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140 Cor Frontale Supraesophageal Ganglion . . K Antennary Optic 140 Cor Pyloric Dorsal frontalle stomach abdominal Supraesophageal art ry ganglion . K Ophthalmic / Ostium ® Antennary artery Cardiac / / Heart \ Segmental Optic \ artery i stomach/Cecum / / Hepato- \ artery nerve I / / / / / pancreas\ Hindgut Antennal nerve Rectum ganglion Hepatic artery Subesophageal Ventral Midgut ganglion nerve cord dorsomedial branchiocardiac dorsomedial Antenna Antennule intestinal / urogastric Compound eye posterior margina hepatic Th°racopods lateromarginal I inferior \ intercervical parabranchial postcervical B Uropod Telson Figure 47 Decapoda: A. Diagrammatic astacidean with gills and musculature removed to show major organ systems; B. Diagrammatic nephropoidean carapace illustrating carapace grooves [after Holthuis, 1974]; C. Phyllosoma larva. ORDER DECAPODA 141 midgut or the other, pierces the ventral nerve cord, and indistinct from the fused ganglia of the mandibles, maxil- then branches anteriorly and posteriorly. The anterior lulae, maxillae, and first 2 pairs of maxillipeds. The gang­ branch, the ventral thoracic artery, supplies blood to the lia of the first 3 pairs of pereopods are segmental; the mouthparts, nerve cord, and 1st 3 pairs of pereopods. ganglia of the 4th and 5th pairs lie very close together. The course of this artery cannot be traced until the Follow the ventral nerve cord into the abdomen and stomach and hepatic cecum have been removed. The identify the abdominal ganglia. posterior branch, the ventral abdominal artery, which Larval development is direct (epimorphic) in all fresh­ also should be traced later, provides blood to the 4th and water taxa; in marine taxa early developmental stages 5th pairs of pereopods, nerve cord, and parts of the ven­ are passed through in the egg and hatching usually occurs tral abdomen. Returning to the heart, follow the dorsal at the my sis stage. Development at this stage corre­ abdominal artery posteriorly through the abdomen. In sponds to similar stages in other decapods. each somite a pair of segmental arteries are given off that supply blood to the midgut, abdominal musculature, and pleopods. The posterior pair supplies the uropods and telson. References Remove the heart and underlying pericardial mem­ Balss, H., 1940-1957. Decapoda. In H. G. Bronn, Klassen brane to expose the gonad. In females the gonad typi­ und Ordnungen des Tierreichs, 5(1) 7: 321—480. Leipzig: cally is Y-shaped, with lobes extending anteriorly on Akad. Verl. either side of the stomach. The male testis is similarly Bott, R., 1950. Die Flusskrebse Europas (Decapoda, As- positioned. If possible trace the oviducts or vas deferens tacidae). Abhandl. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., 483: 1—36. from their origins on the gonad ventrally to the gono- Budd, T. W., J. C. Lewis, and M. L. Tracey, 1978. The filter- pores on the coxae of the pereopods (3rd in females, 5th feeding apparatus in crayfish. Canad. J. Zool., 56: 695— 707. in males). Caiman, W. T., 1909. Treatise on zoology. Pt. 7, Appen- If the anterior cephalothoracic muscles have not yet diculata, Fasc. 3, Crustacea. 346 pp. London: Ray Soc. been removed, remove them at this time to expose the Creaser, E. P., 1933. Descriptions of some new and poorly esophagus and stomach. The esophagus is short and known species of North American crayfishes. Occ. Pap. opens into the cardiac portion of the stomach. A constric­ Mus. Zool, Univ. Mich., 275: 1-21. tion marks the boundary between the cardiac and pyloric Crocker, D. W., and D. W. Barr, 1968. Handbook of the parts of the stomach. At the junction of the pyloric crayfishes of Ontario. 158 pp. Toronto: Roy. Ontario Mus., stomach and midgut, a pair of ducts from the hepatopan- Univ. Toronto Press. creas open into the midgut. In addition to the prominent Glaessner, M. E, 1969. Decapoda. In R. C. Moore (ed.), bilobed hepatopancreas, locate the small cecum that Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Pt. R, Arthropoda 4, projects anteriorly adjacent to the pyloric stomach. Just 2: R399— R566. Lawrence, Kans.: Geol. Soc. America and posterior to this cecum a slight ridge indicates the junc­ Univ. Kansas. tion of the midgut and hindgut; in most crayfish the latter Hobbs, H. H., Jr., 1942a. A generic revision of the crayfishes of extends nearly the entire length of the abdomen. In the the subfamily Cambarinae (Decapoda, Astacidae) with the 6th abdominal somite it usually enlarges to form a rec­ description of a new genus and species. Am. Midi. Natur., tum before terminating at the anus on the ventral sur­ 28:334-357. face of the telson. Remove the stomach and examine the , 1942b. The crayfishes of Florida. Univ. Florida Publ. structure of the gastric mill in the cardiac portion of the Biol. Sci. Ser.,3: 1-179. stomach. The pyloric stomach is made up of plates, bars, , 1967. The current status of the crayfishes listed by and channels. How does this stomach compare with that Girard (1852) in his "A revision of the North American Astaci of the penaeid? Excretion in astacideans is via antennal . ." Crustaceana 12: 124-132. glands. In contrast to the condition found in penaeoi- , 1968. Crustacea: Malacostraca. In F. K. Parrish, Keys deans, the antennal