798-F.T.—31 St March, 2005
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Ward No: 027 ULB Name :KOLKATA MC ULB CODE: 79
BPL LIST-KOLKATA MUNICIPAL CORPORATION Ward No: 027 ULB Name :KOLKATA MC ULB CODE: 79 Member Sl Address Name of Family Head Son/Daughter/Wife of BPL ID Year No Male Female Total 1 123/2/H/69 A P C ROAD ABHIJIT KUNDU BASU KUNDU 5 4 9 1 2 44/3A HARTAKI BAGAN LANE ABHIJIT MARIK AMAL MARIK 4 3 7 2 3 123/2/H/34 A P C ROAD ABHIJIT PRAMANIK PRADIP PRAMANIK 6 5 10+ 3 4 124/3 MANIKTALA STREET ABHISEK BARIK ASHOK BARIK 6 3 9 4 5 1/2A RAJA GOPIMOHAN ST. ABHISHEK GOUD BABLURAM GOUD 4 1 5 5 6 3 RAJA GOPIMOHAN ST. ABINASH KR. SHAW DEB KR SHAW 2 4 6 6 7 2A BASHNAB SAMMILANI LANE ADHIR DAS LATE DULAL CH. DAS 1 2 3 7 8 45 HARTAKI BAGAN LANE ADITI PATRA ASHOK PATRA 2 3 5 8 9 123/2/H/48 A P C ROAD AJAY KR. SONKAR SITARAM SONKAR 4 2 6 9 10 2A BARRICK LANE AJAY SHAW RAMA SHAW 2 4 6 10 11 3 RAJA GOPIMOHAN ST. AJIT KARMAKAR RAMESHWAR KARMAKAR 3 1 4 12 12 1/2A RAJA GOPIMOHAN ST. AJIT SINGH LACHHMI SINGH 3 3 6 13 13 9 REV. KALI BANERJEE ROW AKASH LAHA BONOMALI LAHA 2 1 3 14 14 2/A BASHNAB SAMMILANI LANE ALAK NAYEK LT PRADYUT NAYEK 1 4 5 15 15 44/3A HARTAKI BAGAN LANE ALHADI PATRA SWAPAN PATRA 4 2 6 16 16 19/1/1B MADAN MITRA LANE ALOK DEY DUTTA LATE GANESH CHANDRA DUTTA 1 1 2 17 17 124/2 MANIKTALA STREET ALOK SANTRA SAMAR SANTRA 2 2 4 19 18 124/2 MANIKTALA STREET ALOKA SAHA NARAYAN CH. -
Annual Report 2018-19 the Purpose of Life Is Not to Be Happy
Annual Report 2018-19 The purpose of life is not to be happy. It is to be useful, to be honorable, to be compassionate, to have it make some difference that you have lived and lived well. Ralph Waldo Emerson Photographs courtesy by: Jayati Saha, Saheli Das, Nilargha Chatterjee, Om Prakash Yadav and the staff of Iswar Sankalpa Annual Report 2018-19 SARBANI DAS ROY Dear friends, SECRETARY In the magical 12th year of its journey, I am happy to share the struggles and successes of the mind champions and Team Iswar Sankalpa through the difficult terrains of recovery-oriented programs of treatment, care and rehabilitation. The single most important thread running through all the pages of the year was the way in which we have broken the stony walls of social isolation and embraced our fellow citizens – doubly marginalised by homelessness and mental illness. For too long, have we looked away from this bundle of rags and dirt. For too long have we been afraid of her unpredictable behaviour. But it has taken this embrace to touch the pain in her and the human in me. The discovery of the deepest reservoirs of strength and ‘capacity’ of persons whom the world had held with increasing despair and the way in which we have succeeded in bringing delight to the care process have been ‘magical moments’ we have cherished over the year. Hope you will enjoy reading this testament of love and toil of a committed team of changemakers. CONTENT 08 12 16 Naya Daur: Outreach Sarbari and Urban Mental Health Programme Marudyan: Shelter Programme Programmes 20 23 24 -
Mandatory Details
