (Settlingstones) 42 592 591I - Y I I I 405 406 405 406 )7 I 592 591 )80ppm Pl I I I I I 405 .‘06 407 ‘05 006 )7 , -- I c )lOOppm Zn I Figure 34. Results from soil survey in Area 6 (Ewesley) 43 sample in a group of anomalous samples contains AIRBORNE SURVEY 1.24% Ba, a highly significant enrichment. The emplacement of Ba-Pb-Zn orebodies, as at Lead Although there are two populations for the Settlingstones and Stonecroft-Greyside mines the lead distribution, the highest (mean 62 ppm) along faults of large displacement in the Whin Sill, is not considered to be particularly anomalous. invited a geophysical programme which would However, three areas of ‘high’ lead in soils are identify comparable structural settings elsewhere indicated on Figure 34, which shows the most within areas underlain by the Whin Sill, and extensive area to be in the southwest, correspond- particularly within the area of mineral potential ing to the area of high barium. The isolated high (Haltwhistle-Corbridge-Hallington) identified sample at [40536 591791 is also high in other from Landsat data. Thus, the principal objective of heavy metals and, with an Fe content of nearly the airborne survey was the identification of 20% (approximately 15% higher than the average), structure in the Whin Sill. is undoubtedly contaminated. The conventional geophysical approach, Zinc The zinc data can be partitioned into two involving the direct detection of orebodies, was populations, neither of which is high enough considered unsuitable, first because of the likeli- to be associated with any zinc mineralisation. hood that a substantial Ba orebody (as at Settling- Copper The contour data show that soils over stones) would remain undetected from a lack of much of the area sampled contain less than conductivity constrast and secondly because of the 10ppm Cu, confirming the reports of several masking effect expected from the widespread drift farmers than animals show symptoms of Cu deposits known to occur in the area. The deficiency. Samples with values in excess of opportunity to adopt an indirect approach with a 10 ppm occur as isolated samples, and in the chance of success was afforded by the magnetic southeast of the area where coal bands are known properties of the Whin Sill. Key factors were the to occur. strong remanent magnetisation of the sill; the absence (apart from minor Tertiary dykes) of other Discussion magnetic rocks in the area and the generally The soil data for all the areas except Ewesley gentle dip of the sill, ensuring its presence at allow few conclusions to be drawn because of the depths of less than 300 m over a considerable area. thick and variable cover of glacial deposits in the No particular locality recommended itself for area sampled. At Newbrough, for example, drilling immediate detailed ground survey, and so an proved a thickness of 13 m of glacial material. airborne survey was considered a cost-effective Under such conditions it is not expected that method of identifying target areas. elements such as Pb, Zn and Ba would provide In addition to identifying structural features, more than general pointers to mineralisation. it was considered possible that the magnetic data The soil sampling at Ewesley, however, confirms might indicate zones of alteration in the sill. the presence of barium-enriched soils in that Alteration of the sill to ‘White Whin’, as at the area. Settlingstones mine, can be attributed to hydro- The orientation of the soil anomalies for Ba thermal solutions, and is detectable geophysically suggests a lithological control of mineralisation, because of the partial or complete demagnetisation as they lie along the line of strike (NE-SW). of the sill. Thus, for example, a fracture zone or However, the balance of field observations seems fault in the sill, with too little displacement to not to support the concept of a baryte-enriched provide a magnetic anomaly, may nevertheless be lithologic unit. It seems more likely that barium detectable if there is a sufficient degree of mineralisation is associated with a fracture that alteration across the structure to affect the cuts the Whin Sill. More geochemical and geo- magnetic properties. physical work would be required southwest of The airborne survey also employed VLF-EM the Eweslcy area to identify this fracture and and radiometric systems. The VLF-EM system examine the continuation of the barium anomalies was chosen in preference to moving-source EM as shown in Figure 34. Such a fracture would lie on it offers advantages for the location of weaker a continuation of the line along which the Causey conductors of large extent, such as major fault Dyke is recorded (1” Geological Map Sheet 9, planes. This again is an indirect exploration Rothbury) and which intersects the Whirr-front approach, the nature of the previously mined outcrop at Gallows Hill [NZ 02891. orebodies in the area having discouraged the use of the Slingram system (Burley and others, 1978) which is suited to the detection of discrete and substantial sulphide orebodies. GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS The geophysical data were presented by the survey contractor (Sander Geophysics Limited) The geophysical contribution to the mineral as three sets of maps at a scale of 1:lO 560, show- reconnaissance of the Northumberland Trough ing (a) total magnetic field anomaly contours, comprised an airborne survey of the southern part (b) contours of the normalised intensity of the of the trough (Evans and Cornwell, 1981) and sub- horizontal component of the VLF field, and sequent ground follow-up of selected anomalies. 44 (c) stacked profiles of the normalised in-phase effects of local 11 kV power lines. and out-of-phase values of the vertical component of the VLF field. The geophysical data are Report superimposed on a subdued topographic base. A detailed account of the airborne survey, Photographic reductions of the maps have been including instrumentation, survey procedure, data made to a scale of 1:25 000, and single-sheet processing and presentation is provided by Evans compilations of the contoured magnetic and and Cornwell (1981). The survey results are VLF data at a scale of 1:50 000. All data and maps examined and the significant anomalies identified are deposited with the Applied Geophysics Unit and discussed. of IGS and are available for inspection by arrange- ment with the Head of Unit. Dyeline copies of all maps are available. GROUND SUR VE YS Ground geophysical surveys were commenced in Results the south Northumberland area prior to the air- The aeromagnetic map shows a large number of borne survey, with several test traverses using the anomalies of which the more prominent are in magnetic and VLF-EM methods over the known most cases of geological origin. Many of the mineral veins of the Langley Barony and Settling- anomalies are considered structurally significant, stones mines. and some of these are clearly related to the distribu- Further ground surveys, normally limited to tion of certain of the mineral deposits of the area. isolated traverses, were carried out concurrently The airborne VLF profile and contour maps with the airborne survey, as a number of well- both show many anomalies. However, artificial defined anomalies were apparent on the in-flight and topographic effects contribute to the anomaly records, and it was considered’ desirable to check pattern and significant anomalies of geological these at the earliest opportunity to assess the origin are not readily discernible. significance of their surface expression. The data The flight records of the radiometric data were are not presented or discussed here, as the signifi- inspected during the course of the survey, but no cant airborne anomalies were all subsequently significant anomalies were evident and these data covered by more detailed ground surveys. have not been compiled into map form. Following preliminary interpretation of the compiled airborne survey maps, priority was given Magnetic interpretation to follow-up of several anomalies (all magnetic) The aeromagnetic maps were compared with geo- which were considered attractive exploration logical maps at the same scale, to segegate the targets and which were also further examined by anomalies into those attributable to known geo- geochemical soil sampling. Four areas, totalling logical features and those indicating the presence approximately 6.5 km* were examined in this of previously unrecorded features. The topographic way, and subsequently drilling was carried out in base to the maps afforded ready identification of one of the four areas, Newbrough. The original those anomalies caused by man-made sources such geophysical survey here was supplemented with a as road and railway bridges and agricultural closer grid of more detailed traverses. installations (e.g. silos, steel-framed barns). In some The geophysical programme was extended to localities, manual re-contouring of the data was investigate several other airborne magnetic necessary because of the bias of the automated anomalies, which were not considered to justify system. the detailed, integrated coverage applied to the four areas referred to above. Of this additional VLF-EM interpretation geophysical work, this report covers only those Comparison of the VLF-En4 data with geological sites where the data have a direct bearing on maps showed little correlation between the two. possible mineralisation, or structure closely related However, the topographic base to the VLF contour to mineralisation. At several sites the geophysical maps prompted recognition of a frequent correla- surveys were used to investigate features of tion between the courses of streams and the axes structural interest only (though possibly of interest of linear ‘lows’ in the in-phase horizontal to any broader examination of the controls to component, particularly in the western part of the mineralisation in the region). It is intended to survey area. This suggested a strong topographic describe this work in a separate report. Figure 35 influence on the VLF data, and this was confirmed shows the area within which are the surveys by comparison with Ordnance Survey maps at the described in the present report. 