Compania APPLE

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Compania APPLE Universitatea “OVIDIUS” Constanţa Facultatea de Ştiinţe Economice Specializarea Marketing Compania APPLE Îndrumător: Studente: Prof.Univ.Dr. Jugănaru Mariana Dobrin Cristina Andra Ilie Alexandra 2012 1 DATE GENERALE Apple Inc. este o corporație multinațională americană, care pune accent pe proiectarea și fabricarea electronicelor de consum și a produselor software. Cunoscută mai ales pentru computerele model Macintosh, Apple are o reputație de inovație în industria de înaltă tehnologie. Steven Paul Jobs s-a născut în 24 februarie 1955 la San Francisco, fiu al doi studenţi necăsătoriţi - Joanne Schieble şi Abdulfattah Jandali, de origine siriană. Părinţii săi l-au dat spre adopţie şi a fost luat de o familie din California - Paul şi Clara Jobs. La câteva luni după adopţie, părinţii lui biologici s-au căsătorit şi au avut o fiică, Mona, care a aflat despre existenţa fratelui său mult mai târziu, când era adult. Steve a fost crescut în casa părinţilor săi adoptivi din Silicon Valley. ISTORIA COMPANIEI APPLE (de la clasica afacere de garaj la afaceri de peste 50 de miliarde de dolari) Adevăratul strămoș al computerelor personale nu a fost PC-ul produs de compania IBM în 1981, așa cum se crede de obicei, ci un alt aparat numit Altair 8800, care fusese lansat pe piață cu mare succes în 1975 de către o companie din New Mexico. Altair 8800 putea fi comandat și primit prin poștă; probleme mari nu avea, dar se livra sub forma unor componente care trebuiau asamblate de client. Ce se putea face cu această mașinărie? Nimic, trebuie s-o recunoaștem; asta până când doi hackeri adolescenți, pe nume Bill Gates și Paul Allen au scris pentru el o versiune de BASIC, cu care se puteau realiza calcule rudimentare. Tot în 1975, un tânăr numit Steve Jobs, acum că terminase liceul, se angajase la Atari, ca programator pentru jocuri video pentru a strânge bani să călătorească în India. S-a întors din excursia sa ras în cap, îmbrăcat în haine indiene si afectat de drogul LSD. Jobs a rămas budist şi vegetarian toată viaţa. S-a angajat din nou la Atari și frecventa un 2 club de pasionați ai computerelor, care își ținea reuniunile într-un parc, pe timpul nopții. Când apăruse Altair, membrii clubului au fost fericiți că făcuseră rost de o nouă jucărie; Jobs însă a văzut aici o modalitate de a câștiga ceva bani. Imediat s-a gândit să facă și el un asemenea computer. Excelentă idee, numai că nu avea calificarea necesară. De aceea a apelat la un amic - Steve Wozniak (pe scurt „Woz”), pe care l-a cunoscut în timp ce lucra pe timpul verii la o fabrică din Palo Alto. Spre deosebire de Jobs, chinuit de probleme existențiale, Woz era un tip retras, care prefera să stea și să apese pe butoanele tastaturii, în loc să cutreiere lumea în lung și-n lat. Pentru a pune pe picioare afacerea, Jobs și-a vândut Volkswagen-ul său vopsit în toate culorile curcubeului, iar Woz s-a despărțit de calculatorul său programabil. Părinții lui Jobs aveau un garaj în Los Altos, California; acolo și-au stabilit cei doi cartierul general - garajul le servea drept cameră a proiectanților, unitate de service și magazin, în același timp. Jobs a luat legătura cu un magazin local de calculatoare, The Byte Shop, de unde i s-a răspuns că ar fi interesați să vândă aparatul lui dar numai dacă l-ar avea gata montat. Proprietarul magazinului, Paul Terrell, a mers mai departe comandîndu-i lui Jobs 50 de aparate pe care urma să le plăteasca la livrare cu 500 $ per bucată. Atunci Jobs a acceptat comanda și s-a dus la Cramer Electronics, un mare distribuitor de piese electronice, de unde a comandat la rândul lui componentele necesare asamblării Computerului Apple I. Directorul departamentului Credite l-a întrebat atunci pe Jobs cum avea de gând sa plătească piesele, iar Jobs i-a răspuns “Am o comandă din partea lanțului de magazine Byte Shop pentru 50 de bucăți Apple I, cu plata la livrare. Dacă-mi livrați componentele, în 30 de zile pot construi calculatoarele, în intervalul de livrare, îmi încasez banii de la Terrell de la Byte Shop, și vă plătesc”. Auzind asta, directorul de la Credite l-a sunat pe Paul Terrell și a verificat valabilitatea comenzii de livrare. Uimit de tenacitatea lui Jobs, Terrell l-a asigurat pe directorul de la credite că după ce calculatoarele ajung pe rafturile magazinelor sale, Jobs își va încasa banii și va avea mai mult decât suficient să plătească 3 piesele. Cei doi Steve și mica lor echipă au petrecut zi și noapte construind și testând calculatoarele, pe care apoi le-au trimis la Terrell la timp pentru a-și plăti furnizorii și să scoată și un profit frumușel, cu care au organizat o petrecere și au început comanda următoare. Steve Jobs găsise o cale de a-și finanța ceea ce avea să devină compania sa multimilionară, fără să vândă vreo acțiune sau vreo proprietate. 