Jovian Planets
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Mission to Jupiter
This book attempts to convey the creativity, Project A History of the Galileo Jupiter: To Mission The Galileo mission to Jupiter explored leadership, and vision that were necessary for the an exciting new frontier, had a major impact mission’s success. It is a book about dedicated people on planetary science, and provided invaluable and their scientific and engineering achievements. lessons for the design of spacecraft. This The Galileo mission faced many significant problems. mission amassed so many scientific firsts and Some of the most brilliant accomplishments and key discoveries that it can truly be called one of “work-arounds” of the Galileo staff occurred the most impressive feats of exploration of the precisely when these challenges arose. Throughout 20th century. In the words of John Casani, the the mission, engineers and scientists found ways to original project manager of the mission, “Galileo keep the spacecraft operational from a distance of was a way of demonstrating . just what U.S. nearly half a billion miles, enabling one of the most technology was capable of doing.” An engineer impressive voyages of scientific discovery. on the Galileo team expressed more personal * * * * * sentiments when she said, “I had never been a Michael Meltzer is an environmental part of something with such great scope . To scientist who has been writing about science know that the whole world was watching and and technology for nearly 30 years. His books hoping with us that this would work. We were and articles have investigated topics that include doing something for all mankind.” designing solar houses, preventing pollution in When Galileo lifted off from Kennedy electroplating shops, catching salmon with sonar and Space Center on 18 October 1989, it began an radar, and developing a sensor for examining Space interplanetary voyage that took it to Venus, to Michael Meltzer Michael Shuttle engines. -
7 Planetary Rings Matthew S
7 Planetary Rings Matthew S. Tiscareno Center for Radiophysics and Space Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA 1Introduction..................................................... 311 1.1 Orbital Elements ..................................................... 312 1.2 Roche Limits, Roche Lobes, and Roche Critical Densities .................... 313 1.3 Optical Depth ....................................................... 316 2 Rings by Planetary System .......................................... 317 2.1 The Rings of Jupiter ................................................... 317 2.2 The Rings of Saturn ................................................... 319 2.3 The Rings of Uranus .................................................. 320 2.4 The Rings of Neptune ................................................. 323 2.5 Unconfirmed Ring Systems ............................................. 324 2.5.1 Mars ............................................................... 324 2.5.2 Pluto ............................................................... 325 2.5.3 Rhea and Other Moons ................................................ 325 2.5.4 Exoplanets ........................................................... 327 3RingsbyType.................................................... 328 3.1 Dense Broad Disks ................................................... 328 3.1.1 Spiral Waves ......................................................... 329 3.1.2 Gap Edges and Moonlet Wakes .......................................... 333 3.1.3 Radial Structure ..................................................... -
Moon Chosen Free
FREE MOON CHOSEN PDF P. C. Cast | 608 pages | 24 Oct 2016 | St Martin's Press | 9781250125781 | English | New York, United States How Far is the Moon? | Moon Facts Moons and rings are among the most fascinating objects in our solar system. Before the Space Race of the s, astronomers knew that Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Moon Chosen, and Neptune had moons; at that time, only Saturn was known to have rings. With the advent of better telescopes and space-based probes that could fly to distant worlds, scientists began to discover many more moons and rings. Moons and rings are typically categorized as "natural satellites" that orbit other worlds. It's not even the largest one. Jupiter's moon Ganymede has that honor. And in addition to the moons orbiting planets, nearly asteroids are known to have moons of their own. The technical term is "natural satellite", which differentiates them from the man-made satellites launched into space by space Moon Chosen. There are dozens of these natural satellites throughout the solar system. Different moons have different origin stories. However, Mars's moons Moon Chosen to be captured asteroids. Moon materials range from rocky material to icy bodies and mixtures of both. Earth's moon is made of rock Moon Chosen volcanic. Mars's moons are the same material as rocky asteroids. Jupiter's moons Moon Chosen largely icy, but with rocky cores. The exception is Io, which is a completely rocky, highly volcanic world. Saturn's moons are mostly ice with rocky cores. Its largest moon, Titan, is predominantly rocky with an icy surface. -