1:25 000 scale, on which the contour intervals of Ground geophysical surveys were mainly 5 m provides excellent control of the local topo- limited to the follow-up of aeromagnetic anomalies, graphy. Several anomalies of interest were evident though a few airborne VLF-EM anomalies were in areas of lesser relief, suggesting the possible checked by ground VLF traverses, in most cases presence of geological conductors, but comparison during the course of the airborne survey. None of with local electricity distribution line maps showed the anomalies seen on the airborne VLF maps is that these anomalies could be attributed to the considered to indicate economic mineralisation. 45 I I aRes’r B - Fig. 35 Location of geophysical surveys- Key map 0 guarry[ ‘htmuse Vein Aq _$y Key: Bg Outcrop of Whin SIII / .’ Res’r ,... & _ / Mineral veins and conjectural extensions 01 1 2 38 km / ‘70 42 /-. . - Haltwhistle / / ------I’ -- --- . -- _ _S*ick *‘y \ /-- --___/ --J %o 390 ‘00 However, some VLF measurements were made at Mclkridge some of the sites of magnetic surveys described The aeromagnetic anomaly extending north-west _ _ __ in the present report, to determine whether any from the viiiage of Melkridge is of interest because of the probable fault structures under investigation its nature and setting are comparable in some were detectable by this method. The incidence of respects to the anomalies investigated in the any anomalies would- -_--_ provide an appreciation of Settlingstones area, The a-geonhvsical -r--I ---- survey was the effectiveness of the airborne VLF method for carried out along eight parallel traverse lines, locating such VLF anomalies as are detectable on ranging in length from 500 m to 800 m, spaced at the ground. 100 m intervals. Magnetic measurements were No electrical surveys (e.g. IP, resistivity) were made on each traverse at 10 m intervals throughout. carried out, since witherite, a common constituent VLF-EM measurements were also made, initially rPrfirrl~,-l at 1 n m anrlrkr-r ltv-P~,Pm2P3nn TAT\ bu+, .&t 20 FA of ILb”IULU “LL.u”UILDnr~hr\A;,w x.w.a.lrlVVVUlU llULnrr+ LaUL LiqJcbrcuza--aa+eA +-LU A.” 111 ~yc.&b1&1fzj\LILc”bIJb C”” .., provide any detectable electrical response. Also, intervals thereafter. There was no evidence of any the very variable drift thicknesses would have artificial features in the area which could have hindered satisfactory interpretation of electrical affected the results from either method. survey data, a problem which would not affect The magnetic results are shown in profile form the magnetic method in its use for locating faults in Figure 37. The magnetic readings have been . __--l-_--1 ifi the \Vhiii Sill. reuuceu to a datum of 48802 nT at IO0 S on A proton precession magnetometer was used traverse 700 W. The magnetic anomaly is clearly for the ground magnetic surveys, measuring the seen on all traverses, though on traverse 200 W it earth’s total magnetic field. Measurements were is less well defined. Background values are notably made along traverses, generally at intervals of uniform. The anomaly is considered to be due to a 10 m, and were repeatable usually to ? 1 nT. Tertiary dyke, as the profiles are comparable with Values recorded were corrected to an arbitrary others across the Tertiary dyke at Bingfield [NY datum for each area, so as to remove the effects 97721 (Frost and Holliday, 1980). Day (1970) rennr+, cx%%ALIa,Paof T0r+;Q-, AT-L,” in +L, * of fliiirnalUIULI1uI variatinn. UI AUCIVII, -+$7&-h \V# UbAPtP?-?nLlc=A Lb*111111bU by yv1 LJ y”iwrL A bL LI(11y uynL3 LllL River taking approximately hourly readings at the Irthing [NY 6515 70201 and in the Tipalt Burn selected datum station. The variation was usually 250 yards west of Low Tipalt. The former is fairly small (maximum -10 nT/hour), there being reported to strike SE, thus aligning approximately no evidence of magnetic storm activity, and was with the latter exposure and with the anomaly at assumed to be linear over’ the intervals between Melkridge. A series of traverses measured (Figure J-L___ _A-Al___ ---c _1!___~ A_--_ -_-_____..__ __11* Pi nn\ UaLUIIl SLk.iLlUll KdUlIlgS. kmy errors resulr;mg Irom 3b) to test this possible continuity shows this assumption will be small in relation to the comparable negative magnetic anomalies with magnitude of most of the anomalies observed. amplitudes ranging from -10 nT to -150 nT. The A Geonics EM-16 instrument was used for presence of two anomalies on traverses 2 and 7 ground VLF surveys, measuring the in-phase and suggests an en-echelon group rather than a single out-of-phase components of the VLF field of a dyke, and this would account for the presence of selected transmitting station. For the surveys dolerite (mapped as a dyke) in a stream section ^^^__ -rl\ ~__I Ll- _ dt-scr ibid (excepi Seiilingstones) , the instrument some /3u rn r;o tne west of the Melllridge anomaly was tuned to the station at Maine, USA (NAA, (Figure 38). Small q uantities of sulphides are seen 17.8 kHz), this station being_-flu _suitahlv _.______, located for in limestones adjacent to this latter exposure. investigation of the approximately east-west No previous reference has been made to any magnetic features. At Settlingstones the Oswestry possible correlation between mineralisation and the transmitter was used (GBZ, 19.6 kHz). Tertiary intrusion. --- i Topographic control was easiiy maintained ‘The VLE--EM profiies show 0niy weak east- from the features on the Ordnance Survey west features, reflecting the strike of the 1: 10 000 or 1: 10 560 scale maps. Traverses were sedimentary rocks. laid out with tape and compass. Three of the sites selected for the ground Set tlingstones surveys covered magnetic anomalies within 5 km A series of test geophysical traverses was conduct- of the Settiingstones mine and were examined by ed across the known mineral veins in the area combined geophysical and geochemical methods. around Settlingstones and Langley Barony prior The general area was of prime interest for three to the airborne survey, in order to assess any rmcnnc:- _-yv__y. anomalies associated with the known geoiogical i there is a clear correlation between the axis of features. The results of this work were of use in the principal aeromagnetic anomaly and the fault considering the suitability of the area for airborne system occupied by the Settlingstones-Stonecroft exploration. Magnetic and VLF-EM measurements veins (Figure 36); were made along seven traverses totalling 15 km, ii the magnetic anomaiics extend beyond the at intervals of 25 m. limits of the mine workings; The magnetic profiles are shown in Figure 39. iii there is potential for the discovery of economic The magnetic values are corrected to an arbitrary mineral deposits. h“CL3L ‘1c. e .J-&I~1 e . TheaI ILL ,,,Gl,,pAuLlALJ “LRxV.7311uw ,,~*~~.~l~LVLIclJ cP”+..~-”lc;LLLUlC3 Ul-c 47 Settlingstones Vein KEY Contour interval is 1 OnT. Ticked closures are ‘lows’. Stippled area denotes values >-20nT and broadly marks Whin Sill outcrop. . Mineral veins and conjectural extensions Figure 36. Aeromagnetic contour map: Settlingstones Mine and surrounding area. 7oow 6OOW _J===== 500w 4oow 3oow 1oow -\ - 0 1 OOnT 0 0 200 m I , 1 scales Figure 37. Total magnetic field profiles at Melkridge 49 1 km scale Key _ Magnetic traverses and positions of anomalies indicating dykes II3 Dykes exposed in stream sections _.-.