Identifying and Preventing Pain in Animals
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Animal Behaviour, Animal Welfare and the Scientific Study of Affect
WellBeing International WBI Studies Repository 5-2009 Animal Behaviour, Animal Welfare and the Scientific Study of Affect David Fraser University of British Columbia Follow this and additional works at: https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/emotio Part of the Animal Studies Commons, Comparative Psychology Commons, and the Other Animal Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Fraser, D. (2009). Animal behaviour, animal welfare and the scientific study of affect. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 118(3), 108-117. This material is brought to you for free and open access by WellBeing International. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of the WBI Studies Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Animal Behaviour, Animal Welfare and the Scientific Study of Affect David Fraser University of British Columbia KEYWORDS animal behaviour, animal welfare, affect, emotion, qualitative research ABSTRACT Many questions about animal welfare involve the affective states of animals (pain, fear, distress) and people look to science to clarify these issues as a basis for practices, policies and standards. However, the science of the mid twentieth century tended to be silent on matters of animal affect for both philosophical and methodological reasons. Philosophically, under the influence of Positivism many scientists considered that the affective states of animals fall outside the scope of science. Certain methodological features of the research also favoured explanations that did not involve affect. The features included the tendency to rely on abstract, quantitative measures rather than description, to use controlled experiments more than naturalistic observation, and to focus on measures of central tendency (means, medians) rather than individual differences. -
Animal Welfare and the Paradox of Animal Consciousness
ARTICLE IN PRESS Animal Welfare and the Paradox of Animal Consciousness Marian Dawkins1 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 1Corresponding author: e-mail address: [email protected] Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Animal Consciousness: The Heart of the Paradox 2 2.1 Behaviorism Applies to Other People Too 5 3. Human Emotions and Animals Emotions 7 3.1 Physiological Indicators of Emotion 7 3.2 Behavioral Components of Emotion 8 3.2.1 Vacuum Behavior 10 3.2.2 Rebound 10 3.2.3 “Abnormal” Behavior 10 3.2.4 The Animal’s Point of View 11 3.2.5 Cognitive Bias 15 3.2.6 Expressions of the Emotions 15 3.3 The Third Component of Emotion: Consciousness 16 4. Definitions of Animal Welfare 24 5. Conclusions 26 References 27 1. INTRODUCTION Consciousness has always been both central to and a stumbling block for animal welfare. On the one hand, the belief that nonhuman animals suffer and feel pain is what draws many people to want to study animal welfare in the first place. Animal welfare is seen as fundamentally different from plant “welfare” or the welfare of works of art precisely because of the widely held belief that animals have feelings and experience emotions in ways that plants or inanimate objectsdhowever valuableddo not (Midgley, 1983; Regan, 1984; Rollin, 1989; Singer, 1975). On the other hand, consciousness is also the most elusive and difficult to study of any biological phenomenon (Blackmore, 2012; Koch, 2004). Even with our own human consciousness, we are still baffled as to how Advances in the Study of Behavior, Volume 47 ISSN 0065-3454 © 2014 Elsevier Inc. -
How Welfare Biology and Commonsense May Help to Reduce Animal Suffering
Ng, Yew-Kwang (2016) How welfare biology and commonsense may help to reduce animal suffering. Animal Sentience 7(1) DOI: 10.51291/2377-7478.1012 This article has appeared in the journal Animal Sentience, a peer-reviewed journal on animal cognition and feeling. It has been made open access, free for all, by WellBeing International and deposited in the WBI Studies Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ng, Yew-Kwang (2016) How welfare biology and commonsense may help to reduce animal suffering. Animal Sentience 7(1) DOI: 10.51291/2377-7478.1012 Cover Page Footnote I am grateful to Dr. Timothy D. Hau of the University of Hong Kong for assistance. This article is available in Animal Sentience: https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/ animsent/vol1/iss7/1 Animal Sentience 2016.007: Ng on Animal Suffering Call for