DOCSLIB.ORG

Hitler's Italian Allies: Royal Armed F

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hitler's Italian Allies: Royal Armed F Cambridge University Press 0521790476 - Hitler’s Italian Allies: Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime, and the War of 1940-43 MacGregor Knox Excerpt More information © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521790476 - Hitler’s Italian Allies: Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime, and the War of 1940-43 MacGregor Knox Excerpt More information INTRODUCTION: DEFEAT ± AND HUMILIATION Defeat was inescapable. Mussolini's associate and senior partner, Adolf Hitler, challenged by December 1941 the same world of enemies that had destroyed his royal predecessor, the Emperor Wilhelm II. For all its operational-tactical brilliance, stunning initial victories, and plunder, the Axis coalition of National Socialist Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan possessed less than half the economic power of its ene- mies. Barring improbable levels of incompetence or irresolution in Britain and the United States, that crushing imbalance doomed the Axis in the intercontinental war of attrition that emerged from Hitler's failure to destroy Soviet Russia, Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, and the FuÈhrer's immediately following and wholly eccentric declaration of war on the United States.1 In that global struggle, Hitler's Fascist allies were a pygmy among giants. The fatal consequences of the miscarriage of Nazi Germany's 1. Even a renewal of his 1939±41 alliance with Stalin might not have saved Hitler, for after mid-1945 the Americans could destroy cities ± or point targets such as Reich Chancellery and FuÈhrer headquarters ± with nuclear weapons. For a brilliant but ultimately unpersuasive effort to locate the war's turning point far later than December 1941, and in part at the operational-tactical level, see Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won (London, 1995). Opposite: The Mediterranean and Africa, 1940±43. 1 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521790476 - Hitler’s Italian Allies: Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime, and the War of 1940-43 MacGregor Knox Excerpt More information 2 Hitler's Italian Allies ``global Blitzkrieg'' would have destroyed them whatever their level of military and military-economic effectiveness.2 Yet Italy's record of defeat in 1940±43 was peculiarly humiliating. It had little in common with the heroic disasters of Benito Mussolini's German ally, whose GoÈtterdaÈmmerung was worthy in its pitiless and gleeful destructiveness of the Wagnerian myth its leader so admired. And Italy tasted defeat from the beginning; no years of striking victories delayed and cushioned its sting. The sources of the military misadventures that destroyed Fascism's prestige and internal cohesion, determined its bloodless collapse in July 1943, and foreshadowed the disintegration of the Italian armed forces that September have largely escaped comprehensive analysis. Partial answers, such as Italy's dependence on foreign energy and raw materials, the dictator's sovereign fecklessness, and the alleged absence of popular support for war, still dominate the field. What follows is an attempt to do justice to the complexity and interrelatedness of the causation and the sheer bulk of the accumulated evidence. The result emphasizes above all the cultural and organizational failings of Italian society and especially of its military institutions. However great the contribution of other factors, it was Italy's military culture that largely determined the technological imagination, force structure, and operational-tactical expertise of the armed forces with which Fascism sought to realize its wide-ranging ideological aspirations, both foreign and domestic. That insight ± and the wide variety of military pathologies evident in the Italian armed forces at war ± have a direct bearing on states and military institutions in other times and places. For regardless of the technological ingenuity 2. For details, see Mark Harrison, ``The Economics of World War II: An Overview,'' Table 1.3, p. 10, in Harrison, ed. The Economics of World War II (Cambridge, 1998), and Chapter 2, Table 2.3 of this work (``total industrial potential,'' 1938: USA Britain Soviet Russia 861; Germany Italy Japan 348). ``Weltblitzkrieg'': Andreas Hillgruber, Hitlers Strategie: Politik und KriegfuÈhrung1940±41 (Frankfurt a. M., 1965), p. 16. © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521790476 - Hitler’s Italian