Susceptibilidad De Distintos Genotipos Experimentales De Salix Spp a La

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Susceptibilidad De Distintos Genotipos Experimentales De Salix Spp a La Tercer Congreso Internacional de Salicáceas en Argentina Trabajo Técnico Susceptibilidad de distintos genotipos experimentales de Salix spp a la avispa sierra Nematus oligospilus - Evaluación de daños a campo y estudios de preferencia en laboratorio Teresa Cerrillo 2, Celina L. Braccini 1,3 , Romina Martínez 3, Hugo D. Chludil 3, Silvia R. Leicach 3, Patricia C. Fernandez 2,3 1Instituto de Recursos Biológicos, CNIA-INTA. De los Reseros y las Cabañas S/N, Castelar Buenos Aires 2 EEA Delta del Paraná, INTA. Paraná de las Palmas y Canal Laurentino Comas, Campana, Buenos Aires 3 Cátedra de Biomoléculas, Facultad de Agronomía, UBA. Av. San Martin 4453, CABA, Argentina E-mail: [email protected] Resumen La avispa sierra Nematus oligospilus (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) es una plaga que provoca defoliaciones severas en diferentes especies del género Salix , con gran variación en el grado de ataque según el año considerado. Se estudió la susceptibilidad y preferencia de diferentes genotipos de Salix desde dos niveles de estudio complementarios: a campo y de laboratorio. En los ensayos a campo, 125 individuos o genotipos de Salix spp establecidos en bancos clonales fueron analizados. El nivel más alto de daño por defoliación se registró en genotipos de S. nigra , mientras que el más bajo fue registrado en S. viminalis . En el laboratorio, los siguientes genotipos fueron comparados en ensayos de oviposición múltiple: S. babylonica var sacramenta ‘Americano’, S. nigra ‘Alonzo nigra 4’, los híbridos, S. babylonica x S. alba ‘Ragonese 131-27 INTA’ y S. matsudana x S. alba ‘Barrett 13-44 INTA’; el sauce experimental ED1 (obtenido del cruzamiento controlado entre [ S. babylonica x S. humboldtiana ] x S. matsudana ) y el mimbre Macollado amarillo ( S. viminalis). Estos experimentos demostraron que Alonzo nigra 4 superaba al resto significativamente en el nivel de preferencia, lo cual sugiere que el mayor nivel de daño observado en el campo puede estar relacionado con una alta preferencia de oviposición. Por otra parte, el mimbre Macollado Amarillo ( S. viminalis) mostró relativamente baja preferencia de oviposición y baja fecundidad (es decir, número de óvulos maduros presentes en el oviducto en el momento de la emergencia de hembras provenientes de larvas alimentadas con S. viminalis ), lo que podría explicar el bajo nivel de daño detectado en este genotipo. Teniendo en cuenta que la capacidad de los insectos herbívoros de reconocer su planta hospedadora se relaciona frecuentemente con la presencia de metabolitos secundarios de la misma, se está estudiando el perfil de los derivados fenólicos de los diferentes genotipos con el fin de correlacionarlos con el comportamiento de preferencia. Las diferencias en los perfiles cromatográficos de los diferentes genotipos están siendo evaluadas por análisis de cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). Esta información es un primer paso en un intento de revelar los mecanismos de la preferencia de la avispa sierra en los sauces con el objeto de encontrar una señal de oviposición que pueda ser aplicada para la protección del cultivo. Palabras clave : Salix , clones, Delta argentino, crecimiento inicial, metabolitos secundarios, avispa sierra Tercer Congreso Internacional de Salicáceas en Argentina Trabajo Técnico Introducción La avispa sierra Nematus oligospilus Foerster (= N.desantisi Smith) es un insecto himenóptero que ataca los sauces ( Salix spp), produciendo excepcionalmente también daños en los álamos (Alderete et al. 2010). El nivel de sus ataques varía a lo largo de los años, en ocasiones causa intensas defoliaciones y pérdida de ejemplares, incluso aquellos de varios años de edad. Las larvas se alimentan de las hojas pudiendo provocar severas defoliaciones que pueden ocasionar la pérdida de hasta el 100 % del follaje. Los primeros registros de la plaga en Argentina datan de inicios de la década del ‘80, cuando fue detectada por primera vez en el valle inferior del Río Chubut entre 1980 y 1981, y descripto como una especie nueva (Smith 1983). Luego se dispersó rápidamente, llegando al cabo de 10 años al extremo norte del país (Ovruski y Smith 1993). Hay registros de ataque en Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Corrientes, Chubut, Entre Ríos, Mendoza, Río Negro, Neuquén, Tucumán y Jujuy (Giménez 2006). En el mundo, se ha documentado su distribución en Norteamérica, Europa, Asia y en otros países del hemisferio sur, además de Argentina, Chile (González et al. 