Let's Talk Fish- Guide for Journalists and Media to Report on These Topics

Working Paper 030

Let’s talk fish Guide for journalists and media

Co-implemented by Project funded by Food and Agriculture Organization European of the United Nations Union The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Indian Ocean Commission concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by Indian Ocean Commission in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.

The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of Indian Ocean Commission.

Indian Ocean Commission Blue Tower 5th floor, rue de l'Institut Ebene, Mauritius Tel : +230 402 6100 Fax: +230 466 0160 [email protected] www.coi-ioc.org www.smartfish-coi.org

CREDITS Concept and Structure : Toky Rasoloarimanana Graphic Design : Shirley Chan Author : Claire Artwood, Editor of ‘Intrafish magazine’ Drawings : Pov

“ This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the author and can no way be taken to the reflect the views of the European Union.” Let’s talk fish Guide for journalists and media

SF/ 2014/ 30

CONTENT PAGE

Preface 06

The Role of Media 08

SmartFish Programme 10

The World of Fish and Fishing 12

Fisheries in Africa 15

Topics and Story Ideas 32

Glossary 50

Key Contact 55

5 Did you know that off the coast of Madagascar, large ocean-going vessels catch lobster at depths of up to 800 m; that Lake Victoria’s Nile perch fishery is shared by three countries; and that one of the largest tuna canneries in the world is in Seychelles? Welcome to the wonderful world of fishing in Africa, an area of economic activity that combines science, politics, economics, industry, technology and conservation.

With this Media Guide, the Indian Ocean Commission through SmartFish Programme hopes to introduce you to the fisheries of Eastern and Southern Africa and the Indian Ocean Islands (the ESA-IO region) and stimulate your interest in learning more about the subject. The objective of the present guide is to help you to report knowledgeably and confidently about fisheries in your country or sub- region so that your readers, listeners or viewers gain a better understanding of the diverse and dynamic fisheries of the area where they live.

The guide begins with an introduction to global fisheries which highlights the important role that fish and fishing play in the global economy. A summary of fisheries in the ESA-IO region follows. Although it has not been possible to describe every fishery in every country, this consolidated overview should help you to better understand the different fisheries that exist in the region and to appreciate some of the key issues that influence or affect them.

We have included information on topics that we think may

PREFACE interest you and have provided some suggestions on how

6 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media to report on these topics. The glossary of fisheries terms should help you to navigate the world of fish and fisheries and successfully report on this subject.

There is a wealth of information available and countless fishing stories to be told, many of them good news stories about human endeavour, adventure and discovery, the development of new technologies and the wise use of natural resources. We hope that this Media Guide will give you the impetus you need to start telling the fishing stories that are unfolding every day in your community, country or region.

Mr Harijhons Léon Martial RAZAKA Officer in Charge Indian Ocean Commission

7 The Role of Media

If one accepts that the media exists to serve society – providing people with the information they need to make informed judgements on the issues of the day – then there is potential for the media to play an extremely important role in the context of fisheries.

This is especially true in light of a global trend towards the co- management of fisheries. Co-management involves fishers, fishing communities and other stakeholders in the management of fisheries and, as a result, ordinary citizens are playing a more active role than ever before in the assessment, planning, monitoring and management of fisheries. Consequently there is potential for the media to play its part in the co-management of

8 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media fisheries by providing stakeholders with accurate and credible information needed for decision-making.

Reliable, balanced reporting about the lives of fishers, the business of fishing and the management of fisheries has the potential to influence the debates of the day and even bring about changes in policy and governance. However, the old adage “there are two sides to every story” is especially apt when it comes to fisheries because fishing stories almost always combine elements of science, economics, conservation and industry, which may be at odds with each other.

As is evident in the pages of this Media Guide, the fisheries of the ESA-IO region are expansive and diverse, with activities spanning the entire spectrum of society, from the grassroots to the international arena. As such, there are countless stories to be written and told, some of them human-interest stories with real implications for local, regional and even international policy and governance.

9 Sudan Eritrea Djibouti

South Ethiopia Sudan Somalia Uganda Kenya INDIAN OCEAN Democratic Rwanda Republic of Burundi the Congo United Seychelles Republic of Tanzania archipelago of Comoros Malawi Zambia Mozambique

Zimbabwe Mauritius Madagascar Reunion

Swaziland

South Africa

THE SMARTFISH PROGRAMME The governance and management of fisheries and aquaculture, also affect food security, social benefits, regional trade and economic growth. The Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the East African Community (EAC) and the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) have developed regional strategies to enhance responsible fisheries and aquaculture

10 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media development as well as develop fish trade and improved food security.

SmartFish is financed by the European Union (EU) and implemented by the IOC jointly with the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in partnership with COMESA, EAC and IGAD and in collaboration with SADC. Effective collaboration with all relevant national authorities and regional fisheries organisations has been established and technical support is provided by the Agrotec consortium (a private sector group of companies that provides technical assistance to the Programme).

SmartFish is supporting the implementation of these regional fisheries strategies through capacity building and related interventions aimed specifically at :

• implementing sustainable regional fisheries management; • initiating a governance framework for sustainable regional fisheries; • developing effective monitoring, control and surveillance for transboundary fisheries resources; • developing regional trade strategies and implementing regional trade initiatives; • contributing to food security through livelihood diversification and the reduction of post-harvest losses.

11 The world of fish and fishing

All over the world, fish provide people with food, jobs, economic activity and in many cases an accessible form of recreation and relaxation. The business of fishing spans the globe and with improvements in technology and distribution, the global supply of fish has dramatically increased in the past five decades.

Global fisheries at a glance

• Capture fisheries and aquaculture supplied the world with 154 million metric tonnes (Mt) of fish in 2011. • At least 131 million Mt of the total catch was utilized as food for people. • Fish products are among the most traded food commodities, representing about 10 % of total food exports.

People in different parts of the world eat different amounts of fish

• In Asia, on average each person eats about 21 kg of fish per year. (This is referred to as ‘per capita consumption’.) • In Africa, per capita consumption is about 9 kg per year. • In China, a massive growth in aquaculture production means people are eating more fish.

Aquaculture (fish farming) is producing 12 times more fish than in 1980

• Aquaculture produced 60 million Mt, with a value of about USD 119 billion in 2010. • In Africa, aquaculture has expanded rapidly with the largest producers being Egypt, Nigeria and Ghana.

12 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media • Uganda, Kenya, Zimbabwe and Zambia are also increasing production.

Inland waters (rivers, lakes and reservoirs) contributed 11.2 million Mt to the world’s total fish catch in 2010

• FAO considers the production of inland waters to be seriously underestimated.

Fisheries, aquaculture and associated activities support the livelihoods of 660 to 820 million people worldwide

• Employment in aquaculture is growing faster than employment in agriculture. • Generally employment in capture fisheries is stagnating or decreasing (most notably in Europe), but employment in aquaculture is growing. • The fisheries sector provides employment in many ancillary activities such as fish processing, packaging, marketing and distribution, as well as the manufacturing of fishing gear, boats and equipment, etc.

FAO estimates that 29.9 % of fish stocks are overexploited (over-fished) and in need of strict management plans to restore their full biological and ecological potential.

• Most of the stocks of the top ten species are fully exploited. • One third of tuna species are overexploited

In a nutshell, the state of the world’s capture fisheries is worsening and there is an urgent need to put effective management plans

13 in place to rebuild overexploited stocks. According to FAO, the situation is critical for some highly migratory fishery resources, especially those that are exploited solely or partially in the high seas (outside national waters).

The information on global fisheries was extracted from The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA), a publication of the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). SOFIA provides a comprehensive, objective and global view of capture fisheries and aquaculture. It is published every two years and may be downloaded from http://www.fao.org/fishery/ sofia/en THE WORLD OF FISH AND FISHING

14 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media Fisheries in Africa

15 The fisheries of Eastern and Southern Africa and the Indian Ocean The countries of Eastern and Southern Africa and the Indian Ocean (ESA-IO)1 region collectively produce almost 1.9 million Mt of fish – or 23 % of Africa’s fish production – every year.