Mandatory details 1 1. Name of the Institution: St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Kolkata 2. Course: B.Ed. (with an annual intake of 100 students). 3. Application Code: NA (Recognition number: NCTE [F. ERC/ NCTE/ (APE00026) /B.Ed. (Revised Order) /2015/31946 Date: 23/05/2015]). 4. Fully / Partially compliance as per prescribed ERC’s proforma: Annexure - I 5. Institution’s website: www.sxccal.edu 2 I. Student Details: Number of students course-wise; year-wise along with details: Annexure – I Number of students: 100, Course: B.Ed., Year: 2020 Sl. No. Sl. the of Name student admitted Name Father’s Address Category (Gen/SC/ST/OBC/ Others) Admission of Year Result Percentage fee Admission No., (Receipt Date Amount) & 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 PUTHENPURACKAL HOUSE, ELAPPUPARA P O, V- SSBI9185830688, KOTTAYAM, 04.09.20, STELLA SAJI 1. SAJI ROY PATHANAMTHITTA, GEN 2020 1ST 76.75 15,350 PIN- 689656 2. 29/18 TOLAFATAK MANASATALA, MAJHER 109951994278, PRANAB KUMAR SAYANTIKA MONDAL RASTA, P.O-CHINSURAH, SC 2020 54.50 04.09.20, MONDAL 2ND DIST-HOOGHLY, 15,350 PIN-712101, SANGHATINAGAR BALAGARH, WEST SUR29186893521, SREETI GEORGE GOOWIN GEORGE BANDEL, PO-SAHAGANJ, GEN 2020 1ST 66.75 04.09.20, BISWAS 3. DIST.-HOOGHLY, 15,350 PIN-712104 SHMP9187973440, AREEBA AKHTAR 46F, SHAMSUL HUDA GEN 2020 70.63 05.09.20, PARWEZ AKHTAR 1ST 4. ROAD, PIN- 700017 15,350 VIJAY KUMAR 109952425520, 17/4, HAT LANE, BLOCK – D, NIDHI MISHRA MISHRA GEN 2020 62.13 05.09.20, 5. FLAT NO. 116, 1ST HOWRAH- 711101 15,350 BF - 7/12/5 , SSBI9188522432, DESHBANDHU NAGAR, PARAMITA ROY PRAKASH ROY OBC 2020 2ND 54.63 05.09.20, 6. -
Rainfall, North 24-Parganas
DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 2016 - 17 NORTHNORTH 2424 PARGANASPARGANAS,, BARASATBARASAT MAP OF NORTH 24 PARGANAS DISTRICT DISASTER VULNERABILITY MAPS PUBLISHED BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA SHOWING VULNERABILITY OF NORTH 24 PGS. DISTRICT TO NATURAL DISASTERS CONTENTS Sl. No. Subject Page No. 1. Foreword 2. Introduction & Objectives 3. District Profile 4. Disaster History of the District 5. Disaster vulnerability of the District 6. Why Disaster Management Plan 7. Control Room 8. Early Warnings 9. Rainfall 10. Communication Plan 11. Communication Plan at G.P. Level 12. Awareness 13. Mock Drill 14. Relief Godown 15. Flood Shelter 16. List of Flood Shelter 17. Cyclone Shelter (MPCS) 18. List of Helipad 19. List of Divers 20. List of Ambulance 21. List of Mechanized Boat 22. List of Saw Mill 23. Disaster Event-2015 24. Disaster Management Plan-Health Dept. 25. Disaster Management Plan-Food & Supply 26. Disaster Management Plan-ARD 27. Disaster Management Plan-Agriculture 28. Disaster Management Plan-Horticulture 29. Disaster Management Plan-PHE 30. Disaster Management Plan-Fisheries 31. Disaster Management Plan-Forest 32. Disaster Management Plan-W.B.S.E.D.C.L 33. Disaster Management Plan-Bidyadhari Drainage 34. Disaster Management Plan-Basirhat Irrigation FOREWORD The district, North 24-parganas, has been divided geographically into three parts, e.g. (a) vast reverine belt in the Southern part of Basirhat Sub-Divn. (Sundarban area), (b) the industrial belt of Barrackpore Sub-Division and (c) vast cultivating plain land in the Bongaon Sub-division and adjoining part of Barrackpore, Barasat & Northern part of Basirhat Sub-Divisions The drainage capabilities of the canals, rivers etc. -
Arthik Lipi Kolkata