Allies: Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime, and the War of 1940-43 MacGregor Knox Excerpt More information Introduction 3 or economic brute force at a power's command, effectiveness in war ultimately depends upon the culture, command style, and professional ethos of its armed forces. That law is as true and as merciless in its consequences in the purported new era of ``battlespace information dom- inance'' as it was in the age of mass armies in which Fascist Italy fought and failed.3 The book's purpose has dictated a topical structure. The first chapter seeks to explain how and why Italy entered the Second World War as Hitler's ally, and the stages through which it descended into defeat and humiliation; a chronology at the book's end likewise offers narrative detail useful in situating events described in the topical sections. Chapter 2 analyzes the social and cultural bases of the Italian war effort, the regime's capacity to direct that effort, and the contributions of Italian industry. Chapter 3 sketches the three armed forces' visions of modern war. Chapter 4 investigates the enduring characteristics of Italian strat- egy. And the two final chapters chart the operational and tactical perfor- mance of the armed forces, the chief determinants of whether the Italian state would retain a measure of dignity in defeat. 3. For the contemporary implications of that insight, and trenchant application to the armed forces of the United States, see especially Williamson Murray, ``Does Military Culture Matter?,'' Orbis (Winter 1999), pp. 27±42. © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521790476 - Hitler’s Italian Allies: Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime, and the War of 1940-43 MacGregor Knox Excerpt More information © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521790476 - Hitler’s Italian Allies: Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime, and the War of 1940-43 MacGregor Knox Excerpt More information 1 FASCIST ITALY'S LAST WAR War, a very great war, was from the beginning the essence of Mussolini's program. His final effort, the war of 1940±43, to his mortification destroyed the Fascist regime. But from the very beginning of his trajec- tory from 1914 to 1943, from Socialist fanatic to deposed Duce of Fascism, he had unhesitatingly invoked ``that fearful and enthralling word: war.'' Only war, he insisted in October±November 1914, could produce the genuine national integration missed during Italy's territorial unification in 1859±70. Only war could confirm Italy's membership in the charmed circle of dominant nations: ``Either war, or let's end this commedia of [claiming to be] a great power.''1 The war of 1915±18 that Mussolini and a motley coalition of interventisti helped to force upon parliament and nation through oratorical passion and street violence did not disappoint. The Great War ``completed the Risorgimento'' through the conquest of Trento, Trieste, and the Brenner frontier. It abolished Austria-Hungary, bled France white, and gave Italy far greater latitude to entertain the ambitions of Mediterranean domination long-current among its 1. OO 7:7, 197, 147; see also in general MacGregor Knox, Common Destiny: Dictatorship, Foreign Policy and War in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany (Cambridge, 2000), Chapter 2. The eve of disaster: a voluble Mussolini receives Hitler in Florence as Italian troops attack Greece, 28 October 1940 (U.S. National Archives 242-JRB-43-6). 5 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521790476 - Hitler’s Italian Allies: Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime, and the War of 1940-43 MacGregor Knox Excerpt More information 6 Hitler's Italian Allies governing elite. Above all, the Great War by delayed action made Mussolini himself Duce of Fascism and chief of government. He had preached war in 1914±15 as a revolutionary conflict that would overthrow ``this Italy of priests, pro-Austrians, and monarchists.''2 The 650,000 deaths, bitter defeats, and innumerable privations along the road to a victory bought too dearly, and Liberal Italy's predictable failure to achieve its inflated war aims in 1918±19 so unhinged the Italian establish- ment that in 1919±20 it lost command of government.3 War had indeed become a sort of revolution. Italy's socialists, under the impulse of the Soviet example but without Lenin's disciplined organization or ruthless drive, bid inchoately for power in the factories and countryside. By autumn 1920 they had failed. As their power receded, the paramilitary gangs of