A special characteristic of the region’s fisheries production is that by far the greatest proportion of the total catch is derived from inland, fresh water fisheries, rather than marine fisheries. Although aquaculture currently makes a very small contribution to total production (about 220,000 Mt per year), fish farming is growing rapidly and the ESA-IO region has considerable potential to increase production of farmed fish.

The ESA-IO region features a vast array of lakes, rivers and marine habitats, which means that the fisheries of the region are extremely diverse. They include a huge number of small-scale (artisanal) fisheries that target various species such as small sardines, tilapia and others in many regional lakes, but also large and sophisticated industrial fisheries for tunas and high value crustaceans, such as shrimp, crabs and lobsters.

In order to present a broad overview of the fisheries of the ESA-IO region, it has been necessary to describe the fisheries of four sub- regions, namely Eastern Africa; the Horn of Africa; the Indian Ocean Islands and Southern Africa. Although it has not been possible to provide an analysis of every country’s fisheries, the following overview highlights some of the characteristics, trends and issues pertinent to each sub-region. A list of website addresses and other

1 The 20 countries participating in the SmartFish Programme are Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. (As members of SADC, Mozambique and South Africa are also involved and La Réunion is FISHERIES IN AFRICA participating as a member of the IOC.)

16 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media references is also provided so that readers may easily find more information about the fisheries of each country in the region.

The fisheries of Eastern Africa and the DRC

Countries: Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda Uganda Kenya Democratic andINDIAN the OCEAN Democratic Rwanda Republic of Burundi Congo United Republic of Congo (DRC). Republic of Tanzania Whereas Kenya and Tanzania have fairly long coastlines (536 and 1424 kilometres respectively), DRC only has a short one (37 km, on the Atlantic Ocean) and Uganda, Burundi and Rwanda are all landlocked countries, with varying degrees of access to inland waters.

Uganda is the top producer in the region, with a national catch of 400,000 Mt (2009), as well as the highest average per capita consumption rate of 15.6 kg.

In Uganda, Lake Victoria is by far the largest contributor to capture fisheries, but there are other large lakes (e.g. lakes George, Edward, Albert and Kyoga) and a vast network of streams and rivers supporting local fisheries. The main capture species in Uganda are Nile Perch, tilapia and Mukene.

Uganda also has the most significant aquaculture industry in the Eastern Africa region, with an average production of 76,654 Mt and a value of USD 144,805,000 (2009). Aquaculture production is dominated by subsistence production but more intensive production, geared towards the urban regional market, is also

17 underway. North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), a species that is tolerant of extreme environmental conditions, and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) dominate aquaculture production.

In Kenya and Tanzania, inland fisheries also make the largest contribution (90% and 85% respectively) to total annual fish landings. In Kenya, by far the largest contributor to the national catch is the Lake Victoria fishery which produced 108,934 Mt in 2009, made up of Omena (Rastrineobola argentea, a small pelagic, minnow-like fish, also called Mukene in Uganda and Dagaa in Tanzania), Nile perch and tilapia. Although Kenya shares Lake Victoria (the second largest lake in the world) with Uganda and Tanzania, it is not Kenya’s largest water body. Lake Turkana in the north is Kenya’s largest lake; also has a large production of tilapia and Nile perch.

In both countries, the marine fisheries are divided into artisanal and industrial sectors. Artisanal fishing takes place within the territorial waters (within 12 nautical miles from the coast) and industrial fishing usually takes place in offshore waters, beyond the 12 mile limit. Offshore waters are exploited by shrimp trawlers (fishing for shallow water prawns) and foreign fleets targeting tuna, tuna-like fishes, billfish (marlins and sailfish) and pelagic sharks.

Artisanal coastal fishers target mainly demersal fish, using a wide range of gears including harpoons, hooks and lines, traps and nets. Common demersal species include jacks, groupers, snappers, emperors and parrotfishes. Pelagic fish, such as large mackerels, kingfishes,mahi mahi and wahoo are targeted, while small pelagic fish are commonly caught at night, using purse seines and gillnets. Small pelagic catches are mostly made up of members of the Carangidae family, i.e. jacks, pompanos, jack mackerels and scads. These fish are a staple food in both Kenya and Tanzania and may also be used as bait, particularly in the tuna pole and line fisheries. FISHERIES IN AFRICA

18 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media DRC is best characterised as a country with huge fish resources in inland waterways, not least the Congo River. It is also the driving power behind regional demand for fish and most countries in the region export fish to DRC; Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Rwanda and Burundi are key exporters. DRC also has a diverse population and there is strong demand for high priced fish products in the urban areas (Kinshasa for instance), as opposed to strong demand for low priced products in the rural areas, particularly the east of the country which borders the ESA region. The strong demand for low priced products is driving illegal fishing in Uganda because fishers catch juvenile Nile perch for the DRC market, but in doing so take away the potential for the Nile perch fishery, primarily in Lake Victoria.

Fisheries in Burundi are dominated by Lake Tanganyika which it shares with DRC, Tanzania and Zambia. Lake fisheries are generally divided into two: near-shore fisheries characterised by fishers targeting sardines with lift nets and, in some parts of the lake, hook, lines, longline, gill nets and ring nets; and offshore fisheries that include artisanal lift nets and the industrial purse seine fishery based in Zambia. Most fish from the lake issold fresh with the market dominated by demand from the capital city, Bujumbura. Although to date, aquaculture has seen little development in Burundi, small pond culture does exist in many areas and government policy is encouraging its expansion.

In land-locked Rwanda, fishing activity is largely confined to the lakes of Kivu, Cyohoha and Mugesera and undertaken through co-operatives or associations of fishers. Despite a low level of production, Rwandese are fish eaters and they import more than half as much again as they produce, mainly from Tanzania and Uganda. The lake fisheries in Rwanda are all artisanal in nature and most fish is consumed fresh. Recent collaboration with Uganda has fast-tracked the development of aquaculture facilities in the country.

19 FISHERIES IN AFRICA

20 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media LAKE VICTORIA

Lake Victoria is Africa’s largest and most important inland water body, with a total water surface area of 68 800 km2. Lake fisheries contribute significantly to the economies of the riparian states, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. The introduction of Nile perch (Lates niloticus) to Lake Victoria in the 1950s is one of the most commonly cited examples of the negative impact alien invasive species can have on ecosystems, but it has spawned an important commercial fishery. In 1980, 4,439 Mt of Nile perch were harvested; a decade later, over 338,115 Mt were landed; and between 2000 and 2010, the average annual catch was 253,404 Mt. Nile perch are caught with gillnets and handlines and sometimes longlines. Landed fish are transported to landing sites where they are weighed and purchased by processors or local traders (usually women). Those bought by locals are generally cut into large pieces and smoke dried, whereas those bought by processors are usually filleted for sale on the European market. The living resources of Lake Victoria are shared between Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, and the Lake Victoria Fisheries Organisation (LVFO) provides a platform for countries to manage resources cooperatively. However, a number of problems pose a serious threat to the ecological integrity of the Lake and its ability to sustain the Nile perch fishery. These include: • Despite various efforts to manage resources, no clear positive impacts have been realised; • Overexploitation of Nile perch due to illegal fishing and cross- border illicit fish trade has seriously compromised the fishery to a point that it is in danger of collapsing; • Water hyacinth chokes sheltered bays and inlets; • Pollution from various agricultural and industrial activities affects water quality.

