Topographic Map Symbols
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Infiltration from the Pedon to Global Grid Scales: an Overview and Outlook for Land Surface Modeling
Published June 24, 2019 Reviews and Analyses Core Ideas Infiltration from the Pedon to Global • Land surface models (LSMs) show Grid Scales: An Overview and Outlook a large variety in describing and upscaling infiltration. for Land Surface Modeling • Soil structural effects on infiltration in LSMs are mostly neglected. Harry Vereecken, Lutz Weihermüller, Shmuel Assouline, • New soil databases may help to Jirka Šimůnek, Anne Verhoef, Michael Herbst, Nicole Archer, parameterize infiltration processes Binayak Mohanty, Carsten Montzka, Jan Vanderborght, in LSMs. Gianpaolo Balsamo, Michel Bechtold, Aaron Boone, Sarah Chadburn, Matthias Cuntz, Bertrand Decharme, Received 22 Oct. 2018. Agnès Ducharne, Michael Ek, Sebastien Garrigues, Accepted 16 Feb. 2019. Klaus Goergen, Joachim Ingwersen, Stefan Kollet, David M. Lawrence, Qian Li, Dani Or, Sean Swenson, Citation: Vereecken, H., L. Weihermüller, S. Philipp de Vrese, Robert Walko, Yihua Wu, Assouline, J. Šimůnek, A. Verhoef, M. Herbst, N. Archer, B. Mohanty, C. Montzka, J. Vander- and Yongkang Xue borght, G. Balsamo, M. Bechtold, A. Boone, S. Chadburn, M. Cuntz, B. Decharme, A. Infiltration in soils is a key process that partitions precipitation at the land sur- Ducharne, M. Ek, S. Garrigues, K. Goergen, J. face into surface runoff and water that enters the soil profile. We reviewed the Ingwersen, S. Kollet, D.M. Lawrence, Q. Li, D. basic principles of water infiltration in soils and we analyzed approaches com- Or, S. Swenson, P. de Vrese, R. Walko, Y. Wu, and Y. Xue. 2019. Infiltration from the pedon monly used in land surface models (LSMs) to quantify infiltration as well as its to global grid scales: An overview and out- numerical implementation and sensitivity to model parameters. -
DOGAMI GMS-5, Geology of the Powers Quadrangle, Oregon
o thickness of about 1,500 feet. The southern outcrop terminates against the Sixes River fault, indicat Intermediate intrusive rocks, mainly diorite and quartz diorite, intrude the Gal ice Formation ing that the last movement involved down-faulting along the north side. south of the Sixes River fault. One stock, covering nearly 2 square miles, is bisected by Benson Creek, Megafossils are present in some of the bedded basal sandstone. Forominifera examined by W. W. and numerous small dikes are present nearby. One of the largest dikes extends from Rusty Creek eastward Rau (Baldwin, 1965) collected a short distance west of the mouth of Big Creek along the Sixes River were through the Middle Fork of the Sixes River into Salman Mountain. These intrusive racks are described by assigned a middle Eocene age . A middle Eocene microfauna in beds of similar age near Powers was ex Lund and Baldwin ( 1969) and are correlated with the Pearse Peak diorite of Koch ( 1966). The Pearse amined by Thoms (Born, 1963), and another outcrop along Fourmile Creek to the north contained a mid Peak body, which intrudes the Ga lice Formation along Elk River to the south, is described by Koch (1966, GEOLOGICAL MAP SERIES dle Eocene molluscan fauna (Allen and Baldwin, 1944). Phillips (1968) also collected o middle Eocene p. 51-52) . fauna in middle Umpqua strata along Fourmile Creek, o short distance north of the mapped area. Lode gold deposits reported by Brooks and Ramp ( 1968) in the South Fork of the Sixes drainage and on Rusty Butte are apparently associated with the dioritic intrusive bodies. -
Lesson 4–How to Read a Topographic Map
Lesson 4–How to Read a Topographic Map Key teaching points Suggestions for teaching Ask students to answer these ques- this lesson (3, 35-minute sessions) tions and fill in their answers on A topographic map is a representa- Activity Sheet #4: tion of a three-dimensional surface on On the poster is a topographic map a flat piece of paper. The digital eleva- of Salt Lake City. This lesson will help Which is higher, hill A or hill B? tion model on the poster is helpful in students learn how to read that map. (Answer: hill B) understanding topographic maps. Learning to use a topographic map is a difficult skill, because it requires stu- Which is steeper, hill A or hill B? Contour lines, sometimes called "level dents to visualize a three-dimensional (Answer: hill B) lines," join points of equal elevation. surface from a flat piece of paper. The closer together the contour lines Students need both practice and imag- 3. Compare a topographic map to a picture of the same place. Now have appear on a topographic map, the ination to learn to visualize hills and steeper the slope (assuming constant valleys from the contour lines on a the students look at the topographic of the same two hills. Say, "The contour intervals). topographic map. map lines you see on this map are called contour lines. Can you see why they Topographic maps have a variety of A digital terrain model of Salt Lake City uses, from planning the best route for is shown on the poster. -
Survey of India Department of Science & Technology Rashtriya Manchitran Niti NATIONAL MAP POLICY 1