the fasci di combattimento, which Mussolini had founded in spring 1919 from shock-troop veterans, ex-socialist apostates, and nationalist university students, took the offensive with the complicity, open or tacit, of the Liberal governing class, police, and army. By summer 1922 Fascist violence throughout north Italy had destroyed both the rural and municipal ``baronies'' of the Socialist Party and the power-position of the Liberal state itself. At the center, in Rome, Mussolini's alternation of threats and blandishments paralyzed his Liberal and Catholic rivals. In the end, in October 1922, he forced the monarchy to choose between making him prime minister or fighting him in the streets. Yet the ``March on Rome'' by the blackshirted gangs that gave force to his claim to rule Italy only produced a peculiar condominium, a regime based on precarious compromises between Fascism and the monarchy, the royal army behind it, and the Italian establishment. The March on Rome, Mussolini conceded privately in 1924 to Party leaders, was ``a revolutionary deed and a victorious insurrection, [but] not a revolution. 2. OO 6:429 (10 November 1914); war as revolution: 7:139±41, 182, 251, 393±95.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Analysis of the Role of Long Term Factors for the the Collapse of Democracy in Weimar Germany and Their Legacy for the Post Second World War Europe
    AN ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF LONG TERM FACTORS FOR THE THE COLLAPSE OF DEMOCRACY IN WEIMAR GERMANY AND THEIR LEGACY FOR THE POST SECOND WORLD WAR EUROPE by YAKUP CEKĠ BĠLMEN Submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in European Studies Sabancı University May 2012 AN ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF LONG TERM FACTORS FOR THE THE COLLAPSE OF DEMOCRACY IN WEIMAR GERMANY AND THEIR LEGACY FOR THE POST SECOND WORLD WAR EUROPE APPROVED BY: Assoc. Prof. Halil Berktay …........................... (Dissertation Supervisor) Prof. Meltem Müftüler Bac …........................... Prof. AyĢe Kadıoğlu …........................... DATE OF APPROVAL: 12.06.2012 ii © Yakup Ceki Bilmen 2012 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iii To the beloved memory of my grandfather Yaakov Jak Maya iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I want to express my gratitude to my thesis adviser Assoc. Prof. Halil Berktay without whose guidance this thesis wouldn't be the same. Throughout the process of writing he provided me with enlightening feedbacks and discipline which were so fundamental for this thesis. The opportunity to work with him did not only lead me to write this thesis but also to broaden my horizon about a very crucial period of European history. I want to thank my fiancée Karen Ġcin for all her understanding throughout this occupied period of my life for the long hours that I have spend to write this thesis, which I should have normally spend with her. Finally I want to thank my mother Fortune Maya, my brother Avi Bilmen, my grandmother Beki Maya and my uncle Marko Maya for all their support during this process and for always encouraging me to pursue the opportunities for more education.
    [Show full text]
  • Marketing Fragment 6 X 10.5.T65
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87860-9 - To the Threshold of Power, 1922/33: Origins and Dynamics of the Fascist and Nationalist Socialist Dictatorships, Volume I MacGregor Knox Excerpt More information introduction Dictatorship in the Age of Mass Politics [L]ong voluntary subjection under individual Fuhrer¨ and usurpers is in prospect. People no longer believe in principles, but will, periodically, probably [believe] in saviors. – Jacob Burckhardt Burckhardt, Basel patrician and pessimist, was right. From his university chair in neutral Switzerland, the nineteenth-century pioneer of the history of culture saw Bismarck’s founding of the German Reich in 1866/71 as the overture to a “world war” or an “era of wars” that would destroy the cultivated elite that Burckhardt exemplified. In the “coming barbaric age,” mass politics and industry would create a nightmare world under the domination of vast military- industrial states whose miserable inhabitants would serve out their regimented days “to the sound of the trumpet.”1 The rulers of those states would differ markedly from the dynasties of the past. Equality, as Burckhardt’s contemporary Tocqueville also suggested, could serve as foundation for wholly new varieties of despotism. In Burckhardt’s jaun- diced view the egalitarianism of the French Revolution and Rousseau’s doctrine of the inherent goodness of humanity had destroyed all foundation for legiti- mate authority. The result – from Robespierre and Napoleon to the future of “terrifying simplifiers” that Burckhardt saw coming upon Europe – was rule by force in the name of the people. In the “agreeable twentieth century” of Burck- hardt’s imagination, “authority would once again raise its head – and a fearful head.” Mass politics and the levelling force of the market would compel the world to choose between the “outright democracy” that Burckhardt disdained and the “unlimited lawless despotism” that he feared.