DOCSLIB.ORG

Extraction and Purification of Plant Derived Surfactants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Extraction and Purification of Plant Derived Surfactants EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION OF PLANT DERIVED SURFACTANTS Buse Nur TEKİN, Gülden DÖNMEZ, Merve Deniz KÖSE, Mehmet ÜSTÜNDAŞ, Oğuz BAYRAKTAR Ege University Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering CONTENTS • Introduction • Sapindus mukorossi • Soybean waste water • Experimental • Results • Conclusion 2 INTRODUCTION • Human health has been adversely affected by the increasing use of synthetic surfactants. • Hence, studies which are to obtain natural surfactant from plant and industrial waste are increasing importance day by day. • Both Sapindus mukorossi fruit and soybean waste water rich in saponins were examined in this study. 3 Natural surfactants have gained importance because realizing economical aspect, health and environmental effect of usage of synthetic surfactants. Primary studies in surfactants were concerned with obtain natural surfactants from plants such as S. mukorossi, Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill), Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis), Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), The Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), Soap Lily (Chlorogalum pomeridianum), Yucca. 4 Sapindus mukorossi . It is known as soapberries or soapnut. Saponin is a type of nonionic surfactant. Naturally saponins occur from glycosides of steroids, alkaloids and triterpenoids. Sapogenin + Monosaccharide = Saponin 5 6 7 Soybean waste water • Soybean waste commonly given to the municipal water sewer and cause environmental problems like eutrotification. Soybean waste contains 23% hemicellulose, 16% cellulose and 28% protein. Soybean Soybean waste water 8 Table 1. Natural saponin sources [5]. Food Amount of Saponin (g/kg solid) Peas (Pisum sativa spp) 11 Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) 43 Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) 6.3 Lentil 3.7-4.6 Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) 47 Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) 15 Oat (Avena sativa L.) 1.0 Garlic (Allium purchased L.) 2.9 Sesame Seeds (Sesame my inducer L.) 3.0 Green beans (P. vulgaris) 13 Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) 56 Bean (Vicia faba) 3.5 Beet (Beta vulgaris) 58 9 Mostly used techniques for purifying saponins; Ultrafiltration Column chromatography Foam fractionation HPLC analyses . Among these techniques foam separation is considered as a simple, energy efficient and environmentally friendly technique. 10 The leaching liquor from the S. mukorossi has complex ingredients such as saponin, saccharides, proteins and other compounds. The foaming ability of saponins is caused by the combination of a hydrophobic (fat-soluble) sapogenin and a hydrophilic (water-soluble) sugar part. 11 EXPERIMENTAL S.Mukorossi powder dissolved in each solvent (1:10) and (1:20) (w:v) UV spectrophotometer Soybean waste water Extract made a foam separation 200ml solution at 200ml solution 0.814 L/min at at 0.814 L/min 25℃ at 80℃ FT-IR analysis For S.mukorossi HPLC analysis For soybean 12 RESULTS Table 1. Effects of solvents and solid/liquid ratio on the characteristics of S.mukorossi saponins . solid- liquid g saponin/10g raw solvent type yield % ratio (g/ml) mat. Water (1:10) 76 2.4 water@100C (1:10) 71 2.5 ethanol-water (1:10) 78 3.9 Ethanol (1:10) 68 3.5 Acetone (1:10) 65 3.4 Water (1:20) 74 2.8 water@100C (1:20) 70 2.6 ethanol-water (1:20) 66 2.5 Ethanol (1:20) 45 1.2 Optimum extraction conditions were found as ethanol water solution at 1:10 ratio. 13 • FTIR spectra of the samples showed –OH, -C=O, C-H, and C=C absorptions characteristic of oleanane triterpenoid saponins. The C-O-C absorptions showed glycoside connect to the sapogenins [3]. Figure 1. FTIR spectra of the foam fractination product and oleanolic acid [2]. 