Than Smell. COVID-19 Is Associated with Severe Impairment of Smell, Taste, and Chemesthesis Valentina Parma, Kathrin Ohla, Maria Veldhuizen, Masha Niv, Christine E

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Than Smell. COVID-19 Is Associated with Severe Impairment of Smell, Taste, and Chemesthesis Valentina Parma, Kathrin Ohla, Maria Veldhuizen, Masha Niv, Christine E More than smell. COVID-19 is associated with severe impairment of smell, taste, and chemesthesis Valentina Parma, Kathrin Ohla, Maria Veldhuizen, Masha Niv, Christine E. Kelly, Alyssa Bakke, Keiland Cooper, Cédric Bouysset, Nicola Pirastu, Michele Dibattista, et al. To cite this version: Valentina Parma, Kathrin Ohla, Maria Veldhuizen, Masha Niv, Christine E. Kelly, et al.. More than smell. COVID-19 is associated with severe impairment of smell, taste, and chemesthesis. Chemical Senses, Oxford University Press (OUP), 2020, 45 (7), pp.609-622. 10.1093/chemse/bjaa041. hal- 02911030 HAL Id: hal-02911030 https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02911030 Submitted on 3 Aug 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341260934 More than just smell - COVID-19 is associated with severe impairment of smell, taste, and chemesthesis Preprint · May 2020 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.04.20090902 CITATIONS READS 4 1,530 122 authors, including: Valentina Parma Kathrin Ohla Temple University Forschungszentrum Jülich 80 PUBLICATIONS 423 CITATIONS 53 PUBLICATIONS 818 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Masha Y Niv Christine Kelly Hebrew University of Jerusalem AbScent 120 PUBLICATIONS 2,284 CITATIONS 6 PUBLICATIONS 95 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Genome-wide molecular landscapes of HPV-positive and HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma View project The role of visual and auditory deficits in human social relationships View project All content following this page was uploaded by Enrique Santamaría on 02 June 2020. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.04.20090902.this version posted May 8, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 International license . 1 More than just smell - COVID-19 is associated with severe impairment of smell, taste, and chemesthesis Valentina Parma!∗, Kathrin Ohla#∗, Maria G. Veldhuizen$∗, Masha Y. Niv%, Christine E. Kelly&, Alyssa J. Bakke', Keiland W. Cooper(, Cédric Bouysset), Nicola Pirastu*, Michele Dibattista!+, RishemJit Kaur!!, Marco Tullio Liuzza!#, Marta Y. Pepino!$, Veronika Schöpf!%, Veronica Pereda-Loth!&, Shannon B. Olsson!', Richard C. Gerkin!(, Paloma Rohlfs Domínguez!), Javier Albayay!*, Michael C. Farruggia#+, Surabhi Bhutani#!, Alexander W. FJaeldstad##, Ritesh Kumar#$, Anna Menini#%, Moustafa Bensafi#&, Mari Sandell#', Iordanis Konstantinidis#(, Antonella Di Pizio#), Federica Genovese#*, Lina Öztürk$, Thierry Thomas-Danguin$+, Johannes Frasnelli$!, Sanne Boesveldt$#, Özlem Saatci$$, Luis R. Saraiva$%, Cailu Lin#*, Jérôme Golebiowski), Liang-Dar Hwang$&, Mehmet Hakan Ozdener#*, Maria Dolors Guàrdia$', Christophe Laudamiel$(, Marina Ritchie(, Jitka Trebická Fialová$), Jan Havlícek$), Denis Pierron$*, Eugeni Roura$&, Marta Navarro$&, Alissa A. Nolden%+, Juyun Lim%!, Katie L. Whitcroft%#, Lauren R. Colquitt#*, Camille Ferdenzi#&, Evelyn V. Brindha%$, Aytug Altundag%%, Alberto Macchi%&, Alexia Nunez-Parra%', Zara M. Patel%(, Sébastien Fiorucci), Carl M. Philpott%), Barry C. Smith%*, Johan N. Lundström&+, Carla Mucignat!