21 ARTISANAL FISHING While large industrial fisheries, such as those targeting tunas and crustaceans (shrimps and lobsters) supply the world’s markets, most countries in the ESA-IO region have extensive artisanal fisheries that contribute towards food security and the local economy. The term “artisanal fishing” is used to describe traditional fisheries that involve fishing households (as opposed to commercial companies), using a relatively small amount of capital and energy, relatively small fishing vessels (if any), making short fishing trips close to shore, mainly for local consumption. Artisanal fisheries are sometimes referred to as small-scale fisheries and they may be subsistence or commercial in nature. For example, while artisanal fishers do take home fish to feed their families, if the price is right and there is a demand, they will sell their catch. In the ESA-IO region, artisanal fishers typically use small boats such as canoes and pirogues and deploy handlines, traps, nets (seine, cast, gill nets), small trawls and harpoons to target demersal and pelagic fish species as well as sea cucumbers, lobsters, crabs, prawns, bivalves and octopus. A number of factors constrain the development of artisanal fisheries, including a lack of infrastructure and access to finance to upgrade boats and equipment). Despite this, there has been a significant increase in fishing effort in the last decades as populations have expanded and demand for fish and fish products has increased, both within the region and internationally. Artisanal fishers make up, by far the largest number of fishers in the region. FISHERIES IN AFRICA

22 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media The fisheries of the Horn of Africa

Countries: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan and South Sudan. Sudan Eritrea Although the available information is rather sparse and in some Djibouti cases outdated, there is a great South Ethiopia variety of fishery production in Sudan the region. There are marine Somalia fisheries for large and small pelagicINDIAN fish OCEAN and some demersal and high value reef fisheries. Freshwater fisheries consist mainly of tilapias, catfishes, Nile perches, cyprinids (carps) in lakes, seasonal ponds and rivers.

The fishery of Somalia is known to comprise both large and small pelagic fish resources, which are lightly exploited. FAO estimates that pelagic fish stocks alone are capable of providing sustainable annual catches of approximately 200,000 Mt, but weak governance, poor infrastructure and the problem of piracy, as well as lack of a stable national government has impeded efforts to develop a pelagic fishery. Similarly, the long-term development of the tuna and mackerel fisheries could be of great importance to the economy of Somalia.

As in Kenya and Tanzania, the Somali fishery consists of two distinct sectors – the artisanal sector which operates in inshore areas and accounts for the majority (60 %) of landings, and the industrial sector.

23 In the industrial sector, Somalia has licensed fishing vessels from a number of countries to fish in its waters for demersal fish and crustaceans. However, it is believed that many foreign-owned vessels fish illegally in the country’s EEZ. Inshore fisheries supply high value reef fish and lobsters to markets in the Middle East and beyond.

In Djibouti there are no large-scale fisheries. Much of the fishing is carried out on a small-scale, but with some industrial processing and export. The demand for fish in Djibouti is not being satisfied by the present catches and the resources are widely recognised to be under-exploited. Artisanal fishers, using hook and line to catch demersal and reef species are common. Gillnets and throw nets are also used for this purpose. Lobsters are collected by local divers, but fishing effort is generally low.

In Eritrea artisanal fishers catch reef fishes such as snappers, groupers, emperors, job fishes, jacks and trevallies, which account for 64 % of the total catch. Pelagic fish such as mackerels, barracudas and tunas account for about 20 % of the catch, shrimp is about 5 % and other fishes make up the remaining 11%. Sharks and mullets are salted and dried in situ, on the beach but high-grade fish are prepared for the export market.

Eritrean fisheries are generally believed to be under utilized, with recent interventions from various donor agencies upgrading processing and handling capability in the country.

Ethiopia is a land-locked country and depends on inland water bodies for fish supply. The fishery is predominantly artisanal, involving approximately 15,000 fishers who use nets, traps, hooks and lines to fish for Nile perch, tilapia and catfish. The main water bodies include lake Tana in the north that produces tilapia mainly for national consumption, but with some exports to South Sudan. Ethiopia shares Lake Tana with Kenya and the Kenyan fishery produces tilapia and Nile perch. Smaller lakes and

FISHERIES IN AFRICA rivers add to the production capability of the country.

24 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media PIRACY

Piracy off the coast of Somalia has been a threat to international shipping since the early 21st Century. However, incidents of piracy escalated dramatically between 2005 and 2009, impeding the delivery of shipments and costing the shipping industry an estimated USD 6.6 to 6.9 billion per year in global trade. Piracy is known to have impeded the development of industrial fisheries in Somalia, but it has also had a major impact on the Indian Ocean islands which are highly reliant on industrial fishing. For example, in Seychelles, piracy is estimated to have resulted in a 4 % decline in GDP. Piracy has resulted in a shift of fishing effort with the Asian longline fleets displaced further east and southeast; the European purse seine fleet suffered an eastward displacement in 2009, but has partially adjusted to the piracy threat since then.

25 South Sudan is particularly well endowed with fish in an area known as the Südd. The Südd is more than 40,000 km² in extent when floods are at their peak and, when combined with the country’s lakes, the river Nile, its tributaries and floodplains, the total area available for capture fisheries could be around 80,000 km². However, fishing is very seasonal with two thirds of the catch being landed during the rainy season from May to September (which also coincides with the worst time for drying fish).

FAO estimates there is potential for a sustainable harvest of 150,000 to 300,000 Mt of fish per year in South Sudan, but it is believed that a sizeable proportion of the catch is lost as a result of a lack of preservation, processing and transportation facilities.

Fish farming in South Sudan is just commencing with some large investors attracted to the opportunity in the new country.

In Sudan, capture fisheries activities are centred around the River Nile and its tributaries, and the territorial waters of Sudan on the Red Sea. These are to 91,600 km2 in extent and include a shelf area of 22,300 km2. Historically, wild molluscs and finfish have been exploited in these waters. Fishing for finfish is carried out by artisanal fishers using traditional gear and fishing techniques in near shore areas. However, commercial fisheries have grown in recent years and over 30 trawlers have been known to operate at one time, obtaining licenses from the national administration. Currently most fish is consumed fresh and there is no formal export of fish or fishery products.

Both Sudan and South Sudan are significant importers of fish from other areas of the Great Lakes region, primarily Kenya and Uganda.

FISHERIES IN AFRICA

26 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media The fisheries of the Indian Ocean Islands

Seychelles Countries: Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion (France) and Comoros Seychelles.

The Indian Ocean islands have vast Mauritius Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) – Madagascar Reunion 3.8 million km2, compared to their land areas (586,250 km2).

The value of fisheries to these island nations cannot be under stated. In 2009, fish exports were more than 30% of the value of agricultural exports in Madagascar, Mauritius and Seychelles. In Seychelles, over 50 % of all exports are fish and fish products. Fish exports from the region are primarily fresh or frozen whole tuna, canned tuna, small pelagic fish such as mackerels and sardines, and crustaceans (mainly shrimp and rock lobsters). In Seychelles, the fisheries sector is the main source of foreign exchange. The country has the second largest tuna processing factory in the world, with canned tuna exports representing 87 % of the country’s foreign exports. Seychelles handles 88 % of the total tuna catch of the western Indian Ocean fleet.

In Mauritius, fish is an important part of the local diet, contributing about a quarter of individual protein intake. Fisheries include the island-based artisanal fishery which involves approximately 2,500 fishers; an offshore demersal fishery that targets emperor fish (Lethrinus mahsena) on the banks of the Mascarene Plateau about 500 km north of the island; and a tuna fishery, which is the country’s major industrial fishery.

Land transhipment of tuna is an important economic activity

27 with longline vessels transhipping mainly albacore tuna in Port Louis. A small number of Mauritian vessels are active in the tuna fishery, but Mauritius also licenses foreign longliners and purse seiners to catch the fish. Transhipment, bunkering, ship repairs and maintenance generate significant revenue for the country.

In Seychelles, the industrial fishery consists of two main categories: a purse seine fleet consisting of mainly French and Spanish vessels fishing under an agreement with the European Union, and a longline fleet consisting of mainly Taiwanese and Japanese vessels.

Seychelles also has an important artisanal fishery that targets snappers, green job fish, groupers, emperor fish and trevally using handlines and traps. Lobsters and sea cucumbers are harvested by divers. A shark fishery has grown significantly as a result of strong demand for shark fins.

In Madagascar, the fisheries sector is equally important, with capture fisheries and aquaculture contributing 7 % to the country’s GDP. In many rural communities, fishing plays a predominant role in employment creation, food security and poverty alleviation. Artisanal fishers account for approximately 60 % of fisheries production, catching pelagic fish and demersal fish such as emperors, snappers and groupers. European vessels are present under the EU Tuna Fisheries Partnership Agreement and Madagascar also holds a fisheries agreement with Japan. Five species of prawns are caught by trawlers of up to 40 m in length. Catches are exported and represent a valuable source of foreign currency.

