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Kostadinov Koroutchev Rossen.Pdf DEPARTAMENTO DE ESTUDIOS ÁRABES E ISLÁMICOS Y ESTUDIOS ORIENTALES FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA Y LETRAS UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID MIGRACIONES CIRCULARES Y DE RETORNO PROCEDENTES DEL MAGREB Y DE LOS BALCANES Y SU IMPACTO SOBRE LA SOCIEDAD Y LA ECONOMÍA ESPAÑOLA CIRCULAR AND RETURN MIGRATIONS FROM MAGHREB AND THE BALKANS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE SPANISH SOCIETY AND ECONOMY TESIS DOCTORAL PRESENTADA POR: ROSSEN KOSTADINOV KOROUTCHEV TESIS DOCTORAL DIRIGIDA POR: DRA. ANA ISABEL PLANET CONTRERAS DRA. MARIYANA NIKOLOVA Madrid, 2014 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is a great pleasure for me to thank my PhD Supervisor Professor Ana Planet for her numerous advices, suggestions, critical reading of the manuscript and practical help during all the years since the beginning of my Master studies. She was the person who inspired me to start the research on migration and border issues. I am very pleased to thank my Bulgarian PhD Supervisor, Professor Mariyana Nikolova for her important advices and constructive recommendations regarding the research of the Bulgarian political situation and migration processes. I would express my special gratitude to my Swiss research Supervisor, Professor Doris Wastl-Walter, who introduced me into the project of the Bulgarian-Serbian border region. Her advices were very important for my professional trajectory. I would like to thank my Professors and Colleagues from the Department of Arab and Islamic Studies at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, from the Institute of Geography at the University of Bern, Switzerland and from the Institute of Geography, the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria, where I have performed parts of my research during the last three years: Bernabé López García, Francisco Moscoso, Béla Filep, Chavdar Mladenov, Marian Varbanov, Boris Kazakov, Boyan Koulov and many others. I would like to thank the Colleagues from other Universities and Institutions, with whom I had the pleasure to discuss or collaborate: W. Wastl, J. Petrović, E. Markova, S. Kicošev, T. Ivanov, M. Dikov and D. Kirov. I would like to express my special thank to Natividad Tera and Therese Jost for their practical administrative support at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and the University of Bern. I would like to thank the Swiss Government for granting me the one year ESKAS fellowship and the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid for granting me the three months mobility fellowship. It is a great pleasure to thank my friends Jan and Razzagh, Ivan and Svetozar for encouraging me during all this time. I would like to acknowledge Anna Kelhara, who helped me with the revision of some parts of the English text. I thank my parents, who have continuously and unconditionally helped me during all these years. Cerceda, 31.05.2014 2 RESUMEN La presente tesis doctoral presenta los resultados de la investigación sobre los procesos migratorios de Marruecos y Bulgaria en condiciones de crisis económica. Después de analizar el panorama migratorio de ambos países, el análisis se centra en la migración circular y de retorno y cómo estos fenómenos afectan a la sociedad y a la economía española, así como las de los países de origen. El estudio comparativo de los dos países se lleva a cabo en términos de la cantidad de las remesas, en la transformación de países de emigración a países de destino, en las políticas gubernamentales para la migración de retorno así como en las tendencias futuras y las perspectivas. Se ha llevado a cabo una investigación específica en el caso de dos regiones fronterizas, la región Búlgaro-Serbia y la Búlgaro-Turca, siendo ambas fronteras exteriores de la Unión Europea. ABSTRACT The current PhD thesis presents the results of the research of the migration processes of Morocco and Bulgaria in the conditions of economic crisis. After analyzing the migration panorama in both countries, the analysis is focused on circular and return migration and how these phenomena affect the Spanish society and economy as well as those same aspects in the countries of origin. The comparative study for both countries is performed in terms of the amount of remittances, transformation from a country of emigration to a country of destination, governmental plans for return migration as well as future trends and perspectives. Specific investigations have been performed in the case of two border regions: the Bulgarian-Serbian and the Bulgarian-Turkish ones, being both external borders of the European Union. 3 ÍNDICE CAPÍTULO INTRODUCTORIO: ÁMBITO, OBJETIVOS, HIPÓTESIS PRINCIPAL Y METODOLOGÍA DE LA TESIS……....................................................................................................... 12 1. Introducción………………………………………………………….................... 