1986), Sudáfrica (Urban y Eardley 1995) y Nueva Zelanda (Berry 1997), donde tuvo su principal dispersión en los ´90, con notables aumentos poblacionales, lo cual generó severas defoliaciones al igual que en Argentina (Alderete et al. 2010). Respecto al grado de ataque y preferencias, en Patagonia, Dapoto y Giganti (1994) consignan daños entre los meses de septiembre y abril, sobre ejemplares de Salix elegantissima K. Koch, S. fragilis, S. babylonica L. ("sauce llorón"), Populus x canadensis Moench cv I 214 ("álamo híbrido I 214") y Populus alba L. ("álamo plateado, álamo blanco") de diferentes edades con distintos grados de ataque. Cerrillo et al. (2009) detectaron diferentes grados de ataque en genotipos experimentales de distintas especies del género Salix . Desde que se registró la plaga en Argentina se han realizado avances en el estudio del insecto, de su ciclo biológico y de aspectos bioecológicos y de manejo vinculados al mismo en diferentes ambientes (Dapoto & Giganti 1994, Dapoto et al. 1985, Alderete et al. 2010, Toscani 1992, Cabarcos 1995). No obstante, continúa siendo aún un serio problema que demanda soluciones a partir del desarrollo tecnológico. La capacidad de los insectos herbívoros de reconocer su planta hospedadora está frecuentemente asociada a la composición química de la misma (Tahvanainen et al. 1985, Orians et al. 1997, Hjaltén y Hallgren 2002, Forkner et al. 2004). Aún cuando la composición química de cada especie vegetal está genéticamente determinada (Karban y Baldwin 1997), es además el resultado de respuestas locales a factores bióticos y abióticos (Multikainen et al. 2000, Leicach 2006). La variación genotípica en árboles influye sobre el comportamiento y tipo de herbívoros asociados. En el género Salix existe una variación importante en la cantidad y calidad de metabolitos secundarios entre las distintas especies y sus híbridos. Un grupo de metabolitos secundarios típicos de la familia Salicaceae son los glucósidos fenólicos. Numerosos trabajos han demostrado gran variabilidad en los niveles de glucósidos fenólicos foliares presentes en diferentes especies e híbridos de Salix (Julkunen-Tiitto 1986, 1989, Orians 2000), donde dichos compuestos suelen actuar como la principal defensa química de la planta (Kolehmainen et al. 1995). Éstos pueden intervenir en el comportamiento de oviposición de insectos, por ejemplo estimulándola, como en el caso de la avispa de la agalla Euura lasiolepis (Roininen et al. 1999), o bien en el comportamiento de alimentación, resultando tóxicos para mamíferos y microorganismos, reduciendo la palatabilidad de la planta para insectos herbívoros generalistas o actuando como señales positivas de orientación en insectos herbívoros especialistas (Kolehmainen et al. 1995, Hjältén et al. 2007). En el caso de N. oligospilus , hay evidencias que muestran un comportamiento diferencial hacia distintas especies de sauce. Nuestra hipótesis de trabajo plantea que el comportamiento diferencial de la avispa sierra estaría correlacionado con diferencias cuali y/o cuantitativas en los metabolitos secundarios presentes en las distintas especies e híbridos del género Salix . Tercer Congreso Internacional de Salicáceas en Argentina Trabajo Técnico Objetivo Evaluar la preferencia de oviposición de N. oligospilus y la susceptibilidad de diferentes genotipos experimentales de Salix comúnmente utilizados en plantaciones en la zona del Delta del Paraná, tanto a campo como en ensayos de laboratorio. Estudiar el perfil de derivados fenólicos en los diferentes genotipos de Salix con el objeto de correlacionarlos con el comportamiento previamente observado. Materiales y métodos Experimentos a campo El germoplasma evaluado a campo consistió en clones experimentales, en diferentes etapas de selección, que forman parte del actual programa de mejoramiento de sauces del INTA. Uno de los objetivos fundamentales del plan es incrementar la variabilidad, produciendo nuevas familias a partir de las cuales seleccionar clones de utilidad productiva. Entre las características consideradas en la selección, la resistencia o tolerancia a las principales plagas es una de las más importantes; en este caso, la evaluación de daños diferenciales de “avispa sierra”. Para evaluar el posible impacto diferencial de la plaga en diferentes combinaciones a las cuales pertenecen los clones experimentales, se observaron, registraron y analizaron los datos correspondientes a 125 clones, obtenidos por cruzamientos controlados, en las que están involucradas 6 especies o combinaciones de especies: Salix nigra Salix alba x Salix alba S x argentinensis (Salix babylonica x Salix humboldtiana) S. babylonica x S. alba. S. matsudana x S. alba S. viminalis Los 125 clones, o genotipos, fueron evaluados a lo largo de 2 temporadas de ciclo vegetativo, registrándose el grado de ataque en 4 estaqueros a campo (espaciamiento 1 m x 0,50 m, lo que corresponde a una densidad de 20000 plantas por hectárea). Se utilizaron dos sitios del Delta del Paraná, ambos en terrenos bajos, con características homogéneas de suelo, manejados con drenaje adecuado y protegidos