Aquaculture is a growing industry in Madagascar. Although there has been research into the growing of mud crab, sea cucumber, blue-green algae, oysters and eels, shrimp farming is by far the most important aquaculture activity. Five companies produced 8,547 Mt of shrimp for export in 2008. However, Malagasy shrimp production has declined in recent years, mainly due to competition

FISHERIES IN AFRICA with Asian producers as well as disease outbreaks at several farms.

28 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media TUNA FISHERIES Tunas are one of the most economically important marine species in the world. Global demand for tuna has intensified since the 1990s and production has reached an estimated 6 million Mt per year. The western Indian Ocean region is one of the most important fishing grounds for skipjack, and a principal fishing ground for yellowfin and bigeye tunas. The Indian Ocean islands play a central role in the fisheries for these species. The vast majority of the tuna caught in the region is harvested by foreign fleets fishing under access agreements with countries of the region. The longline fishing fleet is dominated by vessels from Taiwan, Japan and Korea, whereas European-registered vessels (from Spain, France and Italy) catch tunas and tuna-like species with purse seine nets. Although foreign fisheries agreements are an important source of revenue for Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Mauritius, Seychelles, Comoros and Madagascar, they are fraught with problems. The contents of the access agreements with the European Union are publicly available, but the agreements with Japan, Taiwan and Korea are not. As such, the citizens of these countries have little idea how many foreign-owned boats are allowed to access their waters, what terms and restrictions are put in place, how much revenue is being generated and where the revenue goes. The lack of transparency also makes it unclear whether the license fees paid by distant water fishing nations are commensurate with the value of the resources landed. Another problem is that the countries of the region generally lack the technical capacity to properly monitor and control fisheries activities in their EEZs. As such, illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing is believed to be pervasive in the tuna fisheries.

29 The fisheries of Southern Africa

Countries:INDIAN Malawi, OCEAN Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

These are landlocked countries that generally produce modest Malawi Zambia amounts of fish and fish products. Zimbabwe Aquaculture production is also fairly low but there is potential for Swaziland increasing production because all the countries have good climates and a large number of water reservoirs.

The inland catch of Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe generally consists of tilapias and similar species, but significant numbers of cyprinids (carps) are also caught in Malawi, including many colourful fishes from Lake Malawi for the international aquarium trade.

Swaziland produces very low levels of farmed fish (only 73 Mt in 2009), but aquaculture production is growing in Zambia with production more than doubling between 2000 and 2009. Aquaculture production in Zimbabwe has remained steady with a number of mainly small operators and one large investor that produces approximately 8,000 Mt per year from one farm. This same investor is now expanding into Uganda and Zambia. All countries produce mainly tilapias and other cichlids, but carps, barbels, salmon and trout are also grown. Catfish is also becoming an important farmed species in the region. FISHERIES IN AFRICA

30 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media References and further reading

Defaux V & Hjort, A. 2012. Regional Market Assessment (supply and demand). Smartfish report SF/2012/5. Port Louis, Mauritius. IOC SmartFish Programme. Available at http://www.smartfish-coi.org

Hempel, E & Larsen, B. 2012. Trade assessment study. SmartFish report SF/2012/6. Port Louis, Mauritius. IOC SmartFish Programme. Available at http://www.smartfish-coi.org

Mbendo, J. 2012. Developing regional minimum terms and conditions for granting tuna fishing access in the Western Indian Ocean. Report of the WWF Coastal East Africa Initiative. Available at http://wwf.panda.org

UNDP-GEF. 2012. Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of the Large Marine Ecosystems of the Western Indian Ocean. Volume 1. Joint report of the ASCLME and SWIOFP projects. Available from http://www.asclme.org/TDA

The European Union’s ACP Fish II Programme. http://www.acpfish2-eu.org/

FAO COUNTRY PROFILES The FAO fishery and aquaculture country profiles provide a comprehensive overview of the fisheries and aquaculture industries of each country in the ESA-IOI region. http://www.fao.org/fishery/countryprofiles/search/en

31 Topics and Story Ideas

1. The Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries

In 1995, an FAO Conference adopted the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) with the objective of promoting the sustainable exploitation of world fisheries resources through responsible fisheries management and conservation. Although the CCRF was originally developed for marine fisheries and specifically high seas fisheries, it is applicable to inland fisheries.

The CCRF is complemented by Technical Guidelines which provide detailed guidance to countries on how to implement the CCRF’s specific provisions. Moreover, International Plans of Action (IPOAs) have been developed to address areas of specific global concern. To date, four IPOAs have been developed, namely IPOA Sharks; IPOA Seabirds; IPOA Capacity; and IPOA IUU. The IPOAs suggest best practices for addressing specific challenges, namely:

32 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media • the management of world shark resources; • the reduction of seabird capture and mortality in industrial fisheries; • the adjustment of fishing capacity so as to avoid overfishing; • the elimination of illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU).

The IPOA IUU has attracted the most international attention because IUU fishing is recognized as one of the main causes of unsustainable fishing.

The IPOAs are voluntary instruments and countries are encouraged to develop National Plans of Action (NPOAs) to support the implementation of the IPOAs.

Story ideas:

One way to report on the CCRF is to focus on the IPOAs. Have these been translated into National Plans of Action (NPOA)? If so, have they resulted in new policies and/or legislation that have improved the management of shark resources, reduced seabird bycatch, avoided overfishing by reducing fishing capacity, or eliminated IUU fishing?

Another question to ask is whether a country or a region is complying with the CCRF, or is there a large gap between the national commitment to international instruments and the management of fisheries on the ground? Are Fisheries Management Plans being developed at the national level through a precautionary approach and by means of a participatory process? Do the plans have clear ecosystem linkages, established reference points and stated long-term objectives?

33 Find out more:

Pitcher, T.J.; Kalikoski, D.; Pramod, G. & Short, K. 2008. Safe conduct? Twelve years fishing under the UN code. Gland, Switzerland. WWF International. Available at: http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/un_code.pdf The Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries - http://www.fao.org/fishery/code/en

2. Artisanal or small-scale fisheries

FAO describes artisanal fisheries as: “traditional fisheries involving fishing households (as opposed to commercial companies), using a relatively small amount of capital and energy, relatively small fishing vessels (if any), making short fishing trips, close to shore, mainly for local consumption.”

The importance of artisanal fisheries to food security, poverty alleviation and poverty prevention is increasingly appreciated. However, the failure by many countries to include artisanal fisheries in national and regional development policies hampers their potential contribution. Since 2003, the FAO Committee on Fisheries (COFI) has promoted efforts to improve the profile of, and understand the challenges and opportunities facing, small-scale fishing communities in inland and marine waters. TOPICS & STORY IDEAS

34 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media Story ideas:

What is the status of artisanal fisheries in your country or region? Are there conflicts between artisanal fisheries and industrial fisheries, or between local small-scale fishers and foreign fishers? Do artisanal or small-scale fishers share responsibility and authority for the management of fisheries and coastal resources, or are they largely excluded from management planning? Are they subject to specific provisions or management measures with respect to fishing rights, zones, seasons and gears, or are they considered indiscriminately?

Find out more:

FAO - http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/14753/en SmartFish – publications and reports on artisanal fisheries in the ESA-IOI region - http://www.smartfish-coi.org World Fish Centre – articles and papers on many aspects of artisanal fisheries - www.worldfishcenter.org International Collective in Support of Fish workers (ICSF) – documentation on issues pertaining to small-scale fisheries worldwide – http://www.icsf.net

3. Post-harvest fisheries losses

One of the challenges faced by small-scale or artisanal fishers is a high level of post-harvest losses (PHLs). Although PHLs occur in all fish distribution chains, they can reach particularly high levels in artisanal fisheries, constituting lost income for households and contributing to food insecurity through wasting this valuable protein.

