Impacts of Dissolved Organic Carbon on Productivity of Fish and Benthic Macroinvertebrates in North Temperate Lakes

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Impacts of Dissolved Organic Carbon on Productivity of Fish and Benthic Macroinvertebrates in North Temperate Lakes Impacts of dissolved organic carbon on productivity of fish and benthic macroinvertebrates in north temperate lakes Nicola Craig Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Montreal April 2016 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of PhD Renewable Resources © Nicola Craig 2016 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT 5 RÉSUMÉ 7 LIST OF TABLES 10 LIST OF FIGURES 11 PREFACE 14 Acknowledgements 14 Contributions of Authors 16 Novelty and Impact of Thesis Research 17 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW 19 References 28 Figures 38 CHAPTER 1: HABITAT, NOT RESOURCE AVAILABILITY, LIMITS CONSUMER PRODUCTIVITY IN LAKE ECOSYSTEMS 39 Abstract 39 Introduction 40 Methods 42 Results 47 Discussion 51 Acknowledgements 56 References 56 Figure Captions 62 Tables and Figures 63 Appendix 1A 70 2 Appendix 1B 72 Connecting Statement 74 CHAPTER 2: DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON EFFECTS ON FISH FEEDING EFFICIENCY 75 Abstract 75 Introduction 76 Methods 78 Results 81 Discussion 82 Acknowledgements 84 References 85 Figure Captions 90 Tables and Figures 91 Appendix 2A 94 Appendix 2B 95 Appendix 2C 98 Connecting Statement 99 CHAPTER 3: LIFE HISTORY CONSTRAINTS EXPLAIN NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FISH PRODUCTIVITY AND DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON IN LAKES 100 Abstract 100 Introduction 101 Methods 103 Results 106 Discussion 107 Acknowledgements 111 References 112 Table and Figure Captions 118 Tables and Figures 119 3 Appendix 3A 123 Appendix 3B 124 Connecting Statement 131 CHAPTER 4: A TEMPORAL INCREASE IN DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON CONCENTRATIONS RESULTS IN AN UNEXPECTED INCREASE IN ZOOBENTHOS BIOMASS AND PRODUCTIVITY IN A WHOLE-LAKE EXPERIMENT 132 Abstract 132 Introduction 133 Methods 135 Results 140 Discussion 142 Acknowledgements 149 References 149 Table and Figure Captions 157 Tables and Figures 158 Appendix 4A 165 Appendix 4B 166 Appendix 4C 167 Appendix 4D 170 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 171 Future directions 172 References 174 4 ABSTRACT Over the past several decades, increases in concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) have been observed in many north temperate aquatic ecosystems, a phenomenon known as aquatic 'browning', however the ecological consequences of this increase are not well understood. DOC from terrestrial sources stains lake water a dark brown color, and can have strong effects on the physical and biological structure of lake ecosystems. This occurs through its associated light and heat attenuating properties, which reduce thermocline depths, and thus the area of light, warm, and well-oxygenated habitat in DOC-rich lakes. Recent spatial surveys, where consumers were sampled from various lakes spanning a DOC gradient, have shown that fish productivity decreases along a gradient of increasing DOC, however the mechanisms behind this have not been fully explored. This thesis demonstrates potential mechanisms for this loss in productivity by determining how DOC affects zoobenthos, a primary prey item for many fish, as well as how DOC affects fish feeding efficiency and life history strategies. I begin by demonstrating, through the use of a spatial lake survey, that zoobenthos production declines over an increasing DOC gradient, and that this decline is due to limitations in oxygen-rich habitat availability, rather than the previously assumed mechanism of primary resource limitation. As many fish are visual predators, and high levels of DOC may reduce visibility, I then examined how DOC may affect fish feeding efficiency using mesocosm experiments and another gradient-based diet survey. I showed that bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) feeding efficiency is not affected by DOC concentration, suggesting that these benthivores use cues other than vision to detect prey in darker, DOC-rich lakes. The reduction of fish productivity with increasing DOC is likely manifested through shifts in life history characteristics that are important to understand if we are to better manage fisheries with increasing browning. Again using bluegill as a model organism, I show that in low-DOC lakes, fish are able to attain enough energetic resources to reproduce as well as continue to grow after maturity. However, in high-DOC lakes, growth slows after maturity is reached, and so overall reproductive output and maximum size is reduced in these populations. 