Recommended publications
  • Poplars and Willows: Trees for Society and the Environment / Edited by J.G
    Poplars and Willows Trees for Society and the Environment This volume is respectfully dedicated to the memory of Victor Steenackers. Vic, as he was known to his friends, was born in Weelde, Belgium, in 1928. His life was devoted to his family – his wife, Joanna, his 9 children and his 23 grandchildren. His career was devoted to the study and improve- ment of poplars, particularly through poplar breeding. As Director of the Poplar Research Institute at Geraardsbergen, Belgium, he pursued a lifelong scientific interest in poplars and encouraged others to share his passion. As a member of the Executive Committee of the International Poplar Commission for many years, and as its Chair from 1988 to 2000, he was a much-loved mentor and powerful advocate, spreading scientific knowledge of poplars and willows worldwide throughout the many member countries of the IPC. This book is in many ways part of the legacy of Vic Steenackers, many of its contributing authors having learned from his guidance and dedication. Vic Steenackers passed away at Aalst, Belgium, in August 2010, but his work is carried on by others, including mem- bers of his family. Poplars and Willows Trees for Society and the Environment Edited by J.G. Isebrands Environmental Forestry Consultants LLC, New London, Wisconsin, USA and J. Richardson Poplar Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Published by The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and CABI CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI CABI Nosworthy Way 38 Chauncey Street Wallingford Suite 1002 Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Boston, MA 02111 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 800 552 3083 (toll free) Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Tel: +1 (0)617 395 4051 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © FAO, 2014 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product.
    [Show full text]
  • Comportamiento De Oviposición De La Avispa Sierra Del Sauce Nematus
    Tesis Doctoral Comportamiento de oviposición de la avispa sierra del sauce Nematus oligospilus (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae): el rol de los semioquímicos en la elección de plantas hospederas Braccini, Celina Laura 2017-11-02 Este documento forma parte de la colección de tesis doctorales y de maestría de la Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, disponible en digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. Su utilización debe ser acompañada por la cita bibliográfica con reconocimiento de la fuente. This document is part of the doctoral theses collection of the Central Library Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, available in digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. It should be used accompanied by the corresponding citation acknowledging the source. Cita tipo APA: Braccini, Celina Laura. (2017-11-02). Comportamiento de oviposición de la avispa sierra del sauce Nematus oligospilus (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae): el rol de los semioquímicos en la elección de plantas hospederas. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Cita tipo Chicago: Braccini, Celina Laura. "Comportamiento de oviposición de la avispa sierra del sauce Nematus oligospilus (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae): el rol de los semioquímicos en la elección de plantas hospederas". Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. 2017-11-02. Dirección: Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis F. Leloir, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Contacto: [email protected] Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - C1428EGA - Tel. (++54 +11) 4789-9293 UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Comportamiento de oviposición de la avispa sierra del sauce Nematus oligospilus (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae): el rol de los semioquímicos en la elección de plantas hospederas Tesis presentada para optar al título de Doctora de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en el área CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Celina Laura Braccini Directora de Tesis: Dra.