-. Axis of magnetic anomaly at Melkridge -567 0 1 km C._ scales ‘82 383 364 :‘85 I 1 I I Figure 39. Traverse locations and total magnetic field profiles in the Settlingstones area 51 interest: continuity of the anomaly over some 2 km is i A clearly-defined low occurs over the Settling- clearly seen in Figure 36, and was investigated by stones Vein. The Whin Sill is known to be down- means of sixteen traverses spaced 125 m apart, and faulted to the southeast along the vein, by an in most cases 800 m in length (Figure 40). estimated 25-30 m in the vicinity of traverses 1 Magnetic measurements were made at intervals of and 2 where the depth to the top of the sill on the 10 m on all traverses, and VLF-EM measurements upthrow side is estimated to be 115 and 150 m were made at intervals of 20 m on alternate respectively (Dunham, 1949). Model anomalies traverses 250 W - 1000 E and on each of the four derived as part of the interpretation of the easternmost traverses. Four additional traverses Newbrough data show that the anomalies observed were measured, by the magnetic method only, to over the Settlingstones Vein are approximately the southwest of the principal traverse grid, near to consistent with the known displacement of the sill Grindon Farm, to cover a subsidiary broad along the vein. magnetic anomaly ([NY 824 6931, Figure 36). ii The known position of the Langley Barony The magnetic profiles for the Brown Moor area Vein is reflected in the shape of the profiles on are shown in Figure 41. The data are reduced to a traverses 5,6 and 7. base value of 48871 nT at Station 0 on traverse 0. iii The profiles for traverses 5, 6 and 7 each show The very disturbed pattern of several of the a broad low to the northwest of the Langley profiles precludes satisfactory contouring of the Barony Vein, approximately in alignment with data for the area as a whole. However, a series of the low over the Settlingstones Vein. However, ‘lows’ is evident close to the mid-point of each on traverse 4, which crosses the unmined ground traverse. These are identified in Figure 41 by shad- between the two veins, the relatively undisturbed ing those portions of the profiles below the profile gives no indication of any link between arbitrary line of 48800 nT, demonstrating that a the respective lows. Dunham (1949) reports that nominal 48800 nT contour would outline a the Settlingstones Vein is terminated against a negative anomaly extending over the length of the northwest cross-course. This is consistent with the survey area, branching into a double feature at the magnetic data, although a more closely spaced eastern end. This anomaly is considered to be the series of traverses would be required to surface expression of the feature identified from demonstrate this more clearly. the airborne data. iv Traverses 1, 2, 4 and 5 cross the line of the It is difficult to suggest a source for the Grindon Hill fault as indicated on the Bellingham anomaly. Quantitative interpretation is not geological map. This fault is indicated as having a possible because of the gradually changing nature down-throw to the southeast of perhaps 50 m. of the ‘low’ itself, and the variety of other features The absence of any anomalies on the correspond- in close proximity to it. The Whin Sill is at, or ing portions of the magnetic profiles supports the close to, surface across the area; the strong short- indication from the airborne data (Evans and wavelength anomalies at the northern ends of Cornwell, 1981) that this fault does not exist. traverses 125 W to 500 E are typical of data v The course of the Haydon Fell Vein appears recorded over outcrops of the sill (compare to be reflected in the magnetic profiles, coincident Torney’s Fell and Quarry House areas, described with the centre of a low on traverses 1 and 3. below). There are, however, no surface features to Although Dunham (1949) reports that this vein suggest a source for the anomaly. Comparison of occupies a fault of only 6 m throw it is possible the approximately symmetrical anomaly on that it represents a more substantial feature in the traverse 375 W with the strongly asymmetrical Whin Sill, which is estimated to be at a depth of anomaly on traverse 125 E indicates some change almost 200 m in this area. in the source, though its persistence and almost vi The VLF-ERI data, although much affected straight course across the area are well defined. by artificial anomalies, show a well defined It is unfortunately not possible to test any link anomaly running parallel to the Langley Barony between the anomaly and the ‘low’ over the Vein, about 200 m to the south-east of the vein. Stonecroft Sun Vein with which it is aligned, The anomaly, however, indicates a shallow-dipping because of the 275 kV power line which crosses conductor and is probably due to a shale band the important area east of traverse 1500 E rather than a mineralised feature. There is no (Figure 40). indication of a conductor on the line of the The VLF-EM data provide no clue as to the magnetic anomaly observed over the Settlingstones source of the magnetic anomaly. In-phase Vein. anotnalies were observed on all traverses measured and on traverses west of 1000 E the atnplitudes of these exceed & 20% in several instances. However, The magnetic anomaly at Brown Moor ( [NY 843 these anomalies are clearly a topographic effect as 6951, Figure 36) is of interest because its position the profiles correlate closely with the change in and orientation indicate that its cause ma) be an ground slope on each traverse. extension of the WNW-ESE structure along which the Stonecroft Sun Vein is emplaced. The 52 I I Fig. 40 Location map for geophysical traverses at Brown Moor P N 0 500m I . I scale T Figure 41. Total magnetic field profiles at Brown Moor Hatching denotes principal negative anomaly with observatiohs below 48800nT 54 Torney ‘s Fell 48784 nT at Station 350 N on traverse 0. The The airborne magnetic anomaly in the Torney’s magnetic ‘low’ is clearly seen on all traverses west Fell area ([NY 874 6981 , Figure 36) is of interest of 100 E, and reaches a maximum amplitude of because the axis of the eastern part of the anomaly approximately 150 nT between traverses 400 W is approximately coincident with a vein which has and 700 W. There are many sources of artificial 1__ _~_ _ __l_ - 3 I- __ l- _____I - _ -L Ll- - l- _ __I_ _ __ c - - --- c 11_, ’ --^A_ _._-A..^- -_--_ oeen worKea 10r oaryres at tne norizon of the ‘Wlnin dnornducs iii ihe ZWZ% (fcmxs, WdLC:z pipes ZUd tcarrta\ but the &ects of Gill“111. The ge&p;P~ltj’L c&A “q &&cates 2 PAI?~P~+llrCJlL”I1JLLLUIQA UAI‘AJ, thmeLIIGDb 2re ILIIIILLUl;m;td CCIIUonrl WSW extension to this yein, to link it to the eastern readily identifiable locally, and therefore omitted limit of the Stonecroft Main Vein some 1.6 km from the profiles in the figure. distant. However, the airborne magnetic contours The VLF-EM data are much affected by indicate that the structure carrying the vein at artificial sources - an 11 kV power line runs across Torney’s Fell turns to a more E-W line, and the area, above and below ground, linking Greyside continues until it reaches the outcrop of the sill. and Thornton Tower Farms. The undisturbed Twenty traverses were measured across the portions of the profiles show no significant area of of interest (Figure 42). Magnetic measure- variation in either in-phase or out-of-phase values, ments were made at intervals of 10 m on all and there is no indication of an EM conductor on traverses, and VLF-EM measurements were made the line of the magnetic anomaly. at intervals of 20 m on all traverses. Traverse It is known from the account by Dunham lengths and spacings varied considerably because (1949) that the Stonecroft Sun Vein occupies a of the need to avoid crossing certain fields which normal fault with a downthrow to the south of were under crop. approximately 30 m. Geophysical modelling, using The magnetic profiles for traverses west of reported values for the depth of the Whin Sill and 1300 W are shown in Figure 43. Those for the for its thickness and magnetisation, showed that remaining traverses to the east show no anomalies. the anomaly observed over the vein near Greyside As at Settlingstones, very strong anomalies occur Farm could be satisfactorily accounted for by the in part of the area, and satisfactory contouring of known structure. The extension of the anomaly in the data is not possible. However, it is apparent the Newbrough area appears to be a continuation . . $w-u CL., . . [email protected].” AL,.& lo-w cwI be 1 Cl,_..9 _L_,-.,A 11Ulll LILC p1u1llca l.ll;dL z magnetic Of the ~pp~OXUIi&Xi~ S’y’TiiIIl~i~iC~ IUW UUSCI vcu traced across the area, its course indicating that over the Sun Vein. Interpretation of the anomaly it is the surface expression of the feature observed was based? therefore? on the assumption that from the airborne data. This ‘low’ is well defined its cause is an extension of the known fault and, while its axis is seen to coincide with the but with some changes in the depth and thickness known vein east of Torney’s Fell, further west it of the sill and the throw of the fault to account for clearly diverges from the course of the conjectural the increased amplitude and wavelength of the vein, assuming an E-W trend. There is no magnetic anomaly east of the known limit of the Sun Vein. evidence to support a structural link between the Modelling was based on an average profile, derived vein at Torney’s Fell with the Stonecroft Main from the profiles for traverses 400 W, 500 W and Vein. 600 W, as these are notably similar. The VLF-EM profiles show no features This initial interpretation showed that the indicative of a conductor on the line of the observed anomaly could be accounted for by magnetic low. assuming an increase in the throw of the fauit to 80 m, an increase in the depth to the top of the sill . or: thcsLIIL tipthrnrrrbill”“” J1ULdrip t(-\b” iI nn“” -11‘) muA 232 IIILILLLJGInPFPQcP* ip& The survey at Newbrough covered the easternmost the thickness of the sill. to 60 m. Furthermore, it part of a negative magnetic anomaly [NY 869 was observed that the model anomaly could be SSSJ of total length -5 km, the axis being closely more closely fitted to the observed anomaly by coincident with the course of, successively, the assuming some horizontal separation of the Settlingstones Vein, the Stonecroft Main Vein, and respective portions of the sill. This would be the Stonecroft Sun ‘Vein. The persistence of the equivalent to assuming a sout’heriy hade to the anomaly eastwards towards Newbrough is shown in fault, or assuming some alteration (and demagnet- Fig1urc 3 6+ isation) of the sill adjacent to the fa~~ltj or a Fourteen traverses were measured across the combination of these factors. Figure 45a shows area (Figure 42), irregularly spaced in the east how the symmetry of an anomaly due to a because of crops, and spaced approximately southerly downthrow fault is changed according 100 m apart in the west. The approximate average to the width of an assumed zone of alteration traverse length was 800 m. Magnetic measurements either side of the fault. The results from drilling were made at intervals of 10 m on all traverses, boreholes 1 and 2 showed that the initial inter- and VLF-EM measurements were made at pretation was in error, and suggested that the intervals of 20 m on alternative traverses from anomaly was due to a broader zone of displacement 800 W to 250 E. and alteration of the sill at rather shallower depth. The magnetic profiles are shown in Figure A re-interpretation of the magnetic data (Figure 44. ‘The data are reduced to a base value of 45b) was used to site borehoies 3 and 4. I m I 2300W --. -- . _- -._ ._-._ 165OW --- _____.crops nT 300 I: 200 r 109 !o _.