What Globalization Means for Migration and Law Catherine Dauvergne Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89508-8 - Making People Illegal: What Globalization Means for Migration and Law Catherine Dauvergne Index More information

Index

Afghanistan, 51, 70 Migration Legislation Amendment (Judicial Albania, 23 Review) Act 2001 (Cth), 52, 176 Algeria, 23 Migration Legislation Amendment Islamic Salvation Front, 109 (Procedural Fairness) Act 2002 (Cth), Argentina, 23 53 Armenia, 13 Migration Legislation Amendment Asia-Paciﬁc Economic Cooperation (APEC), (Transitional Movement) Act 2002 43, 44 (Cth), 53 Association of Southeast Asian Nations Migration Legislation Amendment Act (ASEAN), 43 (No. 6) 2001 (Cth), 53 Australia, 2, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 44, 45, 48, 49, Minister for Immigration and Multicultural 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, Affairs v. Eshetu [1999], HCA 21, 176 66, 67, 82, 85, 94, 95, 96, 98, 101, 114, MV Tampa, 51, 52, 53, 55, 57, 59, 63, 64, 66, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 67, 94, 95, 176 130, 132, 137, 150, 164, 176, 177, 180, Plaintiff S157/2002 v. Commonwealth of 182 Australia, [2003] H.C.A. 2, 211 C.L.R. Australian Citizenship Act 1948 (Cth), 132 476, 53, 56, 64, 67, 176, 177, 178, 179, Australian Citizenship Act 2007 (Cth), 122 183 Australian Citizenship Amendment Abebe v. The Commonwealth, 176 (Citizenship Testing) Act 2007 (Cth), Refugee Review Tribunal, 176 122 Ruddock v. Vardalis, [2001] FCA 1329, 110 Australian Labor Party, 52 FCR 491, 52, 64 Chu Kheng Lim and Ors v. Minister for Austria, 149 Immigration Local Government and Azerbaijan, 13, 23 Ethnic Affairs and Anor (1992), 176 C.L.R. 1, 104 Belarus, 13 Constitution of the Commonwealth of Belgium, 144, 145 Australia, 177 Belize, 23 Federal Court of Australia, 51, 52, 64, 171, 176 Bolivia, 23 Hickman principle, 177 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 23 High Court of Australia, 51, 53, 64, 67, 132, Brazil,1,14 176, 177 Brunei Darussalam, 44 Callinan, Justice, 177 Burkina Faso, 23 Gleeson, Chief Justice, 177 Burma, 53, 76 Howard government, 51, 52, 53, 58, 66, 132, Burundi, 53 176, 177 Kioa v West (1985), 150 C.L.R. 550 (H.C.A.), Cambodia, 76, 80, 131 132 Canada, 2, 9, 13, 15, 21, 45, 48, 49, 56, 59, 63, Migration Act 1958 (Cth), 53, 58, 176 72, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, Migration Act 2001 (Cth), 176 103, 104, 105, 111, 112, 114, 116, 117, Migration Amendment (Excision from 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, Migration Zone) Act 2001 (Cth), 52, 58 130, 132, 138, 140, 164, 175, 177 Migration Amendment Regulations 2005 Almrei v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship (No. 6) (Cth.), 15 and Immigration) 2005, 117

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© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89508-8 - Making People Illegal: What Globalization Means for Migration and Law Catherine Dauvergne Index More information