35 PHL are often caused by biochemical and microbiological spoilage that occurs in fish after death. Several factors influence the rate of spoilage of fresh fish, including:

• Time between death and final use or con-sumption. Even if fish are chilled with ice, they will gradually spoil over time; proce-ssed fish quality also deteriorates over time, depending on storage and packaging systems used. • High ambient temperatures create favourable conditions for fish spoilage, whereas low temperatures slow the action of bacteria and the rate of spoilage. • Poor handling practices lead to sustained and increased microbial contamination, hastening the spoilage rate of fish. Such practices include using dirty boats, equipment, fish boxes and baskets; not washing fish; washing fish in dirty water; placing fish on dirty surfaces; and physically damaging fish by throwing or standing on them.

Besides spoilage, PHLs are caused by:

• discarding of bycatch at sea because fish is too small, not the targeted species or not valuable enough to land for sale for some other reason; • poor processing techniques that damage fish; • animal predation and insect infestation; • inadequate packaging and storage practices; • market dynamics including fluctuations in demand and supply of fish and fish products – sometimes you simply cannot sell the fish you bring to shore! TOPICS & STORY IDEAS

36 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media Story ideas

Are PHLs a significant concern of artisanal fishers in your country? What is your government doing to address the problem? What are fishers themselves doing to address the problem?

Find out more:

FAO – a range of technical reports on PHFLs and how they can be reduced or eliminated – http://www.fao.org

Kabahenda, M.K.; Omony, P. & Husken, S.M.C. 2009. Post-harvest handling of low-value fish products and threats to nutritional quality: a review of practices in the Lake Victoria region. The World Fish Centre. Project Report 1975. Available at: http://www.worldfishcenter. org/resource_centre/WF_3373.pdf

Find out more about the Smartfish Programme’s “Clean fish, better life campaign. www.smartfish-coi.org

4. Fisheries co-management

Fisheries co-management is a partnership arrangement in which government, the local community (fishers), outside agents (non- governmental organizations, research institutions) and sometimes other stakeholders (boat owners, fish traders, the tourism industry, etc.) share responsibility for the management of a fishery.

Co-management frameworks are usually introduced where previous management interventions have failed. A good example is on Lake Tanganyika where traditional management approaches have failed to curb IUU fishing and destructive fishing practices. All the riparian countries (Burundi, DRC, Tanzania and Zambia) have adopted co-management frameworks, but their level of

37 development, efficacy and the degree to which management has been devolved to the local level, varies considerably, from mere consultations (often) to genuine partnerships (rarely).

Story ideas

Community-based co-management is seen as the only realistic solution for the majority of the world’s fisheries and is an effective way to sustain aquatic resources and the livelihoods of communities depending on them. Is community-based co-management being implemented in fisheries in your country? If so, how effective is it? How do communities themselves perceive the concept of co- management? Is it working for them and their fisheries?

Find out more:

FAO – a range of reports and case studies on the implementation of co-management approaches in fisheries management – http://www.fao.org

Gutiérrez, N.L.; Hilborn, R. & Omar, D. 2011. Co-Management holds promise of sustainable fisheries worldwide. 2011. Leadership, social capital and incentives promote successful fisheries. Nature 470, 385-389.

Journal article available at: http://www.nature.com/nature/ journal/v470/n7334/full/nature09689

Plain language analysis “Co-management holds promise of sustainable fisheries worldwide” available at:http://www.sciencedaily.com/ releases/2011/01/110105131741.htm

International Collective in Support of Fishworkers (ICSF) – a wide range of papers and articles on equitable and sustainable fisheries management – http://www.icsf.net TOPICS & STORY IDEAS

38 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media 5. Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU fishing)

Illegal fishing occurs when fishing operations violate the laws under which a fishery is governed. This can apply to fisheries under the jurisdiction of a coastal state, or to high seas fisheries regulated by regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs). Unreported fishing is fishing that has been unreported or misreported to the national fisheries authority or RFMO. Unregulated fishing generally refers to fishing by vessels without nationality, or to vessels that fly the flag of a country not party to the RFMO that governs the fishing area or species (a so-called “flag of convenience”).

IUU fishing is believed to account for up to 30% of total catches in some regions. The economic cost of illegal fishing is estimated to be between USD 10 and USD 23 billion annually.

IUU fishing occurs not only on the high seas or in shared waters,

39 but also in lakes or within exclusive economic zones that are not properly controlled and regulated. There is a strong economic incentive behind IUU fishing: many species of fish have a high value and there are many ways in which fishers are able to bypass fisheries regulations and increase their profits. For example, fishers can easily underreport catches and discard low-value fish. They can also tranship catches at sea, or report catches of one species, when they have landed another.

IUU fishing and corrupt practices threaten efforts to secure long- term sustainable fisheries and promote healthier and more robust ecosystems. Developing countries, often with limited technical capacity bear the brunt of IUU fishing, which undermines their limited efforts to manage fisheries, denies them revenue and adversely affects their attempts to promote food security, eradicate poverty and achieve sustainable livelihoods.

Story ideas

There are many ways to approach the issue of IUU fishing, which can be a localized problem (fishers using prohibited gears like mosquito nets) or a national or regional problem (industrial fishing boats breaching artisanal fishing zones in pursuit of shoaling fish). This is a subject worth reporting on over and over again because IUU fishing undermines fisheries management and affects food security in communities heavily dependent on fish for food and livelihoods. IUU fishing also damages marine ecosystems and threatens vulnerable species.

There can also be good news stories relating to IUU fishing: some governments and RFMOs have made major strides in reducing or eliminating IUU fishing. TOPICS & STORY IDEAS

40 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media Find out more:

FAO: Stopping Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated fishing - http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y3554E/y3554e01.htm

Stop Illegal Fishing – an organisation committed to ending IUU fishing in Africa -http://www.stopillegalfishing.com/sif.php

SmartFish – comprehensive reports on preventing IUU fishing on Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika – available at http://www. smartfish-coi.org

Wikipedia – well presented information on many aspects of IUU fishing - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal,unreported_ and_unregulated_fishing

6. Environmental challenges and their impact on fisheries

The environmental impact of fishing is two-pronged: • There are issues that impact the availability of fish to be caught - such as unsustainable levels of fishing and climate change effects (e.g. reduction of wetlands, coral bleaching, modification of migration patterns, etc.) • There are issues that involve the impact of fishing on the environment, such as fisheries bycatch and the use of destructive fishing methods.

There are four main threats to the long-term sustainability of the Western Indian Ocean region, namely: • water quality degradation • habitat and community modification • declines in marine living resources • climate change

41 Inland water bodies, such as Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika are also impacted by human pressures, such as pollution and overfishing. However, water abstraction and diversion, hydroelectric development, draining of wetlands and siltation and erosion from land use patterns can also seriously affect inland fishery resources, regardless of the rate of exploitation.

Story ideas

Some examples of environmental concerns relevant to the ESA- IO region include: - Shrimp capture fisheries generate a massive bycatch of juvenile and small fish that is often discarded; - Destructive fishing practices such as dynamite fishing completely destroy the underwater environment, reducing coral reefs to rubble; - All five turtle species that occur in the Western Indian Ocean are threatened by artisanal and industrial fisheries; Madagascan fishers catch thousands of green turtles annually while South Africa’s pelagic longline fishery poses a threat to

TOPICS & STORY IDEAS loggerhead and leatherback turtles;

42 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media - Declared catches of sharks (large predatory species on which the balance of the ecosystem depends) by the countries of the Western Indian Ocean are considerable, about 175,000 Mt per year. Yet few, if any, shark management plans are in place; - The impact of trawling on the seabed is a topic of concern.

Find out more

The Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis published by the Agulhas and Somali Currents Large Marine Ecosystem (ASCLME) Project and the South West Indian Ocean Fisheries Project (SWIOFP) presents a concise and up-to-date analysis of the major environmental issues impacting the marine and coastal environment of nine Western Indian Ocean nations. It is available for download at: http://www. asclme.org/TDA.