-( +--q v-- 0 IDO 203 r;1 L- L_._ _ !_ .-I ._._A Scales c- crops / Figure 43. Total magnetic field profiles at Torney’s Fell 57 800W 200w 1OOw ---__ _-_- 1 OOE I -- - 250E r200 nT I 100 t 0 200 m 425E LI 0 L-L_!?--_-I Scales I / 650E I [Broken portions of profiles denote readings _. omitted because of artificial features] ___. - -- I Figure 44. Total magnetic field profiles at Newbrough 58 Depth(m) 0 , South North 0 200 -. 1 !a 600 metres I i 50 i ! : Whin Sill I ; 100 i- I ’ ’ ’ : ::1 ’ ’ ’ : i Whin Sill : : . ! 150 Figure 45. a) Model profiles of total magnetic field anomaly across a fault in the Whin Sill. [Profile 1 assumes demagnetisation of the sill to 20m either side of the fault; Profile 2 demagnetisation to 10m either side; Profile 3 no demagnetisation] -0 v------_ _ ._-_ - . - -- - -30 Total magnetisation of sdl (JT) = 350 x 1 Q5emu. Declination of J, = 190” Dip below horizontal of JT = 15“ In Zone 1, J,=O In Zone 2, J, = 150 x 1 0m5emu. South Depth(m) 0 r--- - -__-. .-s -~------__l .---_ North 0 600 - - metres Whin Sill b) An interpretation of the Newbrough magnetic anomaly [The observed total magnetic anomaly on a traverse through the drill site is superimposed on the calculated anomaly for the model shown] 59 I Quarry House Table 7 Details of boreholes at Newbrough At Quarry House a lead vein (Figure 35) has been 1 worked over a distance of perhaps 200 m at the Azimuth True Inclina- Recovery Deviation level of the Whin Sill, here only a few metres below depth tion @I surface. Four east-west magnetic traverses were 1 345 252.07 m 60’ 88 348’-65O measured across the vein to determine whether a B 2 344 195.68 m 75’ 75.6 349O -75O magnetic feature was coincident with the vein, as 3 344 100.58 m 60’ 68.5 not tested at Settlingstones. Three further north-south 4 344 150.57 m 80’ 81.3 not tested magnetic traverses were measured to determine the surface expression of an east-west negative anomaly seen on the aeromagnetic map. The The objective of the drilling was to investigate magnetic profiles from both sets of traverses are the structure in the Whin Sill, which was indicated b I much disturbed by short wavelength anomalies of from the geophysical data to lie some 100 m below amplitudes up to 400 nT over, and close to, the land surface, and particularly, to study the extent outcrop of the Whin Sill, though it is clear that of any possible alteration of the dolerite. I there is no recognisable magnetic feature over the Site accessibility determined the actual vein. VLF-EM profiles on the east-west traverses location of the four boreholes in an area just to the give no indication of a conductor on the line of the north of Back Lane Wood. Drilling was by the IGS vein. The apparent aeromagnetic low cannot be JKS 300 rig which has sufficient capacity (maxi- I recognised from the north-south magnetic profiles. mum 300 m) to reach the target zone, estimated It appears, as at Brown Moor, that the aero- to be between 100 and 200 m. Computer model- magnetic method, removed from the source of ling of the geophysical data had indicated that a I high-frequency anomalies, is better able to define fault affecting the Whin Sill was a possible cause anomalies at, or close to, the outcrop of the Whin of the magnetic anomaly, and the drill programme Sill than ground survey. was designed to test this hypothesis. I Figure 46 shows the location of the two sites Thombrough from each of which two holes were drilled. Details At Thornbrough, lead was worked from a vein of the holes are shown in Table 7. All of the holes (Figure 35) in the Thornbrough Limestone, some were commenced in BQ (36.5 mm core) and I 400 m above the Whin Sill. It is reported (Smith, completed to final depth at the reduced AQ (28 1923) that a basaltic intrusion occupies the fault mm) core size. carrying the vein, and a series of magnetic traverses The instability of the borehole walls, due to a I was measured to determine the nature of this considerable depth of weathering (particularly of intrusion. Siting of the traverses was restricted by the argillaceous sediments) precluded the use of roads, a railway line, the River Tyne, forestry down-the-hole probes to measure in situ gee- plantations and many fields under crop. However, physical properties. However, magnetic suscept- anomalies observed at several locations between ability measurements were made in the laboratory [NY 965 6171 and [NZ 024 6641 indicate that the on Whin Sill core obtained from the four holes intrusion is a Whin dyke. The trend of the dyke and were compared with values for unaltered I suggests that it is continuous with intrusions Whin Sill obtained on core from a hole at Throckley indicated at [NY 899 5551 and ,[NY 910 5671 [NZ 1606761 from a depth of 504.75 m- (1:50 000 Geological Map sheet 19, Hexham). 541.93 m. I Further west, in Allendale, the Esp Vein lies on the The core was examined in the laboratory, same alignment. This is a further indication of the and from these observations the logs were association between mineralisation and extensive constructed (Figures 47-50). Sections of core NE-trending structures. which displayed alteration and/or visible mineral- I isation were split and crushed for analysis by XRF. Eighteen elements, Ce, Ba, Sb, Sn, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ca, Ni, Fe, Mn, Ti, Ag, U, Rb, Sr, Zr and MO were I DRILLING determined and are listed at the end of Appendix 4. Figure 51 shows the relationships between the From a consideration of the data obtained from four boreholes and the proposed correlation B both the geological and geophysical investigations, between the main lithological units. It also shows it was concluded that drilling was the only means the approximate dip of the bedding planes in the of obtaining confirmatory information from depth. sedimentary part of the succession as deduced Two of the areas which had been soil sampled, from the recovered core. A general southerly I Brown Moor and Newbrough, were potential drill direction of dip has been assumed for the inter- targets but logistical considerations and the pretation, in accord with the published geological evidence of a magnetic low along the line of a maps of the immediate area. (Frost and Holliday, I possible extension of a worked mineralised vein 1980). (Sun Vein), identified Newbrough as the prime The geological succession shows broadly similar target. features in each borehole, consisting of alternating I 60 / / /’ / EL Eelwell Limestone 5 SW Shotto Wood Limestone New brough UBWL Upper Bath House Wood Lst qD Whin Sill F -- Fault Line of magnetic anomaly .1,2 Drill sites Figure 46. Locations of Newbrough boreholes rwm Ba mm Pb rwm Rb mm Sr fwm Zn 8 8 8- : 8mo 0m g- g7 o 3 METRES FEET 0 8 9 - 0 . Magnetic Susceptibility I I I I - 160 Limestone Dominantly Mudstone Newbrough Borehole No 1. Whin Sill v qignificant veining Figure 47. Element distributions and magnetic susceptibility measurements for Newbrough borehole 1 fwm 8a ppm Pb 0 METRES FEET 0 8 w a I I I I 300 - J 1 Magnetic Susceptibility 100 350 - 110 120 400 - 130 450 - E 140 150 500 - 160 550. 170 180 600 - Newbrough Borehole No 2. Figure 48. Element distributions and magnetic susceptibility measurements for Newbrough borehole 2 I pm Sr mm 27 Magnetic (SI, ,;;?k’s) METRES FEET , Susceptibility I 1 90 1 I? ? I 8 Newbrough Borehole No 3 I Figure 49. Element distributions and magnetic susceptibility measurements for Newbrough borehole 3 I 8 8 64 I METRES FEET wm Pb ppm Rb PPm Sr 250 0 0 8 8 0 0 1 0 Er 5 8 0 si 51 0 tn 2 u)v- I I Magnetic F= Susceptibility . _\ 1 !