of the Chicago Region: traditional but esoteric “phyllogenetic order,” Floyd listed them alphabetically. He reasoned that the user of A Memoir and Prospectus the book was certain to know the alphabet and was interested in the associated communities and Gerould Wilhelm specific habitats of local plants; he knew they were not Director of Research interested in becoming sharpened on the latest Conservation Research Institute phyllogenetic theories or arrangements based upon 375 W. First Street them. They listed the regular associated Elmhurst, Illinois 60126 species for each plant and correlated the nomenclature, The first edition of Plants of the Chicago Region was which was Fernaldian, to all of the other available published in 1969 by Floyd Swink. At that time, Floyd references and keys. He did not list the nomenclatural was the taxonomist at the Morton Arboretum and a authority for each species because he new that the check naturalist, much beloved by all in the region who had an list user was unconcerned and did not need additional interest in plants, birds, insects, and even local history. abstract abbreviations to distract from their real In this flora, he had catalogued all of the vascular plant interests. He reasoned that he had not examined the species that were known from the region at that time. type specimens, so would be unable to declare that the This was a much expanded and annotated version of plant in hand was really the plant understood to be the “The Lamp List”, which he had compiled at the request one designated by the naming authority. What he did of Dr. Herbert Lamp, of Northeastern Illinois know was that the plant in hand keyed to such and such th University, during the middle 1960’s. a name in Fernald’s 8 edition, Pepoon’s flora, Jones’ flora, etc. He was a stickler for orthographic correctness. At that time, there were several books available to A little over 2000 plants were listed. Chicago plant enthusiasts and naturalists, but they all had different nomenclature, and some included areas as The checklist’s emphasis on a plant’s associates, local th large as the northeastern . H. S. Pepoon’s distribution, and a devotion to the names in Fernald’s 8 flora, published in 1927, was useful, but included only edition, along with the book’s encyclopedic arrangement the immediate purlieus of the City of Chicago. Peattie’s and the “leaving off” the authorities made Floyd a flora, published in 1930, was limited to the dune area. pioneer among floristicians---and an annoyance to Charlie Deam’s flora, published in 1940, was doctrinaire botanists of the time. The pusillanimity of magnificent, but included only the Indiana counties. most academic botanists, I noticed as a young man, was The 2nd edition of George N. Jones’s flora, available by disappointing. Only a few of the botanists of stature at 1950, included only the Illinois counties. Knowledge of the time, including Drs. William Beecher, William Wisconsin was scattered in the botanical journals, Berger, Robert Mohlenbrock, Paul Sorensen, John neither compiled nor readily available. Edward Voss Thieret, Edward Voss, and Richard Wunderlin were was working assiduously on the Michigan flora, but the openly appreciative of Floyd’s efforts. This meant a lot first of three volumes would not appear until 1972. to Floyd, and gave him the necessary approbation to Henry Allen Gleason’s, New Britton and Brown, had carry him through thick and thin, throughout his career. been out for a decade or so, and it was illustrated, but it included all of the plants known in the northeastern Each species was accompanied by a map of the 22- United States at the time. ’s county region that detailed each plant's known Eighth Edition of Gray’s Manuel, 1950, also included all distribution in 3 southeastern Wisconsin Counties, 11 in the northeastern states, and it was generally too northeastern Illinois, 7 in northwestern Indiana, and 1 in recondite for the weekend botanist. southwestern Michigan. This region was chosen because at least half of the area of the counties included lay In 1953, Floyd had published A Guide to the Wild within a 65-mile radius of State and Madison, in Flowering Plants of the Chicago Region, but it, too, had downtown Chicago. Floyd and others regarded this its limitations. Always trying to teach and to geographic area to be within the reasonable reach of a accommodate, tutored by the famed botanists, Charles day-trip by Chicago plant enthusiasts and naturalists. C. Deam and Julian A. Steyermark, Floyd produced his compilation in 1969. In point of fact, few states or Plants of the Chicago Region was published by the regions of the United States even had floras; Alabama, Morton Arboretum right at the time the people of our Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Iowa, Louisiana, , country were becoming aware of the environment. The Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Ohio, Tennessee, book’s appearance coincided with the National Wisconsin, to name a few, all lacked a disciplined Environmental Policy act of 1969. Typed copy-ready on accounting of vascular plants. Taking Floyd’s data, and a manual typewriter by Floyd, virtually error-free, all 250 following his format, Raymond F. Schulenberg wrote copies of the print run were purchased quickly by a the body of the text. Ray’s knowledge of the flora was public ever more interested in understanding the more intimate and reflective of deep wisdom