14 Figure 2. FT-IR spectra of S. mukorossi Extract. (W:Water, E:Ethanol, EW:Ethanol-water, BW:Water at 100℃) 15 Table 2. Results of foam separation Exp. No Parameters Initial Solution Final Foam Residual Solution Air Flow Rate (L/min) Time (min) Volume (ml) 200 28 172 A Temperature 25℃ pH 5,58 6,2 6,6 Colour Slightly yellow White Slightly yellow 0,814 75 Volume (ml) 200 30 170 B Temperature 80℃ pH 6,86 7,54 7,47 Colour Slightly yellow White Slightly yellow 16 Figure 3. FT-IR Spectra of samples: RW: Raw material, EW:Ethanol- water solution, FA:Foam phase A, FB:Foam phase B. Foam phase was rich in saponin compared with ethanol – water extract and raw material. With increasing the temperature, the adsorption is enhanced as in the case of foam fraction experiment carried out at relatively higher temperature. 17 3000 2500 2000 1500 FP mAU 1000 IS 500 BP IS 0 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 -500 min Figure 4. HPLC chromatogram analysis of saponins in soybean waste water. (FP:Foam phase, IS:Initial solution). Calculated enrichment ratio was found as 57% using spectrophotometric analysis, and 61% using HPLC analysis. By using foam separation method it was possible to obtain value added natural surfactants from soybean waste waters. 18 CONCLUSION • With foam separation technique higher amount of saponins can be obtained from S.mukorossi and soy bean waste. The obtained product is non-toxic and eco-friendly. This product could be used in baby shampoo, detergents and pesticide residue as a replacement ingredient. 19 CONCLUSION • By using foam separation technique it is possible to obtain value added natural surfactants from waste water. Valorization of these wastes are highly important for the national economy. 20 REFERENCES [1] Yan, J., Wu, Z.L., Zhao, Y.L., Jiang, C.S., 2011. Seperation of tea saponin by two stage foam fractionation. Seperation and Purification Technology. 80, 300-305. [2] Li, R., Wu, Z. L., Wang, Y.J., Li.L.L., 2013. Separation of total saponins from the pericarp of S. mukorossi Gaerten. by foam fractionation. Industrial Crops and Products. 51, 163– 170. [3] Kareru, P. G1. Keriko, J. M1., Gachanja, A. N1., Kenji, G. M., 2008. Direct Detection of Triterpenoid Saponins in Medicinal Plants. Afr. J. Trad. CAM 5 (1): 56 – 60. [4] Akbel, E., Karadağ, Funda., 2012. Saponin ve Reproduktif Etkileri,Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi 5, 25- 29. [5] Dinda, B., Debnath, S., Mohanta B. C., Harigaya, Y.,2010. Naturally occurring triterpenoid saponins. Chemistry and Biodiversity. 7, 2327-2580. [6] Cheok, C.Y., Salman, H. A. K., Sulaiman, R., 2014. Food Research International. 59, 16-40. [7] Du, M., Huang, S., Zhang, J., Wang, J., Hu, L., Jıang, J., 2013. Isolation of Total Saponins from Sapindus mukorossi Gaerth. Vol.4, No.1, 24-27. [8] Heng, W., Ling, Z., Na, W., Youzhi, G., Zhen, W., Zhiyong, S., Deping, X., Yunfei, X., Weirong, Y., 2015. Extraction and Fermantation-Based Purification of Saponins from Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. 18, 429-438. [9] Ibrahim, M., Khan, A.A., 2006. Antimicrobial Activity of Sapindus Mukorossi and Rheum Emodi Extracts Against H pylori: In itro and in vivo studies. World J Gastroenterol , 12(44), 7136-7142. [10] Sparg, S.G. , Light, M.E. , van Stade, J., 2004. Biological activities and distribution of plant saponins. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 94 (2004) 219–243. [11] Takeuchi, T. M., Pereira, C. G., Braga, M. E. M., Marostica, M. R., Leal, P. F., & Meireles, M. A. A., 2009. Low pressure solvent extraction (Solid liquid extraction, microwave assisted, and ultrasound assisted) from condimentary plants. In M. A. A. Meireles (Ed.), Extracting bioactive compounds for food products-Theory and applications (pp.140-144). Boca Raton: CRC press, 151-158. [12] Bhargava, D., Shivapuri, J.N., Kar, S., Pandit, B.R., Sidhiqie, A., Upadhyay, A., Thakur, S., Mondal, K.C., 2012. Evaluation of Antigonorrhoeal Activity of Saponins Extract of Sapindus Mukorossi Gaertn. Vol.3, No.2, 459. 21 Thank you very much for your kind Attention! 22 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tree Spacing Is Per the City and County of Honolulu, Department of Parks and Recreation, Division of Urban Forestry - Street Tree Specifications