*, Jane K. Parker&!, Mirjam van den Brink&#, Michael Schmuker#$, Florian Ph.S Fischmeister&$, Thomas Heinbockel&%, Vonnie D.C. Shields&&, Farhoud FaraJi&', Enrique Santamaría&(, William E.A. Fredborg&), Gabriella Morini&*, Jonas K. Olofsson&), Maryam Jalessi'+, Noam Karni'!, Anna D’Errico'#, Rafieh Alizadeh'$, Robert Pellegrino'%, Pablo Meyer'&, Caroline Huart'', Ben Chen'(, Graciela M. Soler'), Mohammed K.Alwashahi'*, AntJe Welge-Lüssen(+, Jessica Freiherr(!, Jasper H. B. de Groot(#, Hadar Klein%, Masako Okamoto($, Olagunju Abdulrahman((, Pamela Dalton#*, Carol H. Yan(), Vera V. Voznessenskaya(*, Jingguo Chen)+, Elizabeth A. Sell)!, Julie Walsh-Messinger)#, Nicholas S. Archer)$, Sachiko Koyama)%, Vincent Deary)&, S. Craig Roberts)', Hüseyin Yanik$, Samet Albayrak)(, Lenka Martinec Nováková)), IlJa CroiJmans(#, Patricia Portillo Mazal)*, Shima T. Moein*+, Eitan Margulis%, Coralie Mignot*!, SaJidxa Marinn1ño*#, DeJan Georgiev*$, Pavan K. Kaushik*%, Bettina Malnic*&, Hong Wang#*, Shima Seyed-Allaei*+, Nur Yoluk$, Sara Razzaghi*', Jeb M. Justice(', Diego Restrepo*(, GCCR(%, Danielle R. Reed#*, Thomas Hummel(&, Steven D. Munger(', John E. Hayes' * denotes equal contribution medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.04.20090902.this version posted May 8, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 International license . 2 !Temple University, #Research Center Jülich, $Mersin University, %The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, &AbScent, 'The Pennsylvania State University, (University of California Irvine, )Université Côte d’Azur, *The University of Edinburgh, !+Università degli Studi di Bari A. Moro, !!CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, !#“Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, !$University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, !%Medical University of Vienna, !&Université de Toulouse, !'National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, !(Arizona State University, !)University of Extremadura, !*University of Padova, #+Yale University School of Medicine, #!San Diego State University, ##Aarhus University, #$University of Hertfordshire, #%SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, #&Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR5292 - INSERM U1028 - University Lyon 1, #'University of Helsinki, University of Turku, #(Aristotle University, #)Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, #*Monell Chemical Senses Center, $+INRAE, $!Université du Québec √† Trois-Rivières, $#Wageningen University, $$Medical Science University, $%Sidra Medicine, $&The University of Queensland, $'IRTA, $(DreamAir Llc, $)Charles University, $*Université de Toulouse-CNRS, %+University of Massachusetts Amherst, %!Oregon State University, %#UCL, %$Karunya University, %%Biruni University, %&Italian Academy Of Rhinology - assi sette laghi Varese, %'Universidad de Chile, %(Stanford University School of Medicine, %)University of East Anglia, %*University of London, &+Karolinska Institutet, &!University of Reading, &#Maastricht University, &$University of Graz, &%Howard University College of Medicine, &&Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, &'University of California San Diego Health, &(Navarrabiomed-IDISNA, &)Stockholm University, &*University of Gastronomic Sciences, '+The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, '!Hadassah Medical Center, '#Goethe Universit√§t Frankfurt, '$Iran University of Medical Sciences, '%University of Tennessee, '&IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, ''Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium, '(Guangzhou Medical University, ')Buenos Aires University and GEOG (Grupo de Estudio de Olfato y Gusto), '*Sultan Qaboos University, (+University Hospital Basel, Basel, (!FAU Erlangen, (#Utrecht University, ($The University of Tokyo, (%, (&TU Dresden, ('University of Florida, ((The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria., ()University of California San Diego, (*Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, )+Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, )!University of Pennsylvania, )#University of Dayton, )$The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), )%Indiana University, )&Northumbria University Newcastle, )'University of Stirling, )(Middle East Technical University, ))Charles University, Faculty of Humanities, )*Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, *+Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, *!Smell and Taste Center, Dresden, *#Centro de Otorrinolaringología Respira Libre, *$University Medical Centre LJublJana, *%Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, *&University of São Paulo, Brazil, *'Bilkent University, *(University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.04.20090902.this version posted May 8, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 International license . 3 Author note Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to: Dr. John E. Hayes Department of Food Science Pennsylvania State University 220 Erickson Food Science Building University Park, PA 16802 USA Email: [email protected] Twitter: @TasteProf Keywords: olfaction, gustation, coronavirus, hyposmia,
