Monitor Strategic No. 3-4/2019

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Monitor Strategic No. 3-4/2019 MONITOR STRATEGIC Revistă editată de Institutul pentru Studii Politice de Apărare şi Istorie Militară, membru al Consorţiului Academiilor de Apărare şi Institutelor de Studii de Securitate din cadrul Parteneriatului pentru Pace, membru asociat al Proiectului de Istorie Paralelă pentru Securitate prin Cooperare. REDACTOR-ŞEF • General-maior (Rtr) dr. MIHAIL E. IONESCU, directorul Institutului pentru Studii Politice de Apãrare şi Istorie Militarã, Ministerul Apãrãrii Naţionale, România Redactor-şef adJUnct • Dr. Şerban Filip Cioculescu, cercetător, Institutul pentru Studii Politice de Apărare și Istorie Militară COLEGIUL DE REDACŢIE • Prof. asociat dr. JORDAN BAEV, Colegiul de Apãrare şi Stat Major, „G.S. Rakovsky”, Sofia, Bulgaria • Prof. univ. dr. DENNIS DELETANT, University College London, Marea Britanie • SORIN ENCUŢESCU, Preşedintele Asociaţiei „Manfred Wörner”, Bucureşti, România • Conferențiar univ. dr. IULIAN FOTA, Academia Națională de Informații • Dr. SERGHEI KONOPLIOV, Harvard University Program for Black Sea Security, SUA • Prof. dr. CRAIG NATION, Department of National Security&Strategy, US Army War College, USA • Prof. dr. REINER POMERRIN, Universitatea din Dresda, Germania • Prof. dr. ERWIN SCHMIDL, Academia Naţionalã de Apãrare, Viena, Austria • Prof. univ. dr. MICHAEL SHAFIR, Universitatea „Babeş Bolyai”, Cluj-Napoca, România • Colonel (r) dr. SHAUL SHAY, Senior research fellow, International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism at the Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel • Prof. univ. dr. VASILE SECÃREŞ, Şcoala Naţionalã de Studii Politice şi Administrative, România • Dr. JEFFREY SIMON, Senior research fellow, Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University, Washington D.C., SUA • Jian Zhou, senior research fellow, CIISS, Beijing • Comandor (r) GHEORGHE VARTIC, istoric militar, C.S.E.E.A., România ADRESA Str. Constantin Mille nr. 6, sector 1, Bucureşti, cod 010142, telefon: 0040 21 315.17.00, fax: 0040 21 319.58.01 http://ispaim.mapn.ro e-mail:[email protected] Revista a fost inclusã în baza de date a Consiliului Naţional al Cercetãrii Ştiinţifice din Învãţãmântul Superior, fiind evaluatã la categoria „C” și figurează în bazele de date internaționale EBSCO și CEEOL. Monitor Strategic 1 SUMAR SECURITATE EURO-ATLANTICĂ / 3 Dragoș Ilinca - Tipologii, funcționalități și inițiative de generare a capabilităților de apărare / 5 Șerban F. Cioculescu – Vecinătățile conflictuale și instabile, perspectiva Brexit-ului și tensi- unile transatlantice: elemente de vulnerabilitate și incertitudine pentru UE / 17 Marius Iorgulescu – „Egalizarea ideologică” a Vestului, între pace şi război / 37 Silviu Petre - Polonia si tabla de șah. Gambitul polonez şi tabla de şah est-europeană. Lecţii pentru România / 44 PUNCTE DE VEDERE / 53 Mirel Țariuc - Schimbarea mediului de securitate și noua strategie națională de apărare. Identificarea și ierarhizarea riscurilor / 55 Robert Gabriel Țicălău – Despre regimul politic din Rusia lui Putin / 62 Carola Frey – Prelungirea problemelor din Afganistan și ce ar trebui să ne învețe istoria / 72 CĂRŢI ŞI REVISTE PRIMITE LA REDACŢIE / 87 3 - 4 / 2019 C I TEG A TR S TOR I ON M Tehnoredactor: Maria Dumitru ISPAIM — B. Nr. 973 / 10.12.2019 2 Monitor Strategic SECURITATE EURO-ATLANTICĂ Monitor Strategic 3 4 Monitor Strategic Tipologii, funcționalități și inițiative de generare a capabilităților de apărare Dragoș ILINCA Definirea unor soluții optime de gestionare și, subsecvent, a tipului de capabilitate de care a domeniului privind capabilitățile de apăra- este nevoie în diferite teatre de operații. În de- re a reprezentat o temă constantă pe agenda criptarea acestei ecuații pot fi utilizate o serie de securitate a perioadei post-Război Rece. În de indicii generate, în mare măsură, de pro- egală măsură, vorbim despre unul dintre su- filul mediului de securitate, anume asimetria biectele de maximă relevanță pentru adapta- de manifestare a riscurilor și amenințărilor, rea generală a forțelor armate la implicațiile de gradul ridicat de interconectare cu reflexie di- ordin operațional ale mediului internațional rectă în natura globală geografică de acțiune. de securitate. Dincolo de finalitatea practică Din această perspectivă, indicatorii minimali a procesului în sine, percepută adeseori doar ai tipului de capabilitate reclamat de provo- prin achizițiile de tehnică și echipamente de cările secolului al-XXI-lea vizează necesitatea apărare, procesul de generare a capabilităților orientării procesului de generare pe o coordo- presupune îndeplinirea unui set extins de crite- nată comprehensivă, centrată pe consolida- rii și condiții, aflate într-o permanentă evoluție rea mobilității, adaptabilității, sustenabilității și