    Recommended Industry Standard Plant Spacing Guidelines TREES: Canopy Spread Street Tree No. Common Botanical Small Medium Large Height Spacing WRA Comments 1 `A`ali`i Dodonaea viscosa X < 30' 25 NL 2 `Ohai Ali`i Caesalpinia pulcherrima X < 20' 25 5 3 `Ohi`a Lehua Metrosideros polymorpha X 80' - 100' 40 NL 4 Alahe`e Psydrax odorata X 3' - 30' 25 NL 5 Autograph Clusia rosea X < 30' 60 5 6 Beach Heliotrope Tournefortia argentea X X 15' - 35' 40 -1 7 Breadfruit Artocarpus altilis X 60' N/A -12 8 Brown Pine Podocarpus elatus X 100' - 125' N/A -2 25' o.c. 9 Carrotwood Cupaniopsis anacardioides X 25' - 40' 40 9 10 Coral Erythrina crista-galli X < 30' 40 6 11 Crape Myrtle Lagerstroemia indica X X < 30' 25 6 12 False Olive Cassine orientalis X < 30' 40 -1 13 False Sandalwood (Naio) Myoporum sandwicense X 30' - 60' N/A NL 60' o.c. 14 Fern Podocarpus Afrocarpus gracilior X 20' - 40' 40 0 15 Geiger (Haole Kou) Cordia sebestena X < 30' N/A -1 40' o.c. 16 Geometry Bucida buceras X 45' - 60' 40 -3 17 Giant Crape Myrtle Lagerstroemia speciosa X 30' - 80' 60 -4 18 Gold tree Roseodendron donnell-smithii X 60' - 90' 85 -4 Handroanthus ochracea subsp. 19 Golden Trumpet neochrysantha X 40' - 60' 60 -3 20 Hala Pandanus tectorius X X < 35' N/A NL 25' o.c. 21 Hau Hibiscus tiliaceus X X < 35' N/A NL 40' o.c. 22 Hau (Variegated) Hibiscus tiliaceus forma X < 30' 25 NL 23 Ho`awa Pittosporum hosmeri X < 30' 25 NL 24 Hong Kong Orchid Bauhinia xblakeana X 25' - 35' 40 -7 Recommended Industry Standard Plant Spacing Guidelines TREES: Canopy Spread Street Tree No.
    [Show full text]
  • Adeyemi Et Al., 2012)
    Ife Journal of Science vol. 15, no. 2 (2013) 303 A REVIEW OF THE TAXONOMY OF AFRICAN SAPINDACEAE BASED ON QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE CHARACTERS *Adeyemi, T.O., Ogundipe, O.T. and Olowokudejo, J.D. Department of Botany, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria. e-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] *Corresponding author: [email protected], +2348029180930 (Received: April, 2013; Accepted: June, 2013) ABSTRACT This study was conducted using qualitative and quantitative morphology to characterise and group different representative species of the family Sapindaceae in Africa. The morphological characters used included leaf, stem and fruit. Essentially, the similarities among various taxa in the family were estimated. A total of 28 genera and 106 species were assessed. Members possess compound leaves (paripinnate, imparipinnate or trifoliolate); flowers are in clusters, fruits occur as berry, drupe or capsule and contain seed with white or orange aril. UPGMA dendograms were generated showing relationships amongst taxa studied. The dendograms consists of a single cluster from 0 57 % similarity coefficients suggesting a single line decent of the members of the family. At 65 % two clusters were observed with Majidea fosterii being separated from the cluster. Also, at 67 % similarity coefficient, two clusters were discerned separating the climbing forms from the shrubby forms. Paullinia pinnata was separated from the other climbing forms at 67 % while Allophylus species were separated into two clusters at 91 % similarity coefficient. The dendograms revealed that the family can be separated into eleven (11) clusters based on qualitative morphological data. A key to the identification of genera is presented in this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Sapindus Saponaria Florida Soapberry1 Edward F
    Fact Sheet ST-582 October 1994 Sapindus saponaria Florida Soapberry1 Edward F. Gilman and Dennis G. Watson2 INTRODUCTION Florida Soapberry grows at a moderate rate to 30 to 40 feet tall (Fig. 1). The pinnately compound, evergreen leaves are 12 inches long with each leaflet four inches long. Ten-inch-long panicles of small, white flowers appear during fall, winter, and spring but these are fairly inconspicuous. The fleshy fruits which follow are less than an inch-long, shiny, and orange/brown. The seeds inside are poisonous, a fact which should be considered in the tree’s placement in the landscape, especially if children will be present. The bark is rough and gray. The common name of Soapberry comes from to the soap-like material which is made from the berries in tropical countries. Figure 1. Mature Florida Soapberry. GENERAL INFORMATION DESCRIPTION Scientific name: Sapindus saponaria Height: 30 to 40 feet Pronunciation: SAP-in-dus sap-oh-NAIR-ee-uh Spread: 25 to 35 feet Common name(s): Florida Soapberry, Wingleaf Crown uniformity: symmetrical canopy with a Soapberry regular (or smooth) outline, and individuals have more Family: Sapindaceae or less identical crown forms USDA hardiness zones: 10 through 11 (Fig. 2) Crown shape: round Origin: native to North America Crown density: dense Uses: wide tree lawns (>6 feet wide); medium-sized Growth rate: medium tree lawns (4-6 feet wide); recommended for buffer Texture: medium strips around parking lots or for median strip plantings in the highway; reclamation plant; shade tree; Foliage residential street tree; no proven urban tolerance Availability: somewhat available, may have to go out Leaf arrangement: alternate (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects of Ecology and Conservation of the Pygmy Loris Nycticebus Pygmaeus in Vietnam