The Marine Stewardship Council provides a number of case studies relating to the management of the impacts of fishing, including the use of technology and the elimination of destructive fishing practices. Available at http://www.msc.org/healthy-oceans/ the-oceans-today/environmental-impact

A succinct article on some of the classic environmental impacts of fishing, including bycatch and discards; impacts on associated and dependent species; and gear loss and ghost fishing. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4773e/y4773e05.htm

43 7. Marine Protected Areas

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are areas of coastal or ocean space set aside by law to preserve and protect marine biodiversity and resources. MPAs provide different degrees of protection. For example, they might preserve a particular habitat (a coral reef or a mangrove forest), a species or sub-population (spawners or juveniles). Within MPAs, activities of an extractive nature are strictly regulated or prohibited.

Scientific studies suggest that, when they are effectively managed, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) can help to restore exploited fish stocks and protect biodiversity. For example, research into fish populations in a South African MPA established that it not only harboured more fish than adjacent fishing grounds, but that the protected fish were larger and more fecund (laid more and better quality eggs). Other studies have shown that even migratory species can benefit from MPAs; although they are highly mobile, they can spend considerable periods of the year protected from fishing activity. MPAs also have supposed “spill-over effects”, with adjacent non-protected areas benefitting from replenished fish stocks.

Current estimates are that less than 0.1% of the ocean falls within protected areas, indicating the extent of the lag between terrestrial and marine conservation awareness. In the Western Indian Ocean, MPAs have attracted the interest of governments and donors over the last decade. Although they first appeared in the shape of “no-take zones” designed by conservationists, with little or no consideration for their social dimension, they have gradually become more inclusive, with a growing awareness of their impact on local livelihoods and their role as a fisheries management tool. Member countries of the Indian Ocean Commission have joined forces to create a network of MPAs in order to facilitate the TOPICS & STORY IDEAS

44 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media exchange of good practices and experiences among and between their managers and the people who rely on them.

Story ideas

There are marine parks and reserves in all the countries of the Western Indian Ocean. How effective are they at protecting marine biodiversity and resources? What are the attitudes of MPA promoters towards fishing communities? Do the MPAs attract tourists and local economic development? If so, is the tourism beneficial?

Find out more

Marine Protected Areas of the Western Indian Ocean: http:// wiomsa.org/mpatoolkit/Themesheets/MPA_details.pdf

Marine Protected Areas in Kenya: http://www.kws.org/parks/ conservation_areas/coastal.html

Marine parks and reserves of Tanzania: http://www.marineparks. go.tz

Domingue, G; Payet, R & Jivan Shah, N. Marine Protected Areas in the Republic of Seychelles. Available at http://gridnairobi.unep. org/chm/EAFDocuments/Seychelles/SEYmpa_report_1-09. pdf

Marine reserves of South Africa: http://www.wwf.org.za/what_ we_do/marine/mpas/our_mpa_s

MPA Network of the IOC: http://environment.ioconline.org/marine-protected-areas/ the-network.html

45 8. Women in fishing

Women occupy a central place in the fishing sector. Although the capture of fish in inland, coastal and deep-sea waters is almost always a male domain, women play a very prominent role in post- harvest processing and marketing. For example, women represent 70 to 87 % of fish workers involved in the fisheries of Lake Victoria. In some countries, women collect molluscs and crustaceans and use small hand nets to catch fish in the near-shore fishing zone.

In spite of the key role played by women in many parts of the world, gender stereotypes persist. Descriptive nouns such as “fishermen”, though rooted in western culture, tend to negate women’s role in fisheries. Therefore, there is a need for a conscious choice of gender sensitive words like “fisher”, “fish worker” or “fish trader”. Such terms make it clear that, although there is a division of labour between men and women working in fisheries, they are all fish workers.

Sometimes the myriad ways in which women support, complement or subsidize men’s fishing efforts go unnoticed, and usually they bring very little return to the women themselves. Moreover, women are rarely involved in decision-making related to fishing at the household, community, national or regional levels. TOPICS & STORY IDEAS

46 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media Story ideas

Try to be aware of and sensitive to the roles played by women, particularly in artisanal fisheries. Don’t exclude the experiences of women from your stories about fisheries.

Find out more:

Worldfish Centre - an international, non-profit research organisation that conducts research into gender and fisheries - www.worldfishcenter.org FAO – resources on the subject of gender and fisheries - http:// www.fao.org/fishery/topic/16605/en WikiGender – current information on gender and fisheries - http://www.wikigender.org/index.php/Gender_and_ Fisheries “Women in Fisheries” website of the International Collective in Support of Fish workers (ICSF) – http://wif.icsf.net/

9. HIV/AIDS and fisheries

According to FAO, in the last decade, it has become evident that fishers in many developing countries suffer HIV prevalence rates that are often five to 10 times higher than those in the general population. The cause of fishers’ vulnerability to HIV/AIDS stems from a number of complex, interacting factors, including the mobility of fisher folk, the time that fishers spend away from home, the ready availability of commercial sex in many fishing ports and the sub-cultures of risk taking and hyper masculine behaviour among some fishers. Female fish workers are believed to be particularly

47 vulnerable to HIV/AIDS because they often lack knowledge on safer sex practices, legislation related to women’s rights is poorly enforced and because traditional gender roles and low levels of education constrain women’s participation in community-level management structures and processes. In some countries action is being taken, for example, mobile health services are provided to migrant fishers in Tanzania and Democratic Republic of Congo, and nutritional and positive living support is provided to orphans and people living with HIV/AIDS in Lake Victoria, Uganda. These initiatives are important, but they are small-scale. Given the magnitude of the impacts of the epidemic, much more needs to be done.

Story ideas:

Focus on fishing communities – are there initiatives to prevent HIV/AIDS, mitigate its impacts and care for people living with the disease in the fishing communities of your country? Can more be done to highlight the problem and impact of HIV/AIDS on fishing communities? TOPICS & STORY IDEAS

48 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media Focus on the industrial fishing industry – what are fishing companies doing to educate their workers about HIV/AIDS? Are companies helping to care for their employees who are living with HIV/AIDS? Focus on government – are governments developing impact- reduction strategies for fishing industries and fishing communities?

Find out more:

FAO publications on HIV/AIDS and Fisheries: The susceptibility and vulnerability of small-scale fishing communities to HIV / AIDS in Uganda. Available at http:// www.fao.org/sd/dim_pe3/pe3_040101_en.htm

Responding to HIV/AIDS in the fisheries sector: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/007/ae502e/ae502e06.pdf Other sources of information: UNAIDS: http://www.unaids.org

49 Glossary

An explanation of some of the common terms used in fishing and fisheries management. A more comprehensive glossary of fisheries terminology is available at http:// www.fao.org/fi/glossary

Alien invasive species – an introduced, exotic or non- indigenous species. A species that has been transported by human activity, intentionally or not, into a region where it does not occur naturally.

Aquaculture – the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants, such as seaweeds. Aquaculture can take place in freshwater or seawater. Marine aquaculture is sometimes referred to as “mariculture”.

Artisanal – traditional fisheries that involve fishing households (as opposed to commercial companies), using a relatively small amount of capital and energy, relatively small fishing vessels (if any), making short fishing trips, close to shore, mainly for local consumption.

By-catch – the catch (of one or more species) that is made when you are targeting a different species. For example, significant numbers of small fish, sharks and rays, and many turtles, are caught by shrimp trawlers.

Capture fishery – refers to all kinds of harvesting of naturally occurring living resources in both marine and freshwater environments. On a broad level, capture fisheries can be classified as industrial, small-scale/artisanal or recreational.

Co-management – partnership arrangements between key stakeholders and government to share the responsibility and authority for the management of fisheries and coastal resources, with various degrees of power sharing.

50 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) – a voluntary guide developed by FAO that provides a set of principles on how to develop fisheries and aquaculture sustainably.

Demersal fishery – a fishery that targets fish that live close to the sea floor, in contrast to a pelagic fishery that targets fish that swim in the water column of the sea or lake.

Ecosystem – a relatively self-contained system that contains plants, animals (including humans), micro-organisms and non- living components of the environment, as well as the interactions between them.

