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De Ingenieros De Telecomunicación UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS DE TELECOMUNICACIÓN TESIS DOCTORAL LONG POLYPHASE SEQUENCES FOR ADAPTIVE MMSE DETECTOR IN ASYNCHRONOUS CDMA PLC NETWORK WITH IMPULSIVE NOISE IÑAKI VAL BEITIA INGENIERO EN AUTOMÁTICA Y ELECTRÓNICA INDUSTRIAL 2011 UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID DEPARTAMENTO DE SEÑALES, SISTEMAS Y RADIOCOMUNICACIONES ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS DE TELECOMUNICACIÓN TESIS DOCTORAL LONG POLYPHASE SEQUENCES FOR ADAPTIVE MMSE DETECTOR IN ASYNCHRONOUS CDMA PLC NETWORK WITH IMPULSIVE NOISE AUTOR: Iñaki Val Beitia Ingeniero en Automática y Electrónica Industrial DIRECTOR: Francisco Javier Casajús Quirós Doctor Ingeniero de Telecomunicación 2011 Tribunal nombrado por el Mgfco. y Excmo. Sr. Rector de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid . PRESIDENTE: VOCALES: SECRETARIO: SUPLENTES: Realizado el acto de defensa y lectura de la Tesis en Madrid, el día ___ de ________ de 201__. Calificación: EL PRESIDENTE LOS VOCALES EL SECRETARIO A Belén Agradecimientos Quiero dedicar unas líneas de agradecimiento en atención a todos aquellos que con su ayuda y orientación han permitido la realización de este trabajo. Mencionaré en primer lugar al Doctor Francisco Javier Casajús Quiros al que tengo que agradecer su labor de dirección, así como sus valiosos consejos, y dedicación. Mi más sincera gratitud va también para el Doctor Igor Armendariz, por su cuidadosa revisión del manuscrito y sus valiosos consejos. Debo mencionar también a la institución Ikerlan- IK4 por su soporte. No puedo olvidarme de mi familia por todo su apoyo. Y por último, pero no por ello menos importante, quiero agradecer a Belén sus ánimos, comprensión y apoyo incondicional, que sin ello habría sido imposible llevar a buen puerto este trabajo. Resumen Esta tesis analiza el diseño e implementación de un dispositivo PLC Smart Grid para un entorno de una red de área de hogar, donde la robustez y fiabilidad del enlace de comunicación son un requisito. La red powerline es un medio de transmisión compartido usado por todos los nodos de forma independiente. Por lo tanto, se deben emplear técnicas de acceso múltiple para dividir las señales de transmisión, las cuales deben ser ortogonales entre sí. Además de esto, la complejidad computacional del sistema, coste y consumo energético deben tenerse en cuenta durante la fase de diseño. De modo que es necesario implementar sistemas simples, de manera que todos los usuarios accedan asíncronamente al medio de transmisión sin la necesidad de ningún nodo central. Para entender las dificultades de las comunicaciones powerline, y diseñar sistemas de transmisión robustos, se debe tener una buena comprensión de las características del canal de comunicaciones. En particular, el rango de la respuesta frecuencial y las propiedades del ruido del canal. En esta tesis se propone un modelo de simulación del canal powerline que tiene en cuenta el ruido generado en la red así como los perfiles de atenuación frecuencial de una red desadaptada. El modelo propuesto está basado en los resultados de una campaña de medidas y las propuestas de otros trabajos. Un análisis del efecto del ruido impulsional sobre las señales transmitidas revela un umbral en el rendimiento del receptor, que depende de las propiedades estadísticas del ruido impulsional. Los sistemas multiportadora de alta velocidad han mostrado un excelente rendimiento en canales con efecto multitrayecto, mientras que las extensiones MC-CDMA y OFDMA han investigado los buenos resultados en entornos síncronos de comunicaciones powerline. Esta tesis examina el rendimiento de algunas de estas técnicas de acceso múltiple en entornos asíncronos powerline, usando secuencias de ensanchamiento largas binarias y complejas, en lugar de las tradicionales ortogonales cortas debido a sus malas propiedades de correlación cruzada en entornos asíncronos. Con el objetivo centrado en dispositivos Smart Grid, esta tesis evita el uso de técnicas complejas de detección multiusuario (MUD) en el receptor como por ejemplo canceladores de interferencia en paralelo, para centrarse en técnicas más simples de un único usuario (SUD). Con respecto a sistemas CDMA monoportadora, se selecciona un receptor MMSE debido a la facilidad de adaptación usando algoritmos adaptativos. El rendimiento de un receptor MMSE a nivel de símbolo en sistemas asíncronos DS-CDMA con secuencias largas es analizado y comparado con sistemas MC-CDMA empleando intervalo de guarda en forma de Resumen i ii Resumen prefijo cíclico. Los análisis de rendimiento se basan en el método SGA y son verificados con simulaciones Monte Carlo para un número alto de usuarios simultáneos con ruido impulsional, y usando diferentes tipos de secuencias. De los resultados