as to Chicago region landscape; it was a soft-bound book. render him virtually alone among botanists of his day, or While a few local patrons excoriated Floyd for having today, or any other day. Both were my mentors. “failed” to map Anemonella thalictroides from Grundy County, however, many others were inspired to seek out They produced a book unlike any other in the history of new habitat locations and report them to Floyd. local floras. Rather than present the plants in a In so doing, we gained an ever increasing knowledge and landscapes, with the focus on Kane County, Illinois. It understanding of where our remnant landscapes still was described in more detail and presented with endured---and in what condition they languished or “coefficients of conservatism” for all the native plants of flourished. Plants were no longer elements of a laundry the Chicago region. For the first time, students of a list of value-neutral data. Students of the flora began to flora had a practical, dispassionate, and repeatable metric see each species as able to tell a story about the place that could be applied in the qualitative evaluation of where it grew, which enfranchised the plants and their remnant landscapes. As with Floyd’s effort, this system places to people like no other format had ever done. received fairly intense criticism, particularly from trained ecologists, while many applied users found value in it. With the help of Chicago’s floristic patrons and This 3rd edition listed 2,241 recognized taxa. The naturalists, Floyd, in 1974, was able to produce a 2nd compendium of contributing patrons continued to edition that sustained the innovations of the first and grow. Plants of the Chicago Region, again a soft-bound added much new information on local species; it volume, continued to break new ground. provided 1000 copies. It seemed improbably optimistic that there would be 1000 people who would buy a book There was a 4-year hiatus from September1980 to May that had no pictures and consisted of lists and more lists 1984, during which I pursued an advance degree in of Latin names. He listed appreciatively all the people Botany from Southern Illinois University, stewarded who had contributed new information. It also was typed there by Robert H. Mohlenbrock, who was one of the copy-ready on a manual typewriter, but reduced in size few professors in the country who encouraged students to make a smaller paper-bound book. These, too, were to do floristic work in pursuit of a Ph.D. My all soon in the hands of grateful students of the flora. dissertation was on the vascular flora of the Pensacola, Florida, area, but my now lifelong study has been the Having just arrived at the Morton Arboretum in flora of the Chicago region, having attached myself to February of 1974, my role in this edition of the Floyd Swink, as well as Ray Schulenberg, during my catalogue was to put the distribution maps together. sojourn at the Morton Arboretum. Ray and I had made a significant effort over the growing season of that year to voucher many of the “sight After fifteen years of use, records” that comprised the maps of the first edition. this 3rd edition, which This book, with rare exceptions, continued to follow the numbered 2000 copies, nomenclature provided by Fernald’s effort. Even was long out of print and though there had been numerous “name changes,” since a new generation of 1950, Floyd reasoned that his patrons were more users lobbied for an interested in continuing to learn the habitats of local update. Many in the plants, and did not need to be confused by “updating” academic world believe the nomenclature. This book’s format continued to that the Chicago region elicit criticism from the botanical community. It flora was “done”, and recognized 2216 taxa. that we should move on to more “original” Five years later, after much new information had been research. Under accumulated, I collaborated more intimately with Floyd pressure from our to produce yet a third edition. This one preserved the supervisors to spend no substance and innovations of earlier editions, but added more time on the effort, a glossary, bibliography, and identification keys to each Floyd and I, still at the Morton Arboretum, nevertheless species. The distribution maps codified whether or not worked together to accommodate a throng of local we had seen a specimen from the county, or if the botanists with yet another edition. In 1994, Bill N. record was based wholly on a literature report. In order McKnight, of the Indiana Academy of Sciences, who that the user of the book might relate deeply to the understood that it was not done, sponsored the discrimination of native versus non-native plants, I had production of the now widely acclaimed 4th edition. It Floyd render each adventive species in light italics, so included all of the features of the previous editions, but that they would appear visually distinct in associate lists. provided much more, including a refined methodology Floyd did this readily, even though he had to change the for floristic quality assessments, an illustrated glossary, typing element in the new IBM Selectric typewriter every an index to synonyms and misapplied taxa, and several time a non-native species appeared in the text. He was sections that detailed the phytogeography and able to accomplish this with great alacrity because he authorship of local plants. Floyd, with the help of Linda was, literally, a