EEZ – Exclusive Economic Zone. A zone under national jurisdiction (up to 200 nautical miles wide) declared in line with the provisions of the 1982 United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea. Coastal states have the right to explore and exploit, and the responsibility to conserve and manage the living and non-living resources inside their EEZ.

Fishery – a fishery is an activity leading to the harvesting of fish. It may involve the capture of wild fish or raising fish

51 through aquaculture. Typically a fishery involves some or all of the following: people, species or type of fish, an area of water, a method of fishing, a class of boats, and a purpose of the activity.

Fisheries Management – an integrated process to improve the benefits that people get from catching fish. The process consists of using information, consultation and decision making to allocate resources, formulate policies and implement and enforce regulations that govern fisheries activities.

Fishery production – in the context of the State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture Report (SOFIA), fishery production refers to the output of fish by humans from both capture fisheries and aquaculture.

Food security – the availability of consistent and sufficient quantities of food, access to appropriate and sufficient foods and consumption or appropriate use of basic nutrition and food preparation.

Habitat – the environment in which fish and other living marine resources live, including everything that surrounds and affects their life, e.g. water quality, bottom vegetation and associated species.

High seas – waters beyond the areas of national jurisdiction.

Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported fishing (IUU) – Illegal fishing is conducted by vessels that violate the rules of a country or a fishing area. Unreported fishing is catches not reported or misreported to relevant national authorities or regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs). Unregulated fishing is conducted by vessels without nationality or that fly the flag of states that are not party to relevant fisheries organizations and who, therefore, consider themselves not bound by their rules.

Industrial fishery – large-scale fishing for commercial gain.

Inland waters – the surface water existing inland including

GLOSSARY lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, natural or artificial watercourses

52 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media and reservoirs, and coastal lagoons and artificial water bodies.

Longline – a fishing gear in which short lines carrying hooks are attached to a longer main line at regular intervals. Longlines are laid on the bottom or suspended horizontally at a predetermined depth with the help of surface floats. The main lines can be as long as 150 km and have several thousand hooks (e.g. in tuna fisheries).

Marine protected area (MPA) – a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature, with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. MPAs feature a wide variety of governance types and include, but are not limited to, marine reserves where no extraction is permitted.

Monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) – the overall process used to ensure laws, rules and regulations are complied with.

Migratory species - species with wide geographic distribution, both inside and outside the 200-mile zone, and which undertake migrations on significant but variable distances across oceans for feeding or reproduction. Management of migratory species requires cooperation between coastal states and states fishing for the resource.

Overfishing – overfishing occurs when fishing levels are higher than those required for extracting the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) of a resource. (MSY is the theoretical highest catch that can be taken from a stock without affecting the reproduction process.)

Pelagic fish – fish that spend most of their life swimming in the water column with little contact with or dependency on the bottom.

Purse seine – nets characterised by the use of a purse line at

53 the bottom of the net. The purse line enables the net to be closed like a purse and thus retain all the fish caught. Purse seines may be very large.

RFMO – Regional Fisheries Management Organisation. An organisation dedicated to the sustainable management of fisheries resources in a particular region, or of highly migratory species.

Small-scale fisheries – the term implies the use of relatively small sized gear and vessels for catching fish. It is often used interchangeably with the term “artisanal fisheries”.

Sustainable use – the harvesting of natural resources that does not lead to long-term decline of the resource and biodiversity, thereby maintaining its potential to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Mt – refers to metric tonnes. 1000 kg = 1 tonne.

GLOSSARY

54 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media TitleKey Contact

55 Organization Contact Person e-mail

ARCHIPELAGO OF COMOROS Service de Communication de la Vice Présidence en [email protected] charge de la Pêche

Société COMPECHE [email protected]

Syndicat National pour le Developpement de laPêche [email protected] au Comores

AIDE [email protected] DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO Biodiversity and wetlands Auguste CHOCHA exploitation, Unit of MANDA research in agriculture Institut pédagogique de Prof. KANINGINI [email protected] Bukavu MWENIMALI Prof. MUTAMBWE Université de Kinshasa [email protected] SHANGO Université de Kinshasa Prof. TAKOY [email protected]

Développement de la Claude claude.ruhimbasa@ Pêche, Direction des Pêches RUHIMBASA gmail.com Réseau National des michelinengame femmes du secteur de la @yahoo.fr Pêche ETHIOPIA PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS Alayu Yalew, Bahir Dar Fisheries Director of Bahir [email protected] Research Center Dar Fisheries Research Center National Fish and Aquatic Living Resources Research Yared Tigabu [email protected] Center KEY CONTACT

56 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media Organization Contact Person e-mail

Oromiya Livestock Bulbula Regassa, Development and Health bulbula.regassa@gmail. Senior Fishery Agency, Oromiya Regional com Expert State Livestock Development and Chalachew chalachew.aragaw@ Health Agency, Amhara Aragw, Senior gmail.com Regional State Fishery Expert Laloto Sadore, Agriculture Bureau, SNNP lalotosadores@yahoo. Senior Fishery Regional State com Expert KENYA Prof. Micheni Ministry of Fisheries Ntiba, Permanent [email protected] Secretary Prof. Charles cngugi@africaonline. Ministry of Fisheries Ngugi, Fisheries co.ke Secretary Lucy Obungu, Ministry of Fisheries Director of [email protected] Marine Godfrey Monor, Ministry of Fisheries Director of [email protected] Aquaculture Okumu Makogola, Ministry of Fisheries Director of [email protected] Quality Control Raphael Ministry of Fisheries M.Muiruri , [email protected] Director of Inland Nicholas Ntheketha, Ministry of Fisheries [email protected] Assistant Director of Fisheries Barbara Mwaka, barabaraside@yahoo. Ministry of Fisheries Principal com Fisheries Officer

57 Organization Contact Person e-mail

Dr.Johnstone Kenya Marine and Fisheries Kazungu, [email protected] Research Institute Director Dr. Renison Kenya Marine and Fisheries Ruwa, Deputy [email protected] Research Institute Director Dr. Jackline Kenya Coastal Development Uku, Project [email protected] Project (KCDP) Coordinator James Kamula, National Environment senior Marine [email protected] Management Authority Officer National Environment Stephen Katua, [email protected] Management Authority Deputy Director Dr. Omar omar_mohamed_said@ Kenya Wildlife Service Said, Senior hotmail.com Researcher Arthur Tuda, Kenya Wildlife Service [email protected] Senior Warden ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS Prof. Mwakio Pwani University Tole, Deputy [email protected] Principal Dr. Maarifa Pwani University Mwakumanya, [email protected] Senior Lecturer Dr. Saeed Mombasa Polytechnic Mwaguni, [email protected] University Lecturer Dr. Dorcas [email protected]. University of Nairobi Sigana, Lecturer ac.ke Dr. Nzila Kitaka, Egerton University [email protected] Lecturer Julius Manyala, Moi University [email protected] Lecturer Andrew andrew.wekesa. Linnaeus University Wamukota, PhD [email protected] candidate KEY CONTACT

58 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media Organization Contact Person e-mail

Innocent innocent.wanyonyi@ Linnaeus University Wanyonyi, PhD lnu.se candidate Joseph Maina, McQuarie University [email protected] PhD candidate NGOs Sam Weru, Country World Wildlife Fund (WWF) [email protected] Conservation Manager Dishon Murage, Coordinator lionelmurage@yahoo. African Nature Organisation Marine com Programmes Dr. David Obura, CORDIO.East Africa [email protected] Director Dr. Melita melita.samoilys@ CORDIO.East Africa Samoilys, cordioea.org Director Dr.Nyawira Wildlife conservation Muthiga, Director [email protected] Society (WCS) Kenya Marine Program Dr.Tim Wildlife conservation McClanahan, tim.mcclanahan@wcs. Society (WCS) Senior org Researcher Mercy Mbogho, Kwetu Training Centre [email protected] Executive Officer William Nyaga, COMRED [email protected] Coordinator Joseph Tunje, COMRED [email protected] Director Dr. Bernard Eco-Ethics [email protected] Okeyo, Director