Recommended publications
  • Oral Thermosensing by Murine Trigeminal Neurons: Modulation by Capsaicin, Menthol, and Mustard Oil
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/486480; this version posted December 4, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Oral thermosensing by murine trigeminal neurons: modulation by capsaicin, menthol, and mustard oil Sara C.M. Leijon1, Amanda F. Neves1, Sidney A. Simon2, Nirupa Chaudhari1,3, Stephen D. Roper1,3 1) Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA 2) Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA 3) Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, and Program in Neuroscience, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA Running title: Trigeminal orosensory responses in the mouse Key words: Trigeminal ganglion, sensory neurons, calcium imaging, thermosensation, chemesthesis Key points summary Orosensory thermal trigeminal afferent neurons respond to cool, warm, and nociceptive hot temperatures with the majority activated in the cool range. Many of these thermosensitive trigeminal orosensory afferent neurons also respond to capsaicin, menthol and/or mustard oil (allyl isothiocyanate, AITC) at concentrations found in foods and spices. There is significant but incomplete overlap between afferent trigeminal neurons that respond to heat and to the above chemesthetic compounds. Capsaicin sensitizes warm trigeminal thermoreceptors and orosensory nociceptors; menthol attenuates cool thermoresponses. 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/486480; this version posted December 4, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract When consumed with foods, mint, mustard and chili peppers generate pronounced oral thermosensations.
    [Show full text]
  • More Than Smell. COVID-19 Is Associated with Severe Impairment
    medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.04.20090902.this version posted May 24, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 International license . 1 More than smell – COVID-19 is associated with severe impairment of smell, taste, and chemesthesis By-line Authors: Valentina Parma1*, Kathrin Ohla2*, Maria G. Veldhuizen3*, Masha Y Niv4, Christine E Kelly5, Alyssa J. Bakke6, Keiland W. Cooper7, Cédric Bouysset8, Nicola Pirastu9, Michele Dibattista10, RishemJit Kaur11, Marco Tullio Liuzza12, Marta Y. Pepino13, Veronika Schöpf14, Veronica Pereda- Loth15, Shannon B Olsson16, Richard C Gerkin17, Paloma Rohlfs Domínguez18, Javier Albayay19, Michael C. Farruggia20, Surabhi Bhutani21, Alexander W. FJaeldstad22, Ritesh Kumar23, Anna Menini24, Moustafa Bensafi25, Mari Sandell26, Iordanis Konstantinidis27, Antonella Di Pizio28, Federica Genovese29, Lina Öztürk30, Thierry Thomas-Danguin31, Johannes Frasnelli32, Sanne Boesveldt33, Özlem Saatci34, Luis R. Saraiva35, Cailu Lin29, Jérôme Golebiowski36, Liang-Dar Hwang37, Mehmet Hakan Ozdener29, Maria Dolors Guàrdia38, Christophe Laudamiel39, Marina Ritchie40, Jan Havlícek41, Denis Pierron42, Eugeni Roura43, Marta Navarro43, Alissa A. Nolden44, Juyun Lim45, KL Whitcroft46, Lauren R Colquitt29, Camille Ferdenzi47, Evelyn V Brindha48, Aytug Altundag49, Alberto Macchi50, Alexia Nunez-Parra51, Zara M. Patel52, Sébastien Fiorucci36, Carl M Philpott53, Barry C. Smith54, Johan N. Lundström55, Carla Mucignat56, Jane K. Parker57, Mirjam van den Brink58, Michael Schmuker59, Florian Ph.S Fischmeister60, Thomas Heinbockel61, Vonnie D.C. Shields62, Farhoud FaraJi63, Enrique Santamaría64, William E.A. Fredborg65, Gabriella Morini66, Jonas K. Olofsson65, Maryam Jalessi67, Noam Karni68, Anna D’Errico69, Rafieh Alizadeh70, Robert Pellegrino71, Pablo Meyer72, Caroline Huart73, Ben Chen74, Graciela M.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Pain Receptors in the Main Symptoms of Covid-19 and How Diet Can Be a Therapy