Commentary: Animal Sentience publishes Open Peer Commentary on all accepted target articles. Target articles are peer-reviewed. Commentaries are editorially reviewed. There are submitted commentaries as well as invited commentaries. Commentaries appear as soon as they have been revised and accepted. Target article authors may respond to their commentaries individually or in a joint response to multiple commentaries. Instructions: http://animalstudiesrepository.org/animsent/guidelines.html How welfare biology and commonsense may help to reduce animal suffering Yew-Kwang Ng Division of Economics Nanyang Technological University Singapore Abstract: Welfare biology is the study of the welfare of living things. Welfare is net happiness (enjoyment minus suffering). Since this necessarily involves feelings, Dawkins (2014) has suggested that animal welfare science may face a paradox, because feelings are very difficult to study. -
Calculation and Use of Selectivity Coefficients of Feeding: Zooplankton Grazing *
Ecological Modelling, 7 (1979) 135--149 135 © Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam -- Printed in The Netherlands CALCULATION AND USE OF SELECTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF FEEDING: ZOOPLANKTON GRAZING * HENRY A. VANDERPLOEG and DONALD SCAVIA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104 (U.S.A.) (Received 8 June 1978; revised 27 September 1978) ABSTRACT Vanderploeg, H.A. and Scavia, D., 1979. Calculation and use of selectivity coefficients of feeding: zooplankton grazing. Ecol. Modelling, 7: 135--149. A straightforward method of calculating selectivity coefficients (Wii) of predation from raw data, mortality rates of prey, filtering rates, feeding rates and electivity indices is derived. Results from a comparison of selectivity coefficients for the copepod Diaptomus oregonensis grazing under a number of experimental conditions suggest that Wij's for size- selective feeding are invariant, a conclusion also supported by the leaky-sieve model. Recommendations are made on how to use Wij's in linear and nonlinear feeding constructs for zooplankton and other animals. INTRODUCTION Many recent aquatic ecosystem models have been designed to simulate seasonal succession of phytoplankton and zooplankton. In order to accom- plish this, the models have included several phytoplankton and zooplankton groups (Bloomfield et al., 1973; Park et al., 1974; Canale et al., 1976; Scavia et al., 1976a and b; Bierman, 1976). A main factor controlling successional change in both phytoplankton and zooplankton is zooplankton selective feeding (cf. Porter, 1977). Many field and laboratory studies have been carried out to quantify the selection process; however, the forms in which the data are reported are not immediately applicable to models. -
Grazing and Browsing Behavior, Grazing Management, Forage Evaluation and Goat Performance: Strategies to Enhance Meat Goat Production in North Carolina
1 Grazing and Browsing Behavior, Grazing Management, Forage Evaluation and Goat Performance: Strategies to Enhance Meat Goat Production in North Carolina Jean-Marie Luginbuhl, Professor, J. Paul Mueller, Professor and Interim Dean of International Programs, James. T. Green, Jr., Professor Emeritus, Douglas S. Chamblee, Professor Emeritus, and Heather M. Glennon, Meat Goat Program Research Technician and PhD candidate College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University Campus Box 7620, Raleigh NC 27695 ABSTRACT the use of high quality forage and browse and the Goats (Capra hircus hircus) offer an opportunity strategic use of expensive concentrate feeds. This can to more effectively convert pasture nutrients to be achieved by developing a year-round forage animal products as milk, meat and fiber which are program allowing for as much grazing as possible currently marketable and in demand by a growing throughout the year. segment of the US population. With the introduction of the Boer breed and the upgrading of meat-type Some people still believe that goats eat and do goats with Boer genetics, research focusing on well on low quality feed. Attempting to manage and forage evaluation, feeding strategies and the feed goats with such a belief will not lead to development of economical grazing systems was successful meat goat production. On pasture or urgently needed to meet the needs of this emerging rangeland, maximum goat gains or reproduction can industry. The first part of this paper focuses on the be attained by combining access to large quantities of quality forage that allow for selective feeding. description of grazing/browsing behavior of goats and grazing management, and grazing strategies such Goat Brazing/Browsing Behavior as control and strip grazing, differences between Goats are very active foragers, able to cover a control and continuous grazing, forward creep wide area in search of scarce plant materials. -