212 Index

Canada (cont.) denationalization, 120, 141 Anti-Terrorism Act 2001, 116 jus sanguinis, 119, 131, 135 Bouianova v. Canada (FCA 1993), 57 jus soli, 119, 131, 132, 135 Canada (Attorney General) v. Ward, [1993] 2 naturalization, 56, 97, 119, 123, 131, S.C.R. 689, 103 D.L.R. (4th) 1, 63, 87 172 Canada (Minister of Employment and permanent residency, 15, 63, 84, 121, 122, Immigration) v. Chiarelli [1992] 1 124, 132, 137 S.C.R. 711, 104, 111 rights, 122, 135, 138 Canada Border Services Agency Act 2005, 97 Colombia, 23, 152 Charkaoui v Canada (Citizenship and Convention Against Transnational Organized Immigration) 2007, 111, 112, 117, 175, Crime 2000, 71 177 Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 111, 112, by Land, Sea, and Air 2004, 71 175 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Department of Public Safety and Emergency Trafficking in Persons, Especially Preparedness, 97 Women and Children 2003, 71, 73, 74, Canadian Border Services Agency, 97 75, 77, 79, 83, 84 Federal Court, 59, 103, 171 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights Immigration and Refugee Protection Act and Fundamental Freedoms 1950, 106, 2001, 15, 59, 63, 103 178, 179, 180, 181, 182 Immigration and Refugee Protection Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Regulations, 126 Persons and the Exploitation of the Immigration Regulations 1978, 140 Prostitution of Others 1949, 71 Jaballah v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of and Immigration) (2004) 129 A.C.W.S. Discrimination Against Women 1979, (3d) 1178, 2004 FC 299, 23, 104 21, 60 Katkova v. Canada (Federal Court, 1997), Convention on the Rights and Duties of States 57 (inter-American) 1933 (Montevideo Khadr v. Canada (Attorney General) 2006 FC Convention), 45 727, [2006] 142 C.R.R. (2d) 116, 268 Convention on the Specific Aspects of Refugee D.L.R. (4th) 303, 115 Problems in Africa 1969, 152 Martin, Prime Minister Paul, 97 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees North American Free Trade Agreement 1951, 22, 24, 35, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, Between the Government of Canada, the 58, 59, 61, 66, 87, 88, 109, 110, 112, 122, Government of Mexico and the 143, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 170, Government of the United States 182 (NAFTA) 1994, 43 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees Reference re Secession of Quebec 1998, 112 1966, 50, 54, 55 Smart Border Accord, 98 criminal law, 6, 25, 111, 167 Safe Third Country Agreement, 59, 98, 138 Cuba, 76, 110, 162 Supreme Court, 111, 112, 113, 117, 175 Cyprus, 12, 145 Suresh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Czech Republic, 145 Immigration) 2002, 56, 104, 111, 117 CapeVerde,23 de Sousa Santos, Boaventura, 4, 33, 36, 41, 72, Cartagena Declaration on Refugees 1984, 152 143, 158, 183 Central African Republic, 53 Denmark, 151 Chad, 53 children, 24, 69, 72, 74, 75, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 89, East Timor (Timor-Leste), 23, 82 91, 100, 123, 126, 132, 140, 141 economic law, 5, 34, 187, 188 Chile, 23, 44 Ecuador, 23 Chinese Taipei, 44 Egypt, 23 citizenship, 3, 6, 20, 46, 48, 57, 68, 85, 111, 113, El Salvador, 23 119, 120, 121, 123, 128, 131, 132, 133, Equatorial Guinea, 76 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, Estonia, 145, 149 143, 154, 174 Ethiopia,1 citizenship law, 3, 6, 46, 49, 101, 118, 119, Europe, 2, 9, 13, 32, 45, 47, 53, 55, 74, 95, 96, 121, 123, 124, 131, 132, 136, 137, 138, 136, 137, 144, 151, 152, 154, 162, 163, 141, 154, 170, 172, 190 164, 165, 166, 167, 173, 178, 187 gender, 123, 124, 126, 128, 129, 131, 138, European Court of Human Rights, 21, 105, 136, 139, 140, 172 180