    Internal Medicine: Open Access Review Article The Role of Pain Receptors in the Main Symptoms of Covid-19 and How Diet Can Be a Therapy Francesco Amato1*, Erminia Gilda Morrone2 1UOC Pain Therapy and CP Hospital, Cosenza, Italy; 2Association Center for Pain Therapy Studies, Cosenza, Italy ABSTRACT It is estimated that 80% of SARS-CoV-2 patients have olfactory disturbances and many also have dysgeusia or ageusia (an interruption or loss of taste, respectively) or changes in chemesthesis, the ability to perceive irritants by TRP receptors. Anosmia (loss of sense of smell) and dysgeusia been termed 'sentinel symptoms'. Anosmia and ageusia represent a real health risk and can also cause nutritional deficits'. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the oral cavity could cause changes in the production or quality of saliva, contributing to the symptoms of taste loss. Since the activation of TRPs by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) contributes to inflammation and pain, research is focusing on several biological mediators related to TRPs and oxidative radicals that could help the development of treatments for pain itself and some COVID related symptoms. Recent studies have found that Nuclear Factor Erythroid-Related Factor 2 (NRF2) is a transcription factor that regulates cellular defence against toxic and oxidative insults. Compounds that can activate or induce NRF2 include garlic H2S polysulphides, cinnaldehyde in cinnamon, polyphenols in green tea, curcumin, a polyphenolic compound found in curcuma, piperine, an alkaloid found in black pepper, and glucoraphanin found in broccoli. In addition, there is a substantial electrophilic interaction between NRF2, TRPA1 and TPV1 that results in their desensitisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Does Serotonin Deficiency Lead to Anosmia, Ageusia, Dysfunctional Chemesthesis and Increased Severity of Illness in COVID-19?
    Does serotonin deficiency lead to anosmia, ageusia, dysfunctional chemesthesis and increased severity of illness in COVID-19? Amarnath Sen 40 Jadunath Sarbovouma Lane, Kolkata 700035, India, E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Anosmia, ageusia and impaired chemesthetic sensations are quite common in coronavirus patients. Different mechanisms have been proposed to explain the anosmia and ageusia in COVID-19, though for reversible anosmia and ageusia, which are resolved quickly, the proposed mechanisms seem to be incomplete. In addition, the reason behind the impaired chemesthetic sensations in some coronavirus patients remains unknown. It is proposed that coronavirus patients suffer from depletion of tryptophan (an essential amino acid), as ACE2, a key element in the process of absorption of tryptophan from the food, is significantly reduced due to the attack of coronavirus, which use ACE2 as the receptor for its entry into the host cells. The depletion of tryptophan should lead to a deficit of serotonin (5-HT) in SARS-COV- 2 patients because tryptophan is the precursor in the synthesis of 5-HT. Such 5-HT deficiency can give rise to anosmia, ageusia and dysfunctional chemesthesis in COVID-19, given the fact that 5-HT is an important neuromodulator in the olfactory neurons and taste receptor cells and 5-HT also enhances the nociceptor activity of transient receptor potential channels (TRP channels) responsible for the chemesthetic sensations. In addition, 5-HT deficiency is expected to worsen silent hypoxemia and depress hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (a protective reflex) leading to an increased severity of the disease and poor outcome. Melatonin, a potential adjuvant in the treatment of COVID-19, which can tone down cytokine storm, is produced from 5-HT and is expected to decrease due to the deficit of 5-HT in the coronavirus patients.