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Something Is Wrong with Our Army…' Command, Leadership & Italian
    Journal of Military and Strategic VOLUME 14, ISSUE 1, FALL 2011 Studies ‘Something is wrong with our army…’ Command, Leadership & Italian Military Failure in the First Libyan Campaign, 1940-41. Dr. Craig Stockings There is no question that the First Libyan Campaign of 1940-41 was an Italian military disaster of the highest order. Within hours of Mussolini’s declaration of war British troops began launching a series of very successful raids by air, sea and land in the North African theatre. Despite such early setbacks a long-anticipated Italian invasion of Egypt began on 13 September 1940. After three days of ponderous and costly advance, elements of the Italian 10th Army halted 95 kilometres into Egyptian territory and dug into a series of fortified camps southwest of the small coastal village of Sidi Barrani. From 9-11 December, these camps were attacked by Western Desert Force (WDF) in the opening stages of Operation Compass – the British counter-offensive against the Italian invasion. Italian troops not killed or captured in the rout that followed began a desperate and disjointed withdrawal back over the Libyan border, with the British in pursuit. The next significant engagement of the campaign was at the port-village Bardia, 30 kilometres inside Libya, in the first week of 1941. There the Australian 6 Division, having recently replaced 4 Indian Division as the infantry component of WDF (now renamed 13 Corps), broke the Italian fortress and its 40,000 defenders with few casualties. The feat was repeated at the port of Tobruk, deeper into Libya, when another 27,000 Italian prisoners were taken.
    [Show full text]
  • The United States and Fascist Italy: the Rise of American Finance in Europe
    84 • Italian American Review 8.1 • Winter 2018 The United States and Fascist Italy: The Rise of American Finance in Europe. By Gian Giacomo Migone. With a preface and translated by Molly Tambor. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015; originally published in Italian in 1980. 405 pages. Gian Giacomo Migone has written a powerful argument for the continuities of U.S. economic policy from the post–World War I period to the post–World War II period, a primary goal of which was the stabilization of Europe as an outlet for U.S. capital and manufactured goods. In this project, Mussolini was a key component. Instead of viewing him as the destroyer of democracy in Italy, many Americans saw him as the guarantor of stability and a willing partner in U.S. capitalist expansion in the 1920s. This commitment required peace, which Mussolini dutifully offered, contrary to all his bellicose rhetoric, because he needed U.S. investment to stabilize his fledgling dictatorship. It was only the Depression and the contraction of U.S. economic involvement in Europe that broke this close relationship and led Italy down the path of imperialism and war. Migone’s argument is premised on the fact that after World War I the United States needed to keep expanding its production and needed outlets for its excess capital. For this to happen, Europe had to be stabilized, debts owed to the United States had to be settled, and any nationalist agendas, specifically French desires to keep Germany weak, had to be eliminated. Europe, and specifically Italy, went along with this U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Hitler and Mussolini: a Comparative Analysis of the Rome-Berlin Axis 1936-1940 Written by Stephanie Hodgson