1 aprilie este ziua păcălelilor, dar 1 aprilie 1976 a fost și o zi istorică pentru ei, ziua în care s-a vândut primul Apple şi ziua în care s-a înfiinţat Compania Apple. Apple I a fost vândut ca o placă de bază (cu procesor, memorie RAM), mai puțin decât ceea ce este astăzi considerat un computer personal. Apple I a fost lansat pe piață în iulie 1976 cu pretul de 666.66$. Vânzările mergeau bine, atât de bine încât cei doi și-au dat seama că nu mai erau competenți să conducă o afacere care lua proporții, de aceea l-au coptat pe Mike Markkula. Acesta a înțeles imediat că este vorba de o afacere profitabilă; a obținut un împrumut de la Bank of America, punând la bătaie în plus 91.000 dolari din banii săi. Investiția s-a dovedit rentabilă, deoarece pe 3 ianuarie 1978 mica firmă a celor trei a devenit Apple Incorporated, cu un capital de 250.000 dolari. Profitul obţinut de la urma Apple 1 a fost investit în versiunea îmbunătăţită, Apple II, care a fost lansată la un târg de computere din California, în 1977, care era ceva mai mult decât o simplă placă de bază - avea cutia sa proprie, sursă de alimentare și o tastatură încorporată. Multe elemente noi și atractive apăruseră, ca de pildă posibilitatea de a conecta computerul la un monitor color. 4 Până la sfârșitul anului 1980, Apple a avut o linie de designeri de calculatoare personale și o linie de producție. Apple II a fost urmat de Apple III, în mai 1980 care a suferit un eșec comercial, ceea ce a afectat serios percepția brandului Apple. Steve Jobs a început lucrul la Apple Lisa în 1978. În 1983 Lisa a fost primul computer personal vândut pentru public cu o interfață grafică, dar comercializarea lui a fost un eșec din cauza prețului mare și a numărului limitat de aplicații. Tot în 1978, asemenea părinţilor săi biologici, şi Steve Jobs a avut un copil din flori. În 1978, iubita lui Jobs, pictoriţa Chrisann Brennan, a născut o fetiţă. Jobs nu a recunoscut copilul, argumentând că ar fi steril, aşa că Chrisann şi-a crescut fiica de una singură. După mai mulţi ani, Steve Jobs şi-a recunoscut copilul şi a afirmat că prin denumirea produsului Apple Lisa, i-a adus un omagiu fiicei sale. Lisa a absolvit în anul 2000 Universitatea Harvard şi este scriitoare. În 1984 Apple lansează Macintosh. Debutul său a fost anunțat de faimoasa reclamă de 1,5 milioane $ din 1984. Aceasta a fost regizată de Ridley Scott în 22 ianuarie 1984, iar acum este considerat un eveniment crucial pentru succesul Apple. Un membru al Consiliului de Administraţie al Apple a afirmat, că Jobs este de necontrolat. "Are idei în cap şi, fiind un fondator al companiei, le-a pus în practică, indiferent dacă în cele din urmă au fost bune pentru companie sau nu", a spus el. În 1984, Jobs a lansat Macintosh, un produs extrem de apreciat, însă, în spatele scenei, Apple se confrunta cu probleme financiare. În cadrul companiei s-a dus o luptă pentru putere, care a dus la plecarea lui Steve Jobs din compania Apple în 1985, după o serie de conflicte cu CEO-ul (chief executive officer) John Sculley. A fondat o nouă firmă IT – NeXT, compania nu a excelat în producţia de software, însă la capitolul hardware a avut rezultate atât de bune încât a ajuns să fie cumparată de Apple. Jobs se întoarce, aşadar, de unde a plecat, dar în calitate de consilier. 5 Pe 20 septembrie 1989 este lansat Macintosh Portable, un calculator portabil, cântărea 7,7 kg, un ecran LCD alb negru şi avea o autonomie de 12 ore. Din cauza greutăţii mai mari şi ergonomiei reduse, acest produs nu s-a bucurat de succes. Apple introduce în 1991 PowerBook care a stabilit forma modernă și ergonomică a computerelor laptop, a fost vândut în multe exemplare şi a contribuit esenţial la venitul firmei. În 13 Mai 1991 – Apple lansează noul sistem de operare System 7, care avea o interfață grafică îmbunătățită, în culori și tehnologii noi ca memorie virtuală. În acest timp Apple a experimentat cu o serie de alte produse care nu au avut succes pe piață cum ar fi aparate foto digitale, CD-playere audio portabile, difuzoare, console video, aparate TV. În 1996, Michael Spindler a fost înlocuit de Gil Amelio în funcția de CEO (director general). Amelio alege să achiziționeze NeXT și sistemul de operare NEXT STEP, în așa fel aducându-l înapoi pe Steve Jobs la Apple. În 9 Iulie 1997 Gil Amelio este demis de către consiliul directorilor, după ce 3 ani la rând Apple a suferit o însemnată devalorizare a acțiunilor și a înregistrat pierderi mari, în favoarea lui Steve Jobs.
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