world-champion typist. It veered little Masters, typed this edition using a computer, creating a from Fernaldian nomenclature, but it did include the copy-ready draft in Word Perfect. Linda can testify to nomenclatural authorities, not because it added the adjustment Floyd had to make, his life up until then taxonomic validity to do so or to placate critics, but having been as a master of the manual typewriter. This because the book was becoming less of a checklist and hard-bound, jacketed volume presented 2,530 more of an encyclopedic source of information of local recognized taxa. All were sold by the end of 2001, but plants. by then Plants of the Chicago Region had become a required reference to anyone interested in local botany In 1977, I had published a methodology for the and ecology. Many far outside the region now found the evaluation of the floristic quality of vegetated book to be indispensable. millions of people interested in natural history has added Because it was becoming too untenable to sustain up to a critical mass that produces uncommon Fernald’s nomenclature religiously, and because our understandings and perceptions. All of these serious audience had become more wide-reaching, we practitioners and observers have been imbedded in a made some name changes---which drew some fire from relatively large community of naturalists and people some of our time-honored patrons. The chief criterion deeply interested in the health and well being of our was when a name was patently and inarguably planet, and in many ways authentically connected to this inappropriate. An example of such a change was the place. splitting of Gerardia into three other genera: Agalinis, Aureolaria, and Tomanthera. Gerardia was a name already This interest has expressed itself in the Kennicott Club, in use in the Acanthaceae, so completely unavailable for which used to meet regularly at the Field Museum and plants in the Scrophulariaceae. Even though we had the Chicago Academy of Sciences; Floyd Swink was an provided an index to botanical synonyms, one user active member. By 1990, homeowners interested in called us to point out that we had left Gerardia out of the native landscapes had organized, through Lori Otto, of flora! Nevertheless, our empathy still lay with the local Milwaukee, the now nationally popular, “Wild Ones.” user whose interest was in the ecology of the plants and Not long afterwards, more than 30 Chicago Area not about nomenclature. We did not utilize options organizations and institutions banded together to form such as changing Petalostemon to Dalea, or Andropogon “Chicago Wilderness,” a collaborative vision of scoparius to Schizachyiur scoparium---although politically, it conservation unlike anything that the world has known. would have made life more comfortable. More than five Today, more than 230 public and private organizations thousand copies of the 4th edition were printed, of are working together to protect, restore, study and which 40% were sold prior to publication! manage the natural ecosystems of the Chicago region

By now the concept of species conservatism and floristic In 1996, I left the Morton Arboretum and went into quality assessment had become widely used and much private consulting. Floyd passed away in 2000. I was appreciated as a tool by many practitioners of quite certain that the curtain had fallen on my restoration land management. Also, the concept and involvement in Plants of the Chicago Region---although, role of non-native species had become a well-known I knew certainly that much more was to be “done.” consideration in evaluating contemporary landscapes. Meanwhile, Laura Rericha, a young naturalist with the Many are not even aware that, prior to Ray Forest Preserve District of Cook County, had been Schulenberg’s nearly unique philosophical studying with Floyd for the last five years of his life, comprehensions of the tensions between native and nearly day and night, on the insects, particularly those adventive species, non-native species were regarded as that they observed to interact with our vascular plants. merely “naturalized” floristic elements to which Laura at least as brilliant as Floyd---by his own account-- ecologists attributed value-neutral considerations with -is an ornithological phenomenon. Floyd would attempt respect to their presence in a landscape. to explain her genius to others, including me, but the truth of it was too incredible to comprehend. Dwight Interestingly enough, the Chicago region has produced a Perkins, as a believer in the forest preserves and local disproportionate number of innovators in the area of parks, would be proud of her contributions to our ecological and botanical thought: Henry C. Cowles knowledge of public lands---even as her supervisors [“father of ecology”], Jens Jenson [naturalistic landscape within the Forest Preserve District are today. design], May T. Watts [interpretation to the public], Dwight H. Perkins [educator and forest preserve Shortly after Floyd had passed, Laura and I met at a visionary] Julian A. Steyermark [student-oriented floristic meeting at the Cook County Forest Preserve at Camp work], Floyd A. Swink [empathy for the naturalist user], Sagawau. Given her already unprecedented knowledge George Fell [nature preserves] Ray F. Schulenberg of birds, insects, and plants, I was inspired to engage her [prairie restoration], Robert F. Betz [discovery and in the writing of a 5th edition