\ - 850 r 1 I . , I \ I I’ L I I Newbrough Borehole No 4. Figure 50. Element distributions and magnetic susceptibility measurements for Newbrough borehole 4 shales or mudstones and sandstones, with Similarly, the distribution of metals, Pb, Zn important limestone units. It is the latter which and Ba is seen to have a generally close spatial are of major significance in the correlation from association with the zones of alteration noted borehole to borehole. during the visual examination of the core. Boreholes 1 and 2 passed through 4 main lime- It is possible to examine some of the chemical stone units above the Whin Sill, identified as the differences between the fresh intrusion and the ‘Shotto Wood, Bath-House Wood, Colwell and Dalla- altered facies by reference to the analysis of that bank limestones. The sediments intersected part of the Whin obtained from borehole 3. In this, beneath the Sill differ from those overlying it in the range of values recorded for Ba, Pb, Zn and CU that the proportion of arenaceous material is from the four samples of unaltered dolerite are higher and that of the mudstone and carbonate comparable with the levels obtained from samples facies lower. Boreholes 1 and 2 probably inter- of the Throckley borehole core (Table 8). sected the local equivalents of the Haughton and The geochemical data and the magnetic Barrasford Limestones beneath the Whin Sill susceptibility logs from each hole are indicated and borehole 1 also intersected the Oxford Lime- in Figures 47-50 from which the relationships stone. between altered Whin Sill (identified by the lower Sections of core were selected for chemical susceptibility values) and the metal element values analysis and the results are illustrated in Figures can be seen. The higher values for Ba, Pb and Zn 47-50. These results, together with comparable in the Whin generally occur in the alteration zones. Whin Sill analyses, are also given in Table 8. In borehole 1 the highest values for Pb and Zn in With the exception of Ba and Rb, alteration of the Whirr occur at the margins of the sill, while Ba, the quartz dolerite at Newbrough has led to a with values in excess of background, has peak depletion in trace elements. values towards the centre (the highest recorded Different facies occurring as bands can readily values for Pb and Zn - 0.7% and 0.39% - are from be identified within the Whin Sill, in addition to the sediments immediately beneath the sill). the zones of alteration, but for clarity these have In borehole 2 there is more intense alteration been omitted in Figures 45-48. The altered zones of the dolerite to ‘\Vhite \Vhin’. The lower half of correspond well with the low magnetic suscept- the sill has a noticeably lower susceptibility and is ibility values shown on these figures. Greater detail also enriched in metals, particularly Ba, one sample of the lithological and chemical variations in the at the base of the intrusion giving values in excess Whin Sill from the Newbrough investigation are to of 1.1% Ba and 0.5% Zn. Isolated, relatively high be discussed elsewhere. values for these elements also occur in the sedi- Most of the core submitted for analysis had ments beneath the sill. Lead is not enriched in the been taken from the Whin Sill but sections of sill in borehole 2 but several values to a maximum visibly mineralised sedimentary rocks were also of 350 ppm are recorded in the sediments below. analysed. Material selected from the Whin Sill Values from the Whin in borehole 3 show it to included samples of each of the identifiable facies be of ‘normal’ type. of the intrusion. In each case bulk samples Borehole 4 is in many respects similar to representative of 1 m lengths of core were borehole 1, with distinct zones of alteration submitted for analysis. Vein material was not identifiable by low susceptibility and increased included in the bulk samples but was submitted metal values. Peak values for Pb and Zn occur in for analysis separately. The plots of all the analyses the alteration zones, 849 and 2415 ppm show quite clearly that the highest values of Pb, respectively. Zn and Ba are in the Whin Sill. Copper values A number of thin sections have been examined almost without exception, are low, the lowest of the Whin Sill to investigate the mineralogy of values occurring in the more altered sections of the the altered and unaltered lithologies (Haslam, Whin Sill ( c h emical depletion due to the hydro- 198 1, 1982). In the altered quartz dolerite the thermal alteration of the Whin Sill, as reported by most significant changes are to be seen in the Ineson, 1972). sericitisation of the plagioclases and the alteration A close correlation is noted between the values of the clino- and orthopyroxenes, to total destruc- of Sr and lithology, a plateau of low Sr values tion in some examples. Ilmenite, a common identifying the Whin, in contrast to the higher, constituent of the fresh quartz dolerite, shows though somewhat erratic, levels recorded from the variable degrees of alteration to leucoxene and, in sediments both from above and below the Sill. some instances, to goethite. Pyrite as platelets, High Rb values (in excess of 75 ppm) occur in discrete particles and veinlets is a relatively marginal facies at the top and base of the Sill in common constituent of all phases of the dolerite. boreholes 1 and 4. In borehole 2, values in the In the altered dolerite the matrix contains variable lower half of the Sill, covering a zone some 30 m amounts of secondary carbonates, of which calcite wide, are similarly high, frequently in excess of is the most readily identifiable, together with 100 ppm. In all these instances the high Rb disseminated pyrite, iron oxides and some inter- correlates closely with zones of alteration in the stitial quartz. Ore minerals are difficult to Sill. determine in thin sections of the altered rocks. 66 Site 2 Site 1 --~__~_--_------ Bath- House Wood Limestone Upper Dallabank Limestone Lower Dallabank Metres Feet 0 0 Haughton Limestone ,* 25 arrasford Limestone 50 20 75 30 !100 Oxford Limestone Limestone units r, Fault zones Dominantly Mudstone -5 Uncared Normal unaltered Whin Sill Drill site and Altered Whin Sill (indicated borehole by magnetic susceptibility) -1 Figure 5 1. Interpretation of Newbrough borehole data 67 Table 8 Some trace element data for samples of unaltered and altered Whin Sill Whin sample *n Zn Ba Pb SY Rb CU (concentrations in ppm) 1 Unaltered Whin Sill 53 129 380 4.5 389 - 59 Unaltered Whin Sill from Newbrough boreholes 31 186 676 19 427 28 68 Altered Whin Sill from Newbrough boreholes 43 63 724 10 224 69 37 2Unaltered Whin Sill from Settlingstones 150 145 870 I7 495 20 68 2 Altered Whin Sill from Settlingstones 80 4410 8700 15 320 92 55 *ic, = number of different samples used to calculate mean ’ Samples collected from outcrop between Haltwhistle [371 5661 and Great Swinburn [393 5751 2 Ineson (1972) Chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite have been identified from the geophysical data unless it had a significant but discrete minerals of lead, zinc and barium were throw. Attempts to locate a suitable fault structure only occasionally recognised. The analyses of the to the south, using radon and soil air were un- core, however, indicate high values of Zn and Ba successful. which suggests that mineral phases containing these At this location, it is suggested, the identified elements exist in the fabric of the rock. faults may have acted more as a barrier to the The factors controlling the distribution of the progress of migrating fluids than a passageway; and White Whin facies in the four boreholes are not the migrating fluids may have gained access along evident from the data available. An alteration the same plane as that followed by the intrusion margin to the Sill has been developed to a varying itself. degree, but the amount of White Whirr observed in The evidence from the mines at Stonecroft the mass of the sill is not constant, considerable and Greyside, approximately 1 km WNW of the variation being observed between boreholes. The drilling sites, indicates that there the mineralisation degree of alteration appears to increase in a and alteration are closely associated with a fault southerly direction (Figure 5 l), with some 90% structure which provided the access route for the of the Sill in borehole 2 showing the characteristics migrating fluids. of alteration, compared with only about 5% of the There is some indication that the fault sill in borehole 4. structure at Newbrough is beginning to die out. The structure deduced from the drilling A displacement of 2 7.4 m at Greyside Mine, on provides no clear evidence that the mineralisation the same structure, compares with a figure of and alteration are related directly to the faulting. approximately 19.8 m, indicated by the drilling. It would seem from the evidence (displacement The decrease in the amount of movement on the of Whin Sill, Figure 51) that faulting has occurred fault may well be accompanied by an increase in after emplacement of the sill but prior to its the tiglitness of the fault structure. alteration and mineralisation. Both the degree of alteration and that of mineralisation increase away from the zone of disruption and it may be CONCI,USIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS significant that the Whin at the bottom of borehole 3 is relatively fresh (apart from the thin upper The investigations undertaken in the Northumber- surface alteration) and unmineralised. The evidence land Trough have highlighted the value of would seem to indicate that the solutions integrated surveys using both geophysical and responsible for the alteration and mineralisation geochemical techniques. originated via an unidentified pathway somewhere The pattern of linear magnetic features to the south. An open fracture a short distance identified from the airborne survey data has shown south of borehole 2, although possibly the main a broad correlation with known faulting, and by passageway for fluids, would remain unidentified extrapolation has provided new information on 68 this aspect of structure. This correlation is of depend upon core drilling programmes. It is particular