    [Show full text]
  • Sawflies (Hym.: Symphyta) of Hayk Mirzayans Insect Museum with Four
    Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 2018, 37(4), 381404 ﻧﺎﻣﻪ اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺣﺸﺮهﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ اﯾﺮان -404 381 ,(4)37 ,1396 Doi: 10.22117/jesi.2018.115354 Sawflies (Hym.: Symphyta) of Hayk Mirzayans Insect Museum with four new records for the fauna of Iran Mohammad Khayrandish1&* & Ebrahim Ebrahimi2 1- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran & 2- Insect Taxonomy Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran 19395-1454, Iran. *Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract A total of 60 species of Symphyta were identified and listed from the Hayk Mirzayans Insect Museum, Iran, of which the species Abia candens Konow, 1887; Pristiphora appendiculata (Hartig, 1837); Macrophya chrysura (Klug, 1817) and Tenthredopsis nassata (Geoffroy, 1785) are newly recorded from Iran. Distribution data and host plants are here presented for 37 sawfly species. Key words: Symphyta, Tenthredinidae, Argidae, sawflies, Iran. زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻢرﯾﺰ ارهاي (Hym.: Symphyta) ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻣﻮزه ﺣﺸﺮات ﻫﺎﯾﮏ ﻣﯿﺮزاﯾﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺰارش ﭼﻬﺎر رﮐﻮرد ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻮن اﯾﺮان ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺧﯿﺮاﻧﺪﯾﺶ1و* و اﺑﺮاﻫﯿﻢ اﺑﺮاﻫﯿﻤﯽ2 1- ﮔﺮوه ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ، داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﮐﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺷﻬﯿﺪ ﺑﺎﻫﻨﺮ، ﮐﺮﻣﺎن و 2- ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ردهﺑﻨﺪي ﺣﺸﺮات، ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ اﯾﺮان، ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت، ﺗﺮوﯾﺞ و آﻣﻮزش ﮐﺸﺎورزي، ﺗﻬﺮان. * ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﻣﮑﺎﺗﺒﺎت، ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮑﯽ: [email protected] ﭼﮑﯿﺪه درﻣﺠﻤﻮع 60 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻢرﯾﺰ ارهاي از ﻣﻮزه ﺣﺸﺮات ﻫﺎﯾﮏ ﻣﯿﺮزاﯾﺎﻧﺲ، اﯾﺮان، ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي Macrophya chrysura ،Pristiphora appendiculata (Hartig, 1837) ،Abia candens Konow, 1887 (Klug, 1817) و (Tenthredopsis nassata (Geoffroy, 1785 ﺑﺮاي اوﻟﯿﻦ ﺑﺎر از اﯾﺮان ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ. اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ و ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﯿﺰﺑﺎن 37 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻢرﯾﺰ ارهاي اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.
    [Show full text]
  • Working Party on Poplar and Willow Insects and Other Animal Pests
    WORKING PARTY ON POPLAR AND WILLOW INSECTS AND OTHER ANIMAL PESTS 169 170 PRESENT SITUATION OF THE POPULATION OF N. OLIGOSPILUS FOERSTER (=N. DESANTISI SMITH) (HYM.: TENTHREDINIDAE) IN THE TAFI VALLEY, TUCUMAN, ARGENTINA: FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS Mariela Alderete1, Gerardo Liljesthröm Nematus oligospilus Foerster (= N. desantisi Smith), a Holartic species whose larvae feed on leaves of Salix spp., was recorded in Argentina and Chile in the 1980´s. In the delta of the Paraná river (DP) and in the Tafí valley (VT) in Argentina, the sawfly larval populations attained high densities and severe defoliations were observed: in 1991-92 and 1993-94 in DP, and in 1990-91 and 1994-95 in VT. In VT the sawfly larvae have remained at low density since then and trials excluding natural enemies showed that larval survivorship was significantly higher than in the controls. Further, an intensive sampling over five consecutive years allowed us to perform a key-factor analysis, and larval mortality, possibly due to predators (polyphagous Divrachys cavus was the only parasitoid recorded from less than 1% host larvae), was density-dependent and supposed to be capable of regulating the sawfly population. The DP and VT regions have different ecological conditions: while DP has broad and continuous willow plantations and a humid-temperate climate, VT is an elevated valley bordered by mountains with a sub-humid cold climate (rains are concentrated in spring and summer) with small and rather isolated willow forests. Apart from these differences, both regions show very low parasitoidism, outbreaks shortly after being recorded in the area, and no significant differences between outbreak and no-outbreak years with respect to mean and mean maximum temperatures as well as in accumulated rainfall.