59 Organization Contact Person e-mail

MADAGASCAR RAZAFINDRAJE- RY Tantely [email protected] Ministère de la Pêche et des Harimanana Ressources Halieutiques Mme (MPRH) RANAIVOSON [email protected] Samueline M. RASOLON Centre de Surveillance des rasolo.vevey@blueline. JATOVO Pêches (CSP) com Harimandimby Délégation de la M. Aymeric aymeric.ROUSSEL@ Commission Européenne à ROUSSEL eeas.europa.eu Madagascar (DCEM) Groupement des Aquaculteurs et des M. Andrianirina [email protected] Pêcheurs de Crevettes de RALISON Madagascar (GAPCM) Food and Agriculture M. Honoré secretariat@copefrito. Organization (FAO) RAZAFIMBELO com Groupement des [email protected] M. Jaco KIT Exportateurs de Produits de secretariat@copefrito. CHAN la Mer (GEXPROMER) com Groupement des M. FANIRINTSOA Opérateurs de Langouste RAKOTOARISON [email protected] du Sud (GOLDS) Jean Patrick M. Charles gassideveloppe GASSI Développement ANDRIANA [email protected] IVOJAONA Plate forme des ONGs M. Harifidy [email protected] marines RALISON Dr Zbigniew Océan Consultant [email protected] KASPRZYK RASOLONJATO- SWIOFP [email protected] VO Alice M. RANDRIAMI PNRC [email protected] ARISOA KEY CONTACT

60 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media Organization Contact Person e-mail

M. RAKOTOARI- USTA ZAKA Christian [email protected] Norbert M. Daniel ISHM [email protected] RAMAMPIHERIKA MALAWI NGOs

• World Vision - Malawi • Concern Universal • Concern Worldwide • Action Aid • Total Land Care • Plan International • Oxfam • Coordination Unit for the Rehabilitation of the Environment (CURE) • WorldFish Centre • Wildlife and Environmental Society of Malawi (WESM) • Leadership in Environment and Development (LEAD) • Catholic Development Commission (CADECOM)

PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS

• TEVETA • Malawi Bureau of Standards • Rift Valley Fisheries • Opportunity International Bank of Malawi (OIBM) • NBS (New Building Society Society Bank) • SEDOM

ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS

• Bunda College • Mzuzu University • Chancellor College • Natural Resources College • Malawi College of Forestry and Wildlife

61 Organization Contact Person e-mail

COMMUNITY BASED ORGANISATION

• Mandevu Fish farm • Innovative Fish farmers Network • Research into use (RIU) Fish farmers platfom • Zomba fish farmers Association • Nyoka village fish farmers group • FISAM - Fishers Association of Malawi • Lake Chilwa Fishers Associations (Zomba, Machinga and Phalombe) • Lake Chiuta Fishers Association • Mbenji Island Fisheries Management Group

PROJECTS

• Research into Use • Regional Fish Node - Bunda College • Malawi Lake Basin Project • Farm Income Diversification Program (FIDP) • Irrigation Rural Livelihood and Agriculture Development Project (IRLADP) RWANDA INSTITUTIONS

Rwanda Agriculture Boad Grégoire gregoiredusabe (RAB) DUSABEMUNGU @yahoo.fr Inland Lakes Integrated Development and Jean Claude [email protected] Management Support NDORIMANA Project (PAIGELAC) Rwanda Cooperative Agnes uwiduhaye2000 Agency (RCA) UWIDUHAYE @yahoo.fr National University of Dr Simon [email protected] Rwanda RUKERATABARO Higher Institute of Dr Laetitia Agriculture and Animal [email protected] NYINAWAMWIZA Husbandry NGO helpagerwanda Helpage Rwanda BYAMANA @rwanda1.com Rwanda Fish Industry Bart GASANA [email protected] KEY CONTACT

62 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media Organization Contact Person e-mail

Projet de Gestion Integrée des Ressources en Ean Francoise fkayigamba@nilebasin. Transfrontaliere (GIRET/ KAYIGAMBA org NELSAP) SUDAN INSTITUTIONS PUBLIQUES Alayu Yalew, Bahir Dar Fisheries Director of Bahir [email protected] Research Center Dar Fisheries Research Center National Fish and Aquatic Living Resources Research Yared Tigabu [email protected] Center Oromiya Livestock Bulbula Regassa, Development and Health bulbula.regassa@gmail. Senior Fishery Agency, Oromiya Regional com Expert State Livestock Development and Chalachew chalachew.aragaw@ Health Agency, Amhara Aragw, Senior gmail.com Regional State Fishery Expert Laloto Sadore, Agriculture Bureau, SNNP lalotosadores@yahoo. Senior Fishery Regional State com Expert Nadia Eldirdiry Omer Karoum- Ministry of livestock mohamedkarar1998 Director General fisheries&Range lands @hotmail.com of fisheries & aquarium TANZANIA PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS

Tanzania Food and drug Director General [email protected] Authority Tanzania Bureau of Director General [email protected] Standards

Tanzania Revenue authority Director General [email protected]

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Surface and Marine Director General [email protected] Transport Agency National Environment Director General [email protected] Management Council

ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS Head of Dept; University Of Dar es salaam Dr. Rashid [email protected] Tamatamah Sokoine University of Head of Dept; Dr. nmadalla@googlemail. Agriculture Nazaeli Madala com Fisheries Education Training Chief Executive mbeganifdc83@yahoo. Agency (FETA) Officer, FETA com Mbegani Campus Chief Executive mbeganifdc83@yahoo. (Bagamoyo) Officer, FETA com nyegezi_fisheriesinst@ Nyegezi Campus (Mwanza) Campus Director yahoo.com NGO

World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Country Director [email protected]

Seasense Lindsey West [email protected] Alfred Zavia, Tanzania Industry Fish Chairperson [email protected] processors Association TIFPA Tanzania Coastal Management partnership Jeremiah Daffa [email protected] (TCMP) International Union for IUCN Tanzania Conservation of Nature [email protected] office (IUCN) Chairperson, Kigamboni Youth Vision Mfaume A. [email protected] Mohamed KEY CONTACT

64 Let's talk fish- Guide for journalists and media Organization Contact Person e-mail

ZIMBABWE PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS

Department of Livestock Makodza Production and [email protected] Bothwell-Director Development Nhiwatiwa tnhiwatiwa@science. University of Zimbabwe(UZ) Tamuka-Lecturer uz.ac.zw Zimbabwe Paris & Wildlife Nyagure Gregory [email protected] Management Authority H.-Ecologist Marufu Lightone- [email protected]. University of Zimbabwe Lecturer zw Barson Maxwell- [email protected]. University of Zimbabwe Senior Lecturer zw FAO-SFs Songore Newman Technician-Officer

Lake Harvest Nicholas Moyo Logistics Manager Chimowa Livestock Production and chimowa_munya@ Munyaradzi- Development hotmail.com Deputy Director Ministry of Agriculture, Mugova Agnes- agnesmugova@gmail. Mechanization and Principal com Irrigation Development Economist Ministry of Agriculture, Ndlovu Kenneth- kenniendlovu@yahoo. Mechanization and Economist com Irrigation Development Kapembeza Dept of Veterinary Services Clinton- [email protected] Veterinarian Tongowona Aqua Zim Garika-Project Officer Department of Livestock Ngoshi Misheck- misheck.ngoshi@yahoo. Production and Fisheries com Development Specialist Phiri Crispen- University of Zimbabwe [email protected] Research

SmartFish is a regional fisheries programme managed by the Indian Ocean Commission, funded by the European Union and co-implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. SmartFish, which operates in twenty countries throughout the Indian Ocean Region, Southern and Eastern Africa, focuses on fisheries governance, management, monitoring control and surveillance, trade, and food security.

Blue Tower, 5th floor, Rue de l'Institut Ebene, Mauritius Tel: (+230) 402 61 00 Fax: (+230) 466 01 60 [email protected] Facebook : SmartFish Twitter : @SmartFish_IOC www.coi-ioc.org l www.smartfish-coi.org