interest where the magnetic features recommended that those linear geophysical show a close relationship to fault zones which are features that trend either NE-SW (equivalent to mineralised, notably in the area to the north-east the Settlingstones mineralisation direction) or of Haydon Bridge. Extensions to these magnetic those approximately WNW should be given priority features naturally suggest the possibility of in any future exploration. extension to the mineralisation. This has been tested in one area by core drilling with results that offer some encouragement to the investigation of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS similar magnetic features elsewhere as a means of discovering hidden orebodies. The Institute is indebted to all the landowners Reconnaissance geochemical investigations within the area surveyed for permitting access successfuly identified the known areas of mineralis- whilst the samples were collected. Particular thanks ation. Interpretation of the barium data has been are due to Mr Nichols, on behalf of the Newbrough particularly useful in the identification of Estate, and Mr Gibson for their co-operation when mineralisation. In the Ewesley area the panned the drilling at Newbrough was in progress. concentrates, and to a lesser degree the stream The authors would also like to thank the staff sediments, contain anomalous levels of Ba which of the Analytical Chemistry Unit who analysed led to a limited follow-up soil survey. most of the reconnaissance samples; Dr D. V. Frost Geochemical soil sampling in other areas over- for identifying the limestones in the cores from lying geophysical anomalies showed only low Newbrough and establishing the local stratigraphy; values for the metals determined but geochemical and staff of the Drawing Office for the preparation patterns, although poorly developed, were shown of the text figures and maps. Most of the samphng to have a recognisable relationship with geo- for the geochemical drainage and soil surveys was physical data. Data from a control area overlying organised by Mr M. McGlashan. Messrs R. Falconer the Settlingstones vein also showed relatively low and H. Wilson undertook the drilling programme values, which seems to indicate that, in this region at Newbrough. generally, the thickness of glacial material inhibits the migration of the commonly sought elements into the upper parts of the soil profile. Samples REFERENCES from a few sites taken with a power auger at deeper levels show some enhancement of peak Burley, A. J. and others. 1978. Geophysical field values from which it would seem that, particularly techniques for mineral exploration. Miner. in areas of drift cover, this method would allow Reconnaissance Programme Rep. Inst. Geol. Sci., No. 20. easier identification of geochemical trends. Day, J. B. W. 1970. Geology of the country around It is concluded that data available from this Bewcastle. Mem. Geol. SW-V. G.B., Sheet 12, region do not indicate extensive areas of mineralis- 357 pp. ation. However, the anomalous data from the pan Dunham, K. C. 1949. Geology of the Northern Pennine Orefield. Vol. 1, Tyne to Stainmore. Mem. Geol. concentrates in the Ewesley Fell area and the sub- SW-V. G.B. (London: HMSO.) 357 pp. sequent soil geochemical data show that there is Evans, A. D. and Cornwell, J. D. 1981. An airborne geo- in this area some barium mineralisation. Examina- physical survey of the Whin Sill between Haltwhistle tion of the rock outcrops of the area (almost and Scats’ Gap, south Northumberland. Miner. entirely sandstones) indicates that some baryte Reconnaissance Programme Rep. Inst. Geol. Sci., occurs in the form of thin veins and coatings on No. 47. Fitch, F. J. and Miller, J. A. 1967. The age of the Whin joint surfaces. Sill. Geol. J., Vol. 5, pp. 233-250. This investigation has also indicated possible Frost, D. V. and Holliday, D. W. 1980. Geology of the extensions to other known vein systems from both country around Bellingham. Mem. Geol. Suru. G.B., geochemical and geophysical techniques. For Sheet 13, 112 pp. example high values in stream sediment data may Haslam, H. W. 1975. Geochemical survey of stream waters and stream sediments from the Cheviot area. Rep. be indicative of a southwesterly continuation of Inst. Geol. Sci., No. 7516, 29 pp. the Morralee vein system and the geophysical --_ 1978. Examination of panned concentrates from (magnetic) evidence shows a linear anomaly Northumberland. Inst. Geol. Sci. Unpubl. AMU extending the strike of the Fallowfield veins. Report. -- 198 1. Altered and mineralised rocks from the Whin The cause of at least some of ‘the linear Sill. Inst. Geol. Sci. AMU Scientific and Technical magnetic ‘lows’ is still not completely resolved. Records, No. 81/27 (unpubl.). At Newbrough faulting and alteration of the Whin - 1982. Core samples from near the margin of the Whin Sill causes the low; the presence of associated Sill. Inst. Geol. Sci. AMU Scientific and Technical mineralisation shows that other lows must present Records, No. 82/5 (unpubl.). potential targets for exploration. In the absence of Hawkes, H. E. and Webb, J. S. 1962. Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration. (New York: Harper and Row.) other remote techniques, either geochemical or Ineson, P. R. 1972. Alteration of the Whin Sill adjacent to geophysical, capable of defining more precisely the baxyte-witherite mineralisation, Settlingstones hline, nature of these features, their exploration will Northumberland. Trans. Instn. Min. Metall. B, Vol. 81, pp. 67-72. 69 Leake, R. C. and Aucott, J. W. 1973. Geochemical mapping and prospecting by use of rapid automatic X-ray fluorescence analysis of panned concentrates. In Jones, M. J. (editor) Geochemical Exploration 1972. (London: Institution of Mining and Metallurgy.) pp. 389-400. - and Haslam, H. W. 1978. A geochemical survey of the Cheviot area in Northumberland and Roxburghshire . using panned mineral concentrates. Rep. Inst. Geol. Sci., No. 78/4,37 pp. Leeder, M. R. 1974. The origin of the Northumberland basin. Scott. J. Geol., Vol. 10, Pt. 4, pp. 283-296. Levinson, A. A. 1974. Introduction to Exploration Geochemistry. (Calgary: Applied Publishing Limited.) 612 pp. Mason, B. 1966. Principles of Geochemistry. 3rd Ed. (New York: J, Wiley & Sons.) 329 pp. Plant, J. 1971. Orientation studies on stream sediment sampling for a regional geochemical survey in northern Scotland. Trans. Instn; Min. Metall. B, Vol. 80, pp. 324-346. Robson, D. A. 1956. A sedimentary study of the Fell Sandstones of the Coquet Valley, Northumberland. Q. J. GeoZ. Sot. London, Vol. 112, pp. 241-262. Smith, S. 1923. Lead and zinc ores of Northumberland and Alston Moor. Mem. GeoZ. Surv., Spec. Rep. Min. Resow. G.B., Vol. 25, 110~~. Sinclair, A. J. 1976. Applications of Probability Graphs in Mineral Exploration (Special Volume No. 4). (Rexdale: Association of Exploration Geochemists.) 96 PP. Taylor, B. J., Burgess, I. C., Land, D. H., Mills, D. A. C., Smith, D. B. and Warren, P. T. 1971. British Regional Geology: Northern England. 4th Edition. (London: HMSO.) 121 pp. 70 APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX 2 GEOCHEMICAL SAMPLING METHODS METHODS OF CHEMICAL ANAL YSIS The stream sediment and panned concentrate samples and Stream sediments the soils from the Ewesley area were analysed at the IGS Sediment samples were collected by the method described chemical laboratories in Gray’s Inn Road, London. The by Plant (1971) using the minimum of water in the sieving soils and deep till samples from the other five areas were process so that finer material was not lost. Care was taken analysed at the commercial laboratory of Mather Research not to sample ‘bank-fall’ material. The sediments were Limited, Rothbury. placed in high wet-strength, metal-free Kraft paper bags Cu, Pb, Zn and Ag were determined on the sediment and a standard IGS field data sheet was completed for each site. Drying of the sediment was completed in an oven and samples by AAS following a hot nitric acid extraction. the sediment was then seived to minus 100 BSI mesh Ba was determined on these samples by XRF. The panned prior to chemical analysis. concentrates were also analysed by XRF for the following elements: Ce, Ba, Sb, Sn, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ca, Ni, Fe, Mn, Panned concentrates Ti, U, Sr, Zr and MO. The soils and deep till samples were When enough material was available at a sediment sampling analysed for Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn and Sr by AAS techniques site approximately 2 to 3 kg of sediment was collected and following a hot perchloric acid extraction. Ba was also determined by AAS following total dissolution of barium panned by the classical gold panning technique to produce about 30 g of concentrate. This material was prepared for sulphate. chemical analysis using the method described by Leake and Aucott (1973). Soils Soils were collected by hand auger from depths between 0.5 and 1.0 m, which in all cases was considered to be beneath the humus-rich levels in the soil profile. Sampling grids were set out on a regular pattern; the precise spacing between lines and sample points varied from area to area and was dependent upon local conditions. The soils were collected in high wet-strength, metal-free Kraft paper bags and then oven dried. Following disaggregation in a mortar, samples were sieved to -80 mesh BSI prior to chemical analysis. Deep till samples These samples were collected from a small number of the soil sample sites using a petrol powered auger (Cobra Drill). The samples were treated in a similar manner to the soil samples, and the analyses obtained were used to investigate the relative merits of the deep samples and those obtained using shallow hand auger techniques. 