    [Show full text]
  • Update on Leaf-Feeding Willow Sawfly: the Arrival of Nematus Oligospilus in Australia
    This document was originally published on the website of the CRC for Australian Weed Management, which was wound up in 2008. To preserve the technical information it contains, the department is republishing this document. Due to limitations in the CRC’s production process, however, its content may not be accessible for all users. Please contact the department’s Weed Management Unit if you require more assistance. factsheet Update on leaf-feeding willow sawfly: the arrival of Nematus oligospilus in Australia Background Impact in the southern hemisphere Willow sawfly In the southern hemisphere countries, Two species of willow sawfly have been the sawfly has caused widespread known from Australia since 1994, the defoliation of willow trees when first willow gall or bean gall sawfly Pontania observed, and spread very fast, proxima, and the willow bud sawfly covering all of New Zealand within ten Amauronematus viduatus, both years. Several species of Salix are accidentally introduced from the attacked, including crack willow, Adult willow sawfly willow sawfly northern hemisphere (Naumann et al. weeping willow, pencil willow and Photo: http://www.hortnet.co.nz/publications/ 2002). golden willow. It seems likely that all guides/willow_sawfly/wsawfly.htm tree willows in the subgenus Salix will Leaf-feeding willow sawfly be attacked but not Populus species. As it is now present in the ACT, The leaf-feeding willow sawfly is a new southern New South Wales and the introduction to Australia, first recorded Arrival in Australia Adelaide hills, eradication is out of the here in 2003 though the identification The introduction of biological control question. It can be expected to turn up has only been confirmed this year.
    [Show full text]
  • Predator Defense and Host Selection Behavior of Billbugs (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae)
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 8-2021 Predator Defense and Host Selection Behavior of Billbugs (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) Desireè M. Wickwar Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Wickwar, Desireè M., "Predator Defense and Host Selection Behavior of Billbugs (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae)" (2021). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 8170. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/8170 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PREDATOR DEFENSE AND HOST SELECTION BEHAVIOR OF BILLBUGS (COLEOPTERA: DRYOPHTHORIDAE) by Desireè M. Wickwar A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Ecology Approved: _____________________ _____________________ Ricardo Ramirez, Ph.D. Ted Evans, Ph.D. Major Professor Committee Member _____________________ _____________________ Kelly Kopp, Ph.D. Richard Cutler, Ph.D. Committee Member Interim Vice Provost of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2021 ii Copyright © Desireè M. Wickwar 2021 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Predator Defense and Host Selection Behavior of Billbugs (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) by Desireè
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropod Pests of Currant and Gooseberry Crops in the U.K.: Their Biology, Management and Future Prospects
    Agricultural and Forest Entomology (2011), DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-9563.2010.00513.x REVIEW ARTICLE Arthropod pests of currant and gooseberry crops in the U.K.: their biology, management and future prospects Carolyn Mitchell, Rex M. Brennan, Jerry V. Cross∗ and Scott N. Johnson Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, U.K. and ∗East Malling Research, New Road, East Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ, U.K. Abstract 1 Approximately 10–12 species of Ribes plants are cultivated for fruit production, mainly blackcurrants, red- and whitecurrants and gooseberries. These crops are increasingly recognized as rich sources of vitamin C and anthocyanins, with production rising by 24% in Europe subsequent to 1998. To date, research into insect pests of Ribes has been fragmented, with little appreciation of how changes in climate and agronomic practices affect biology. 2 We review 12 key pests of currant and gooseberry crops in Northern Europe, with specific emphasis on their biology and current management options. These are blackcurrant leaf curling midge Dasineura tetensi, blackcurrant sawfly Nematus olfaciens, common gooseberry sawfly Nematus ribesii, European permanent currant aphid Aphis schneideri, redcurrant blister aphid Cryptomyzus ribis, currant–sowthistle aphid Hyperomyzus lactucae, European gooseberry aphid Aphis grossulariae, woolly vine scale Pulvinaria vitis, common green capsid Lygocoris pabulinus, winter moth Operophtera brumata, clear wing moth Synanthedon tipuliformis and blackcurrant gall mite Cecidophyopsis ribis. 