13 2. Objetivo, ámbito e hipótesis principal de la tesis………………….......................... 17 3. Metodología de la investigación……………………………………........................ 19 3.1. Revisión bibliográfica……………………………………………………... 19 3.2. Trabajo de campo………………………………………………………….... 21 3.2.a Realización de los cuestionarios…………………………………………..... 21 3.2.b. Realización de las entrevistas y lugar del muestreo en las zonas fronterizas …………………….......................................................................22 3.3. Análisis cuantitativo……………………………………………………....... 23 4. Organización de la tesis……………………………………………......................... 24 CAPÍTULO PRIMERO: CRISIS Y MIGRACIÓN EN EUROPA Y ESPAÑA………………........................ 28 1.1. El panorama migratorio en Europa y el caso español. ……………...................... 29 1.2. Situación socio-económica de España a partir de 2008……………....................... 34 1.2.1. Efecto de la crisis sobre la población inmigrante…………………………... 35 1.2.2. Emigración y retorno……………………………………………………….. 42 1.2.3. Integración de la población inmigrante: los desafíos………………………..46 CAPÍTULO SEGUNDO: MIGRACIÓN CIRCULAR Y DE RETORNO ENTRE MARRUECOS Y ESPAÑA, PERFIL DEL INMIGRANTE MARROQUÍ ……………........................ 52 2.1. Flujos migratorios recientes entre Marruecos y España en condiciones de crisis económica mundial……………………………....................................... 53 2.1.1. Los inmigrantes marroquíes en España…………………………………...... 53 2.1.2. Los efectos de la crisis sobre el colectivo marroquí……………………....... 57 4 2.1.3. Las migraciones circulares y de retorno a Marruecos…………………........ 61 2.1.4. Las remesas………………………………………………………………..... 64 2.1.5. La migración circular……………………………………………………...... 71 2.1.6. La migración circular y de retorno de las mujeres marroquíes…………....... 75 2.1.7. Conclusión………………………………………………………………....... 77 2.2. El perfil de los inmigrantes magrebíes de retorno………………........................... 78 2.2.1. El análisis de las encuestas realizadas por el Centro Robert Schuman de Estudios Avanzados y el Consejo de la Comunidad Marroquí en el Extranjero…........................................................................... 79 2.2.1.a. Características socio-demográficas…………………………………........... 79 2.2.1.b Situaciones socio-profesionales……………………………………………. 80 2.2.1.c. El capital social y financiero de los retornados a Marruecos…………….... 82 2.2.1.d. Experiencia migratoria en el extranjero…………………………................. 84 2.2.1.e. Retorno y reintegración de los inmigrantes………………………………... 86 2.2.1.f. Condiciones posteriores al retorno y perspectivas…………………………. 87 2.2.2. Resultados de la encuesta realizada por el autor con una parte de la comunidad de origen marroquí de la zona norte de Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid (Apéndice A)………………………........................ 89 2.2.3. Conclusión ……………………………………………………………………. 91 CHAPTER THREE: MIGRATION IN BULGARIA, BULGARIAN-SERBIAN AND BULGARIAN-TURKISH BORDER REGIONS…………………….………………. 93 3.1. Migration processes in Bulgaria………………………………….………………. 94 3.1.1. Theoretical aspects of the Border problems. Models and discussions. The Multilayer border approach……………………………………………….. 94 3. 1. 2. The European borders and the Schengen agreement…………………………. 95 3.1.3. The Bulgarian migration panorama. The EU-Non EU borders………………… 98 3.1.3.a. The Bulgarian migration panorama ………………………………………….. 98 3.1.3.b Push and pull factors………………………………………………………… 101 5 3.1.3.c. Consequences of the migration…………………………………………….…. 102 Demographic problem………………………………………………….……... 102 Brain drain……………………………………………………………………. 103 Remittances…………………………………………………………………… 104 3.1.3.d. Future trends……………………………………………………………….… 105 3.1.4. Immigration in Bulgaria………………………………………………………… 106 3.1.5. Irregular migration, asylum seekers and refugees……………………………… 107 3.1.5.a. The Bulgarian-Turkish border…………………….…………………………. 108 3.1.5.b. The Bulgarian-Serbian border………………………………………………… 114 3.1.6. Conclusión…………………………………………………………………….. 115 3.2. The Serbian – Bulgarian border region: the forgotten backyard of Europe……………………………………………………………. 116 3.2.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………….…… 116 3.2.2. Materials and methods………………………………………………………… 117 3.2.3. The Bulgarian-Serbian border region: a brief physical, socio-economic, political and identity‟s description………………………….. 118 3.2.3.a. Demographic composition of the border area………………………….…….. 121 3.2.3.b. Economic situation in the border area…………………………………..……..126 3.2.3.c. Development of tourism………………………………………………….. 130 3.2.4. The economy of the Bulgarian-Serbian border region from the point of view of the population……………………………………………………… 132 3.2.5 Future economic activities of the Bulgarian-Serbian border region. Cooperation across the Border………………………………………………… 137 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………. 138 6 CHAPTER FOURTH COMPARISON BETWEEN THE MIGRATION
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