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Morphological Characterization of Synondontis Schall (Pisces: Mochokidae) from Asa Dam, Ilorin, Nigeria

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Morphological Characterization of Synondontis Schall (Pisces: Mochokidae) from Asa Dam, Ilorin, Nigeria Journal of Sustainable Development Vol. 12. No.1, March, 2015 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SYNONDONTIS SCHALL (PISCES: MOCHOKIDAE) FROM ASA DAM, ILORIN, NIGERIA RAFIU R. A. 1 ARAOYE P. A. 2, 2OWOLABI O. D. 2, ADELODUN O. B. 1, AND AMUSAT A. I. 3 1. Department of Fisheries Technology, Oyo State College of Agriculture, Igboora, Oyo State, Nigeria Email: [email protected] 2. Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. 3. Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Oyo State College of Agriculture, Igboora, Oyo State, Nigeria ABSTRACT Studies on the morpological characterization of Synodontis schall was conducted using a total of 103 samples collected from Asa Dam, Ilorin Nigeria over a period of nine months (November 2004 to July 2005). Different parts such as head length, pre orbital length, post orbital length, pectoral fin length, dorsal fin length, anal fin length, caudal peduncle length and depth, body depth and body weight were all measured. The head length and body depth (35.90% and 36.95% respectively) accounted for the larger percentage of the fish standard length. The difference in head length between male and female was not significant (P>0.05) while significant differences were obtained from the eye diameter, pectoral fin length, caudal peduncle length and body weight of male and female Synodontis schall. Morphometric analysis of growth parts exhibit a positive allometric growth with “b” value of 3.09 for regression of head length with the standard length. The condition factor (K) of male (2.02) and female (2.05) were not significantly (P>0.05) different. It could therefore be concluded that Synodontis schall from Asa Lake were in good condition and proper strategic measures should be taken to avoid over exploitation. Keywords: Synodontis schall, morphometric, allometric INTRODUCTION dorsal and pectoral fin usually used for Fish constitute an excellent source of protein protection(Willoughby, 1974). of high biological value and is one of most important sources of animal protein available Many researchers such as Olatunde (1989), all over the world for human consumption. Araoye and Jeje (1999), Araoye (2001) and Out of all other protein food stuff (such as Akombo et. al.(2013) have studied some meat, egg, milk etc),fish is one of the cheapest biological aspect of this species. In fishes, sources of animal protein with high nutritive growth may be measured in any dimension value and accounts for about 40% of the total since it has been recognized that changes in animal protein intake in an average size is not accompanied by changes in shape Nigeria(Fagbenro, 2004). Eyo (2001) also stated (Newt, 1970). Many studies on allometric and that, fish muscle is very rich in high quality isometric growth in fishes have largely been amino acid, containing between 15 and 20% based on weight and length relationship, or protein which makes it an important animal relationship between size of scale or other protein generally accepted by people. calcified tissues and body length because of their importance for age-growth analysis Synodontis schall is a prominent source of (Adeyemi et al., 2009). animal protein in aquatic system of tropical Africa, belonging to the family Mochokidae The length-weight relationship also known as (Nawar, 1958 and Willoughby, 1976) and it is growth index has been widely used in fish of great commercial importance (Olatunde, biology with several purposes like estimating 1989). Synodontis are highly cherished in the mean weight of fish, based on known Ilorin and its environ because of its bony head length (Beyer, 1987, Abowei and Davies, 2009). and fleshy body, which usually attract lovers It is also used in the conversion of the length of common “pepper soup” (Araoye, 2004). The equation in weight for equivalent of growth in genus Synodontis has special characteristics of weight, morphometric inter specific and intra partially armored head because of well- population comparison to assess the index of developed cephalo-nuchal shield on top and well-being of the fish population (Omoniyi et. side of their head and the strong spine of al., 2010). 