3 It is anticipated that global climate change could lead to increases in the incidence of some aphids through increased overwintering survival and longer seasonal activity. Moreover, changes in management practices such as increased cropping densities (from 5400 ha−1 to 8700 ha−1) and machine harvesting could lead to pest outbreaks through optimal microhabitats and increased susceptibility to pest colonization.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Microsatellite DNA Markers Indicate Strict Parthenogenesis and Few Genotypes in the Invasive Willow Sawfly Nematus Oligospilus
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2013 Novel microsatellite DNA markers indicate strict parthenogenesis and few genotypes in the invasive willow sawfly Nematus oligospilus Caron, V ; Norgate, M ; Ede, F J ; Nyman, T ; Sunnucks, P Abstract: Invasive organisms can have major impacts on the environment. Some invasive organisms are parthenogenetic in their invasive range and, therefore, exist as a number of asexual lineages (=clones). Determining the reproductive mode of invasive species has important implications for understanding the evolutionary genetics of such species, more especially, for management-relevant traits. The willow sawfly Nematus oligospilus Förster (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) has been introduced unintentionally into several countries in the Southern Hemisphere where it has subsequently become invasive. To assess the population expansion, reproductive mode and host-plant relationships of this insect, microsatellite markers were developed and applied to natural populations sampled from the native and expanded range, along with sequencing of the cytochrome-oxidase I mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) region. Other tenthredinids across a spectrum of taxonomic similarity to N. oligospilus and having a range of life strategies were also tested. Strict parthenogenesis was apparent within invasive N. oligospilus populations throughout the Southern Hemisphere, which comprised only a small number of genotypes. Sequences of mtDNA were identical for all individuals tested in the invasive range. The microsatellite markers were used successfully in several sawfly species, especially Nematus spp. and other genera of the Nematini tribe, with the degree of success inversely related to genetic divergence as estimated from COI sequences. The confirmation of parthenogenetic reproduction in N.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Natural History of the Willow Sawfly Nematus Oligospilus (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) Inhabiting Salix Humboldtiana, in Colombia
    JHR 55: 189–199 (2017)On the natural history of the willow sawflyNematus oligospilus... 189 doi: 10.3897/jhr.55.11566 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://jhr.pensoft.net On the natural history of the willow sawfly Nematus oligospilus (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) inhabiting Salix humboldtiana, in Colombia Leonardo A. Malagón-Aldana1, Francisco Serna1, David R. Smith2 1 Museo Entomológico UNAB, Grupo Sistemática de Insectos Agronomía SIA, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Uni- versidad Nacional de Colombia, Cra 30 #45-03, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia 2 Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, c/o National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 168, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, USA Corresponding author: Leonardo A. Malagón-Aldana ([email protected]) Academic editor: M. Prous | Received 20 December 2016 | Accepted 13 February 2017 | Published 28 April 2017 http://zoobank.org/6D8168AF-9803-4F22-AAA1-649BD46A33DB Citation: Malagón-Aldana LA, Francisco S, Smith DR (2017) On the natural history of the willow sawfly Nematus oligospilus (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) inhabiting Salix humboldtiana, in Colombia. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 55: 189–199. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.55.11566 Abstract The willow sawfly,Nematus oligospilus Förster, has recently been recorded from Colombia. Natural popu- lations were searched for in Bogotá City, where one of the host plants, Salix humboldtiana, grows as an ornamental tree. Larvae and cocoons were found, which thrive on the leaves of this plant. Parthenogenetic reproduction of this sawfly was confirmed. Fecundity of every female was estimated through counting the number of eggs laid on the leaves of the host.