    [Show full text]
  • New Natural Agonists of the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN New natural agonists of the transient receptor potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel Coline Legrand, Jenny Meylan Merlini, Carole de Senarclens‑Bezençon & Stéphanie Michlig* The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels family are cationic channels involved in various physiological processes as pain, infammation, metabolism, swallowing function, gut motility, thermoregulation or adipogenesis. In the oral cavity, TRP channels are involved in chemesthesis, the sensory chemical transduction of spicy ingredients. Among them, TRPA1 is activated by natural molecules producing pungent, tingling or irritating sensations during their consumption. TRPA1 can be activated by diferent chemicals found in plants or spices such as the electrophiles isothiocyanates, thiosulfnates or unsaturated aldehydes. TRPA1 has been as well associated to various physiological mechanisms like gut motility, infammation or pain. Cinnamaldehyde, its well known potent agonist from cinnamon, is reported to impact metabolism and exert anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic efects. Recently, a structurally similar molecule to cinnamaldehyde, cuminaldehyde was shown to possess anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic efect as well. We hypothesized that both cinnamaldehyde and cuminaldehyde might exert this metabolic efects through TRPA1 activation and evaluated the impact of cuminaldehyde on TRPA1. The results presented here show that cuminaldehyde activates TRPA1 as well. Additionally, a new natural agonist of TRPA1, tiglic aldehyde, was identifed
    [Show full text]
  • Alteration, Reduction and Taste Loss: Main Causes and Potential Implications on Dietary Habits
    nutrients Review Alteration, Reduction and Taste Loss: Main Causes and Potential Implications on Dietary Habits Davide Risso 1,* , Dennis Drayna 2 and Gabriella Morini 3 1 Ferrero Group, Soremartec Italia Srl, 12051 Alba, CN, Italy 2 National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; [email protected] 3 University of Gastronomic Sciences, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele 9, Bra, 12042 Pollenzo, CN, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0173-313214 Received: 3 September 2020; Accepted: 23 October 2020; Published: 27 October 2020 Abstract: Our sense of taste arises from the sensory information generated after compounds in the oral cavity and oropharynx activate taste receptor cells situated on taste buds. This produces the perception of sweet, bitter, salty, sour, or umami stimuli, depending on the chemical nature of the tastant. Taste impairments (dysgeusia) are alterations of this normal gustatory functioning that may result in complete taste losses (ageusia), partial reductions (hypogeusia), or over-acuteness of the sense of taste (hypergeusia). Taste impairments are not life-threatening conditions, but they can cause sufficient discomfort and lead to appetite loss and changes in eating habits, with possible effects on health. Determinants of such alterations are multiple and consist of both genetic and environmental factors, including aging, exposure to chemicals, drugs, trauma, high alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, poor oral health, malnutrition, and viral upper respiratory infections including influenza. Disturbances or loss of smell, taste, and chemesthesis have also emerged as predominant neurological symptoms of infection by the recent Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus strain 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as well as by previous both endemic and pandemic coronaviruses such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV.
    [Show full text]
  • Covid-19, Smell and Taste Loss: Understanding a Unique Symptom
    D 121 Department of Food Science COVID-19, SMELL AND TASTE LOSS: UNDERSTANDING A UNIQUE SYMPTOM July 2020 Curtis Luckett, Assistant Professor, Department of Food Science Robert Pellegrino, Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Food Science Lisa Tucker Washburn, Associate Professor, Family and Consumer Sciences Smell and taste dysfunction are emerging as important symptoms of COVID-19. These symptoms are more unique to COVID-19 compared to the other signs of infection. This publication outlines some basic science behind smell and taste loss due to COVID-19, explains the importance of smell and taste loss as a symptom, and describes how to test yourself for smell and taste loss. How does COVID-19 create smell/taste loss? Like many other aspects of COVID-19, how the virus disrupts ability to smell or taste is not completely understood. We are quickly learning how COVID-19 attacks parts of the body responsible for smell and taste. When it comes to smell, many types of cells could be damaged by the virus and lead to smell dysfunction. The short duration of loss with COVID-19 gives a clue to ways smell is impaired. Cells that support our taste and smell receptors turn over at higher rates than the receptors themselves. When the virus attacks these supporting cells, leading to their malfunction or death1. Also, just like many other viral causes of smell loss, the body’s immune response to the virus can damage nerve cells important for transmitting smell information. Why are smell and taste loss associated with COVID-19 important? Many people with COVID-19 experience some form of smell or taste dysfunction1.