of the book, in order to preservation of remnant prairies], Stephen Packard provide our patrons with the observations she and Floyd [organized volunteer land stewards], and Douglas Ladd had made on this whole new guild of species that [holist comprehension of landscape systems], among associated with our plants. Her enthusiasm for such an others. If one moves a few miles to the north, we must effort was in such consilience that the idea was virtually include John Muir [ontogeny of national parks], Aldo mutual. Leopold [land ethic], and John T. Curtis [concept of vegetation descriptions]. All of these people believed Initially, we believed that we would collaborate on a 5th that our relationship with our landscape transcended the edition of Plants of the Chicago region, and proceeded doctrines of their day and were more important than the for the first couple of years on that basis. As we began comfort zones of contemporary colleagues. to format the book and organize the content, it became quite clear that it is going to be notably different from There is something about the obvious interface between Plants of the Chicago region. As it is, the 4th edition was one of the great metropolitan regions of the world and quite dissimilar from the first annotated checklist, but the still-remaining remnants of the prairies, forests, fens each iterative edition, with Floyd as the senior author, and bogs that have driven our people to come better to was sufficiently linked to retain the title and the general understand both our landscape and our cultural format. relationship with it. Even a small fraction of the

With this impending volume, however, there are significant reasons to change the title, and, of course the authorship. All of the information of the 4th edition is being retained and updated, but there are new additions that will make this a truly unusual floristic work. Added will be:

• Etymology of generic and specific names • Morphological descriptions of each family, genus, and species. • Re-evaluations of many problematic genera, including , Chenopodium, Crataegus, Echinochloa, Panicum, Rubus, and Salix. In most cases, a return to the original works of these genera was critical and necessary to understand them. • Addition of a whole new section of associates that indomitable as our mentor’s, Floyd Swink. Like Floyd, account for all the insects, birds, and mammals that as well, she is assiduous about taxonomic accuracy and have intimate relationships with our vascular consults all of the latest entomological revisions and plants: nectaring of pollen or extrafloral nectaries, monographs. gall formation, herbivory, seed or utilization,

myrmecochory, etc. Attached are pages from the first 4 editions of the Plants • Where vascular plants, or there communities have of the Chicago Region. For comparisons between and characteristic associations with bryophytes and among the successive editions, one may study the plates, lichens, these cryptogams are mentioned. which depict the page where Amelanchier begins. The last • Nomenclatural alignments, still conservative, are two pages represent the current draft of Amelanchier, much more “current” than any of the other without maps, as they are likely to appear in the editions, and such changes are much less likely to forthcoming volume. Note that the end of the annoy future users, since the older floras---Deam, treatment for Ambrosia trifida precedes the genus Fernald, and Jones, for example, are far less in use. Amerlanchier. • Fine-tuning of the coefficients of conservatism. • The abstruse but important aspects of local surface When will it be done? Is the question heard most geology are integrated in to plant community commonly, when folks become aware that we are understandings. making the effort. We do not know. We have been working nights and weekends since 2001, and have a We have decided to call this book: “Vascular Flora of first draft completed through Hosta. Many hundreds of the Chicago Region: a taxonomic and ecological hours must yet be spent in the field, writing and at key synthesis.” Now, with descriptions, it can be called a herbaria. One might speculate that, at the current rate, “flora.” The synthesis of other organisms, plant and we can have a first draft, ready for editing, by 2019. It animal that are interlinked with our species is heretofore could be done much sooner if there were significant unknown among floristic works of this scale. It will be financial support for the effort. For information on dedicated to Floyd Swink and Ray Schulenberg. This how you might be of assistance contact the Indiana blending of floristic, faunistic, and geological Academy of Sciences: observations is only possible because of the unusual collaborative talent of Laura Rericha, a complete [email protected] naturalist whose indefatigable energy for study is as