A Review of Planktivorous Fishes: Their Evolution, Feeding Behaviours, Selectivities, and Impacts
Hydrobiologia 146: 97-167 (1987) 97 0 Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht - Printed in the Netherlands A review of planktivorous fishes: Their evolution, feeding behaviours, selectivities, and impacts I Xavier Lazzaro ORSTOM (Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement eri Coopération), 213, rue Lu Fayette, 75480 Paris Cedex IO, France Present address: Laboratorio de Limrzologia, Centro de Recursos Hidricob e Ecologia Aplicada, Departamento de Hidraulica e Sarzeamento, Universidade de São Paulo, AV,DI: Carlos Botelho, 1465, São Carlos, Sï? 13560, Brazil t’ Mail address: CI? 337, São Carlos, SI? 13560, Brazil Keywords: planktivorous fish, feeding behaviours, feeding selectivities, electivity indices, fish-plankton interactions, predator-prey models Mots clés: poissons planctophages, comportements alimentaires, sélectivités alimentaires, indices d’électivité, interactions poissons-pltpcton, modèles prédateurs-proies I Résumé La vision classique des limnologistes fut de considérer les interactions cntre les composants des écosystè- mes lacustres comme un flux d’influence unidirectionnel des sels nutritifs vers le phytoplancton, le zoo- plancton, et finalement les poissons, par l’intermédiaire de processus de contrôle successivement physiqucs, chimiques, puis biologiques (StraSkraba, 1967). L‘effet exercé par les poissons plaiictophages sur les commu- nautés zoo- et phytoplanctoniques ne fut reconnu qu’à partir des travaux de HrbáEek et al. (1961), HrbAEek (1962), Brooks & Dodson (1965), et StraSkraba (1965). Ces auteurs montrèrent (1) que dans les étangs et lacs en présence de poissons planctophages prédateurs visuels. les conimuiiautés‘zooplanctoniques étaient com- posées d’espèces de plus petites tailles que celles présentes dans les milieux dépourvus de planctophages et, (2) que les communautés zooplanctoniques résultantes, composées d’espèces de petites tailles, influençaient les communautés phytoplanctoniques. -
Do “Prey Species” Hide Their Pain? Implications for Ethical Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research 2 (2020) 216–236 brill.com/jaae Do “Prey Species” Hide Their Pain? Implications for Ethical Care and Use of Laboratory Animals Larry Carbone Independent scholar; 351 Buena Vista Ave #703E, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA [email protected] Abstract Accurate pain evaluation is essential for ethical review of laboratory animal use. Warnings that “prey species hide their pain,” encourage careful accurate pain assess- ment. In this article, I review relevant literature on prey species’ pain manifestation through the lens of the applied ethics of animal welfare oversight. If dogs are the spe- cies whose pain is most reliably diagnosed, I argue that it is not their diet as predator or prey but rather because dogs and humans can develop trusting relationships and because people invest time and effort in canine pain diagnosis. Pain diagnosis for all animals may improve when humans foster a trusting relationship with animals and invest time into multimodal pain evaluations. Where this is not practical, as with large cohorts of laboratory mice, committees must regard with skepticism assurances that animals “appear” pain-free on experiments, requiring thorough literature searches and sophisticated pain assessments during pilot work. Keywords laboratory animal ‒ pain ‒ animal welfare ‒ ethics ‒ animal behavior 1 Introduction As a veterinarian with an interest in laboratory animal pain management, I have read articles and reviewed manuscripts on how to diagnose a mouse in pain. The challenge, some authors warn, is that mice and other “prey species” © LARRY CARBONE, 2020 | doi:10.1163/25889567-bja10001 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY 4.0Downloaded license. -
Scientific Advances in the Study of Animal Welfare