transformare. În mod similar, implicațiile și autonomiei operaționale. În egală măsură, dezvoltării tipului adecvat de capabilități se relevanța capabilităților de apărare presupu- regăsesc pe o plajă largă de domenii, pornind ne și identificarea unor opțiuni de acomodare de la aspectele financiar-bugetare, industrial- a duratei de generare a acestora, adeseori de economice și până la cele privind protecția amplitudine temporală substanțială, cu cerința mediului înconjurător. de a răspunde oportun la situațiile de criză. Din această perspectivă, adoptarea unei formule de guvernanță reprezintă un obiec- tiv ambițios și, în egală măsură, dificil de re- Multinaționalitate alizat având în vedere schimbarea continuă a caracterului riscurilor și amenințărilor cu În evaluarea eficienței procesului de dez- care statele se confruntă. Se distinge dinami- voltare a capabilităților de apărare un loc ca relațională existentă între definirea clasic- important îl reprezintă analiza modului de convențională a răspunsului la criză și necesi- structurare și management al acestuia. În tatea atingerii, respectiv menținerii unui grad mod tradițional, articularea sistemului de ridicat de disponibilitate&dislocare a forțelor guvernanță și, subsecvent, a gestionării pro- în operații. Dificultatea realizării echilibrului cesuale au fost elemente asumate individual între aceste componente este accentuată prin de state, în baza potențialului și experienței acuta fluiditate a mediului de securitate care proprii. Sfârșitul Războiului Rece, urmat de afectează capacitatea de anticipare a evoluțiilor inițierea unui amplu proces de transformare Monitor Strategic 5 și adaptare la nivelul Alianței Nord-Atlantice jul dintre marea majoritate a aliaților europeni a generat noi condiții de abordare a proble- și SUA a devenit o evidență de necontestat3. maticii privind dezvoltarea capabilităților de Cu toate acestea, rezultatele obținute s-au apărare. Prin Conceptul Strategic adoptat în plasat pe coordonate mai degrabă modeste, 29 aprilie 1999, la Washington, managemen- situație generată în primul rând de implicațiile tul și coordonarea procesului de generare a în domeniul resurselor asociate capabilităților capabilităților erau abordate într-o paradig- reclamate, majoritatea acestora presupunând mă centrată pe ideea de multinaționalitate la angajamente financiare substanțiale4. Pornind nivelul căreia funcționalitatea sistemului de de la aceste realități, disponibilitatea statelor guvernanță ar fi urmat să fie asigurată prin in- membre de a participa la efortul de depășire termediul structurilor, respectiv procedurilor a deficiențelor s-a deplasat către o abordare aliate1. De asemenea, prin stabilirea conexiunii selectivă a capabilităților, ceea ce a condus la directe între menținerea tipurilor relevante de menținerea unui număr însemnat de deficite. capabilități și obiectivele strategice ale NATO, În egală măsură, se manifestă un segment de decizia de la Washington deschidea perspecti- dezbatere relativă la o anumită disparitate în- vele abordării procedural-instituționale a aces- tre nivelul capabilităților existente la nivelul tui domeniu. aliaților și SUA5, situație dificil de corijat pe ter- Din această perspectivă, Summit-ul ali- men scurt și chiar mediu. Pe acest fond, evaluă- at a adoptat decizia de la lansare a Inițiativei rile aliate indicau necesitatea identificării unor de Dezvoltare a Capabilităților (Defence Ca- opțiuni flexibile de abordare a capabilităților cu pabilities Initiative - DCI), orientată către implicații financiare semnificative, sugerându- îmbunătățirea capabilităților existente la ni- se analizarea posibilității de a dezvolta formule velul statelor membre, în vederea optimizării cooperative. angajamentelor operaționale desfășurate sub În paralel cu evoluțiile din cadrul NATO, egida NATO. Apariția DCI trebuie plasată în problematica managementului dezvoltării contextul degradării situației din Balcanii de capabilităților a căpătat valențe suplimentare Vest care a generat necesitatea unui răspuns prin abordarea acesteia și la nivelul UE. Co- din partea NATO, concretizat prin dislocarea ordonatele de evoluție a subiectului au fost misiunilor IFOR (1995-1996), respectiv SFOR trasate prin adoptarea, în decembrie 1999, a (1996-2004) în Bosnia-Herțegovina. Pornind Obiectivului Global Helsinki (HLG2003)6 care de la premisa menținerii unui nivel ridicat al viza crearea până la sfârșitul anului 2003 a unei angajamentelor aliate în afara perimetrului ge- forțe de reacție rapidă (50-60.000 de militari) ografic de responsabilitate, prioritatea majoră capabilă să fie dislocabilă în termen de 60 zile, a fost acordată aspectelor privind: interope- putând a fi menținută în teatru până la 1 an. În rabilitatea forțelor, sisteme de comandă-con- susținerea acestui obiectiv se avansa necesita-
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