    Hitler and Mussolini: A comparative analysis of the Rome-Berlin Axis 1936-1940 Written by Stephanie Hodgson This PDF is auto-generated for reference only. As such, it may contain some conversion errors and/or missing information. For all formal use please refer to the official version on the website, as linked below. Hitler and Mussolini: A comparative analysis of the Rome-Berlin Axis 1936-1940 https://www.e-ir.info/2011/07/29/hitler-and-mussolini-a-comparative-analysis-of-the-rome-berlin-axis-1936-1940/ STEPHANIE HODGSON, JUL 29 2011 Nazi Germany and fascist Italy have often been depicted as congruent cases[1] during the period in discussion in which their supposed inherent links formed the basis of their relationship. These inherent links include their common ideology, albeit there are minor differences,[2] their similar foreign policy, expansionist aims and finally common enemies – Britain, France and communist Russia. Furthermore, they shared parallel leadership principles and referred to as Duce and Führer (both mean leader), and additionally both held great hostility towards parliamentary democracy.[3] Although these factors hold a great deal of truth and certainly some weight, it is difficult to argue that the Rome-Berlin axis was established purely on this basis. This paper will predominately argue that Germany and Italy had little in common but common enemies and more significantly the shared aim of both wanting to assert themselves as revisionist powers of the interwar period. Thus, their alliance was one of more convenience than anything else in that both powers were aware that they needed an ally within Europe as a means of achieving their ambitious and aggressive foreign policies.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Fiery March: Mussolini Prepares for War'
    H-Italy Davidson on Strang, 'On the Fiery March: Mussolini Prepares for War' Review published on Saturday, May 1, 2004 G. Bruce Strang. On the Fiery March: Mussolini Prepares for War. Westport: Praeger, 2003. xv + 375 pp. $49.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-275-97937-9. Reviewed by Jason W. Davidson (Mary Washington College) Published on H-Italy (May, 2004) Dominant scholarship on the foreign policy of fascist Italy stresses rational strategic thinking. MacGregor Knox, the most widely cited historian to make this argument, makes the case that Benito Mussolini had consistent, expansionist foreign policy goals based in Italy's national interest and that he steadily worked to achieve them within the international political environment of his day.[1] G. Bruce Strang's On the Fiery March offers a strikingly different perspective--for Strang, Mussolini's "mentalite", or worldview, provides a better explanation than a focus on strategic, rational factors. On the Fiery March is provocative because it provides a much-needed counter to current orthodoxy. The book's central argument did not ultimately convince this reader, however. Strang dedicates the book's first chapter to outlining his argument. Because Mussolini dominated foreign policy decision making, Strang argues, the focus should be overwhelmingly on Mussolini. Specifically, Strang argues that we should focus on Mussolini's mentalite, which he defines as "a set of related intellectual constructs that represented a coherent, though not necessarily rational, framework for interpreting both history and contemporary events" (p. 13) The fascist dictator's worldview consisted of five different sets of ideas: anti-bolshevism, opposition to freemasonry, opposition to democracy, anti-Semitism, and social Darwinism.
    [Show full text]
  • Marketing Fragment 6 X 10.5.T65
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-70329-1 - To the Threshold of Power, 1922/33: Origins and Dynamics of the Fascist and Nationalist Socialist Dictatorships, Volume I MacGregor Knox Index More information Index Adowa, battle of (1896), 72, 79, 107, Albertini, Luigi (1871–1941), 108, 110, 117, 137 and Fascist participation in government Adriatic, (1922), 366 and note 393 postwar settlement in, 243, 279, 300 and Italian war aims, 220 supremacy in, as Italian war aim, 100, urges war on Salandra (1914–15), 180 113, 162, 163, 166, 167, 175, 178, Alsace-Lorraine, 70, 92, 187, 238 (Map 180, 181, 220, 223, 242, 251, 271, 2), 285, 294 302, 305–06 annexed by Germany (1871), 57, 91, agriculture, and rural social groups, 130, 146 German (see also Rittergut), 46, 97, ancestor-worship, see great men, cult of, 99, 224, 316, 400 in Germany laborers, 22, 24, 42, 69, 265–66 anti-Semitism (see also Hitler, ideology landlords, 24, 26, 41, 46, 73, 99, of), 193, 225, 379, 387 in Austria, 98 peasant proprietors, 21, 24 in Britain, 132 serfs, serfdom, 21, 24, 34, 42, 51 in France, 133, 134–36 Italian, 44, 59, 61, 66, 68, 224–25, in Germany, 35 and note 36, 66, 92, 316–17 and note 221, 400 97, 99, 127–29, 137 note 184, braccianti, 68–69, 85 and note 48, 190, 191–92, 200, 246, 265, 267, 226, 248, 275, 312, 313, 317, 318, 268, 284–86, 331, 332, 333, 335, 364 336, 402 contract laborers, 68, 317 in Italy, 118–19, 221, 401 landlords, classe proprietaria, 24, apocalypse, ideological role of, 41, 46, 53, 70, 87, 213, 225, 248, in Marxism, 110, 129 275, 280, 314, 317