36 Journal of Sustainable Development Vol. 12. No.1, March, 2015 niloticus respectively. Also, Alfred-Ockiya Morphometric of some fish species have been (2000), Abowei and Hart (2007), Abowei and investigated by researchers, among them are: Davies (2009) and Abowei (2010) work on Sadiku and Oladimeji (1991) have reported an condition factors of different species of isometric growth in the relationship between fish.There is paucity of information on the the length and body weight of Synodontis morphometric and characterization of growth schall in Zaria dam, Nigeria while Willoughby of external body parts S. schall into allometry (1974) on the ecology of Synodontis species in and isometry in Asa dam. kainji, lake, Nigeria. Olatunde (1983) reported ‘b’ values of Clarias gariepinus in Zaria to be The objectives of this study are to examine and 3. Nwadairo and Okorie (1985) studied length evaluate the morphometry of Synodontis weight relationship of Chrysichthys species schall, characterize growth of the external from Oguta lake in Nigeria to have an body parts into allometry or isometry and to allometric growth while Obasohan et. al. determine the condition factor of this species. (2012) reported b values of 1.72, 1.16, 1.41, 1.52 and 1.94 for Papyrocranus afer, Parachanna MATERIALS AND METHODS obscura, Malapterurus electricus, Tilapia Asa dam (latitude 08o 26’ N and longitude 04o mariae and Oreochromis niloticus respectively 29’ E) is located at a point of about 6km south from Ibiekuma Stream, Ekpoma, Nigeria. of Ilorin town across river Asa in Kwara State, Nigeria. The dam has an overall length of 596 The condition factor of the fish can also be metres with a storage capacity of 43 million determined using length weight relationship cubic meters within the lake. The lake was to know the well-being of fish in the water constructed for water supply to Ilorin body. According to Weatherly and Gill (1990), metropolis but also serves the secondary condition factor can be used to determine the purpose of fish production. Samples of period of gonadal maturation and the Synodontis schall were collected from the observation of increase or decrease in feeding catches of fishermen fishing in Asa Dam, Ilorin activities or population change possibly due to Nigeria. Bi-monthly purchasing of the modifications in food resources. The condition specimens were made during late dry season factors are used as indicator of the well-being (November – February), early raining season of individual organism, because it integrates (March – May) and late raining season (June – many levels of the organizational processes July) to make a total of nine months. The fish (Lizama et. al., 2002).According to Fonseca et. samples purchased were transported to the al. (2006), the growth estimation and condition laboratory in plastic containers containing ice indices were first used as measures of fish blocks to keep the fish fresh. A total of 103 nutritional condition, growth and overall fish samples were examined. health, and also for habitat quality for fish. Vasconcelos et. al. (2009), also stated that Morphometric measurements condition indices serves as a factor that The morphometric characters measured are integrates environmental variability and allow standard length, head length, body depth , for assessment of fish health in a given habitat, dorsal fin length, pectoral fin length, caudal by considering how fish respond to abiotic peduncle length and depth, anal fin length and biotic variables, food quality and and body weight. Measurements of these parts availability and also pollution. were made using methods of Olaosebikan and Raji (1981), using measuring board for Several studies on condition factors include different body lengths and digital electronic Oni et. al. (1983) who reported Fulton’s weighing balance for body weight. condition factors (k) of between 1.09-2.12,1.97- 3.27 and 0.1-4.03 for Aletes nurse, Synodontis Length-Weight relationship schall and Tilapia zilli respectively while The proportion of the body lengths Sadiku and Oladimeji (1991) obtained contributed by the measured parts was condtion factors (k) of 2.28, 3.86 and 1.94 for S. calculated using the formula: schall, Sarotherodon galilaeus and Lates 37 Journal of Sustainable Development Vol. 12. No.1, March, 2015 Length of the part (cm) Standard length (cm) X 100 Characterization of growth into allometry or length of 17.94cm (Table 1). The male S. shall isometry was carried out using the logarithmic have the highest body weight 210.00g while transformation of the equation y = axb: into the female have the highest body weight of 185.00g as shown in Table 1. The percentage Log y = log a + b log x (Pauly, 1983) relationship between the length of various Where, y = dependent variable (length of structures and the head length (HL) or the external body part in cm) standard length (SL) was shown in Table 2. Log a =Regression intercept (constant) Log b =Regression coefficient (slope) The post orbital length occupied the highest and x = Independent variable (length of fish in portion of the head length with maximum cm or weight of fish in gram). value of 96.23% and mean value of 46.62±8.79 while the pre orbital length and eye diameter Regression analysis was carried out between occupied 54.39 and 33.47% with mean values each external body parts and fish standard 32.27±4.74 and 18.43±5.50 respectively. length and body weight. Statistical analysis of significance difference between growth of the The body depth occupies the highest quota of body parts of male and female Synodontis the Standard Length with maximum schall were determined using t-test. percentage of 36.95% followed by the head length with percentage of 35.90%.
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