gland of astacideans is distinct. Lo­ to water quality indicative organisms (Southeastern United cate this gland and trace its duct to the excretory pore at States). Fed. Water Poll. Contr. Admin. Dept. Interior: the base of the antenna. K1-K36. Reissued 1975. , 1969. On the distribution and phylogeny of the The supraesophageal ganglion lies in the midline just crayfish genus Cambarus. In P. C. Holt (ed.), The distribu­ ventral to the ocular peduncles. Locate this ganglion and tional history of the biota of the Southern Appalachians, Part identify the 4 large pairs of nerves radiating from it, the I: Invertebrates. Virginia Polytechnic Inst. Res. Div. antennular, optic, antennal, and tegumental nerves. Monogr. J: 93-178. Ventrally trace the esophageal connective of one side Hobbs, H. H., Jr., and A. Villalobos, 1964. Los Cambarinos de around the esophagus; it passes beneath the endo- Cuba. An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nal. A. de Mexico 84: 307-366. phragmal shelf before joining the subesophageal ganglion. Huxley, T. H., 1880. The crayfish. Intern. Sci. Series 28. New Portions of this shelf must be removed to expose the York: D. Appleton and Co. 371 pp. (Reprinted 1973, MIT ventral thoracic ganglia. The subesophageal ganglion is Press). 142 CLASS MALACOSTRACA Kingsley, J. S., 1899. Astacoid and thallassinoid Crustacea. Rhoades, R., 1944. The crayfishes of Kentucky, with notes on Synopses of North American invertebrates. IV. Am. Natur., variation, distribution and descriptions of new species and 33:819-824. subspecies. Am. Midi. Natur. 31: 111— 149. Meredith, W. G., and F. J. Schwartz, 1960. Maryland cray­ Rick, E. E, 1969. The Australian freshwater crayfish (Crus­ fishes. Maryland Dept. Res. Ed. Educational Series 46, 32 tacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae), with descriptions of new pp. species. Aust. J. Zool., 17: 855— 918. Ortmann, A. E., 1906a. Mexican, Central American and , 1971. The freshwater crayfishes of South America. Cuban cambari. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 8: 1—24. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 84: 129- 136. , 1906b. The crawfishes of the state of Pennsylvania. Schwartz, F. J., and W. C. Meredith, 1960. Crayfishes of the Cheat River watershed in West Virginia and Pennsylvania. Mem. Carnegie Mus. 2: 343- 523. Parti. Species and localities. Ohio J. Sci., 60: 1—46. , 1907. Grabende Krebse in Nordamerika. Aus der , 1962. Crayfishes of the Cheat River watershed in West Natur, 1906/07: 705-716. Virginia and Pennsylvania. Part II. Observations upon , 1931. Crawfishes of the southern Appalachians and the ecological factors relating to distribution. Ohio J. Sci., 62: Cumberland Plateau. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 20: 61—160. 260-273. INFRAORDER AUSTROASTACIDEA Clark, 1936 Recent species Few in one genus, Austroastacus. Size range 10 to ~ 80 mm. Carapace Strongly vaulted posteriorly. Eyes Stalked, compound, well developed. Antennules With 2nd flagellum small or absent. Antennae Inserted beneath antennules; scaphocerite long or short, slen­ der, sometimes with long slender spine. Mandibles (?) With palp. Maxillulae (?) With endopodal palp. Maxillae (?) Biramous. Maxillipeds Epipods of 1st without branchial filaments; 3rd without exo- pods. Thoracic appendages Uniramous; first 3 pairs chelate; 5th pereopods without gills. Abdominal appendages Pleopods biramous; 1st pair absent in both sexes. Uropods biramous, without transverse sutures, well calcified. Telson Entirely calcareous. Tagmata Cephalothorax and abdomen. Somites Head with 5+3 thoracic (maxillipeds); thorax with 5; abdomen with 6, excluding telson. Sexual characters Gonopores on coxae of 3rd pereopods of female; on short, sim­ ple papillae on coxae of 5th pereopods of male. Sexes Presumably separate. Larval development Presumably epimorphic. Fossil record Recent. Feeding types Presumably herbivores. Habitat Burrows in swampy and dry areas. Distribution Australia. The type species, Austroastacus hemicirratulus (Smith ean genus Engaeus. Clark (1936) removed A. hemicir­ and Schuster), of this small group of semiterrestrial Aus­ ratulus from its former genus and assigned it to his newly tralian crayfishes originally was described in the astacid- established Austroastacus, and at the same time de- ORDER DECAPODA 143 scribed for it the family Austroastacidae. Bowman and sides lack cones; the entrances are indicated only by Abele (in press) have since elevated the family to infra- small round holes, usually beneath fallen logs or stones. order rank. Several characters distinguish the austroastacideans References from other crayfish. The telson and uropods are com­ pletely calcified. The first pair of pleopods are absent in Bowman, T. E., and L. G. Abele, in press. Classification. In L. both sexes, and the abdomen is relatively small, al­ G. Abele (ed.) The biology of Crustacea, vol. 1, Systematics, though larger in females than in males. The carapace is Genetics, Morphology and the Fossil Record. New York: higher than broad and vaulted posteriorly; the cervical Academic Press. and branchiocardiac grooves are strongly impressed and Clark, E., 1936. The freshwater and land crayfishes of Aus­ the areola narrow.
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