CYMK Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y, ÷e´ÓyÓ˚, 26 ã%ò 2020 KolkataFriday June 26, 2020 Arthik Lipi, Page 9 9 Óy!íムGovernment of West Bengal ˛ô)Ó≈ ˆÓ˚ˆÏúÓ˚ õyúÓy£# ˆúy!v˛Ç Irrigation & Waterways Directorate Office of the Sub-Divisional Officer Govt. of West Bengal 12.304 ›˛ˆÏò ›˛ˆÏò ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäȈÏäÈ Canning Irrigation Sub-Division NIQ NO. - 02/KSHD OF 2020-2021 AFFIDAVIT Govt. of West Bengal Canning, South 24 Parganas Quotations are invited for Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yñ 25 ã%òÉ ˆÑ˛y!¶˛v˛ ÈÙÈ19 Á x!ö˛¢yÓ˚Ó˚y £yì˛ !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Sealed quotation is hereby I, RANJANA YADAV NOTICE INVITING TENDER “Emergent work for ≤Ãyî%¶≈˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ˆîüÓƒy˛ô# ~£z ˆ›˛Ñ˛¢£z ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ DAUGHTER OF SURESH invited by the A.E./Barasat NO. : 01 OF 2020-21 úÑ˛v˛yv˛zò ¢ˆÏ_¥Áñ ˛ô)Ó≈yM˛Èú ˛ô)Ó≈ÈÙȈÏÓ˚úÁˆÏÎ˚ 1.4.2020 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Electrical Sub-Division, sanitization & disinfection YADAV, AGED ABOUT 25 A Notice Inviting Tender No. 01 services at (i) O/O AE, PWD, Barasat, N-24 Pgs. for the ˆÓ˚úÁˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xM˛ÈˆÏú 24.06.2020 ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ 11.612 YEARS BY OCCUPATION Govt. of West Bengal of 2020-21 is invited SSKMHSD & SKHSD-I within work : ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ˛ôíƒ ~ÓÇ xòƒyòƒ !õ!úÎ˚ò ›˛ò õyúÓy£# ˆÓ˚!ãˆÏfl˛T…üò NOTICE INVITING QUOTATION (circulated vide Memo No.180 SSKM Hospital Compound, PRIVATE SERVICE NIQ No. 05/Q of 20-21 1/EE-II/LDCD of 2020-21 Dated 25-06-2020) by the due to outbreak of COVID-19. -
People Without History
People Without History Seabrook T02250 00 pre 1 24/12/2010 10:45 Seabrook T02250 00 pre 2 24/12/2010 10:45 People Without History India’s Muslim Ghettos Jeremy Seabrook and Imran Ahmed Siddiqui Seabrook T02250 00 pre 3 24/12/2010 10:45 First published 2011 by Pluto Press 345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 www.plutobooks.com Distributed in the United States of America exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 Copyright © Jeremy Seabrook and Imran Ahmed Siddiqui 2011 The right of Jeremy Seabrook and Imran Ahmed Siddiqui to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 0 7453 3114 0 Hardback ISBN 978 0 7453 3113 3 Paperback Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data applied for This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental standards of the country of origin. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Designed and produced for Pluto Press by Chase Publishing Services Ltd, 33 Livonia Road, Sidmouth, EX10 9JB, England Typeset from disk by Stanford DTP Services, Northampton, England Simultaneously printed digitally by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, UK and Edwards Bros in the USA Seabrook T02250 00 pre 4 24/12/2010 10:45 Contents Acknowledgements vi Introduction 1 1. -
Changing Political Landscape of West Bengal: a Study of Lok Sabha Elections, 2009 & 2014
