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A History of the Vikings

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A History of the Vikings A HISTORY OF THE VIKINGS PLAT E I THE PIRAEUS LION: NOW IN VENICE A GREEK CARVING WITH RUNIC INSCRIPTION ON FLANKS Height about 12 feet. See p. 176. A HISTORY OF THE VIKINGS T. D. KENDRICK FRANK CASS & CO. LTD. 1 9 6 8 Published by FRANK CASS AND COMPANY LIMITED 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, 0 X 14 4RN by arrangement with Methuen & Co. Ltd. First edition 1930 New impression 1968 Transferred to Digital Printing 2006 ISBN 0- 7146- 1486-6 (hbk) Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent PREFACE HE vikings are still awaiting their English historian. I do not mean that there is no full account of their doings in Great Britain, for of course there are many excellent books by Englishmen dealing with this special aspect of viking T history, and among them are the well-known works of Palgrave, Freeman, Oman, and Hodgkin ; I mean that there is no sub- stantial book in English exclusively devoted to the vikings and setting forth the whole of their activities not only in the west and the far north, but in the east and south-east as well ; for Paul du Chaillu’s 1 long and discursive book The Viking Age can hardly rank as serious history, interesting and informative though it is, and I am confident that Professor Allen Mawer would want his admirable little work The Vikings to be regarded only as a brief and introductory sketch. I know, needless to say, that there is one important English book concerned with our subject in its larger aspect and that is The Vikings in Western Christendom, by Charles Francis Keary, a fine work of real beauty and a masterpiece of expositional style which I take a special pleasure in praising since Keary was once, as I am now, a member of the staff of the British Museum 2 ; this classic work was pub- lished as long ago as 1891, but by common consent it is still, and will long remain, the most valuable study of viking history in our tongue ; nevertheless, as the title explains, its scope embraces western Europe only, and therefore I repeat that the northern peoples have not yet found an English historian to record within the compass of a single book the full story of their achievements in the Viking Period. For my part, I must explain that I have not set myself the task of writing the English history of the vikings that I should like to read, for it should be a great and gallant book, not over- 1 Du Chaillu, a French Canadian, is best known as the African explorer who rediscovered the gorilla ; he was born in 1835 and died in 1903. 2 Keary, who was novelist, poet, and philosopher, besides historian and numismatist, was on the staff of the Medal Room from 1872 until 1887 and also assisted the Museum for a short time during the War. A HISTORY OF THE VIKINGS burdened with footnotes nor embarrassed by the inclusion of too much perplexing controversial matter. On the contrary I want merely to be the forerunner of some luckier author of the future and I have done my best for him by trying to set down the complete narrative, as it is at present understood, in a severely plain and useful form. The fact is that were I not convinced that there is really a need for a general history of the vikings of this sort I should have abandoned my project on the grounds that the time was badly chosen for writing a general summary of viking history. Even for such quiet folk as students of early history these are stirring days ; veteran certainties of the text- books are dissolving into the miasma of legend while new inter- pretations of the historical material are assuming the semblance of established, and often astonishing, facts. It has been dis- covered for example that the customary condensed version of the first sagas in Heimskringla provides not only an insufficient but a misleading account of the formation of the kingdom of Norway, and I recommend to those who know only the traditional tale a most provocative and disconcerting little book by Johan Schreiner called Olav den hellige og N orges samling (Oslo, 1929). So, too, in Denmark and Sweden the last few years have witnessed a drastic revaluation of the evidence derived from the earliest written records. And this is not all, for recent archaeological research has afforded with a prodigality that I confess surprises me a wealth of trustworthy data that ultimately cannot fail to enlarge our knowledge of viking history. Naturally I have tried to keep apace with these vigorous advances in learning, but know- ing as I do the energy and thoroughness with which historical and archaeological investigations are now being prosecuted by scholars in the northern countries and in the lands that were colonies of the vikings, I am bound to anticipate the publication of many important and revolutionary contributions to the history of the Northmen in the course of the next few years. This is as it should be and I am glad. But I shall fail in my duty to the reader if I do not warn him that even now large slices of this history are being industriously shovelled into the melting-pot by my learned colleagues and friends. I want most gratefully to record the help I have obtained from these scholars. They are many and they live far-scattered —in this country, in Scandinavia and Denmark, in Iceland, in Germany, in France, and in America ; to one and all of them I offer my thanks ; but I name here only Mr. Jón Stefánsson and Professor Halldór Hermannson, who have been kind enough to help with the proof-reading and to whom I am indebted for some PREFACE vii valuable suggestions. I must also acknowledge gratefully the assistance of another and indispensable proof-reader, my wife, and in conclusion, I desire to thank the Trustees of the British Museum for permission to reproduce illustrations from one of the Museum guides, and Dr. P. Nörlund, Mr. S. Bengtsson, Mr. W. Berthelsen, and Mr. O. Böhm for permission to use photographs taken by them. T. D. K. 20, Bramham Gardens L o n d o n August, 1930 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Aarb... Aarb0ger for nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie (Copenhagen). A.T.S........................................ Antikvarisk Tidskrift för Sverige (Stock- holm). An. S.B .................................... Altnordische Saga-bibliothek (Halle). C .S.H .B.................................... Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae (Bonn). J.M .N .P .................................... Jurnal Ministersta Narodnaga Prosvesh- cheniya (Journal of the Ministry of Public Instruction, St. Petersburg). K. Vitt. Ant. Akad. Handl. Kunglige Vitterhets Historie och Antik- vitets Akademiens Handlingar (Stock- holm). M.G.H....................................... Monumenta Germaniae Historia, ed. G. H. Pertz (Hanover) : SS. = Scriptores, folio series. Mem. Soc. Ant. du Nord. Mémoires de la Société royale des anti- quaries du Nord (Copenhagen). CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE I ntroduction ............................................................................................... i PART I. THE LANDS OF THE VIKINGS I E a r l y S c a n d i n a v i a a n d D e n m a r k .... 41 II T h e N o r t h Ge r m a n s ............................................................................... 62 I I I T h e B i r t h o f t h e V i k i n g N a t i o n s . 78 IV S c a n d i n a v i a a n d D e n m a r k i n V i k i n g T i m e s . .117 PART II. THE VIKINGS ABROAD V R u s s i a a n d t h e E a s t ....... 143 V I T h e So u t h a n d E a s t B a l t i c Co a s t s . .179 V II T h e W e s t e r n E m p i r e ............................................................................. 193 V III E n g l a n d ..................................................................................................... 227 I X I r e l a n d ......................................................................................................274 X Sc o t l a n d a n d Ma n ............................................................................. 300 X I W a l e s ..................................................................................................... 323 X I I T h e F a r o e I s l a n d s ............................................................................. 328 XIII I c e l a n d . 336 X IV G r e e n l a n d ................................................................................... 361 X V A m e r i c a ......................................................................................................37° Se l e c t B ibl iographies ...... 389 I n d e x o f A u t h o r s .............................................................................. 393 Ge n e r a l I n d e x .......................................................................................... 396 ix LIST OF PLATES I T h e P i r a e u s L io n : n o w i n V e n i c e . Frontispiece Photograph by 0. Bôhtn. FACING PAGE II K e y , B r o o c h e s , a n d O p e n w o r k O r n a m e n t : B r o n z e a n d 22 Si l v e r ......... 1 Bronze key. No locality. 4 Bronze box brooch. Gotland. 2 Silver penannular brooch. Got- 5 Bronze oval brooch.
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