71 APPENDIX 3 Sample No. Ba Pb Zn cu Grid reference TABLE OF ANOMALOUS PANNED CONCENTRATE HBP 717 X 3758557170 SAMPLES HBP 771 X 3722857191 Listed below are those panned concentrate samples in HBP 817 39212 57172 which one or more of the elements, Ba, Pb, Zn or Cu are X found to occur in anomalous concentration (indicated by HBP 822 X 3919056352 ‘X’ in the table). HBP 835 X 3798356254 The anomaly thresholds are : HBP 840 X 39420 56589 Barium 66670ppm HBP 858 X 3794356255 Lead 1250 ppm HBP 874 X 3934956623 zinc 2100 ppm Copper 140 ppm HBP 903 X 3664756167 Two types of contamination are indicated in the table. HBP 905 3987056814 Where the anomaly is thought to be associated with man- HBP 935 X 3984856009 made contamination the sample number is underlined. HBP 942 X 39550 55982 Those anomalies found near disused mining localities are HBP 946 3660757109 shown by an underlined grid reference. HBP 947 3595356829 Sample No. Ba Pb Zn CU Grid reference HBP 954 X 3625756485 HBP 987 3648056881 HBP 595 X X X X 3810856059 HBP 991 X 3593256660 HBP 1120 X X X 40000 5845 1 HBP 1086 X 3585956217 HBP 505 X X X 3826456590 HBP 1093 X 36495 56098 HBP 5 14 X X X 38640 56812 HBP 1122 X 3976058708 HBP 522 X X X 3870256808 HBP 1142 X 4023058777 HBP 586 X X X 38730 56757 HBP 1147 X 40025 58443 HBP 599 X X X 38229 56504 HBP 1177 X 4034057861 HBP 883 X X X 3936056708 HBP 1210 X 4068058724 HBP 546 X X 3711055960 HBP 1211 X 4089359215 HBP 549 X X 3785356072 HBP 1225 X 40914 59162 HBP 577 X X 3863856894 HBP 1240 X 40677 59110 HBP 579 X X 3790256359 HBP 1250 X 4099959052 HBP 589 X X 38551 56855 HBP 1251 X 39595 58854 HBP 766 X X 3672756777 HBP 1276 X 4054059089 HBP 1081 X X 36317 55952 HBP 1279 X 4082059240 HBP 1149 X X 3973058358 HBP 1288 X 4099058531 HBP 1275 X X 4037058736 HBP 1300 X 4062759140 HBP 1282 X X 4096759104 HBP 1307 X 4029159734 39244 58000 HBP 1430 X X HBP 1308 X 40850 59829 HBP 1681 X X 4117460365 HBP 1318 X 4041659072 HBP 1713 X X 42507 61685 HBP 1320 X 40520 59590 HBP 1860 X X 4234061308 HBP 1339 X 4047059672 HBP 2123 X X 3792160650 HBP 1390 X 4029059731 34 1886 X X 3489057399 HBP 1399 X 4010159300 34 2068 X X 3496657672 HBP 1417 X 4111058970 34 2217 X X 34125 56932 HBP 1444 X 4126259792 HBP 1160 X X 36516 55974 HBP 1454 X 4122259713 HBP 527 X 3738156240 HBP 1462 X 4137058777 HBP 536 X 37750 56039 HBP 1473 X 4133459806 3747056690 HBP 539 X HBP 1482 X 4000459560 HBP 540 X 3861856440 HBP 1508 4148259368 HBP 543 X 3746856309 HBP 1512 X 4111859865 HBP 547 X 3832256248 HBP 1514 41969 59380 3774156073 HBP 551 HBP 1533 4030060270 HBP 559 X 37990 56100 HBP 1537 X 4083859430 HBP 565 X 3770556334 HBP 1559 X 4064260503 HBP 566 X 3785856273 HBP 1570 3972060818 HBP 569 38230 56573 HBP 1580 40085 60843 3720755940 HBP 585 X HBP 1594 X 4038359950 HBP 630 X 3721156868 ’ HBP 1603 3987059900 HBP 631 X 3864157386 HBP 1694 4024160531 HBP 669 X 3715857084 HBP 1714 X 41595 60633 HBP 696 38630 56627 HBP 1726 X 4171460330 HBP 713 X 39800 55991 HBP 1746 4172360604 72 Sample No. Zn cu Grid reference HBP 1767 X 4133259888 HBP 1775 X 4212760696 HBP 1780 X 4202160260 HBP 1781 X 4173160665 HBP 1784 X 4146460299 HBP 1819 X 4235061327 HBP 1847 X 4193861090 HBP 1861 X 42255 61820 HBP 1882 X 4180061388 HBP 2016 X 3876360053 HBP 2029 X 3879060402 HBP 206! X 3894859700 HBP 2158 X 3792060647 HBP 2161 X 3797960598 HBP 2174 X 3875859111 HBP 2203 X 3900958517 HBP 2232 X 3931460654 HBP 2242 X 3819460310 HBP 2280 X 3843058405 HBP 2379 X 37567 60428 HBP 2426 X 3690458432 HBP 2491 X 37917 59787 HBP 2623 X 3773158640 HBP 2679 X 3718058890 HBP 2750 X 3620858201 34 1838 X 3587657705 34 1869 X 3496357603 34 1896 X 3577057670 34 2022 X 36280 57380 34 2044 X 3627057571 34 2080 X 3645757619 34 2090 X 3603257038 34 2055 X 34590 57470 34 2071 X 34487 57595 RF 5565 X 3733964781 34 1871 X 3506357848 73 Ollt 03NOVOl IlYt Go 36 21 “” C .C. JOHNSON IGS KEMRIH PAL1 OlNOVO I SUB-COYYANDS LlSltD IN SYSltY JOURNAL NAKt ItYPfILt blAKt WORKtIlt C ,C .JOHNSON IGS KtYWORlH 4lNOVll ANY RCCORDS IIJttD RtlW HAVL CWllCAfI KtYJ AND HAVL NO:A%M COPILO IO OUfPUI flit IN P PACf 10 1lNC Sllvtt 1:;. 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P4410: fi: HE!: JHf8: :o”: :8: ‘f8* 10: 3: 38: 4 coo. 9t- 6FO. 18: :8: 8: 20to: 8: 10”: foO* Jo: 18: 2: :o”: :8* 40: 28: 40. ,;?' $ 51: 60:18. 118: 50:$ C.C.JDtiNSON If5 K~Wt'GRlH ANY RCCORDS 1 SIC IltlW MAVL DUPlltllf !IY5 AND HAVC NO:': tN COPltO 10 YlPUl OJNOVllFll[ ! :* ‘I’ f : 0. !* :r: J. 8: b: 8: %: 1: 1: 8: t : 1: I: t : Oz: 1: I: :: f : I: I f: ;: ;: %: C.C.JOHNSON ICI KEYWORIH PA63 OlNOVIl OAtA D~SCRIPIION -...... __ Fill lltlr IttYPfI1~ NO. Of flClD5 I IO NO, Of RtCOAOS I 11 WORDS PER RECORD I lo CARD INPUI fORMAl PROJCObf NUYliR 1ASIlNG NORtIlING IIARIUY LCAD ZINC COPPER NICKEL flN ...... I It10 LtNCtH .-- ...... Lo& llYl1 5817. 39349. 61451, 32040. 576. 394. 142. 97. 40 * . ..a.“..*.. 5216. 36150. 63512. 116. 0. Al)!:Nl OAIA VAlUt ...... *..*.. -I. *I, DlttlONARY SCCYINI dillTIER (A) B:$ ;Y, lt4D,tf;lC, COFPCU NICKI AI&:ir (IN PPY) PAGI I f. coirud 43. “‘I. 3: 144: 214, 240. 30: L 1:: 158. C.C,JOHNSON ICS KtYWORtH PA63 03H0V0I OAll OtsCntPtlOH .*.. a...... 111t ~lflt lltYPfllt NO. Of TICIDS I ID NO. Of RtCORDS I 125 WORDS PtR RtCORD I IO CARD INPUI fORMAt 8oRtHOlt Huultt CtnluM cAlcluY IRON YN tllANIUM RUblDlUW ZR IIN ...... l...... FItLO LtNGlH . ..I...... " .* I ., .A , .* I. 1 a* .I I .I ,I I *I .I I l . I. , .a .I , II I* , I" I. f ttto ZPL l .-.-...*. f f f f f f f f f ClYll tPPtR...... 24?6. 114. 441990. 110140. 4b80. 15910. 177. 492. II. 1Ow[a L&f .*..**..... 2000. 0. IJ70. 3970. 60. JP. 0. 0. 0. AllStNt 01 I*A VAlUt ...... I. .I. -7. .I. -1. *I. .l* .I. DlC~lDNlif~StCYtNf litlillflt" ...... CtlfYlCAL ANAL MUU~~~S” 1lSl A PACC I LtAD 2lNC COPPER NICKEL 5R BoRLHojlE 171. 5: a: I::* ::: ::: 300. 512. 114: 316. ::: :5: 3:: 44. :PP* t:: 310: :;: if: #: 278. 26 12: 1:::* 1055. L: l%* 251: y: ii: ip: Y: 2:: '"i: I4AF.L ItYPfllt C-tXEC/C-UlIl~CPRJCf ON flit WDRYfIII ,,.*...... ,...... ,... C.C.JOtlNSON IG5 KIWDRtH ANY RECORDS 115flD BLlW HAVl JUPLICAIC KtY’S AND HAVE ~I~%LN COPICD 10 O"tPilf*::?:" C .C. JOHNION IDS I(tWOAtH PA61 OlNOVO I OAtA OtsCnIP1lOH *..* . . ..m....r. fllL flYlC IwOnKrIlt NO, DC tlElDS I 9 NO. 01 RtCOlDS I I997 WORDS PtR RtCORD I 9 CAR0 INPUt rONAt PROJCOOt NUMltR tASllNC NOAtHlNG lAAlUY LCAD ZINC CaPPt II SllVtR I-...~...... “..~.~ .,~...... *.-..-...... --.-...... ~.I.~....“...... ~._....~...... F It10 LtN’ith *.*.I*...*.* 1. , *a .* I a* ,. I .I II fIti* ;:rt .?.*I..... r I I r i%ilR t l&Ill . ..*a.. v.- 342299, 42540. C2428, L& LlMlf ...... 500. 1lOIO. 5SOLI. Ad!Nl DAlA VAlUt . . . .._...... ‘1. .I. I. c*lCttONARY StGYtNI ID NtllttR . . ..._._...*...... f PACE 2 si1vtn f : (I :: 240. I: ::oo- t: 390: 143 Ii: 240: 19: 1: 8: t : t: ‘:: 1: f : f : 0. t: f : f : !: k 9: b: t: 1: i: ___. YOP. 921. PACE I4 ZINC COP?ER SILVER 190. Ii: 8: It: . IO 8: 18: 3: 8: fit: t!: 8: 1:: 8: tt: f : ‘B: t: 11: f : . 8: 40004 * 8: 4133 E: 4111 i: !: t:w ::::1* 6: 1492: 41417: t: ‘0: f* I%: 1: 1:t ti: 1502: 0: 18: !K* I: 150 * 14: 150 i: 1: 1507. 40171. 5: 15OB * 0. tt: IN* t : 1511: ::: !: $8: I: :i: t: 3: I: :i: t: t ! :o’* 20. 1521: t: 1522. ii: 40427, t: f3fX* ii: 152r: :P: 0 :* 41190: t: i3 i: :*. f!: t: t:::* t3: ISJI: 20. 1; A : Jll\ % - ~------~------u----~- b---1c- --_------,:: vu.o-ou-sv*e..~-*- -*U*V********- _ _ ..--....-...... ~.~*.-~~....PP~c\I~ouvcwIwooocI~ ...... -...... u Z ~~-~oo-*----*oo**o**oo--*oo--~--o*---oo* 2 ._..._.._..*.-*.I.*...*....~...... _ oo---00-m . ..*.*..*... PAM 26 IER t t f 1~ 1: t: !: t: :: t: 0. t: 1: t: t: I: f : I: t: f : 51121. 9910. t: 18574. t: t : t: t : !: t : f : t: DAIA DESCRlPlION ..“- ..*.....*.. fiLI tlflE I~AORANEP N.CNCLAtII) CONCENIRAIL DAlA NO. Of flElDS I 20 NO. Of RlCOROS I 1.10 WORDS PtR RECORD I 20 CAR0 lNPU1 fORYAl ~3f10.2.A4.4f10.2~Rf10.2~Rf~0.2~ SAYTNUYR lASt ING NORlHlNC PROJCODt CCP XRF DIP XRF SDP XRF SNP XRF rRP XRf 2NP XII . ..**...... *.*..*...... -...-...... *....-....*. . . ..l...... f ILL0 1LNGlN f f f f :PPtR LIMII . . ...“..... 1OmR 142299LlMiI 00 42540.00 6242R.00 34 1864.00 404490,oo 201.00 4152,OO 27211 .oo I6192.,:t ...... I.... YYR10.00 35::i .30 HI 0.10 11.00 0. :d 0.10 0.10 I .oo ARStNIS;h:o”ALUt ...... *. -1.00 -1.0 -1.00 ~I.00 *I.00 -1.30 -1.00 -1 .oo -I .oo OlCllONARt SEWN1 IDEN e IFIER ...... CUP XRF CAP XRf WI? XRf FEP XRf YIP XRf IIP XRf U P XRf Sk;’ XRf LRP XRf MOP XRF ...... *...... *...... -...... *.....**...... f..“...... ~...... ~... I...... -...... **.* ...... f ItlD LENCIH ...... I. f f f f f f f f fPPcR lINtI ...... I.... LthVER1:::i!o 171210.00 210.00 2R9050 BOO 7110.00 99700 .oo 120.00 1200.00 71140.00 IS.00 . ..I...... 0.10 40.00 3.10 1700.00 20.00 260.00 0.20 0.20 5o.eo 0.20 ARSfNt OAfA VIlUt ...... I.. *I.00 *I .oo *I .oo *I .oo -I .oo -1.00 -I,00 -1.00 *l.OO DICIIONAR? SLCYlNl i;i&flIR ...... *...*... OJNOVOI NAKt 1CNPIIlf 9 , I COPFCRC~CLlL COl?l~ PM IO COPPCR N C&El “#I/d (IN ‘Ill1 CObPEl IIN 22. P: 12. 