Survey of India Department of Science & Technology Rashtriya Manchitran Niti NATIONAL MAP POLICY 1. PREAMBLE All socio-economic developmental activities, conservation of natural resources, planning for disaster mitigation and infrastructure development require high quality spatial data. The advancements in digital technologies have now made it possible to use diverse spatial databases in an integrated manner. The responsibility for producing, maintaining and disseminating the topographic map database of the whole country, which is the foundation of all spatial data vests with the Survey of India (SOI). Recently, SOI has been mandated to take a leadership role in liberalizing access of spatial data to user groups without jeopardizing national security. To perform this role, the policy on dissemination of maps and spatial data needs to be clearly stated. 2. OBJECTIVES • To provide, maintain and allow access and make available the National Topographic Database (NTDB) of the SOI conforming to national standards. • To promote the use of geospatial knowledge and intelligence through partnerships and other mechanisms by all sections of the society and work towards a knowledge-based society. 3. TWO SERIES OF MAPS To ensure that in the furtherance of this policy, national security objectives are fully safeguarded, it has been decided that there will be two series of maps namely (a) Defence Series Maps (DSMs)- These will be the topographical maps (on Everest/WGS-84 Datum and Polyconic/UTM Projection) on various scales (with heights, contours and full content without dilution of accuracy). These will mainly cater for defence and national security requirements. This series of maps (in analogue or digital forms) for the entire country will be classified, as appropriate, and the guidelines regarding their use will be formulated by the Ministry of Defence. -
Shaded Elevation Map of Ohio
STATE OF OHIO DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Ted Strickland, Governor Sean D. Logan, Director Lawrence H. Wickstrom, Chief SHADED ELEVATION MAP OF OHIO 0 10 20 30 40 miles 0 10 20 30 40 kilometers SCALE 1:2,000,000 427-500500-600600-700700-800800-900900-10001000-11001100-12001200-13001300-14001400-1500>1500 Land elevation in feet Lake Erie water depth in feet 0-6 7-12 13-18 19-24 25-30 31-36 37-42 43-48 49-54 55-60 61-66 67-84 SHADED ELEVATION MAP This map depicts the topographic relief of Ohio’s landscape using color lier impeded the southward-advancing glaciers, causing them to split into to represent elevation intervals. The colorized topography has been digi- two lobes, the Miami Lobe on the west and the Scioto Lobe on the east. tally shaded from the northwest slightly above the horizon to give the ap- Ridges of thick accumulations of glacial material, called moraines, drape pearance of a three-dimensional surface. The map is based on elevation around the outlier and are distinct features on the map. Some moraines in data from the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Elevation Dataset; the Ohio are more than 200 miles long. Two other glacial lobes, the Killbuck grid spacing for the data is 30 meters. Lake Erie water depths are derived and the Grand River Lobes, are present in the northern and northeastern from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration data. This digi- portions of the state. tally derived map shows details of Ohio’s topography unlike any map of 4 Eastern Continental Divide—A continental drainage divide extends the past. -
Meyers Height 1
University of Connecticut DigitalCommons@UConn Peer-reviewed Articles 12-1-2004 What Does Height Really Mean? Part I: Introduction Thomas H. Meyer University of Connecticut, [email protected] Daniel R. Roman National Geodetic Survey David B. Zilkoski National Geodetic Survey Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.uconn.edu/thmeyer_articles Recommended Citation Meyer, Thomas H.; Roman, Daniel R.; and Zilkoski, David B., "What Does Height Really Mean? Part I: Introduction" (2004). Peer- reviewed Articles. Paper 2. http://digitalcommons.uconn.edu/thmeyer_articles/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UConn. It has been accepted for inclusion in Peer-reviewed Articles by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UConn. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Land Information Science What does height really mean? Part I: Introduction Thomas H. Meyer, Daniel R. Roman, David B. Zilkoski ABSTRACT: This is the first paper in a four-part series considering the fundamental question, “what does the word height really mean?” National Geodetic Survey (NGS) is embarking on a height mod- ernization program in which, in the future, it will not be necessary for NGS to create new or maintain old orthometric height benchmarks. In their stead, NGS will publish measured ellipsoid heights and computed Helmert orthometric heights for survey markers. Consequently, practicing surveyors will soon be confronted with coping with these changes and the differences between these types of height. Indeed, although “height’” is a commonly used word, an exact definition of it can be difficult to find. These articles will explore the various meanings of height as used in surveying and geodesy and pres- ent a precise definition that is based on the physics of gravitational potential, along with current best practices for using survey-grade GPS equipment for height measurement. -
American Title a Sociation ~ ~