Index 213

D v The United Kingdom Americanization, 2, 7, 33, 49, 92, 142, 167 (146/1996/767/964),178, 179, 180 economic growth, 32, 34, 51 European Union, 1, 6, 7, 12, 14, 39, 43, 47, 49, global governance, 33, 34, 49, 142, 167, 186 59, 70, 72, 84, 95, 135, 136, 141, 142, theory, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 32, 33, 42, 185 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, Guatemala, 23 151, 152, 153, 154, 163, 165, 172, 185 Guinea, 23 acquis communautaire, 145 Area of Freedom Security and Justice, 136 Honduras, 23 Benelux Customs Union Agreement 1944, 144 Hong Kong, 44 Chen and Zhu v. Secretary of State for the human rights, 5, 7, 19, 20, 21, 25, 26, 28, 33, 43, Home Department [2004] E.C.R. 47, 48, 49, 55, 56, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, I-9925, 132 67, 70, 73, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 115, Common European Asylum system, 148 116, 117, 121, 137, 138, 141, 142, 150, Constitution of Europe, 148 153, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 170, 171, Council of Europe, 148 172, 174, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, European citizenship, 132, 135, 136, 137, 138, 184, 187, 188, 189 145, 149 law, 22, 34, 37, 40, 51, 60, 62, 64, 65, 67, 75, Procedures Directive, 152, 153 79, 86, 165, 166, 181, 186, 188 Qualification Directive, 149, 150, 151, 152, human smuggling, 1, 3, 6, 49, 70, 71, 72, 89, 90, 153 91, 138, 148, 157, 170, 172 Tampere European Council, 146 human trafficking, 3, 5, 26, 49, 68, 69, 70, 71, Tampere Conclusions 1999, 136 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 114, 2004, 148 138, 143, 148, 170, 171, 190 Treaty Establishing the European Economic borders, 2, 17, 27, 49, 64, 69, 73, 77, 79, 83, 85, Community (Treaty of Rome) 1957, 88, 91, 93, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 171 144, 145 children, 69, 72, 74, 75, 80, 85, 89, 91 Treaty Instituting the European Coal and Steel gender, 72, 73 Community (Treaty of Paris) 1951, 144 men, 72, 73, 80, 89, 90, 114, 138, 171 Treaty of Accession 2003, 145 women, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 77, 80, 81, 83, Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on 85, 86, 88, 90, 91, 114, 138 European Union, the Treaties moral panic, 2, 17, 19, 49, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, establishing the European Communities 82, 89, 92, 101, 160, 162, 186 and certain related acts 1997, 136, 142, permanent residency, 84, 85, 86, 139 146 sex trade, 69, 73, 90 Treaty on European Union (Maastricht) sexual slavery, 69, 75 1992,135, 145 victimization, 6, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, Fiji,14 114, 122, 138, 171, 190 Fitzpatrick, Peter, 4, 38, 39, 40, 41, 45, 89, 92, Hungary, 145 116, 172, 174, 183, 188, 189 France, 13, 14, 16, 85, 98, 144, 145, 149, 188 Iceland, 145 Pasqua laws, 14 immigration law, 9, 15, 47, 78, 88, 103, 111, 123, 129, 139, 159, 164, 180 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade India, 1, 2, 13, 20, 133, 134, 135, 137, 143, 173 (GATT) 1994, 43 Citizenship Act of 1955, 135 Georgia, 13 Indonesia, 19, 44, 51, 52 Germany, 9, 10, 14, 63, 95, 144, 145, 173 International Agreement for the Suppression of Ghana, 23 the White Slave Traffic 1904, 71 globalization, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, International Association of Refugee Law 21, 24, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, Judges, 171 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, International Convention on the Protection of 53, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 70, 71, the Rights of All Migrant Workers and 78, 79, 88, 92, 94, 95, 100, 101, 107, Members of Their Families 1990, 4, 10, 113, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 131, 136, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 47, 56, 71, 145, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 149, 150, 154, 170 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, International Court of Justice, 58, 102 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172, Nottebohm Case (Lichtenstein v. Guatemala) 175, 178, 183, 185, 186, 187, 188, (Second Phase), [1955] I.C.J. Rep. 4, 189 46