Scientific advances in the study of animal welfare How we can more effectively Why Pain? assess pain… Matt Leach To recognise it, you need to define it… ‘Pain is an unpleasant sensory & emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage’ IASP 1979 As it is the emotional component that is critical for our welfare, the same will be true for animals Therefore we need indices that reflect this component! Q. How do we assess experience? • As it is subjective, direct assessment is difficult.. • Unlike in humans we do not have a gold standard – i.e. Self-report – Animals cannot meaningfully communicate with us… • So we traditionally use proxy indices Derived from inferential reasoning Infer presence of pain in animals from behavioural, anatomical, physiological & biochemical similarity to humans In humans, if pain induces a change & that change is prevented by pain relief, then it is used to assess pain If the same occurs in animals, then we assume that they can be used to assess pain Quantitative sensory testing • Application of standardised noxious stimuli to induce a reflex response – Mechanical, thermal or electrical… – Used to measure nociceptive (i.e. sensory) thresholds • Wide range of methods used – Choice depends on type of pain (acute / chronic) modeled • Elicits specific behavioural response (e.g. withdrawal) – Latency & frequency of response routinely measured – Intensity of stimulus required to elicit a response • Easy to use, but difficult to master… Value? • What do these tests tell us: – Fundamental nociceptive mechanisms & central processing – It measures evoked pain, not spontaneous pain • Tests of hypersensitivity not pain per se (Different mechanisms) • What don’t these tests tell us: – Much about the emotional component of pain • Measures nociceptive (sensory) thresholds based on autonomic responses (e.g. -
Science in the Service of Animal Welfare
Science in the Service of Animal Welfare Universities Federation for Animal Welfare Annual Report 2008-2009 Annual Report The Universities Federation for Animal Welfare The Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, founded in 1926, is an internationally recognised, independent, scientific and educational animal welfare charity concerned with promoting high standards of welfare for farm, companion, laboratory and captive wild animals, and for those animals with which we interact in the wild. It works to improve animals’ lives by: • Promoting and supporting developments in the science and technology that underpin advances in animal welfare • Promoting education in animal care and welfare • Providing information, organising meetings, and publishing books, videos, articles, technical reports and the journal Animal Welfare • Providing expert advice to government departments and other bodies and helping to draft and amend laws and guidelines • Enlisting the energies of animal keepers, scientists, veterinarians, lawyers and others who care about animals Photograph Credits Dr Cathryn Mellersh p3 courtesy of the Animal Health Trust. Broiler p7 courtesy of Louise Buckley. Sheep p9 courtesy of Bluemoondog Pictures. Elephant p9 courtesy of Dr Chris Sherwin. Zoo Outreach p10 courtesy of The Zoo Outreach Organisation. © UFAW 2009. Published by UFAW, The Old School, Brewhouse Hill, Wheathampstead, Hertfordshire AL4 8AN, UK. Tel: +44 1582 831818 Fax: +44 1582 831414 Website: www.ufaw.org.uk Email: [email protected] Printed on NAPM approved recycled paper Science in the Service of Animal Welfare 1 Letter from the Chief Executive’s Chairman Report It gives me great pleasure to Fifty years ago William report another very Russell and Rex Burch’s ‘The successful year for the Principles of Humane charity with many notable Experimental Technique’ achievements, confirmation was published. -
Recent Advances in Animal Welfare Science VI
Recent advances in animal welfare science VI UFAW Animal Welfare Conference 28th June 2018 Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK #UFAWNCL18 Welcome to the UFAW Conference The science of animal welfare is a cross-disciplinary field of research that aims to provide a sound basis on which to build guidance and find solutions to the challenges raised by our caring for and interactions with both kept and wild animals. As part of its on-going commitment to improving animal welfare through increased scientific understanding, UFAW is holding this, the sixth of our on-going series of one day conferences, to consider ‘Recent advances in animal welfare science’. These conferences are intended to provide a platform at which both established animal welfare scientists and those beginning their careers can discuss their work and a forum at which the broader community of scientists, veterinarians and others concerned with animal welfare can come together to share knowledge and practice, discuss advances and exchange ideas and views. We hope that it achieves these aims and fosters