    Aus dem Institut für Zoologie, Fischkrankheiten und Fischereibiologie der Tierärztlichen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Angefertigt am Endangered Primate Rescue Center Cuc Phuong National Park Vietnam Aspects of Ecology and Conservation of the Pygmy Loris Nycticebus pygmaeus in Vietnam Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der tiermedizinischen Doktorwürde der Tierärztlichen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München vorgelegt von Ulrike Streicher aus Bamberg München, Oktober 2004 Dem Andenken meines Vaters Preface The first pygmy lorises came to the Endangered Primate Rescue Center in 1995 and were not much more than the hobby of the first animal keeper, Manuela Klöden. They were at that time, even by Vietnamese scientists or foreign primate experts, considered not very important. They were abundant in the trade and there was little concern about their wild status. It has often been the fate of animals that are considered common not to be considered worth detailed studies. But working with confiscated pygmy lorises we discovered a number of interesting facts about them. They seasonally changed the pelage colour, they showed regular weight variations, and they did not eat in certain times of the year. And I met people interested in lorises and told them, what I had observed and realized these facts were not known. So I started to collect data more or less to proof what we had observed at the centre. Due to the daily veterinary tasks data collection was rather randomly and unfocussed. But the more we got to know about the pygmy lorises, the more interesting it became. The answer to one question immediately generated a number of consecutive questions.
    [Show full text]
  • Georgia Native Trees Considered Invasive in Other Parts of the Country. Scientific Name Common Name Scientific Name Common Name
    Invasive Trees of Georgia Dr. Kim D. Coder, Professor of Tree Biology & Health Care, Warnell School, UGA Georgia has many species of trees. Some are native trees and some have been introduced from outside the state, nation, or continent. Most of Georgia’s trees are well-behaved and easily develop into sustainable shade and street trees. A few tree species have an extrodinary ability to upsurp resources and take over sites from other plants. These trees are called invasive because they effectively invade sites, many times eliminating other species of plants. There are a few tree species native to Georgia which are considered invasive in other parts of the country. These native invasives, may be well-behaved in Georgia, but reproduce and take over sites elsewhere, and so have gained an invasive status from at least one other invasive species list. Table 1. There are hundreds of trees which have been introduced to Georgia landscapes. Some of these exotic / naturalized trees are considered invasive. The selected list of Georgia invasive trees listed here are notorious for growing rampantly and being diffi- cult to eradicate. Table 2. They should not be planted. Table 1: Georgia native trees considered invasive in other parts of the country. scientific name common name scientific name common name Acacia farnesiana sweet acacia Myrica cerifera Southern bayberry Acer negundo boxelder Pinus taeda loblolly pine Acer rubrum red maple Populus deltoides Eastern Fraxinus americana white ash cottonwood Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash Prunus serotina black cherry Gleditsia triacanthos honeylocust Robinia pseudoacacia black locust Juniperus virginiana eastern Toxicodendron vernix poison sumac redcedar Table 2: Introduced (exotic) tree / shrub species found in Georgia listed at a regional / national level as being ecologically invasive.