214 Index

International Covenant on Civil and Political illegal Rights 1966, 21, 60, 106 amnesty, 6, 13, 119, 139, 140, 141 International Labour Organization, 77 asylum, 43, 99, 163, 178, 180 international law, 4, 5, 35, 39, 40, 44, 46, 47, 50, migrant workers, 9, 10, 12, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 51, 54, 58, 59, 60, 70, 71, 73, 75, 79, 83, 24, 25, 26, 27 89, 92, 102, 104, 106, 111, 142, 150, 151, overstayers, 16 152, 153, 165, 170, 171, 183, 189 rights discourse, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 17, 20, 21, 25, human rights law, 5, 22, 34, 37, 40, 51, 60, 62, 27, 28, 63, 66, 83, 161, 166, 178 64, 65, 67, 75, 79, 86, 165, 166, 181 unauthorized, 1, 3, 12, 25, 53, 154, 156 refugee law, 47, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 62, 111, migration law, 2, 6, 7, 16, 28, 32, 40, 41, 43, 45, 149, 151, 151, 152, 161, 165, 170 46, 48, 69, 71, 78, 79, 83, 85, 88, 89, 92, International Monetary Fund (IMF), 76 94, 95, 101, 102, 103, 113, 117, 119, 135, International Organization for Migration 154, 169, 173, 174, 185 (IOM), 13, 77 reform, 9, 83, 167, 169, 185, 190 international relations, 30, 32, 44, 94, 115 military law, 111 Iran, 76 Moldova, 13 Iraq, 70 Morocco, 1, 23 Ireland, 132, 133, 134, 134, 137, 145, 147 Constitution of Ireland 1937,134 Nauru, 52, 57 Good Friday Agreement, 134 New Zealand, 44, 45, 52, 57, 98, 109, 112, 121, Israel, 102, 107 175 Italy, 13, 14, 133, 135, 137, 144 Immigration Act 1987,109 Italian Overseas Constituency, 133 Supreme Court, 109, 110, 112, 175 Zaoui v The Attorney-General and Ors [2005] Japan, 44 1 N.Z.L.R. 577 (S.C.), 109, 110, 111, 175 Nicaragua, 23 Korea, 44, 76, 162 non-refoulement, 55, 57, 58, 151 Kyrgyzstan, 13, 23 North Korea, 76, 162 Norway, 51, 52, 67, 145 Latvia, 145 MV Tampa, 51, 52, 53, 55, 57, 59, 67, 94, 95, Lesotho, 23 176 lex mercatoria, 34, 37, 187 Liberia, 76 Pakistan, 2, 14, 93 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, 23 Panama, 152 Lithuania, 145, 149 Papua New Guinea, 44, 52, 57 Luxembourg, 144, 145, 149 Paraguay, 1, 14 Pasargada law, 36 Malaysia, 1, 13, 44 Peoples’ Republic of China, 1, 13, 14, 44, 143 Mali, 23 Peru, 23, 44 Malta, 12, 145 Poland, 10, 145 Mauritania, 23 Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Mexico, 1, 12, 15, 23, 102, 140, 152, 154, 155, Land, Sea, and Air 2004, 71, 89 156, 158, 162, 164, 173, 174 North American Free Trade Agreement refugee law Between the Government of Canada, the MV Tampa, 51, 52, 53, 55, 57, 59, 63, 64, 66, Government of Mexico and the 67, 94, 95, 176 Government of the United States refugee determination, 61, 87, 99, 153 (NAFTA) 1994, 43 refugee protection, 5, 53, 65, 66, 87, 152 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848, 155 see migration law, 3, 5, 35, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, migration 53, 54, 55, 57, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, border control, 2, 9, 65, 84, 99, 146, 158, 159, 67, 68, 70, 86, 87, 88, 117, 128, 136, 138, 166, 184 143, 150, 151, 153, 161, 164, 171, 176, deportation, 9, 17, 48, 63, 104, 105, 106, 107, 189, 190 116, 117, 132, 144, 175, 178 refugees, 24, 50, 122 economic, 18, 20, 24, 49, 122, 128, 130, 131, rule of law, 3, 8, 37, 38, 40, 41, 46, 48, 49, 51, 60, 136, 146, 154, 166 64, 65, 66, 67, 92, 94, 105, 112, 113, 115, guest workers, 17 116, 117, 141, 151, 168, 169, 171, 172, harmonization, 7, 14, 67, 136, 144, 146, 147, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 150, 154, 162, 166 183, 184, 185, 187, 189, 190