    [Show full text]
  • NOCICEPTORS and the PERCEPTION of PAIN Alan Fein
    NOCICEPTORS AND THE PERCEPTION OF PAIN Alan Fein, Ph.D. Revised May 2014 NOCICEPTORS AND THE PERCEPTION OF PAIN Alan Fein, Ph.D. Professor of Cell Biology University of Connecticut Health Center 263 Farmington Ave. Farmington, CT 06030-3505 Email: [email protected] Telephone: 860-679-2263 Fax: 860-679-1269 Revised May 2014 i NOCICEPTORS AND THE PERCEPTION OF PAIN CONTENTS Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION CLASSIFICATION OF NOCICEPTORS BY THE CONDUCTION VELOCITY OF THEIR AXONS CLASSIFICATION OF NOCICEPTORS BY THE NOXIOUS STIMULUS HYPERSENSITIVITY: HYPERALGESIA AND ALLODYNIA Chapter 2: IONIC PERMEABILITY AND SENSORY TRANSDUCTION ION CHANNELS SENSORY STIMULI Chapter 3: THERMAL RECEPTORS AND MECHANICAL RECEPTORS MAMMALIAN TRP CHANNELS CHEMESTHESIS MEDIATORS OF NOXIOUS HEAT TRPV1 TRPV1 AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET TRPV2 TRPV3 TRPV4 TRPM3 ANO1 ii TRPA1 TRPM8 MECHANICAL NOCICEPTORS Chapter 4: CHEMICAL MEDIATORS OF PAIN AND THEIR RECEPTORS 34 SEROTONIN BRADYKININ PHOSPHOLIPASE-C AND PHOSPHOLIPASE-A2 PHOSPHOLIPASE-C PHOSPHOLIPASE-A2 12-LIPOXYGENASE (LOX) PATHWAY CYCLOOXYGENASE (COX) PATHWAY ATP P2X RECEPTORS VISCERAL PAIN P2Y RECEPTORS PROTEINASE-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS NEUROGENIC INFLAMMATION LOW pH LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID Epac (EXCHANGE PROTEIN DIRECTLY ACTIVATED BY cAMP) NERVE GROWTH FACTOR Chapter 5: Na+, K+, Ca++ and HCN CHANNELS iii + Na CHANNELS Nav1.7 Nav1.8 Nav 1.9 Nav 1.3 Nav 1.1 and Nav 1.6 + K CHANNELS + ATP-SENSITIVE K CHANNELS GIRK CHANNELS K2P CHANNELS KNa CHANNELS + OUTWARD K CHANNELS ++ Ca CHANNELS HCN CHANNELS Chapter 6: NEUROPATHIC PAIN ANIMAL
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of TRP Channels in Pain and Taste Perception
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Taste the Pain: The Role of TRP Channels in Pain and Taste Perception Edwin N. Aroke 1 , Keesha L. Powell-Roach 2 , Rosario B. Jaime-Lara 3 , Markos Tesfaye 3, Abhrarup Roy 3, Pamela Jackson 1 and Paule V. Joseph 3,* 1 School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; [email protected] (E.N.A.); [email protected] (P.J.) 2 College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; keesharoach@ufl.edu 3 Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit (SenSMet), National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; [email protected] (R.B.J.-L.); [email protected] (M.T.); [email protected] (A.R.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-301-827-5234 Received: 27 July 2020; Accepted: 16 August 2020; Published: 18 August 2020 Abstract: Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a superfamily of cation transmembrane proteins that are expressed in many tissues and respond to many sensory stimuli. TRP channels play a role in sensory signaling for taste, thermosensation, mechanosensation, and nociception. Activation of TRP channels (e.g., TRPM5) in taste receptors by food/chemicals (e.g., capsaicin) is essential in the acquisition of nutrients, which fuel metabolism, growth, and development. Pain signals from these nociceptors are essential for harm avoidance. Dysfunctional TRP channels have been associated with neuropathic pain, inflammation, and reduced ability to detect taste stimuli. Humans have long recognized the relationship between taste and pain. However, the mechanisms and relationship among these taste–pain sensorial experiences are not fully understood.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemesthesis in the Earthworm, Lumbricus Terrestris: the Search for Trp Channels