    [Show full text]
  • Riparian Plants in the Southwestern United States
    Phenology and Stand Composition of Woody Riparian Plants in the Southwestern United States Item Type Article Authors Brock, John H. Publisher University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ) Journal Desert Plants Rights Copyright © Arizona Board of Regents. The University of Arizona. Download date 07/10/2021 05:55:16 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/554241 Brock Riparian Plants 23 species were observed monthly (bimonthly in summer) at six Phenology and Stand sites in eastern Arizona and New Mexico. Phenologi- cal events were placed into eight categories for data collection. Stand composition data was collected from four randomly lo- Composition of Woody cated macroplots at each site in the summer of 1983. Weather data for the period of study was summarized for the region. Riparian Plants in the Four general phenology groups were identified: 1) spring flow- ering and fruit dispersal as characterized by Fremont cotton- Southwestern United wood (Populus fremontii) and Goodding willow (Salix gooddingii), 2) Spring flowering/autumn -winter fruit dispersal characterized by box elder (Acer negundo var. interius), netleaf States hackberry (Celtis reticulata), Arizona sycamore (Plantanus wrightii), and velvet ash (Fraxinuspennsylvanica ssp. velutina), 3) Spring flowering and late summer fruit dispersal demon- strated by Arizona walnut (Juglans major), and 4) Multidate flowering and fruit dispersal displayed by velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina). Fremont cottonwood and Goodding wil- low dominated the sites, while netleaf hackberry, box elder, velvet
    [Show full text]
  • Associations Between Nutrition, Gut Microbial Communities, and Health in Nonhuman Primates
    Associations Between Nutrition, Gut Microbial Communities, and Health in Nonhuman Primates A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Jonathan Brent Clayton IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Advised by Drs. Timothy J. Johnson and Michael P. Murtaugh December 2015 © Jonathan Brent Clayton 2015 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my advisors, Drs. Timothy Johnson and Michael Murtaugh, for believing in my abilities from day one, and helping me to design a thesis project based on my research interests and passion for nonhuman primate health. I would like to thank my aforementioned advisors and remaining committee members, Drs. Ken Glander, Herbert Covert and Dominic Travis for their daily guidance, unwavering support, and embarking on this journey with me. I would also like to thank Dr. Mark Rutherford, Lisa Hubinger, and Kate Barry for taking care of administrative matters. I am thankful for the incredible group of colleagues in the Johnson lab for their support, helpfulness, and friendship; Jessica Danzeisen, Kyle Case, Dr. Bonnie Youmans, Dr. Elicia Grace, and Dr. Kevin Lang. I am also thankful to the members of the Knights lab, Pajau Vangay and Tonya Ward for their help with data analysis and copious constructive feedback. I would like to thank Dr. Steve Ross and the Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes staff for training me on behavioral data collection methodology, which was a critical step in preparation for data collection in Vietnam. I am also thankful to Francis Cabana for helping to analyze the feeding ecology and nutritional analysis data.