Index 215

emancipatory potential, 37, 38, 40, 49, 66, 67, The Queen on the Application of ‘Q’ & 92, 139, 166, 168, 175, 182, 183, 185, Others v Secretary State for Home 189 Department [2003], EWCA Civ 364 Russian Federation, 1, 13, 21 (Court of Appeal, Civil Division), 178 former Soviet Union, 12 gangmaster, 20 Rwanda, 53, 74 Gangmaster Licensing Act 2004, 20 Good Friday Agreement, 134 security, 73, 100, 108, 112, 113, 115, 116, 158, High Court for England and Wales, 176, 181, 174 184 Senegal, 23 Collins, Justice, 178, 179 sex tourism, 80 Kay, Justice, 179 sex trade, 69, 73, 78, 90 Munby, Justice, 181 Seychelles, 23 The Queen on the Application of ‘Q’ & Singapore, 44 Others v Secretary State for Home Slovak Republic, 145 Department [2003], EWCA Civ 364 Slovenia, 145, 149 (Court of Appeal, Civil Division), 56, South Africa, 1, 14, 21, 159, 173 178, 179, 180, 181, 183 sovereignty, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 17, 18, 22, 26, 27, 28, The Queen on the Application of ‘Q’ & 29, 32, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 47, 48, 49, Others v Secretary State for Home 50, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 62, 64, 67, 68, Department, [2003] EWHC 195, [2003] 70, 71, 73, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 92, 113, EWJ No. 718 (Admin.), 67 115, 118, 134, 135, 136, 138, 141, 142, The Queen on the Application of S, The 143, 144, 147, 151, 153, 154, 159, 164, Queen on the Application of D and The 165, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, Queen on the Application of T v The 174, 175, 182, 184, 185, 186, 188, Secretary of State for the Home 190 Department [2003], EWHC 1941 Spain, 1, 9, 10, 13, 101 (Admin), 178, 179, 181, 183, 184 Sri Lanka, 23 Home Ofﬁce, 11, 12, 13, 181 Sudan, 53, 76 House of Lords, 105, 106, 109, 110, 111, 112, Sweden, 9, 10, 147 175 Switzerland, 145, 173 Anisminic Ltd v Foreign Compensation Syria, 23, 76, 98, 104, 120 Commission [1969] 2 AC 147 (HL), 177 Law Lords, 107 Tajikistan, 13, 23 Brown, Lord Justice, 179 terra nullius,2 Laws, Lord Justice, 180 terrorism, 6, 28, 59, 92, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 102, Staughton, Lord Justice, 180 107, 108, 109, 110, 113, 114, 116 N v The Secretary of State for the Home Thailand, 1, 13, 44, 53, 81 Department [2003] EWCA Civ 1369, 180 The Netherlands, 9, 10, 113, 144, 145 Housing Act 1985, 180 Turkey, 23 Human Rights Act 1998, 106, 117 Turkmenistan, 13 Karas & Anor, R (on application of) v Secretary of State for the Home Uganda, 23 Department [2006] EWHC 747 Ukraine, 13 (Admin), 181, 183 United Kingdom, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19, 20, Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 21, 47, 49, 56, 59, 63, 64, 67, 85, 93, 94, 2002, 14, 178 95, 97, 100, 101, 102, 106, 107, 108, 111, R v. Governor of Durham Prison, ex parte 112, 115, 118, 120, 121, 134, 145, 147, Hardial Singh 1984, 104, 105 178, 179, 180, 188 Sharma v. Hindu Temple and Others (1990) A v. Secretary of State for the Home EAT/253/90, 21 Department 2004, 105, 109, 110, 111, Tan Te Lam v. Superintendent of Tai A Chau 114, 175, 176, 187, 188 Detention Center (1996), [1997] A.C. Anti-Terrorism, Crime, and Security Act 97, 106 2001,105 The Queen on the Application of S, The Blair, Prime Minister Tony, 102, 106, 116, 117 Queen on the Application of D and The Chahal v. United Kingdom (1996), V Eur. Ct. Queen on the Application of T v. The H.R. Rep. Judgments & Dec, 1831, 23 Secretary of State for the Home E.H.R.R. 413, 105 Department [2003] EWHC 1941, Court of Appeal, 176, 178, 179 100(36) L.S.G. 39 (Admin), 67