del análisis se muestra un superior rendimiento desechando la interferencia de acceso múltiple de los sistemas CDMA monoportadora en entornos asíncronos. Las simulaciones Monte Carlo también confirman el umbral de la tasa de error debido al ruido impulsional. Se propone una estructura adaptativa para la implementación del receptor MMSE, que requiere diferentes parámetros difíciles de estimar desde el receptor. El receptor adaptativo está basado en un filtro cuyos coeficientes son actualizados por un algoritmo, teniendo la capacidad de suprimir la interferencia de ruido y acceso múltiple haciendo uso de las propiedades cicloestacionarias de las señales transmitidas. Las simulaciones Monte Carlo muestran un buen rendimiento en sistemas DS-CDMA asíncronos comparado con los sistemas multiportadora MC-CDMA y MC-DS-CDMA en las mismas condiciones, especialmente usando secuencias polifásicas. Se examinan los algoritmos NLMS y RLS, y se propone una versión mejorada de este último que resulta menos vulnerable al ruido impulsional. Para SNR altas la interferencia de acceso múltiple degrada el rendimiento del receptor adaptativo usando secuencias binarias largas, mientras que el ruido impulsional prevalece sobre la interferencia en caso de usar secuencias polifásicas, las cuales obtienen el mejor rendimiento en combinación de un receptor RLS mejorado. Para finalizar, se muestra como los algoritmos adaptativos muestran mejores capacidades de seguimiento y mejor rechazo de interferencia cerca-lejano con secuencias largas polifásicas. Abstract This thesis examines the design and implementation of a Smart Grid powerline communication device for a Home Area Network environment, where the communication link robustness and reliability are a requirement. Powerline network represents a shared transmission medium used by all nodes independently. Therefore, multiple–access techniques must be employed in order to divide transmitted signals, which have to be orthogonal to each other. In addition to this, system computational complexity, cost and power consumption need to be taken into account during design phase. So, simple systems need to be implemented, so that all the users access the medium asynchronously without the coordination of any central node. To understand the challenges of powerline communication, and to design robust data transmission systems, one must have a good understanding of the communication channel characteristics; in particular, the range of channel frequency response, and the characteristics of the channel noise. In this thesis, a powerline channel model is proposed, which takes into account the noise generated in the network as well as the frequency attenuation profile of the unmatched network. The proposed model is based on a channel measurement campaign results and proposals from other works. An analysis of the impulsive noise effect over transmitted signals reveals a performance bound at the receiver side, which depends on impulsive noise statistics. High data rate multi–carrier systems have shown successful performance under multipath channels, whereas its multiple–access extensions MC-CDMA and OFDMA have probed good results under synchronous powerline communications environments. The thesis examines the performance of some multiple–access techniques in asynchronous powerline communications environments using long binary and complex–valued polyphase spreading sequences, instead of short orthogonal codes due to their worse cross–correlation properties in asynchronous environments. This thesis avoids complex joint detection techniques at the receiver, such as multi– user detection and parallel interference cancellers, and it focuses on single–user detection techniques. Concerning single–carrier CDMA system, an MMSE receiver is selected due to its advantage of ease of adaptation, since standard adaptive algorithms can be employed. The performance of the single user detector symbol–level MMSE receiver in asynchronous long sequences DS-CDMA systems is analyzed and compared with that of MC-CDMA receiver employing an interval guard in the form of a CP. Performance analysis is based on the SGA Abstract iii iv Abstract method, and validated for a large number of simultaneous nodes with Monte Carlo simulations under powerline impulsive noise, and using different kind of long sequences. From analysis results, it is shown the superior performance rejecting MAI of single-carrier multiple–access technique in asynchronous environments. Monte Carlo simulations also confirm the BER bound due to impulsive noise An adaptive architecture is proposed for practical implementation of the MMSE receiver, which requires several parameters difficult to estimate from the receiver side. The adaptive receiver is based on a FSE whose tap weights are updated by an adaptive
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