    [Show full text]
  • Trees in the Landscape, Part 6: Sapindus Saponaria Donald R
    WESTERN A rborist Trees in the landscape, Part 6: Sapindus saponaria Donald R. Hodel Sapindus saponaria L. workers consider a separate species; it ranges from northern Florida into Sapindus saponaria is a distinctive, Georgia and South Carolina. splendid, highly adaptable, and use- Common names: soapberry; Florida ful small to medium ornamental tree soapberry; soap seed; wing-leaf soap- for the urban forest and landscape berry; jaboncillo (Puerto Rico); Hawai- (Fig. 1). Tolerant of a wide variety ian soapberry, mānele, a‘e (Hawai‘i) of harsh conditions, including heat, aridity, wind, salt, poor soil, and Etymology: The genus name Sapin- drought once established, this hand- dus is derived from the Latin sapo, some tree is noted for its attractive, meaning soap, and indicus, meaning often glossy and dark green, pinnate Indian, and alludes to the soapy lather foliage and showy, shiny orange- or produced when the saponin-rich yellow-brown, marble-like fruits. fruits are cut or rubbed and mixed With few or no cultural problems, it with water, a process much used by makes a superb specimen for use as Indians and other indigenous peoples a park, shade, lawn, and street tree, throughout the tree’s range in the and also as a screen or fruiting and Americas and the South Pacific. The tropical accent. specific epithet saponaria is also de- rived from the Latin sapo and alludes Taxonomy and history to the saponin-rich fruits. Synonyms: TROPICOS (2012) lists Figure 2. In habitat in Hawai‘i Sapindus 24 synonyms of which Sapindus inae- History: The famous Swedish natural- saponaria can sometimes become a qualis DC.
    [Show full text]
  • Horse Chestnut (Aesculus Hippocastanum) for Venous Insufficiency
    International Journal of Complementary & Alternative Medicine Review Article Open Access Horse chestnut (aesculus hippocastanum) for venous insufficiency Volume 5 Issue 3 - 2017 Eugene Zampieron Zampieron Botanical monograph University of Bridgeport College of Naturopathic Medicine, USA Native to Asia and southeastern Europe (especially northern Greece, Albania, and Turkey), “The large leaves of horse chestnut Correspondence: Eugene Zampieron, University of (Aesculus hippocastanum) are divided into five or seven leaflets, Bridgeport College of Naturopathic Medicine, 413 Grassy Hills Rd, Woodbury, CT 06798, USA, Tel (203) 263-2970, spreading five fingers from the palm of the hand, and have - their Email margins finely toothed. The flowers grow in erect, dense racemes, mostly white with tinges of red. A showy floral display blooms in Received: July 13, 2016 | Published: February 01, 2017 April or May in the northeastern United States, and earlier in the West The ripe horse chestnuts are gathered from the ground as they fall from the trees in autumn- They are hulled from the spiny capsule, which contains usually three large seeds that resemble edible chestnuts, and which are utilized for medicine. The plant constituents utilized medicinally come from the fruits. in Europe and the Americas as an ornamental. Shortly after, native They are a complex mixture of triterpenoid saponin glycosides and people began utilizing the fruits of these stately trees as a human lactone glycosides, including protoaesigenin, barringeogenol-C, medicament. When crushed, the nuts, leaves, and bark were used in {reference 2) hippocaesculin, 6-E-glucoside-7-hydroxy coumarin, medicinal preparations, and especially eased the pain and inflammation and others, collectively called aescin (or occasionally escin).
    [Show full text]
  • Aesculus Hippocastanum Horsechestnut1 Edward F
    Fact Sheet ST-61 November 1993 Aesculus hippocastanum Horsechestnut1 Edward F. Gilman and Dennis G. Watson2 INTRODUCTION Horsechestnut can grow 90 or 100 feet tall, but is often 50 to 75 feet in the landscape with a spread of 40 to 50 feet (Fig. 1). The trunk grows to three feet thick and is covered with dark, somewhat exfoliating bark. The prominent white flowers, occurring in panicles at the branch tips, are the main ornamental feature of Horsechestnut. The large brown nuts covered with spiny husks fall and can dent cars and create a hazard on hard surfaces as people roll on the golfball-sized fruit. GENERAL INFORMATION Scientific name: Aesculus hippocastanum Pronunciation: ESS-kew-lus hip-oh-kass-TAY-num Common name(s): Horsechestnut, European Horsechestnut Family: Hippocastanaceae USDA hardiness zones: 4 through 7 (Fig. 2) Origin: not native to North America Uses: screen; shade tree; specimen; residential street tree Availability: generally available in many areas within its hardiness range DESCRIPTION Figure 1. Mature Horsechestnut. Height: 50 to 80 feet Crown density: dense Spread: 40 to 50 feet Growth rate: medium Crown uniformity: symmetrical canopy with a Texture: coarse regular (or smooth) outline, and individuals have more or less identical crown forms Crown shape: oval; round 1. This document is adapted from Fact Sheet ST-61, a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Publication date: November 1993. 2. Edward F. Gilman, associate professor, Environmental Horticulture Department; Dennis G. Watson, associate professor, Agricultural Engineering Department, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611.