216 Index

United Nations, 14, 54, 83 Operation Gatekeeper, 156, 157, 158, Global Commission on International 161 Migration, 173, 183 Padilla v. Hanft 423 F.3d 386 (4th Cir. 2005), United Nations High Commissioner for 111 Refugees, 22, 55, 59, 128 Rasul v. Bush 542 US 466 (2004), 111 United States of America, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 15, September 11, 2001, 23, 28, 52, 59, 64, 93, 95, 16, 17, 19, 32, 39, 41, 42, 45, 47, 48, 49, 96, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103, 106, 107, 110, 59, 69, 70, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82, 84, 116, 121, 142, 144, 183 85, 90, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, Smart Border Accord, 98 104, 106, 110, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, Safe Third Country Agreement, 59, 98, 138 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, 137, 138, 140, Supreme Court, 113 141, 142, 143, 144, 154, 155, 156, 158, Trafficking in Person’s Report, 69, 70, 75, 77, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 89, 91, 92 167, 173, 175, 182, 185, 188 Trafficking Victims Protection border vigilantes, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 166 Reauthorization Act of 2003, 76, 77 Bush, President George H.W., 156 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848, 155 Bush, President George W., 154, 155, 157, 166 T-visas, 84, 86 Carter, President Jimmy, 156 Uniting and Strengthening America by Clark v. Martinez 125 S.Ct, 716 (2005), 104, Providing Appropriate Tools Required 110 to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Clinton, President William J.,156 (USA PATRIOT Act) Act 2001,110 Court of Appeal for the Seventh Circuit Victims of Trafficking and Violence Posner, Justice, 182 Protection Act (2000), 75, 76, 84 Zhen Li Iao v Alberto R. Gonzales 400 F. 3d war on terror, 33, 39, 41, 94, 104, 111, 120, 142 530, U.S. App Lexis 3921 (7th Cir. 2005), Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948, 182, 183 54 Department of Homeland Security, 97 Uruguay, 23 Department of State,5, 75, 81 Uzbekistan, 1, 13 green card, 155, 164 Guantanamo Bay,70, 111, 114, 115, 120 Venezuela, 76 Hamdan v. Rumsfeld 125 S. Ct, 2749 (2006), Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969, 111 58, 150 Hamdi v. Rumsfeld 542 US 507 (2004), 111 Vietnam, 44 Hoffman Plastic Compounds v. National Labor Relations Board 535 U.S. 137 World Bank, 76, 173 (2002), 21 World Trade Organization, 32 Immigration and Nationality Act 1952, 126 North American Free Trade Agreement xenophobia, 4 Between the Government of Canada, the Government of Mexico and the Yugoslavia, 74 Government of the United States (NAFTA) 1994, 43 Zimbabwe, 1, 76