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Insights Into South American Native Ungulate and Caviomorph Paleobiology

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Insights Into South American Native Ungulate and Caviomorph Paleobiology UC Santa Barbara UC Santa Barbara Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Insights into South American Native Ungulate and Caviomorph Paleobiology Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/84t4p8r1 Author McGrath, Andrew Publication Date 2021 Supplemental Material https://escholarship.org/uc/item/84t4p8r1#supplemental Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Insights into South American Native Ungulate and Caviomorph Paleobiology A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Earth Science by Andrew John McGrath Committee in Charge: Professor André Wyss, Chair Professor Susannah Porter Professor Bruce Tiffney June 2021 The dissertation of Andrew John McGrath is approved. ________________________________________ Susannah Porter ________________________________________ Bruce Tiffney ________________________________________ André Wyss, Committee Chair June 2021 Insights into South American Native Ungulate and Caviomorph Paleobiology Copyright © 2021 by Andrew John McGrath iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To my family and friends who supported me through this journey. Thank you to all those who collected, prepared, and curated the fossils on which this thesis is based. Thank you to my committee members and research collaborators whose revisions and suggestions improved the quality of this dissertation. iv VITA OF ANDREW JOHN MCGRATH June 2021 EDUCATION Bachelor of Arts in Biology, Case Western Reserve University, May 2016 Bachelor of Arts in Evolutionary Biology, Case Western Reserve University, May 2016 Doctor of Philosophy in Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, June 2021 (expected) PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT 2016–21: Teaching Assistant; Departments of Earth Science, Ecology, Evolution, & Marine Biology, and Summer Sessions; University of California, Santa Barbara 2018–21: Teaching Associate: Departments of Earth Science and Ecology, Evolution, & Marine Biology; University of California, Santa Barbara PUBLICATIONS McGrath, A. J., Anaya, F., & Croft, D. A. 2020. New proterotheriids (Litopterna, Mammalia) from the middle Miocene of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia, and trends in diversity and body size of proterotheriid and macraucheniid litopterns. Ameghiniana, 57(2): 159–188. McGrath, A. J., Flynn, J. J., & Wyss, A. R. 2020. Proterotheriids and macraucheniids (Litopterna: Mammalia) from the Pampa Castillo fauna, Chile (early Miocene, Santacrucian SALMA) and a new phylogeny of Proterotheriidae. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 18(9), 717–738. McGrath, A. J., Anaya, F., & Croft, D. A. 2018. Two new macraucheniids (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the late middle Miocene (Laventan South American Land Mammal Age) of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 38(3), e1461632. FELLOWSHIPS & AWARDS Alumni Graduate Award for Research Excellence, UCSB Earth Science 2021 Wendell Phillips Woodring Memorial Graduate Fellowship, UCSB Earth Science 2020 Lloyd and Mary Edwards Field Studies Fellowship, UCSB Earth Science 2017 Regents Fellowship in Earth Science, UCSB 2016 FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Vertebrate Paleobiology Systematics and Phylogeny with Professor André Wyss Diversity and Morphological Evolution with Professors André Wyss and Darin Croft v Faunal Similarity with Professors André Wyss, Darin Croft, and John Flynn Geometric Morphometrics with Professor André Wyss vi ABSTRACT Insights into South American Native Ungulate and Caviomorph Paleobiology By Andrew John McGrath In the five chapters of this dissertation, I investigate the paleobiology of South American native ungulates (SANUs) and caviomorph rodents. Although these studies involve different taxonomic groups and employ disparate methods, most rely on previously undescribed fossils to interrogate broader evolutionary questions. In the first chapter, I describe early Miocene litopterns (a group of SANUs) from Pampa Castillo, Aysén Region, Chile, and perform a phylogenetic analysis of one of its subgroups, Proterotheriidae. Litoptern taxa from Pampa Castillo include the macraucheniid Theosodon and proterotheriids Thoatherium and Picturotherium, corroborating the fauna’s assignment to the Santacrucian South American land mammal age (SALMA). My phylogenetic analysis, which indicates that “Anisolambdidae” forms a non-monophyletic cluster within Proterotheriidae, is the foundation of a new stem-based definition for Proterotheriidae. This chapter was published in the Journal of Systematic Palaeontology in 2020. My second chapter describes two new proterotheriids from the middle Miocene of Quebrada Honda, Tarija Department, Bolivia, and