    [Show full text]
  • Related Genes in the Antennae of Conogethes Pinicolalis
    Jing et al. BMC Genomics (2020) 21:244 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-020-6648-3 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Sexual-biased gene expression of olfactory- related genes in the antennae of Conogethes pinicolalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Dapeng Jing1,2, Tiantao Zhang1* , Shuxiong Bai1, Kanglai He1, Sivaprasath Prabu1, Junbo Luan2 and Zhenying Wang1* Abstract Background: Conogethes pinicolalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is similar to Conogethes punctiferalis (yellow peach moth) and its host plant is gymnosperms, especially for masson pine. So far, less literature was reported on this pest. In the present study, we sequenced and characterized the antennal transcriptomes of male and female C. pinicolalis for the first time. Results: Totally, 26 odorant-binding protein (OBP) genes, 19 chemosensory protein (CSP) genes, 55 odorant receptor (OR) genes and 20 ionotropic receptor (IR) genes were identified from the C. pinicolalis antennae transcriptome and amino sequences were annotated against homologs of C. punctiferalis. The neighbor-joining tree indicated that the amino acid sequence of olfactory related genes is highly homologous with C. punctiferalis. Furthermore, the reference genes were selected, and we recommended the phosphate dehydrogenase gene (GAPDH) or ribosomal protein 49 gene (RP49) to verify the target gene expression during larval development stages and RP49 or ribosomal protein L13 gene (RPL13) for adult tissues. Conclusions: Our study provides a starting point on the molecular level characterization between C. pinicolalis and C. punctiferalis, which might be supportive for pest management studies in future. Keywords: Conogethes pinicolalis, Conogethes punctiferalis, Yellow peach moth, Transcriptomics, OBP, GOBP, PBP, RNA-Seq, Transcriptome Background sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs), ionotro- Olfaction system plays a key role in insects, which in- pic receptors (IR) and odorant degrading enzymes cludes kin recognition, mediating foraging, aggrega- (ODEs).
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Microsatellite DNA Markers Indicate Strict Parthenogenesis and Few Genotypes in the Invasive Willow Sawfly Nematus Oligospilus
    Bulletin of Entomological Research (2013) 103,74–88 doi:10.1017/S0007485312000429 © Cambridge University Press 2012 Novel microsatellite DNA markers indicate strict parthenogenesis and few genotypes in the invasive willow sawfly Nematus oligospilus V. Caron1*, M. Norgate1, F.J. Ede2, T. Nyman3,4 and P. Sunnucks1 1Australian Centre for Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia: 2Biosciences Research Division, Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 48, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia: 3Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, FI-80101, Finland: 4Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland Abstract Invasive organisms can have major impacts on the environment. Some invasive organisms are parthenogenetic in their invasive range and, therefore, exist as a number of asexual lineages (= clones). Determining the reproductive mode of invasive species has important implications for understanding the evolutionary genetics of such species, more especially, for management-relevant traits. The willow sawfly Nematus oligospilus Förster (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) has been introduced unintentionally into several countries in the Southern Hemisphere where it has subsequently become invasive. To assess the population expansion, reproductive mode and host-plant relationships of this insect, microsatellite markers were developed and applied to natural populations sampled from the native and expanded range, along with sequencing of the cytochrome-oxidase I mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) region. Other tenthredinids across a spectrum of taxonomic similarity to N. oligospilus and having a range of life strategies were also tested. Strict parthenogenesis was apparent within invasive N. oligospilus populations throughout the Southern Hemisphere, which comprised only a small number of genotypes.
    [Show full text]
  • Willow Sawfly Resource Sheet.Indd
    Weeds of National Signifi cance Willow Resource Sheet : 3 Willow sawfl y (Nematus oligospilus) What is it? Can willow sawfl y be controlled? Willow sawfl y is an insect which has recently On a large scale, it is not possible to protect arrived in Australia. The larval stage of the life willow trees from willow sawfl y with insecticide cycle feeds on willow leaves, and large populations sprays. It may be possible to protect individual of larvae can defoliate adult willow trees. trees - check with the relevant department in your State for registered insecticides. Where did it come from? At this stage it is not known if there are any Willow sawfl y is native to much of the northern natural enemies of willow sawfl y in Australia that hemisphere. It was fi rst recorded in South America may limit its population. in 1980, then in southern Africa in 1993 and New Zealand in 1997. Which willows does sawfl y prefer? How did it get here? Willow sawfl y prefer some types of willows, with It is unclear how willow sawfl y arrived in Australia, tree willows being more favoured than shrub but it was not introduced deliberately. It is possible willows. that adult sawfl ies were blown across from New Zealand or that cocoons were accidentally Tree willows: imported, for example on shipping containers. • crack willow (Salix fragilis) Where is it now? • black willow (S. nigra) Willow sawfl y was fi rst reported in Canberra in • matsudana (Peking) willow (S. matsudana) 2004 and, by April 2006, it had arrived in the ACT, NSW, South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania.
    [Show full text]