links between individuals and within the community. We would like to thank all those who are contributing to the meeting, as speakers, poster presenters and chairs, as well as the delegates from the many countries who are attending. We look forward to what we trust will be a thought-provoking and engaging meeting. Stephen Wickens, Robert Hubrecht and Huw Golledge UFAW 2 The International Animal Welfare Science Society Registered Charity No 207996 (Registered in England) and Company Limited by Guarantee No 579991 General Information Organisers The Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) is an independent registered charity that works with the animal welfare science community worldwide to develop and promote improvements in the welfare of farm, companion, laboratory, captive wild animals and those with which we interact in the wild, through scientific and educational activity. -
Abolitionist Animal Rights: Critical Comparisons and Challenges Within the Animal Rights Movement
WellBeing International WBI Studies Repository 11-2012 Abolitionist Animal Rights: Critical Comparisons and Challenges Within the Animal Rights Movement Corey Lee Wrenn Colorado State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/anirmov Part of the Animal Studies Commons, Civic and Community Engagement Commons, and the Politics and Social Change Commons Recommended Citation Wrenn, C. (2012). Abolitionist animal rights: critical comparisons and challenges within the animal rights movement. Interface, 4(2), 438-458. This material is brought to you for free and open access by WellBeing International. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of the WBI Studies Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Interface: a journal for and about social movements Article Volume 4 (2): 438 - 458 (November 2012) Wrenn, Abolitionist Animal Rights Abolitionist animal rights: critical comparisons and challenges within the animal rights movement Corey Wrenn Abstract The abolitionist movement is an emergent and radical approach to nonhuman animal rights. Calling for a complete cessation in nonhuman animal use through the abolishing of property status for nonhuman animals and an adoption of veganism and nonviolence, this approach stands in stark contrast to mainstream approaches such as humane production and welfare reform. This paper describes the goals and stances of abolitionism; the basic debate between abolitionism and other nonhuman animal rights movements; and the current state, challenges, and future prospects for abolitionism. It is argued that abolitionism, as developed by Francione, is the only morally consistent approach for taking the interests of nonhuman animals seriously. -
Assessing Aquatic Mammal Welfare While Assessing Differing Values and Imperfect Tradeoffs David S
Aquatic Mammals 2018, 44(2), 116-141, DOI 10.1578/AM.44.2.2018.116 Assessing Aquatic Mammal Welfare While Assessing Differing Values and Imperfect Tradeoffs David S. Miller,1 Raymond Anthony,2 and Gail Golab3 1PO Box 2786, Loveland, CO 80539-2786, USA [email protected] 2Department of Philosophy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA 3American Veterinary Medical Association, 1931 N. Meacham Road, Suite 100, Schaumburg, IL 60173-4360, USA Abstract aquatic mammals. Resolution of aquatic mammal welfare challenges ultimately depends upon stake- Assessments of animal welfare can be complex and holders’ personal relationships and a willingness to controversial, including where captive and free- engage in constructive dialogue. This dialogue must ranging aquatic mammal welfare are of concern. be focused on optimally addressing animal needs An assessor’s value preferences, attitudes, personal for a particular set of circumstances by using ani- experience, and societal values are examples of mal-based measures based on the animal’s perspec- factors that inform how animal welfare is evalu- tive rather than the advancement of a set viewpoint. ated. While there is not a single measure of animal welfare that is universally accepted, assessments of Key Words: aquatic mammals, animal welfare, the welfare of aquatic mammals can be fruitful if behavioral indicators, physiological indicators, informed by tried and true standards and indicators. engineering standards, performance standards, Animal welfare is best viewed within context and Five Domains Model, Three Orientations Model, relative to opportunities for improvement, although value system some animal welfare concerns may clearly be dichotomized as “good” or “bad” via animal wel- Introduction fare assessment tools.