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 19, Issue 7, Ver. IV (July. 2014), PP 27-37 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Changing Political Landscape of West Bengal: A Study of Lok Sabha Elections, 2009 & 2014 Dr. Sherap Bhutia Assistant Professor (W.B.E.S.), Post Graduate Department of Geography, Chandernagore Government College, Dist. Hooghly, West Bengal, INDIA Abstract: The Constitution of India provides for a bicameral Parliament consisting of the President and two Houses known as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha). With an over a billion people, the Republic of India is the world's largest democracy. The Lok Sabha elections will be held to 543 constituencies of India, while two seats will be reserved for nominations from the Anglo-Indian community. West Bengal has 42 parliamentary constituencies, out of which, 10 are reserved for candidates belonging to Scheduled Castes, and 2 are reserved for candidates belonging to Scheduled Tribes. The state has held regular elections since independence and is known for its political activism. West Bengal elects 42 representatives to the lower house of the Parliament or Lok Sabha, the third highest in the country. The present exercise examines how far the distribution of votes of a party in one election follows the distribution in the preceding election. The parties with well-defined socio-economic bases show up well in terms of spatial support consistency. The data has been collected from Election Commission of India for two consecutive Lok Sabha election 2009 & 2014 respectively for comparative study of the voting pattern in the state. -
TENDER DOCUMENT Rs 100/-(Rupees One Hundred) Only
TENDER DOCUMENT Rs 100/-(Rupees One hundred) only No. 93 /DIET LKP/UTP/TEN 2015-2016 Dated 25 /02/ 2015 1. Sealed tenders are invited by the Commissioner of Police, Kolkata from the bonafide Contractors for supply of (a) Two meals & two Tiffins to the under trial Prisoners in the Central Lock-up at Lalbazar Police Head Quarters and (b) After noon Tiffins and Evening meals to those undertrial prisoners in Bankshall Court Lock-ups (North & South), Sealdah Court, Alipore Court and 2nd court & 5(five) Metropolitan Magistrate’s courts(MM 18th-MM22nd) at Bichar Bhavan, Kolkata for the period from 01.04.2015 to 31.03.2016. 2. Sealed tenders in plain papers are also separately invited for the Supply of (i) Two meals & two tiffins to the undertrial prisoners in the Lock-ups of the different police Stations of K.P and (ii) After noon tiffins and Evening meals to the different Court Lock-ups under different Police Station (A) North Division & North suburban Division, (B) South Division (C) South East Division, (D) Central Division, (E) Port Division (F) Eastern Suburban Division,(G) South Suburban (Jadavpur) Division, (H) South West (Behala) Division, (I) Court Lock-ups under Reserve force, of Kolkata Police for the period of 2015-16 as mentioned above. 3. Last date for submission of sealed tender is 18.03.2015 up to 16.00 hours and the same will be opened before the tenderers in the respective division by the committee formed in each Division under the Chairmanship of DC. 4. The names of Lock-ups under Divisional Deputy Commissioners and Dy. -
Sr. No. Branch ID Branch Name City Branch Address Branch Timing Weekly Off Micrcode Ifsccode