14: t: Ii: I: 1: k t: 1: I: 1: 8: t: t: t: 1: 0': 8: 9: r!: !: t: 0. I: I!: t: P: !: 148. t4ot 21 C.C.JOHNSO~~ IGS KtmORfN PA63 OINOW I OAtA DtICRlPIlDN . . . . ,._. * ._.._.. rllt tltlc Itwrllc NO. 01 fltlOS t 9 NO. 01 lltCORDS I 1180 WORDS Pll RtCOllD I 9 CARD INPUt lOllMAt PROJCOOf N’?IIKR tA51tNt h!RIHI’(C( CAlClUY IRdN 9.4 ttIANlUY 51 ...... ~~...... ~...... ~~.....~.~.~...~~....~..~...... ~...... ~. _...... _...... ,...*...... **,...... CItLD lC?!CtH ..*...*.a.*. 14, 6 rr1 II ” I II I. 1 II .I , .I 6. , II .I , II II I ,I II 0 I. I, F I tlD ;;Pr . ..*...... 1 r I F r F I I !PlwI 1lYlt ...... 312199, ‘2540 q 62420, 1t1210. 219050. ?rlO. 99tbO. 1200, t&R 1lMlt s...... s 13810. 55161. 40. 1700. 2c. 260. 0. AB!tNt DA”A VALUL “!‘* ...... * *I, -I. *I * -I. -1. *I. -1, OlCItONARY 51*X’\? IihtlW! . . ..-....w...... *...*.....“* PACC 11 ‘W 211: t2t: 2510. M: ~j~.JOilNSON IQS K YWRIH 0 NOW1 1 :tCORD5 1tSIt k 8LlW KlVC OUPllCAlt KCYS AND HAVt “O’;“:;(N COPftD IO OUIPUI 7 Ilt PACC 12 tANI frvND SIROH tf8:440. 640, N: 1s : 1: H : ‘f30a: iANQH 1ItANIUM AND SI PPY) PAtf ii fSI 111) CALCI PAGL 22 ?,I ZANNtD . . . . . * . . * ...... ...... C.t.JOHNFOH ICS KtWRlH PALJ OlNOVll 0111 OtsCRlPtlOH .*.* . . . ..__._.. fllC Ilfll ItIM?fIlt *:. Of fltlbs I 9 no. ?. ntcc41s I 1110 WRDf PER R,lliO I 9 CARD INPUI CORMAt ".OJCODf HUMBCR LASflNG NOR::'l'4\ CfRlle AHllMONY URANIl,. ', *, ...... *...... *...*.*...m...... m.m.e ...... ~~.....*.*... _...... "...... ".I fItlO LtNGfH ...... *... II , II II, :. II , I% *., I. " I I, I" , L1 *I , II a., II*IIIIII* f ICl0 ;tPl *..*.e.,.. f f f e f f f f !PPfC klUl1 . . ..*.*.... 142299. IIJ40. c14:e 1864. 104. I&. ' 140. 15. &n 1lYll .S"...... 500. )l::I. IS? 11. 0. 0. c. 50. 0. A&t DA11 VAlUt ...... I... .I. .I. -I. -I. -I. .I. .I. DlCllI)ARY StCYtNt ldti,lflrR *.1...... *...1.."...... IN PPMI Mu . ...... l . . * ...... ” . . . l . . . . . l . . . . . * * . I . . . . . l . . . . . . 0412. . . . 3 1224. . . . . a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . * . l . . . . * j: ,i: 0: iiJ. Oz: I , %i i: :: t : 8: f : 0. (Ili ?)Ml MO t El it $0 6: C.C.JOHNSOH 10s KtWORIN PACJ 0 INO: b I DAlA Of5CnlrilOH ...... I Illt IlIlt IlI;P:llt HO. OF II[LDS I I NO. 01 RtCORl’S I II AID5 PtR ItCORD I 1 LARD INPUI tORNAt PROJCODC NUYICR i’C!IHE ~JRIHIHG CAlCl rl I&ON MN t IIANICZ ...... ~“...... ~~...~.~....~...... ~...... ~....~~~~.~”...... ~...... ~~.....~.~.~...... ~... I ltlD LfllQlH ...... *..... ” I I. I. , II ” I f I LLD ;;rt * ...... I 1 ( bma 1 IMII . . ...**.... 5117, 19;49. &k tIMIt ...... 5Zlb. 36150. Al:rNt DAlA YAlUf . ..*...-•...... ‘j’ *t DICIIONARY ~;GYtNt 10 NllFI[R l ...... *....*. fi 1i : 3:: Tf: 26, f : 29, ....*-..--....-.l.*f_ *0----0---o- . ..---....-.....*...***.. ~-----I---~~~~--~*~~*~~,,ooo-~-1o--,~-~~~* .*.....**.. ;t 2 0 ZINC SllVLR 8: 0. 1: I: f: f: :f8* 340: i: : t00, t: 540: 220. f: t: t4:: 18: I: 31:: t: fi: :t:: I. t3409:t- 3: it:: ;: 544. 3: t :I: 210. t: t: !: t: f: i: i: t: f: t: f: 1: !: t: 0. Jllvtl 8: i: t: 8: 0. t: 924. 0, I: I: I: 1: ;: I: I: 8: t: p: 8: II: t: p: 00; :: 1: f: II: 1: 1: PAGC IS ZINC 5llVER I:!: I: to- !: 298: f : I: 1: 231: 1: I: t: f : :: t : II* l4b: 1: f : t : f : 210. I: p: t : 3 0: t : i: g : t : 9: I: 0. :: CNI 2411. %o'* 24r2: 3:::. 248 ' 241 t . 2417. I:::. 2492: f:t:-. B: :0: : :: :t: :3::t 38: 3::: 3: :o": 2591. 8: H3I": 251 . 300: flf i : :o": ::I:: ill: ii: :t:* g: it: 127: iI: 2,t:1% ::: J$ 'f10(t: , 2 31. :t:* E: 2 3 II. g: ! tw 255: If*20: 2 42: 533. 295. 8: t i ::- at9. 2545: 332. if: ‘Y) PAW 2I 1tAD 5llVC:, i8: 50. '8: ii f 8: if :8: 8: 3: t: it: 40, 9, i8: I: 3: i: III: tl: :E: 8: 10: t: 8: is. I: 3: 1: 48: 3: 8: 38: 1: 2: 1: iI: !: 18: 1: it: :: fP: I: :i: 8: #: g: 31: t: 33: 8: Sk ;: DAtA DtSCRltllON ..*. . . ..*_..._. flit IlllL IlfYPFIlI: NO. Of flElDS I 20 NO. Of RECORDS I 1180 WORDS PfR RECORD I 20 CARD IAPUI fORMA ~lflO.2.A4.4fl0.2~Cf10.211F10.2~ SAWNUMB lAS1 INO NORINING PROJCODI CtP XRf RAP XRC 4OP XRf SNP XII P&P XRf ZNP XRf . . ...~"...... ~..~.~....~...... ~~..~...... *..... FIELD Licicrii ...... LL l .a .I , .I .I , *a l . , .. .. , I. . . l .I .I l 11 ** , .t ** l . . ,, f ttlD ;tPt ...... I... r F A f f f f f r hR LlMlt . .."...... &:2:]~t;o 42540*00 L2420.00 34 1114.00 484490.00 204.00 4152.00 27287.00 l6Yv.M ...... C.... 3~010.00 55R6D.00 Ill: 0.10 13.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 1.00 A15EH15;:i!o"AL"E ...... 1,00 .I.00 -1.00 .I.00 -1.00 .l.OO .I.00 .I.00 -1.00 DlCllONARY StCYENl IOCti:i~tCR ...... C...... CUP XRF CAP XRf NIP XRf FLP XRf WP XRf IIP XRf ll ? XRF SR? XRf LRP XRf MOP XRf .-...... *.*...... *-*--.*...."...... *...... fIClD lf.HClH .I...... * II . . l .* . . l 1. . . , .* (II , .I . . 1 I. 0. l . . *. , L. II , ** .a ftm ;;rr ...... ". f f f f f f f f f :PPrR l,lMlt ...... *.. LimrRl;j4t?0 lf72l0.00 210.00 219050.00 7119.00 99700.00 120.00 1200.00 '1140.00 15.00 .. ..I...... 40.00 0.10 1700.00 20.00 260.00 0.20 0.20 50.00 0,20 AlSENt o!t:O"AL"l ...... -1.00 .I.00 .I.00 -1.00 -I,00 .I.00 .I.00 -1.00 DICl,ONi:iOhW~Nt ik$flER .I...... C.C.JOHNSON ICI KLM'?(:IN PA63 OlNOV81 SUD.CoLMANDS 1 SlfD N SYSIEM JOURNAL WAKf WRKI Ilt MAKC rlMPfI11 O-tXCC~G.UllllGtRJCl ON fllL WORKfIlf . . . ..*LLll.lld....I...... C.C.JOWNSON ICI KC OlNOV81 ANY RCCORDS 1lSlCD mpI :& HAVL DUPlICAI~ KEYS AND HAVL NO:'::tN COPIED IO 9UlPUl fllC C.C.JOHNSON IOS KCYWRIH rA63 OINOVII DAIA DfSCRItIION ,...... fill IlllI IltYtfllt NO. Of fIIlD% I 10 NO, Of MCOADI I 1110 WORD5 PER RECORD , \o CAM INPU! TORNAt PROJCODE NUMMR [ASlING NORtHING BARIUM 1tAO ZINC COPPKR NICKEL IIN ...... *.*.....*...... "...... f If10 LtNtfH ...... !I *. , I. .a I .I . . , “L .a , .” ,I , *I L. l .I . . , .I .a l ,I I. l II . . I t tlD IYPf ...... f f f f f f f f f 3tptn LIYI? ...... 142299. 42540. b24ZI. 414490. 2?211. 16192. 1994. 210, 4152. Lo& LlYll .I...... 303. 11110. 55161. Il. 0. I. 0. 0. 0. AB!:Nl OAlA VALUE ...... ,I. ,l. *I. ,I. -I. ,I. ,I. -I. OIC1lO)rARY SlCYENl IihflfltR *.**...... ,...... ,..... :6x. I:: t : 3b9. 3tP: 267. 49‘ta * 4;:: :i: Iif: 2’. tbl: II t: 0”: II. 30, 121; !* IlOJb. 584: :x8’ 90’: Slb2: c241. 8: 0. coP’~girN~cK’L I2 .7 . 0. ;: II. lti : 2: i t. 1:: 1Y9 4;: IJ95, I :: 45: 1397. 1;: :: 8: utv 4, 1: ygo: 0": 11: :: 140 I A: 140f f:: 1400: 10: 1409. 28: 8. :: ijii: 0: :: 19: t: 1: tit i: i: lrlt: 4:. 46: Irk 1419. i: 0": t : ‘1, 2i: 4g: 1429. lo?: ;;: E!’ y: 1414: 1:: Ifi 0: 1:; i: :* s: t::o’* 1:: 9: 1441: 'iv 1: 31: t::t* i: 1: :: 3: 1;. 3 * fI :* 59281, 4,: I: ::: w * 1:: :: 3 9254: 1;: t: I$ 22. 2:: t: :: ll!: (i: !I: 1:: :: 8: 1411. t: e : ;i: tw :: 1414: Z: I: 1;: (1.1 ‘$lth LLAD. COPPLR NICKLL 1 frfiP CObPE? ‘. I. ‘II: II‘I* . :: 19: t : 2: 1: 8: :: 25to: 2. 4i: k :p: 11: 3: :: 1: 1:: 1;. ;: 11: 3w ‘k '8. 2141: 3: :* 1;. 12: f' 1:: 8: :: f: t : 'I f: 1: 11: 2f 8: $ I55tq II 39: :f: iti: f: Yl: 7: If' 7. :: *i: 3: ,17* ,9:i: j: 2i t: 1:: I'* 1.1.: '9F 1: if: 421: it: 91, 1:: bt: t:: 4:: :* 2377. 1:: ;: 2370. f: 2379. 1::: 2381. Ii- s: 2::: 1:: :: 1:: :: :: 40: 39. :: 50: OASIN HCYIC NY:So.Ii 24 . 8: 2. 98: t: Il. f : I:: 8: f: 8: 1;: f t I;: 8: 11: p: 15: 8: ;: 8: f: ir 3: :: :: 3:i i: 2428. 1;. 8: 2429. ;: 3: t: :: :: t: 5: 1:: 8: 2:::* :: 3 442: 1;. 21%: w II: y:: ,of 24411: %: i! i: t3 Iif: :: i: 2451: 2452. rtl* J: I: 688: 40. w 1": ;: ::i t: i: 2457: :: 5. :: PAGC 2 :I :I ti 12910. :I WS: ii 1740. W: :I .:I .~1: . . * I: . . t: . . I: . I: . I: I . I: . I: . . I: . . I: . . I: . . I: . l I: . . I: . . I: . . I: . . I: . . I: . . I: . * i: . CONCIN RAlCSt IRON, MANG PPYJ PACE I CASI 1,c; SR 37111. :;: :i: :;: 1;: :f : :t: :t: :t: ,-i, ‘L. :;: *:. II: :I: :;: :;: :f: -i. :f: :I: :;: :;: ::: :;: :;: ::: :I: iii :I: 31619. :f: TlfANlUY 356N t::B* 1415: t:::. 1491: tzt 1500: 1502, 131:: 17190. t4450. 42190. ‘UY, ANC C ?4GK ‘4 (I) CdlC NORIMJW PPY) PA11 25 511 55t5r? 50 1'44. ' 0: t8: 20. :I: 18: tt: :8: tk :rloo* 110: 210. 51Qe J?O. ??YJ SR IO. 18: 13: 10: :I: is: lo: 18: 18: 20. 1%: 18: 241 0. 2131 0. I 570, 13 OJO. 2:910. p$ I1 tb: 11270. tAlf 4 *I. H: :I: :f: :f: $ :t: 2: P’ :I: :f : ‘ai :I: ;I; :f: :f: i. :I: :f: 8: :f: :;: :I: ::: 3: :I: :I: 8: :I: :f: -i. :;: 8: - * :t: 1. - . :f: l i 1 j: I”: :t: j: :;: :;: It r: -I. :f: :t: 3* 1: j: :f: :t* S: :I: :;: i :: .I. ::: :;: 8: :I. :I: :I: :: :f: :t: :;: -i. I: :t: :I: :t: ‘I* :t: :I: :f: 1; :;: ;I: :I: :I: 2: :;: .:. :: :t: :I: :I; t: :t: I 3. :!’ :;: !, :;: 8 r* .I :f : :I: .I. ii: :fn :I: -!: :f : !: IO. :I: :;: :I: 3: :f: :t: -i: :f : :t: :f : :;: L ii: :;: 11. 1. 1: :;: *i . If: If: :;: :;: :f: :t: :I. :t: :I: :;: :;: :I: :I: :f: :f: *I. ;I: :;: :f: *!. :): :f : :f: :f: -:. *I. :;: :f: :f: :I: :;: j: :I: I :I: ‘J :!* :i: :I: 1’ :I: $ :i: :t: :I: :I: :f : :I: :;: :I: j: :I: :;: :f : :I: :;: :;: :t: 1::. :f: If: :I: :;: :f : -i: j: :I; ‘:j; :I: :f: :;: :I: :I: .t. :I: ;i: IA 101 ?ANNtD 4. 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DlC;:Ol:?RY SfCYtNI ,hi,l~lt” ...... *.....*.... f If11 CAlC IUbl AND ‘ICC 2 PAGt i ZINC SllVE? 150. cor’::. i* 220. 15: 3. 3: 1: if: 1: 8: $8: t: 1:: i. 3: t: 18: i: Ii: 8: 11: 1: JO. ii: H: 2: t: g: 1: 1;: t: t: fl:I * 1. 13: f : 18: t: 11: 1: 31: ;: 11: i: 30; la: :: :;: 1: IJ: t: t:: ;: 20. 1: SIIVER f : i: t: t: f : t: t: I: 1: t: I: t: 8: 1: I: t: 8: t: 8: 8: 8: 8: 8: 8: 1: I: 57021. :. 3 :!I* :: 5t coo: 1: IN t?ll lEA0 comn 3). 100: :I: k8 I!: it i rl3 : I: : ::f IO. IS: I * If*5: IN CPU) PAOf I9 LLA COWfR 111 PO. t:: t '1: t : f i 1: 1 f :i: ia: lo: f 38: 4 004. 18: t ; 1 p$ it: If: t 4 t194: 13: f!* t :w :i: 4 290: tsf t 3 1, mm 40’._. 13 41962: t 11: 3: I: :w 15: rl93.: t: 18: $8: t: tIt 1:: 11 :t: 3: 9: :8: 1:: 1: 50. 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