    [Show full text]
  • Symrise Botanicals Product List 06-2008
    BOTANICALS PRODUCT LIST June 2008 EXTRAPONE ® EXTRAPONE ® Name Botanical Name (INCI) Symrise Symrise ProductName Product# Acai Euterpe Oleracea Extrapone ® Acai 392576 Almond Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis Extrapone ® Almond 384049 Aloe Vera Aloe Barbadensis Extrapone ® Aloe Vera 209185 Aloe Vera Aloe Barbadensis Extrapone ® Aloe Vera P 615342 Apple Pyrus Malus Extrapone ® Apple 660196 Apricot Prunus Armeniaca Extrapone ® Apricot 636518 Arnica Arnica Montana Extrapone ® Arnica 611910 Avocado Persea Gratissima Extrapone ® Avocado Special 660246 Bamboo Bambusa Vulgaris Extrapone ® Bamboo P 611699 Basil Ocimum Basilicum Extrapone ® Basil 113381 Birch Betula Alba Extrapone ® Birch 660110 Camomile Chamomilla Recutita Extrapone ® Camomile 660155 Camomile Chamomilla Recutita Extrapone ® Camomile P 614932 Cardamom Elettaria Cardamomum Extrapone ® Cardamom 145838 Cedarwood Juniperus Virginiana Extrapone ® Cedarwood 627309 EXTRAPONE ® Name Botanical Name (INCI) Symrise Symrise ProductName Product# Chili Capsicum Annuum Extrapone ® Chili 227598 Cinnamon Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Extrapone ® Cinnamon 619301 Clove Eugenia Caryophyllus Extrapone ® Clove 174537 Coconut Cocos Nucifera Extrapone ® Coconut 660159 Cotton Gossypium Herbaceum Dragocotton 676583 Cream Dried Cream Extrapone ® Cream 142895 Cucumber Cucumis Sativus Extrapone ® Cucumber 660122 Dandelion Taraxacum Officinale Extrapone ® Dandelion 681279 Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Globulus Extrapone ® Eucalyptus 614857 Ginkgo Biloba Ginkgo Biloba Extrapone ® Ginkgo Biloba 680841 Ginseng Panax Ginseng Extrapone ®
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Flora of the British Isles: Aesculus Hippocastanum
    BIOLOGICAL FLORA OF THE BRITISH ISLES* No. 289 Biological Flora of the British Isles: Aesculus hippocastanum Peter A. Thomas1 | Omar Alhamd1,2 | Grzegorz Iszkuło3,4 | Monika Dering3,5 |Tarek A. Mukassabi6 1School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK 2College of Education for Pure Science, University of Mosul, Nineveh, Iraq 3Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland 4Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland 5Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Forest Management, Poznań, Poland 6Department of Botany, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya Correspondence Peter A. Thomas Email: [email protected] 2 * Nomenclature of vascular plants follows Stace (2010) and, for non-British species, Flora Europaea. 3 Abstract 1. This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Horse-chestnut) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history, and conservation. 2. Aesculus hippocastanum is a large deciduous tree native to the Balkan Peninsula. Native populations are small (<10,000 trees total) and apparently in decline, but the tree has been widely planted in gardens and streets across Europe and other temperate areas from the 17th century onwards. It was voted the UK’s favourite tree in a 2017 poll. As a British neophyte it is occasionally naturalised in open wooded habitats. 3. Horse-chestnut is renowned for the beauty of its large (up to 30 cm long), upright panicles of white flowers, and for the large seeds (up to 42 g each) used in the formerly common children’s game of ‘conkers’.
    [Show full text]