Sr. No. Branch ID Branch Name City Branch Address Branch Timing Weekly Off MICRCode IFSCCode RADHA Bhawan, First Floor, ADRA Raghunathpur Road, PO: ADRA 1 3694 Adra Adra Market, Dist: Purulia, PS: ADRA, Under ARRAH Gram Panchayat, West 9:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. 2nd & 4th Saturday and Sunday 723211202 UTIB0003694 Bengal, Pin: 723121. Alipurduar, West Bengal,Alipurduar Chowpothy, Near A/P/D/ Welfare Office,B/F/ Road, 2 729 Alipurduar Alipurduar 9:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. 2nd & 4th Saturday and Sunday 736211051 UTIB0000729 Po+Ps: Alipurduar, Dist: Jalpaiguri,Pin 736121, West Bengal Ground Floor, Multipurpose Building, Amta Ranihati Road,PS. Amta, Dist. Howrah, West 3 2782 Amta Amta 9:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. 2nd & 4th Saturday and Sunday 700211119 UTIB0002782 Bengal, Pin 711401 Ground Floor, Diamond Harbour Road, P.O. Sukhdevpur, Amtala, Dist. 24 Parganas 4 440 Amtala Amtala 9:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. 2nd & 4th Saturday and Sunday 700211032 UTIB0000440 (South), West Bengal Pin 743 503 5 2186 Andal Andal(Gram) Ground Floor, North Bazar, Near Lions Club, Burdwan, West Bengal, Pin 713321 9:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. 2nd & 4th Saturday and Sunday 713211801 UTIB0002186 Andul, West Bengal Anandamela, P.O. Andul/ Mouri, Ps. Sankrail, Dist. Howrah, West 6 874 Andul Andul 9:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. 2nd & 4th Saturday and Sunday 700211049 UTIB0000874 Bengal, Pin 711302 7 364 Arambagh Arambag Link Road, Arambagh ,Dist/ Hooghly, Pin 712 601,West Bengal 9:30 a.m. -
Jurisdiction Details Principal Ccit West Bengal & Sikkim
JURISDICTION DETAILS PRINCIPAL CCIT WEST BENGAL & SIKKIM REGION CCIT: CCIT, KOL – 1, AAYAKAR BHAWAN, P-7, Chowringhee Square, 2ND FLOOR, KOLKATA - 700 069, PHONE NO. – 033-2213-6539 Pr. CIT/CIT/KOL – 1, AAYAKAR BHAWAN, P-7, Chowringhee Square, 7TH FLOOR, KOLKATA – 700 069, PHONE NO. – 033-2213-6662 CITY – KOLKATA Range (Designation of Ward / Circle (Designation of JCIT/Addl. CIT & his Office ITO/AC/DC & his Office AO wise Jurisdiction Address & Landline No.) Address & Landline No.) DC/ACIT, Circle-1(1), Kolkata Company Assessees AAYAKAR BHAWAN, P-7, 'A' to 'M' of ENGINEERING GOODS & JUTE and Chowringhee Square, of PIN 700012, 700072, 700090 & 700092 (Cases 7THFLOOR, KOLKATA - above 30 Lakhs) 700069 DC/ACIT, Circle-1(2), Kolkata Company Assessees AAYAKAR BHAWAN, P-7, 'N' to 'Z' of ENGINEERING GOODS & JUTE and Chowringhee Square, of PIN 700012, 700072, 700090 & 700092 (Cases 7THFLOOR, KOLKATA - above 30 Lakhs) 700069 Income Tax Officer, Wd-1(1), Kol RANGE - 1, KOLKATA, AAYAKAR BHAWAN, P-7, ENGINEERING GOODS & JUTE of 'A' to 'I' and Chowringhee Square, 'A’ to ‘H' of PIN 700012. AAYAKAR BHAWAN, P-7, TH Chowringhee Square, 7TH 7 FLOOR, KOLKATA - 700069 FLOOR, KOLKATA - 700069 Income Tax Officer, Wd-1(2), Kol ENGINEERING GOODS & JUTE of 'J' to 'Z' and AAYAKAR BHAWAN, P-7, 'I' to 'Q' of PIN 700012 and whole of PIN 700092. Chowringhee Square, 4TH FLOOR, KOLKATA - 700069 Income Tax Officer, Wd-1(3), Kol AAYAKAR BHAWAN, P-7, 'R' to 'Z' of PIN 700012 and whole of PIN 700090 Chowringhee Square, 4TH FLOOR, KOLKATA - 700069 Income Tax Officer, Wd-1(4), -
COVID Session Sites North 24 Parganas 10.3.21