    [Show full text]
  • Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini As Test Cases
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1986 Nature of totalitarian diplomacy: Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini as test cases Gary Lee Frazer The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Frazer, Gary Lee, "Nature of totalitarian diplomacy: Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini as test cases" (1986). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5233. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5233 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 Th is is an unpublished m a n u s c r ip t in w h ic h c o p y r ig h t su b ­ s i s t s . Any further r e p r in t in g of it s contents must be appro ved BY THE AUTHOR. Ma n s f ie l d L ib r a r y Un iv e r s it y of Montana Date : _____ 1 THE NATURE OF TOTALITARIAN DIPLOMACY: ADOLF HITLER AND BENITO MUSSOLINI AS TEST CASES by Gary Lee Frazer B.A., University of Montana, 1980 B.A., University of Montana, 1981 Presented in p a rtia l fu lfillm e n t of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1986 Approved by: Chairman, Board of Examiners ff£an, Gradua UMI Number: EP40697 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted.
    [Show full text]
  • Army Transformaation
    ARMY TRANSFORMATION: A VIEW FROM THE U.S. ARMY WAR COLLEGE Edited by Williamson Murray July 2001 ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Ave., Carlisle, PA 17013-5244. Copies of this report may be obtained from the Publications and Production Office by calling commercial (717) 245-4133, FAX (717) 245-3820, or via the Internet at [email protected] ***** Most 1993, 1994, and all later Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) monographs are available on the SSI Homepage for electronic dissemination. SSI’s Homepage address is: http://carlisle-www.army. mil/usassi/welcome.htm ***** The Strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail newsletter to update the national security community on the research of our analysts, recent and forthcoming publications, and upcoming conferences sponsored by the Institute. Each newsletter also provides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please let us know by e-mail at [email protected] or by calling (717) 245-3133. ISBN 1-58487-059-1 ii CONTENTS Foreword .......................... iv 1. INTRODUCTION Williamson Murray .................... 1 2. NEW AGE MILITARY PROGRESSIVES: U.S. Army Officer Professionalism in the Information Age David R. Gray .....................
    [Show full text]
  • Archived Content Information Archivée Dans Le
    Archived Content Information identified as archived on the Web is for reference, research or record-keeping purposes. It has not been altered or updated after the date of archiving. Web pages that are archived on the Web are not subject to the Government of Canada Web Standards. As per the Communications Policy of the Government of Canada, you can request alternate formats on the "Contact Us" page. Information archivée dans le Web Information archivée dans le Web à des fins de consultation, de recherche ou de tenue de documents. Cette dernière n’a aucunement été modifiée ni mise à jour depuis sa date de mise en archive. Les pages archivées dans le Web ne sont pas assujetties aux normes qui s’appliquent aux sites Web du gouvernement du Canada. Conformément à la Politique de communication du gouvernement du Canada, vous pouvez demander de recevoir cette information dans tout autre format de rechange à la page « Contactez-nous ». CANADIAN FORCES COLLEGE / COLLÈGE DES FORCES CANADIENNES CSC 31 / CCEM 31 IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF DEFENCE STUDIES TRANSFORMATION BY INNOVATION: DEFENDING CANADA AND ITS INTERESTS By /par Maj/maj P.R. Kouri This paper was written by a student attending La présente étude a été rédigée par un stagiaire the Canadian Forces College in fulfilment of one du Collège des Forces canadiennes pour of the requirements of the Course of Studies. satisfaire à l'une des exigences du cours. The paper is a scholastic document, and thus L'étude est un document qui se rapporte au contains facts and opinions which the author cours et contient donc des faits et des opinions alone considered appropriate and correct for que seul l'auteur considère appropriés et the subject.