34 dull greenish-yellow with fuscous markings on the elytra and covered by a sparse indument of yellowish hairs; the scutellum is pale yellow, brown at the apex, the greenish yellow head with a brown-tipped tylus, a brown-striped pronotum, and the femora possess on the outer and inner faces rows of convergent brown dots. The related Plagiognathus politus var. flaveolus, is dark-colored, but covered in whitish pubescence and with a pale-tipped cuneus on the wing. Another plant bug, Ilnacora malina, is black-bodied, with a black-spotted bright green pronotum, scutellum, and elytra, occurs on the herbage where the plant grows in protected and shaded areas. On plants in the same habitat, yet another species, the beautiful, delicate, Ilnacora stalii, is seen occasionally; the junior author’s favorite mirid, it is pale-green and thinly clothed with a pale pubescence and patches of black pubescence that easily rubs away from handling. Another mirid, Lopidea confluenta, is orange-reddish with a longitudinal dark stripe on the inner side of each elytron, black antennae, and two black stripes on the head, is occasional on the foliage. The predatory Insidious Bug, Orius insidiosus, is occasional in the inflorescences, eager to prey upon a variety of small phytophagous insects. The Chrysanthemum Lacebug, Corythuca marmorata, is frequently encountered on the abaxial surfaces. Also occasional on the are the eggs and early instars of the Pentatomid, Podisus maculiventris; the very distinctive and beautiful eggs are short-barrel shaped and fringed at the apex. Look for the larvae adjacent to the egg cluster. The larvae of the Noctuid moth, Papaipema nebris, are known to bore into the stems; the adult moths are a dull grayish brown with white antennae and two rows of white spots across the forewings. The larvae of the Tischeriid moth, Tischeria ambrosiaeella, cause an irregular and elongate blotch mine that typically lies between two side veins. Neolasioptera ambrosiae, a Cecidomyiid, causes a tapered stem dilation, wherein the midge larva occurs. A weevil, Cosmobaris americana, which also occurs on Erigeron pulchellus, which see, is regularly collected from Giant Ragweed. Another weevil, Smicronyx squalidus, 2.6-3 mm long, black, covered with patches of brown and white scales that are arranged in interrupted bands on the elytra, is occasional on the stems and leaves. During the fall migration, wooded riparian corridors along which grow linear masses of Giant Ragweed, are magnets for many living things. We have seen no fewer than 67 bird species exploiting these stands. The Rose-Breasted Grosbeak, Pheucticus ludovicianus, Scarlet Tanager, Piranga olivacea, Black-Capped Chicadee, Poecile atricapillus, Indigo Bunting, Passerina cyanea, White-Throated Sparrow, Zonotrichia albicollis, and Song Sparrow, Melospiza melodia, are common in the lower to mid elevations of a stand, where they consume the copious mast of fat-laden seeds. Warblers such as the Black-Throated Green, Dendroica virens, Magnolia, Dendroica magnolia, Yellow-rumped, Dendroica coronata, American Redstart, Setophaga ruticilla, and the Northern Parula, Parula americana are common exploiting insects such as midges, Chironomus ssp., and mosquitos of the Genera Aedes and Culex, at all elevations of the ragweed stand. The Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapillis, is another common denizen of the stand, where it feeds on terrestrial insects on the moist shaded ground below. ~ (B,C,D,F,J,M,Pp,Pt,V; incl. A. trifida integrifolia, Pp) Occasional forms with unlobed leaves are referable to the f. integrifolia (Muhl.) Fern. Tall annual, often 3 m or more high; stems scabrous or also beset with divergent, pustular-based hairs; leaves opposite, mostly deeply palmately 3-cleft; fruit 6-12 mm long, with a conical beak and 4 or more acute tubercles associated with the ribs. 27 JUL – 25 SEP. FAC+. C = 0

5AMELANCHIER Medik. {a Provençal name for a European species} . ~ Voss (1985b) expressed well the frustration any serious botanist feels when trying to formulate a species concept in this genus. Generally, the more reliable determinations are made when the plant has well developed inflorescences. The sweet, edible little pomes of Amelanchier are relatively rich in carbohydrates and low in protein, the latter of which is critical in the development of nestling birds. Since Amelanchier are produced during the peak of our avian breeding season, it is little wonder the birds forage after protein-rich insects, and that most Amelanchier fruits are left for consumption by mammals such as the Eastern Chipmunk, Tamias striatus, White-Footed Mouse, Peromyscus leucopus, Eastern Gray Squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis, and Fox Squirrel, Sciurus niger. Less commonly, resident breeding birds such as the Cedar Waxwing, Bombycilla cedrorum, Wood Thrush, Hylocichla mustelina, American Robin, Turdus migratorius,, and Rose-Breasted Grosbeak, Pheucticus ludovicianus partake of the berry-like tableau. Our Amelanchier species are also host plants for the Red-spotted Purple, Limenitis arthemis astyanax. ~ The leaves of Amelanchier are like no others in the flora: each lateral vein tends to hug the midrib for a short way before diverging to the margin. If one accepts the current organizational theory of species within our flora, the nature of the indument of the summit of the ovary, then the elements shake out as we have diagramed them in the following key. Inasmuch as our local authors have been wildly out of sync with each other with respect to species concepts, we are not mapping distribution records for any specimens that we have not seen. To do so would obfuscate otherwise meaningful phytogeographic differences. Voss (1985b) treated the genus with perspicacity uncommonly applied to Amelanchier, so we are mostly taking our leads from him insofar as species concepts and nomenclature. or , with alternate, simple, serrate leaves; in ; perianth 5-parted; stamens 20; ovary inferior, with 5 styles; fruit a pome.