analyzes litoptern diversity and body- vii size evolution in a phylogenetic context. These taxa, Olisanophus riorosarioensis gen. et sp. nov. and Olisanophus akilachuta gen. et sp. nov., greatly clarify proterotheriid evolution in mid-latitude South America. The diversity analysis indicates that these groups were more diverse than previously appreciated, particularly during the Paleogene. Macraucheniids increased in body size throughout the Cenozoic, whereas proterotheriids followed a similar trend during the Paleogene, but did not change in size during the Neogene. This chapter was published in Ameghiniana in 2020. Cavioid, chinchilloid, and erethizontoid caviomorph rodents from Pampa Castillo are described in the third chapter. Cavioids are represented by Luantus minor, Eocardia cf. excavata, and Neoreomys australis, the last of which is the most abundantly represented mammal in the Pampa Castillo fauna. Chinchilloids are represented by four species of Perimys (P. erutus, P. onustus, P. intermedius, and a yet unnamed species previously described from the Pinturas Formation), Prolagostomus pusillus, Scleromys quadrangulatus, and a probable new species of Scleromys. This assemblage represents a mixture of two well-known, contemporaneous fossil faunas previously recognized from the lower + middle sequences of the Pinturas Formation and the Santa Cruz Formation. The phylogenetic affinities and relative abundance of these taxa suggest the paleoenvironment of Pampa Castillo was similarly intermediate between these two better-known faunas. In the fourth chapter, I describe the octodontoid caviomorphs from Pampa Castillo and conduct a faunal similarity analysis of Pampa Castillo and ten other early to middle Miocene (Colhuehuapian–Friasian/Colloncuran SALMAs) Patagonian rodent faunas. Eight octodontoids occur at Pampa Castillo, three of them likely representing viii new species of Caviocricetus, Dudumus, and Prostichomys. The other five are referred to previously described taxa: Acarechimys minutus, Acarechimys constans, Acarechimys cf. minutissimus, Acaremys cf. murinus, and Spaniomys cf. riparius. Faunal similarity analyses yielded inconsistent results depending on whether genus- or species-level data were used. The combined results of these analyses and recently published geochronological data suggest that the ‘Pinturan’ biochronologic interval is not valid; faunas referred to it should instead be assigned to the Santacrucian SALMA. I analyze the proximal ankle bones of litoptern and notoungulate (another SANU group) from the early Miocene Santa Cruz Formation, Argentina with the aim of assessing their utility in systematic studies and whether linear measurements or two- dimensional (2D) landmarks are more effective for assessing morphological differences. The ultimate goal of this research is to allow robust inferences about the locomotory habits of the sampled taxa. These results suggest that isolated tarsals may be identified to family and genus-level, but this conclusion needs further testing. Quantitative tests show that tarsals of different SANU taxa may be slightly more reliably distinguished by 2D landmarks than by linear measurements. However, 2D landmarks are clearly superior from the perspective of ease of measurement, replicability, and applicability to taxonomically diverse samples. Although the lack of modern taxa in the sample limited the paleobiological inferences that could be drawn, body mass, phylogeny, and possibly locomotor behavior, clearly influence tarsal morphology. Throughout this dissertation, I have used the description of new taxa and specimens as the foundation for phylogenetic, paleoenvironmental, biochronological, ix and ecomorphological analyses. These studies have advanced our knowledge of mammal evolution in South America, particularly in the early and middle Miocene. x TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Proterotheriids and Macraucheniids (Litopterna: Mammalia) from the Pampa Castillo Fauna, Chile (early Miocene, Santacrucian SALMA) and a New Phylogeny of Proterotheriidae……………………………………………..………1 II. New Proterotheriids from the Middle Miocene of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia, and Body Size and Diversity Trends in Proterotheriid and Macraucheniid Litopterns (Mammalia)………………………………………………………….....65 III. Cavioids, Chinchilloids, and Erethizontoids (Rodentia, Mammalia) of the Early Miocene Pampa Castillo Fauna, Chile…………..…………………………….141 IV. Octodontoids (Rodentia, Mammalia) from Pampa Castillo, Chile, and How Rodents Inform Early Miocene South American Biochronology……….……212 V. Systematic and Ecomorphological Utility of South American Native Ungulate (Notoungulata & Litopterna) Tarsals from the Early Miocene Santa Cruz Formation………………………………………………………………………….292 xi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1……………………………………………………………………………………..55 Figure 2……………………………………………………………………………………..56
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