    [Show full text]
  • Studying Inter-War Fascism in Epochal and Diachronic Terms: Ideological Production, Political Experience and the Quest for ‘Consensus’
    Aristotle A. Kallis Studying Inter-war Fascism in Epochal and Diachronic Terms: Ideological Production, Political Experience and the Quest for ‘Consensus’ When G. Allardyce published his famous polemical article ‘What Fascism is Not’, in which he endeavoured to demolish the heuris- tic value of any generic definition of the concept of fascism,1 very few people could have envisaged the dramatic revival of aca- demic interest in the comparative study of fascism in the 1990s. Allardyce’s diatribe was emblematic of the then prevalent historiographical view that the various inter-war dictatorships in Europe presented more (and more serious) divergences than actual similarities, and that the generic framework of analysis should have been dropped in favour of individual accounts in their specific national context. Overwhelmed by the breadth and diversity of empirical evidence, historians appeared much more alert to, and fascinated by, individual characteristics than the challenge of constructing a general model for banding together this unique historic experience in Europe. It simply seemed extremely hard to entrench the intellectual validity of the term ‘fascism’ vis-à-vis the significantly more acceptable mainstream categories of nationalism, authoritarianism, conservatism and populism. The concept, just like the ideology that it attempted to codify, could not claim its own autonomous position in an other- wise overcrowded colony of well established ‘-isms’! It took historical research another decade to abandon its previous maximalist efforts to produce all-embracing, ‘ideal’ categories and to turn instead to a minimalist methodological solution — to debate the ideological essence of fascism while, allowing ample space for accommodating its various national European History Quarterly Copyright © 2004 SAGE Publications, London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi (www.sagepublications.com), Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Armies Succeed Or Fail at Transformation
    No. 35 SEPTEMBER 2000 The Anatomy of Change: Why Armies Succeed or Fail at Transformation Bryon E. Greenwald The Anatomy of Change: Why Armies Succeed or Fail at Transformation by Bryon E. Greenwald The Institute of Land Warfare ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY 1 AN AUSA INSTITUTE OF LAND WARFARE PAPER The purpose of the Institute of Land Warfare is to extend the educational work of AUSA by sponsoring scholarly publications, to include books, monographs and essays on key defense issues, as well as workshops and symposia. A work selected for publication as a Land Warfare Paper represents research by the author which, in the opinion of the editorial board, will contribute to a better understanding of a particular defense or national security issue. Publication as an Institute of Land Warfare Paper does not indicate that the Association of the United States Army agrees with everything in the paper, but does suggest that the Association believes the paper will stimulate the thinking of AUSA members and others concerned about important defense issues. LAND WARFARE PAPER NO. 35, SEPTEMBER 2000 The Anatomy of Change: Why Armies Succeed or Fail at Transformation by Bryon E. Greenwald Lieutenant Colonel Bryon E. Greenwald currently commands the 2nd Battalion (Patriot), 43rd Air Defense Artillery at Fort Bliss, Texas. Previous assignments include: G-3 and Chief of Plans, 32nd Army Air and Missile Defense Command; Deputy Brigade Commander; Battalion Executive Officer; and G-3 Plans Officer, 1st Cavalry Division. He is a graduate of the School of Advanced Military Studies and the Command and General Staff College.
    [Show full text]