1. Top of ovary glabrous or with a few short hairs; petals long and strap-like, commonly 15 mm or more long.

5 One of the more dramatic dialogues in botanical history is a must read. In a scholarly diatribe, Merritt Lyndon Fernald (1945a) panned George Neville Jones’s, Flora of Illinois, so unremittingly and authoritatively as to cause the reader to be certain that George Neville Jones was the worst botanist ever to have operated a hand lens. Jones (1945b), not permitted to respond in Rhodora, which Fernald edited and from which he threw his slings and arrows, published a wonderfully erudite and convincing rejoinder in the American Midland Naturalist, a more local journal. The student might learn from this that, however esteemed, scholars are more often rich in opinion than in ultimate wisdom. A year later, Jones (1946) published the American Species of Amelanchier. Four years later, Fernald (1950a), in a kind of final tit for the previous tat, hurled a last swipe at Jones: “A. Wiegandii E. L. Nielsen (for Karl McKay Wiegand, 1893-1942, painstaking and accurate student of the genus).” 35

2. Racemes glabrous or glabrate, the lowest pedicels soon exceeding 20 mm long; leaves bronze-colored and half-grown at flowering time, becoming completely glabrous...... Amelanchier laevis 2. Racemes tomentose and remaining at least thinly so in age, the lowest pedicels not more than 20 mm long, even in fruit; leaves nearly absent or merely white-tomentose and still folded at flowering time, retaining some of the tangled hairs into maturity. Petals rarely as long as 12 mm, broadly oblong, the racemes erect or ascending; multi-stemmed ...... Amelanchier canadensis Petals mostly more than 12 mm long, linear-oblong, the racemes drooping; few-stemmed shrub or small ...... Amelanchier arborea 1. Top of ovary permanently and densely tomentose; petals various, but not commonly more than 15 mm long. 3. Leaf margins finely toothed, the lateral veins anastomosing toward the margin, and without any obvious relationship to the teeth, the leaves at maturity with 6 or more serrations per cm...... Amelanchier interior 3. Leaf margins more coarsely toothed, the lateral veins either ending in a tooth or merely once-forking into the teeth, there usually being fewer than 6 serrations per cm at maturity. Leaves with veins prevailingly ending in the margine; petals mostly more than 10 mm long, narrowly strap-shaped, more than twice as long as wide; racemes soon glabrous or glabrate, the lowest pedicels mostly more than 10 mm long ...... Amelanchier sanguinea Leaves with the veins forking and anastomosing into the margin; petals less than 10 mm long, broadly oblong; racemes permanently tomentulose, the lowest pedicels less than 10 mm long...... Amelanchier spicata Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fern. JUNEBERRY, SHADBUSH, SERVICEBERRY {L. = treelike} With us, this species is essentially confined to the dune area of our eastern sector, where it associates with Artemisia caudata, Hamamelis virginiana, Quercus velutina, Rosa carolina, Smilacina stellata, Vaccinium pallidum, and Vitis riparia. It is also found in remnant pine barrens, with Arctostaphylos uva-ursi coactilis, Celastrus scandens, Juniperus communis, Pinus banksiana, and Prunus pensylvanica. In mesic wooded dunes it occurs with Aralia nudicaulis, Cornus florida, Maianthemum canadense interius, Mitchella repens, Ostrya virginiana, Polygonatum pubescens, Prunus virginiana, and Solidago caesia. Another woodland association includes Acer rubrum, Anemone quinquefolia, Carpinus caroliniana virginiana, Quercus alba, and Quercus rubra. ~ We have seen the Tufted Titmouse, Baeolophus bicolor, enjoy the fruits