Lesson 3: Moons, Rings Relationships
GETTING TO KNOW SATURN LESSON Moons, Rings, and Relationships 3 3–4 hrs Students design their own experiments to explore the fundamental force of gravity, and then extend their thinking to how gravity acts to keep objects like moons and ring particles in orbit. Students use the contexts of the Solar System and the Saturn system MEETS NATIONAL to explore the nature of orbits. The lesson SCIENCE EDUCATION enables students to correct common mis- STANDARDS: conceptions about gravity and orbits and to Science as Inquiry • Abilities learn how orbital speed decreases as the dis- Prometheus and Pandora, two of Saturn’s moons, “shepherd” necessary to Saturn’s F ring. scientific inquiry tance from the object being orbited increases. Physical Science • Motions and PREREQUISITE SKILLS BACKGROUND INFORMATION forces Working in groups Background for Lesson Discussion, page 66 Earth and Space Science Reading a chart of data Questions, page 71 • Earth in the Plotting points on a graph Answers in Appendix 1, page 225 Solar System 1–21: Saturn 22–34: Rings 35–50: Moons EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS, AND TOOLS For the teacher Materials to reproduce Photocopier (for transparencies & copies) Figures 1–10 are provided at the end of Overhead projector this lesson. Chalkboard, whiteboard, or large easel FIGURE TRANSPARENCY COPIES with paper; chalk or markers 11 21 For each group of 3 to 4 students 31 Large plastic or rubber ball 4 1 per student Paper, markers, pencils 5 1 1 per student 6 1 for teacher 7 1 (optional) 1 for teacher 8 1 per student 9 1 (optional) 1 per student 10 1 (optional) 1 for teacher 65 Saturn Educator Guide • Cassini Program website — http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/cassini/educatorguide • EG-1999-12-008-JPL Background for Lesson Discussion LESSON 3 Science as inquiry The nature of Saturn’s rings and how (See Procedures & Activities, Part I, Steps 1-6) they move (See Procedures & Activities, Part IIa, Step 3) Part I of the lesson offers students a good oppor- tunity to experience science as inquiry. -
Lecture 12 the Rings and Moons of the Outer Planets October 15, 2018
Lecture 12 The Rings and Moons of the Outer Planets October 15, 2018 1 2 Rings of Outer Planets • Rings are not solid but are fragments of material – Saturn: Ice and ice-coated rock (bright) – Others: Dusty ice, rocky material (dark) • Very thin – Saturn rings ~0.05 km thick! • Rings can have many gaps due to small satellites – Saturn and Uranus 3 Rings of Jupiter •Very thin and made of small, dark particles. 4 Rings of Saturn Flash movie 5 Saturn’s Rings Ring structure in natural color, photographed by Cassini probe July 23, 2004. Click on image for Astronomy Picture of the Day site, or here for JPL information 6 Saturn’s Rings (false color) Photo taken by Voyager 2 on August 17, 1981. Click on image for more information 7 Saturn’s Ring System (Cassini) Mars Mimas Janus Venus Prometheus A B C D F G E Pandora Enceladus Epimetheus Earth Tethys Moon Wikipedia image with annotations On July 19, 2013, in an event celebrated the world over, NASA's Cassini spacecraft slipped into Saturn's shadow and turned to image the planet, seven of its moons, its inner rings -- and, in the background, our home planet, Earth. 8 Newly Discovered Saturnian Ring • Nearly invisible ring in the plane of the moon Pheobe’s orbit, tilted 27° from Saturn’s equatorial plane • Discovered by the infrared Spitzer Space Telescope and announced 6 October 2009 • Extends from 128 to 207 Saturnian radii and is about 40 radii thick • Contributes to the two-tone coloring of the moon Iapetus • Click here for more info about the artist’s rendering 9 Rings of Uranus • Uranus -- rings discovered through stellar occultation – Rings block light from star as Uranus moves by. -
Planetary Rings
CLBE001-ESS2E November 10, 2006 21:56 100-C 25-C 50-C 75-C C+M 50-C+M C+Y 50-C+Y M+Y 50-M+Y 100-M 25-M 50-M 75-M 100-Y 25-Y 50-Y 75-Y 100-K 25-K 25-19-19 50-K 50-40-40 75-K 75-64-64 Planetary Rings Carolyn C. Porco Space Science Institute Boulder, Colorado Douglas P. Hamilton University of Maryland College Park, Maryland CHAPTER 27 1. Introduction 5. Ring Origins 2. Sources of Information 6. Prospects for the Future 3. Overview of Ring Structure Bibliography 4. Ring Processes 1. Introduction houses, from coalescing under their own gravity into larger bodies. Rings are arranged around planets in strikingly dif- Planetary rings are those strikingly flat and circular ap- ferent ways despite the similar underlying physical pro- pendages embracing all the giant planets in the outer Solar cesses that govern them. Gravitational tugs from satellites System: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Like their account for some of the structure of densely-packed mas- cousins, the spiral galaxies, they are formed of many bod- sive rings [see Solar System Dynamics: Regular and ies, independently orbiting in a central gravitational field. Chaotic Motion], while nongravitational effects, includ- Rings also share many characteristics with, and offer in- ing solar radiation pressure and electromagnetic forces, valuable insights into, flattened systems of gas and collid- dominate the dynamics of the fainter and more diffuse dusty ing debris that ultimately form solar systems. Ring systems rings. Spacecraft flybys of all of the giant planets and, more are accessible laboratories capable of providing clues about recently, orbiters at Jupiter and Saturn, have revolutionized processes important in these circumstellar disks, structures our understanding of planetary rings. -