5 Currently, the majority of studies focusing on the effects of DOC on consumer productivity are based on spatial gradient surveys, models, and mesocosm experiments. However, browning is a temporal process, and these studies may not accurately reflect how consumers may react to increases of DOC over time. In my final chapter, I describe a whole- ecosystem experiment were we divided a lake in two and increased DOC in one basin, comparing the effects on zoobenthos biomass and productivity to a reference basin, as well as the spatial survey from the first chapter. I show that, contrary to the results of the spatial survey, zoobenthos productivity actually increased with increasing DOC concentrations in this temporal experiment. This result suggests that there may be transitional effects of DOC increases on zoobenthos communities, and that the relationship between DOC and ecosystem productivity may be non-linear. This thesis highlights the need for multiple approaches in order to untangle the complex effects of DOC in lake ecosystems. The observations within will help us better predict how consumers in lake ecosystems may react in the face of future increases in DOC, and how to manage them accordingly. 6 RÉSUMÉ Depuis plusieurs décennies, une augmentation de la concentration en carbone organique dissous (COD) a été observée dans plusieurs écosystèmes aquatiques tempérés du Nord, un phénomène aussi appelé « brunissement », et dont les conséquences écologiques sont encore peu connues. Le COD d’origine terrestre donne une teinte brune foncée à l’eau des lacs et peut causer d’importantes répercussions sur la structure physique et biologique des écosystèmes lenthiques. Cet effet provient de la capacité du COD à réduire la pénétration de la lumière et de la chaleur à la surface des lacs, réduisant la profondeur de la thermocline dans les lacs riches en COD et diminuant par le fait même le volume d’habitat disponible où la lumière, la température et l’oxygène dissous sont plus élevés. Des relevés récents où les consommateurs ont été échantillonnés dans plusieurs lacs présentant une large répartition spatiale et couvrant une forte variation en COD ont montrés une diminution de la productivité des populations de poissons associée à une augmentation de la concentration en COD. Par contre, les mécanismes derrière cette relation n’ont pas été complètement explorés. Cette thèse représente une démonstration des mécanismes pouvant potentiellement expliquer cette réduction de la productivité, en montrant comment le COD influence le zoobenthos, une proie préférentielle pour plusieurs espèces de poissons, et en expliquant comment le COD affecte l’efficacité des poissons à exploiter les ressources ainsi que leur histoire de vie. D’abord, à partir de données provenant de l’échantillonnage de plusieurs lacs présentant un large gradient spatial, je démontre que la productivité du zoobenthos diminue à travers l’augmentation d’un gradient de concentration en COD et que ce déclin est causé par une réduction du volume d’habitat riche en oxygène, plutôt que par le mécanisme de limitation des ressources primaires disponibles proposé jusqu’à maintenant. Comme plusieurs espèces de poissons sont des prédateurs visuels et qu’une concentration élevée en COD peut réduire la visibilité dans la colonne d’eau, j’ai ensuite examiné comment le COD est en mesure d’influencer l’efficacité des poissons à exploiter les ressources disponibles par la mise en place d’une expérimentation en mésocosmes incluant l’analyse des contenus stomacaux de poissons évoluant dans un gradient de COD. J’ai montré que l’efficacité d’exploitation des ressources du 7 crapet arlequin (Lepomis macrochirus) ne se trouve pas affectée par la concentration en COD, suggérant que cette espèce benthivore utilise d’autres sens que la vision pour détecter les proies dans les lacs foncés à haute concentration en COD. La réduction de la productivité des poissons associée à l’augmentation de la concentration en COD se manifeste probablement à travers de changements au niveau de certains traits d’histoire de vie, et une meilleure compréhension de ces changements est essentielle à une gestion efficace des pêches en vue de l’augmentation du brunissement de l’eau de certains lacs. En utilisant le crapet arlequin comme organisme modèle, je montre que dans les lacs avec une faible concentration en COD, les poissons sont en mesure d’obtenir suffisamment de ressources énergétiques pour se reproduire et continuer de croître une fois mature. Par contre, dans les lacs où la concentration en COD est élevée, la croissance ralentit après l’atteinte de la maturité sexuelle, résultant en une plus faible capacité reproductive et une taille maximale réduite pour ces populations. Actuellement, la majorité des études qui se concentrent sur la relation entre la concentration en COD et la productivité des organismes aquatiques sont basées sur l’échantillonnage de gradients spatiaux en COD, la modélisation et des expérimentations en mésocosmes. Par contre, la brunissement est un processus temporel, et ces études pourraient ne pas refléter adéquatement la réaction des organismes face à une augmentation du COD dans le temps. Dans mon dernier chapitre, je présente
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