of this species in June. A tree-boring beetle, Saperda candida, which has a white stripe running the length from its head to each brown wing, has been encountered on this species locally, and the Mourning Cloak, Nymphalis antiopa, feeds on the leaves. ~ (B,C,F,J,M,V; A. canadensis, D,Pp,Pt; incl. A. oblongifolia, Pp,Pt) The sepals are typically acute, but in many of the specimens from Lake County, Indiana, they are acuminate caudate, evocative of A. laevis; indeed, occasional herbarium specimens appear intermediate between this species and A. laevis. Small tree, the trunk rarely as much as 5 cm in diameter; buds slenderly conic, up to 1 cm or more long; leaves densely white-tomentose, mostly folded in half at flowering time, becoming ovate to obovate and acuminate, some of the hairs persisting into maturity, with 11-17 primary pairs of veins that fork into the margins, which bear 6-10 serrations per cm; inflorescence lax, pendent, the lower pedicels the longest, to 2 cm long at maturity; sepals short, broadly oblong-triangular; petals narrowly oblong, mostly more than 12 mm long; fruits deep reddish purple. 19 APR – 25 APR. FACU. C = 8

Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik. SMALL-FLOWERED SHADBUSH {Canadian} Native to the northeastern states, but commonly cultivated locally. Our first record for this plant as a spontaneous species was collected in 1995 by S. N. Kobal (FPD 03-01, MOR) The trees were found in an old nursery area at the Maple Meadows Forest Preserve near Addison, Du Page County. The older specimens certainly had been planted. Many spontaneous seedlings and small trees were noted in these areas in 1992 and 1993; many have been destroyed since then by expansion of the golf course. The remaining trees now associate with Aster pilosus, Daucus carota, Fragaria virginiana, Juniperus virginiana, Lonicera ×muendeniensis, Oenothera biennis, Prunus americana, Rhamnus cathartica, Taraxacum officinale, and Ulmus pumila. Since then, it has been collected in the same county, having appeared in a shrubby field near Oak Brook. ~ (B,C,F,V) Shrub or small tree branched from the base; similar to A. arborea, but with firmly erect racemes and broadly oblong petals no more than 1.2 cm long; fruits nigrescent. 24 APR. – 5 MAY. UPL. Amelanchier interior E. L. Nielsen INLAND SHADBLOW {L. = inland from the sea} This species is frequent in the Black Oak savannas and sandy ridges of the Indiana Dunes region, with Antennaria plantaginifolia, Aquilegia canadensis, Aster azureus, Carex pensylvanica, Ceanothus americanus, Comandra umbellata, Fragaria virginiana, Galium pilosum, Lupinus perennis occidentalis, Monarda fistulosa, Potentilla simplex, Phlox pilosa, Prunus virginiana, Quercus velutina, Rhus radicans, Rosa carolina, Smilacina stellata, Vaccinium angustifolium, and Viburnum acerifolium; it grows in remnant sand ridge and lake plain areas of Cook and Lake counties in Illinois. It is also known from loamier soils of the bluffs of our major streams, particularly in the outwash districts of Cook and Du Page counties, in mesophytic woods with Carex pensylvanica, Ostrya virginiana, Quercus alba, Quercus rubra, Quercus velutina, Solidago caesia, Taenidia integerrima, Thalictrum dioicum, and Viburnum prunifolium. At the CCC quarry in Cook County, it grows in mineral-rich soil in the interstitial cracks and fissures of the dolomite pavement, with Quercus macrocarpa and Verbena simplex. In the lake border morainic district of Racine County it grows with Amelanchier laevis, Aquilegia canadensis, Betula papyrifera, Fragaria vesca americana, Juniperus communis, Pedicularis canadensis, Populus tremuloides, Shepherdia canadensis, and Viola conspersa.