COVID Session Sites North 24 Parganas 10.3.21 Sl No District /Block/ ULB/ Hospital Session Site name Address Functional Status Ashoknagar Kalyangarh 1 Ashoknagar SGH Govt. Functional Municipality 2 Bangaon Municipality Bongaon SDH & SSH Govt. Functional 3 Baranagar Municipality Baranagar SGH Govt. Functional 4 Barasat Municipality Barasat DH Govt. Functional 5 Barrackpur - I Barrackpore SDH Govt. Functional 6 Bhatpara Municipality Bhatpara SGH Govt. Functional Bidhannagar Municipal 7 Salt Lake SDH Govt. Functional Corporation 8 Habra Municipality Habra SGH Govt. Functional 9 Kamarhati Municipality Session 1 Academic Building Govt. Functional Session 2 Academic Building, Sagar Dutta Medical college 10 Kamarhati Municipality Govt. Functional and hospital 11 Kamarhati Municipality Session 3 Lecture Theater Govt. Functional 12 Kamarhati Municipality Session 4 Physiology Dept Govt. Functional 13 Kamarhati Municipality Session 5 Central Library Govt. Functional 14 Kamarhati Municipality Collage of Medicine & Sagore Dutta MCH Govt. Functional 15 Khardaha Municipality Balaram SGH Govt. Functional 16 Naihati Municipality Naihati SGH Govt. Functional 17 Panihati Municipality Panihati SGH Govt. Functional 18 Amdanga Amdanga RH Govt. Functional 19 Bagda Bagdah RH Govt. Functional 20 Barasat - I Chhotojagulia BPHC Govt. Functional 21 Barasat - II Madhyamgram RH Govt. Functional 22 Barrackpur - I Nanna RH Govt. Functional 23 Barrackpur - II Bandipur BPHC Govt. Functional 24 Bongaon Sundarpur BPHC Govt. Functional 25 Deganga Biswanathpur RH Govt. Functional 26 Gaighata Chandpara RH Govt. Functional 27 Habra - I Maslandpur RH Govt. Functional 28 Habra - II Sabdalpur RH Govt. Functional 29 Rajarhat Rekjoani RH Govt. Functional 30 Amdanga Adhata PHC Govt. Functional 31 Amdanga Beraberia PHC Govt. Functional 32 Amdanga Maricha PHC Govt. Functional 33 Bagda Koniara PHC Govt. -
Parganas District West Bengal
lR;eso t;rs Government of India Ministry of MSME Brief Industrial Profile of NORTH 24 -PARGANAS DISTRICT WEST BENGAL Carried out by MSME- Development Institute Kolkata (Ministry of MSME, Govt. of India,) Phone: (033)2577-0595/7/8 Fax: (033)2577-5531 E-mail: [email protected] Web-www.msmedikolkata.gov.in Contents S. No. Topic 1. General Characteristics of the District 1.1 Location & Geographical Area 1.2 Topography 1.3 Availability of Minerals. 1.4 Forest 1.5 Administrative set up 2. District at a glance 2.1 Existing Status of Industrial Area in the North 24 Pgs District 3. Industrial Scenario of North 24 Pgs District 3.1 Industry at a Glance 3.2 Year Wise Trend Of Units Registered 3.3 Details Of Existing Micro & Small Enterprises & Artisan Units In The District 3.4 Large Scale Industries / Public Sector undertakings 3.5 Major Exportable Item 3.6 Growth Trend 3.7 Vendorisation / Ancillarisation of the Industry 3.8 Medium Scale Enterprises 3.8.1 List of the units in North 24 Pgs & near by Area 3.8.2 Major Exportable Item 3.9 Service Enterprises 3.9.1 Potentials areas for service industry 3.10 Potential for new MSMEs 4. Existing Clusters of Micro & Small Enterprise 4.1 Detail Of Major Clusters 4.1.1 Manufacturing Sector 4.1.2 Service Sector 4.2 Details of Identified cluster 5. General issues raised by industry association during the course of meeting 6 Steps to set up MSMEs 2 Brief Industrial Profile of North 24-Parganas District (WEST BENGAL) 1.