    CHEMESTHESIS IN THE EARTHWORM, LUMBRICUS TERRESTRIS: THE SEARCH FOR TRP CHANNELS BY ALBERT H. KIM A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Biology May 2016 Winston-Salem, North Carolina Approved By: Wayne L. Silver, Ph.D., Advisor Pat Lord, Ph.D., Chair Erik Johnson, Ph.D. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank Dr. Wayne Silver for being the greatest advisor anyone can wish for. Dr. Silver went beyond his duty as an advisor and mentored me in life. He gave me a chance to pursue my dream with continuous support and encouragement. I have learned so much from Dr. Silver and I am forever indebted to him for his generosity. I would like to thank Dr. Erik Johnson for answering countless questions I had and being patient with me. I would like to thank Dr. Pat Lord for her kindness and being supportive in my endeavor. I would like to thank Dr. Manju Bhat of Winston-Salem State University for helping me with cell dissociation/calcium imaging. I would like to thank Victoria Elliott and Riley Jay for the SEM images. Furthermore, I would like to thank Sam Kim, Kijana George, Ochan Kwon, Jake Springer and Kemi Balogun for the T-maze data. Finally, I would like to thank my parents and my sister. I would not have made it to this point without the unconditional love and support you gave me, for that I will always be grateful.
    [Show full text]
  • Flavored Tobacco and Chemosensory Processes
    Monograph 22 A Socioecological Approach to Addressing Tobacco-Related Health Disparities Section II Intrapersonal/Individual Factors Associated With Tobacco-Related Health Disparities Chapter 4 Flavored Tobacco and Chemosensory Processes 125 Chapter 4: Flavored Tobacco and Chemosensory Processes Contents Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................127 Background ........................................................................................................................................127 The Menthol Compound ..........................................................................................................................128 Brief Review of the Chemical Senses ......................................................................................................129 Cigarette Smoking and the Chemical Senses...........................................................................................130 Characteristics of Flavor Additives and Constituents ..............................................................................131 Cocoa as an Additive .........................................................................................................................131 Licorice as an Additive ......................................................................................................................132 Menthol as an Additive ......................................................................................................................132
    [Show full text]
  • WBC Flavor Lecture
    What We Now Know About Flavor Perception Karl J. Siebert Dept. of Food Science CORNELL UNIVERSITY ● GENEVA What people remember about how flavor perception works depends, at least in part, on what was known when they learned about it. Most people recall that flavor perception has two aspects: Taste Smell We now know that there are actually three aspects: Taste Smell Chemesthesis Taste Tongue maps At one time sensory textbooks contained diagrams showing regions of the tongue that were sensitive for particular tastes. We now know that the tongue map idea is incorrect. There are taste buds located all over the tongue, as well as on other oral surfaces (including cheeks, soft palate, and epiglottis). These contain all of the taste receptor types. Most people remember four tastes: Sweet Sour Salty Bitter And many people have heard of a fifth taste: Sweet Sour Salty Bitter Umami (savory) People sometimes think of umami as being relatively recently discovered. In fact it was first proposed by Kikunae Ikeda in 1908 and only later generally accepted. A sixth taste, oleogustus, or ‘fatty’, was recently described (Running, Craig & Mattes, Chem. Senses 40: 507-516, 2015) and is likely to be generally accepted fairly soon. All of the tastes are caused by compounds that are soluble in saliva. That means compounds that tend to be polar. Flavor strengths are indicated by flavor thresholds. Substances with relatively low flavor thresholds are more potent (a lower concentration can be detected). Tthe thresholds given here are addition thresholds in beer, typically determined by the Ascending Method of Limits.
    [Show full text]