OFFICIAL PUBLICATION AMERICAN TITLE A SOCIATION ~ ~ VOUJME XXXVI JUNE, 1957 NUMBER 6 TITLE NEWS Official Publication of THE AMERICAN TITLE ASSOCIATION 3608 Guardian Building-Detroit 26, Michigan Volume XXXVI June, 1957 Number 6 Table of Contents Introduction-The Federal Highway Program ......... ... ................ .. .................... 2 J. E. Sheridan Highway Laws Relating to Controlled Access Roads ..... .. ....... ........... 6 Norman A. Erbe Title Companies and the Expanded Right of Way Problems ...... ............. .. 39 , Daniel W. Rosencrans Arthur A. Anderson Samuel J. Some William A . Thuma INTRODUCTION The Federal Highway Program J. E. SHERIDAN We are extremely grateful to Nor veloped its planning sufficiently to man A. Erbe, Attorney General of the show to the satisfaction of the dis State of Iowa, for permission to re trict engineer the effect of the pro print his splendid brief embracing posed construction upon adjace.nt the highway laws of various states property, the treatment of access con relating to the control in access roads. trol in the area of Federal acquisi Mr. Erbe originally presented this m tion, and that appropriate arrange narrative form before the convention ments have been made for mainte of the Iowa Title Association in May nance and supervision over the land of this year. As is readily ascertain to be acquired and held in the name able, this is the result of a compre of the United States pending transfer hensive study of various laws touch· of title and jurisdiction to the State ing on the incidents of highway regu or the proper subdivision thereof." lations. Additionally, we are privi It is suggested that our members leged to carry the panel discussion bring this quoted portion to the at of the American Right of Way Asso tention of officers of the Highway ciation Convention held in Chicago, Department and the office of its legal May 16 and 17, dealing with "Title division, plus the Office of the Attor Companies and the Expanded Right ney General within the members' ju of Way Problems". -
US Topo Map Users Guide
US Topo Map Users Guide April 2018. Based on Adobe Reader XI version 11.0.20 (Minor updates and corrections, November 2017.) April 2018 Updates Based on Adobe Reader DC version 2018.009.20050 In 2017, US Topo production systems were redesigned. This system change has few impacts on the design and appearance of US Topo maps, but does affect the geospatial characteristics. The previous version of this Users Guide is frozen in its current form, and applies to US Topo maps created The previous version of this Users Guide, which before approximately June 2017 and to all HTMC applies to US Topo maps created before June maps. The document you are now reading applies 2017 and to all HTMC maps, is linked from to US Topo maps created after June 2017, and https://nationalmap.gov/ustopo will be maintained into the future. US Topo maps are the current generation of USGS topographic maps. The first of these maps were published in 2009. They are modeled on the legacy 7.5-minute series of the mid-20th century, but unlike traditional topographic maps they are mass produced from GIS databases, and are published as PDF documents instead of as paper maps. US Topo maps include base data from The National Map and other sources, including roads, hydrography, contours, boundaries, woodland cover, structures, geographic names, an aerial photo image, Federal land boundaries, and shaded relief. For more information see the project web page at https://nationalmap.gov/ustopo. The Historical Topographic Map Collection (HTMC) includes all editions and all scales of USGS standard topographic quadrangle maps originally published as paper maps in the period 1884-2006. -
Geographical Influences on Climate Teacher Guide
Geographical Influences on Climate Teacher Guide Lesson Overview: Students will compare the climatograms for different locations around the United States to observe patterns in temperature and precipitation. They will describe geographical features near those locations, and compare graphs to find patterns in the effect of mountains, oceans, elevation, latitude, etc. on temperature and precipitation. Then, students will research temperature and precipitation patterns at various locations around the world using the MY NASA DATA Live Access Server and other sources, and use the information to create their own climatogram. Expected time to complete lesson: One 45 minute period to compare given climatograms, one to two 45 minute periods to research another location and create their own climatogram. To lessen the time needed, you can provide students data rather than having them find it themselves (to focus on graphing and analysis), or give them the template to create a climatogram (to focus on the analysis and description), or give them the assignment for homework. See GPM Geographical Influences on Climate – Climatogram Template and Data for these options. Learning Objectives: - Students will brainstorm geographic features, consider how they might affect temperature and precipitation, and discuss the difference between weather and climate. - Students will examine data about a location and calculate averages to compare with other locations to determine the effect of geographic features on temperature and precipitation. - Students will research the climate patterns of a location and create a climatogram and description of what factors affect the climate at that location. National Standards: ESS2.D: Weather and climate are influenced by interactions involving sunlight, the ocean, the atmosphere, ice, landforms, and living things. -