Shepherd Moon Face-Off! 21 December 2012, by Jason Major
Shepherd Moon face-off! 21 December 2012, by Jason Major Here's Pandora, as seen by Cassini on September 5, 2005: False-color image of Pandora. Credit: NASA/JPL/SSI Raw Cassini image acquired on Dec. 18, 2012. Credit: NASA/JPL/SSI …and here's Prometheus, seen during a close pass in 2010 and color-calibrated by Gordan Ugarkovic: Two of Saturn's shepherd moons face off across the icy strand of the F ring in this image, acquired by the Cassini spacecraft on December 18, 2012. In the left corner is Pandora, external shepherd of the ropy ring, and in the right is Prometheus, whose gravity is responsible for the subtle tug on the wispy ring material. (Please don't blame the moon for any recent unsatisfying sci-fi films of the same name. There's no relation, we promise.) Similar in size (Pandora is 110 x 88 x 62 km, Prometheus 148 x 100 x 68 km) both moons are porous, icy, potato-shaped bodies covered in craters—although Prometheus' surface is somewhat smoother in appearance than Pandora's, perhaps due to the gradual buildup of infalling material from the F ring. Check out some much closer images of these two moons below, acquired during earlier flybys: 1 / 2 Prometheus casting a shadow through F ring haze. Credit: NASA/JPL/SSI/Gordan Ugarvovic The external edge of the A ring with the thin Keeler gap and the wider Encke gap can be seen at the right of the top image. Both of these gaps also harbor their own shepherd moons—Daphnis and Pan, respectively. -
Blocks Size Frequency Distribution in the Enceladus Tiger Stripes Area: Implications on Their Formative Processes
universe Article Blocks Size Frequency Distribution in the Enceladus Tiger Stripes Area: Implications on Their Formative Processes Maurizio Pajola 1,* , Alice Lucchetti 1 , Lara Senter 2 and Gabriele Cremonese 1 1 INAF-Astronomical Observatory of Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy; [email protected] (A.L.); [email protected] (G.C.) 2 Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: We study the size frequency distribution of the blocks located in the deeply fractured, geologically active Enceladus South Polar Terrain with the aim to suggest their formative mechanisms. Through the Cassini ISS images, we identify ~17,000 blocks with sizes ranging from ~25 m to 366 m, and located at different distances from the Damascus, Baghdad and Cairo Sulci. On all counts and for both Damascus and Baghdad cases, the power-law fitting curve has an index that is similar to the one obtained on the deeply fractured, actively sublimating Hathor cliff on comet 67P/Churyumov- Gerasimenko, where several non-dislodged blocks are observed. This suggests that as for 67P, sublimation and surface stresses favor similar fractures development in the Enceladus icy matrix, hence resulting in comparable block disaggregation. A steeper power-law index for Cairo counts may suggest a higher degree of fragmentation, which could be the result of localized, stronger tectonic disruption of lithospheric ice. Eventually, we show that the smallest blocks identified are located Citation: Pajola, M.; Lucchetti, A.; from tens of m to 20–25 km from the Sulci fissures, while the largest blocks are found closer to the Senter, L.; Cremonese, G. -
Saturn's Polar Atmosphere
12 Saturn's Polar Atmosphere K.M. SAYANAGI1, K.H. BAINES2, U.A. DYUDINA3, L.N. FLETCHER4, A. SANCHEZ-LAVEGA´ 5, R.A. WEST2 1Department of Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, the northern winter solstice in 2002), through the equinox Hampton University, 23 E Tyler St., Hampton, VA 23668, in 2009, and approaching the next solstice in 2017. We con- USA clude the current review by listing unanswered questions and 2Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technol- describing the observations of the polar regions planned for ogy, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA the Grand Finale phase of the Cassini mission between 2016 3Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California and 2017. Institute of Technology, 1200 California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA 4Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Le- icester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH 5Departamento de F´ısicaAplicada I, E.T.S. Ingenier´ıa,Uni- 12.1 Introduction: views of Saturn's poles from versidad del Pa´ısVasco, Bilbao, Spain the Cassini orbiter Copyright Notice The Cassini mission has explored the Saturnian system in The Chapter, Saturn's Polar Atmosphere, is to be pub- ways that are possible only from an orbiting spacecraft. lished by Cambridge University Press as part of a multi- Cassini is the fourth spacecraft to visit Saturn after Pio- volume work edited by Kevin Baines, Michael Flasar, Nor- neer 11 and Voyagers 1 & 2, and the first spacecraft to orbit bert Krupp, and Thomas Stallard, entitled \Saturn in the the planet. Cassini has been in orbit around Saturn since 21st Century" (`the Volume'). -