Chapter 13.2: Topographic Maps 1
Chapter 13.2: Topographic Maps 1 A map is a model or representation of objects and terrain in the actual environment. There are numerous types of maps. Some of the types of maps include mental, planimetric, topographic, and even treasure maps. The concept of mapping was introduced in the section using natural features. Maps are created for numerous purposes. A treasure map is used to find the buried treasure. Topographic maps were originally used for military purposes. Today, they have been used for planning and recreational purposes. Although other types of maps are mentioned, the primary focus of this section is on topographic maps. Types of Maps Mental Maps – The mind makes mental maps all the time. You drive to the grocery store. You turn right onto the boulevard. You identify a street sign, building or other landmark and know where this is where you turn. You have made a mental map. This was discussed under using natural features. Planimetric Maps – A planimetric map is a two dimensional representation of objects in the environment. Generally, planimetric maps do not include topographic representation. Road maps, Rand McNally ® and GoogleMaps ® (not GoogleEarth) are examples of planimetric maps. Topographic Maps – Topographic maps show elevation or three-dimensional topography two dimensionally. Topographic maps use contour lines to show elevation. A chart refers to a nautical chart. Nautical charts are topographic maps in reverse. Rather than giving elevation, they provide equal levels of water depth. Topographic Maps Topographic maps show elevation or three-dimensional topography two dimensionally. Topographic maps use contour lines to show elevation. -
Fast Hydraulic Erosion Simulation and Visualization on GPU
Fast Hydraulic Erosion Simulation and Visualization on GPU Xing Mei Philippe Decaudin Bao-Gang Hu CASIA-LIAMA/NLPR, Beijing, China INRIA-Evasion, Grenoble, France CASIA-LIAMA/NLPR, Beijing, China xmei@(NOSPAM)nlpr.ia.ac.cn & CASIA-LIAMA, Beijing, China hubg@(NOSPAM)nlpr.ia.ac.cn philippe.decaudin@(NOSPAM)imag.fr Figure 1. Illustration of our erosion simulation on a ”PG”-shaped mountain. (a) The initial terrain. (b) Terrain is being eroded by rainfall. The dissolved soil (denoted by green color) is transported by the water flow (blue). (c) The eroded terrain and the deposited sediment (red) after the rainfall and during the evaporation. Abstract 1. Introduction Natural mountains and valleys are gradually eroded by Natural terrains exhibit a lot of complex shapes such rainfall and river flows. Physically-based modeling of this as valleys, ridges, sand ripples and crests. These geomor- complex phenomenon is a major concern in producing re- phological structures are mostly determined by the erosion alistic synthesized terrains. However, despite some recent phenomenon: soil is dissolved and transported by the wa- improvements, existing algorithms are still computationally ter flow, sand is carried away by the wind, and stones are expensive, leading to a time-consuming process fairly im- decomposed into small blocks by the temperature. Erosion practical for terrain designers and 3D artists. simulation has always been an important research topic in landscape design [5, 8], since it greatly enhances the realism In this paper, we present a new method to model the hy- of the synthesized terrains. draulic erosion phenomenon which runs at interactive rates We focus on hydraulic erosion, which is the predominant on today’s computers. -
State Standard for Hydrologic Modeling Guidelines
ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES FLOOD MITIGATION SECTION State Standard For Hydrologic Modeling Guidelines Under the authority outlined in ARS 48-3605(A) the Director of the Arizona Department of Water Resources establishes the following standard for Hydrologic Modeling Guidelines in Arizona. State Standard for Hydrologic Modeling, or “guidelines for the experienced modeler”, has been developed to address hydrologic conditions for a variety of statewide watersheds. Included are problems and situations identified by the State Standard Work Group (SSWG) and floodplain managers. The intended audience is statewide; engineers, professionals and Floodplain Administrators. The following topics are included: • Hydrologic Model comparison and recommendation • Guidelines and parameters • Model application for specific situations, and associated hydrologic parameters • Precipitation values (NOAA 14) • Storm duration • Unique conditions, such as wildfire burn, overgrazing, logging, drought, rapid snowmelt, urbanization. The State Standard includes examples addressing the above key issues. This requirement is effective August, 2007. Copies of this State Standard and the State Standard Technical Supplement can be obtained by contacting the Department’s Water Engineering Section at (602) 771-8652. SS10-07 1 August 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction.......................................................................................................5 1.1 Purpose and Background .......................................................................5