Determining the Small-Scale Structure and Particle Properties in Saturn's Rings from Stellar and Radio Occultations
University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2018 Determining the Small-scale Structure and Particle Properties in Saturn's Rings from Stellar and Radio Occultations Richard Jerousek University of Central Florida Part of the The Sun and the Solar System Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Jerousek, Richard, "Determining the Small-scale Structure and Particle Properties in Saturn's Rings from Stellar and Radio Occultations" (2018). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 5840. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/5840 DETERMINING THE SMALL-SCALE STRUCTURE AND PARTICLE PROPERTIES IN SATURN’S RINGS FROM STELLAR AND RADIO OCCULTATIONS by RICHARD GREGORY JEROUSEK M.S. University of Central Florida, 2009 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Physics in the College of Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2018 Major Professor: Joshua E. Colwell © 2018 Richard G. Jerousek ii ABSTRACT Saturn’s rings consist of icy particles of various sizes ranging from millimeters to several meters. Particles may aggregate into ephemeral elongated clumps known as self-gravity wakes in regions where the surface mass density and epicyclic frequency give a Toomre critical wavelength which is much larger than the largest individual particles (Julian and Toomre 1966). -
Voyage to Jupiter. INSTITUTION National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 312 131 SE 050 900 AUTHOR Morrison, David; Samz, Jane TITLE Voyage to Jupiter. INSTITUTION National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC. Scientific and Technical Information Branch. REPORT NO NASA-SP-439 PUB DATE 80 NOTE 208p.; Colored photographs and drawings may not reproduce well. AVAILABLE FROMSuperintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 ($9.00). PUB TYPE Reports - Descriptive (141) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Aerospace Technology; *Astronomy; Satellites (Aerospace); Science Materials; *Science Programs; *Scientific Research; Scientists; *Space Exploration; *Space Sciences IDENTIFIERS *Jupiter; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; *Voyager Mission ABSTRACT This publication illustrates the features of Jupiter and its family of satellites pictured by the Pioneer and the Voyager missions. Chapters included are:(1) "The Jovian System" (describing the history of astronomy);(2) "Pioneers to Jupiter" (outlining the Pioneer Mission); (3) "The Voyager Mission"; (4) "Science and Scientsts" (listing 11 science investigations and the scientists in the Voyager Mission);.(5) "The Voyage to Jupiter--Cetting There" (describing the launch and encounter phase);(6) 'The First Encounter" (showing pictures of Io and Callisto); (7) "The Second Encounter: More Surprises from the 'Land' of the Giant" (including pictures of Ganymede and Europa); (8) "Jupiter--King of the Planets" (describing the weather, magnetosphere, and rings of Jupiter); (9) "Four New Worlds" (discussing the nature of the four satellites); and (10) "Return to Jupiter" (providing future plans for Jupiter exploration). Pictorial maps of the Galilean satellites, a list of Voyager science teams, and a list of the Voyager management team are appended. Eight technical and 12 non-technical references are provided as additional readings. -
Primefocus Tri-Valley Stargazers March 2015
PRIMEFOCUS Tri-Valley Stargazers March 2015 March Meeting Citizen Science to the Rescue! Todd Rigg-Carriero, M.S. In today’s highly technological world, having our students graduate with a degree in some aspect of science is crucial. However, opposing this is our country’s preoc- cupation with standardization. The ‘one size fits all’ education model we currently have isn’t about creating innovative thinkers; it is pandering to a common denomi- nator. Instead, we should be personalizing our education system by striving to cre- ate a meaningful learning experience for students based on depth of inquiry, col- laboration through trust and creativity, and development into capable, adaptable Meeting Info citizens of the world. We should use real tools, real materials, and real problems to What: encourage students’ love of learning, curiosity about the world, ability to engage, Citizen Science to the Rescue! tenacity to think big, and persistence to do amazing things. One small contribution to that goal are Citizen Science projects which use real data exploring real prob- Who: lems that anyone can use including and especially grade-schoolers. Todd Rigg-Carriero, M.S., Todd Rigg Carriero is an astronomy instructor at City College of San Francisco. He City College of San Francisco received his M.S. in Astronomy and Astrophysics from the University of Michigan in When: 2002 and has been educating students of all ages ever since. Apart from introduc- March 20, 2015 ing the value of critical thinking to hoards of young adults, he can frequently be Doors open at 7:00 p.m. found giving astronomy night and science education policy presentations to K-12 Meeting at 7:30 p.m.