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Home , 40 Eridani, Aldebaran, Polaris, Sirius

1. Which has a surface temperature most similar to the surface temperature of ? A) Polaris B) C) B D) 2. Giant have greater than our mainly because they are A) hotter B) farther away C) larger D) older Base your answers to questions 3 through 6 on the Characteristics of Stars graph below and on your knowledge of science.

3. Describe one characteristic of the star Spica that causes it to have a greater luminosity than Barnard's Star. 4. The star has a surface temperature of 7400 K and a luminosity (relative to the Sun) of 1413. Use an X to plot the position of Canopus on the graph above, based on its surface temperature and luminosity. 5. Identify two stars from the Characteristics of Stars graph that are at the same life-cycle stage as the Sun. 6. Describe how the relative surface temperature and the relative luminosity of would change if it collapses and becomes a dwarf like Procyon B.

7. Which characteristics best describe the star Betelgeuse? A) reddish orange with low luminosity and high surface temperature B) reddish orange with high luminosity and low surface temperature C) blue white with low luminosity and low surface temperature D) blue white with high luminosity and high surface temperature 8. By using a spectroscope an astronomer can A) measure the size of a star B) measure the altitude of a star C) identify elements in the atmosphere of a star D) measure the diameter of a star Base your answers to questions 9 and 10 on the diagram below, which shows the change in the size of a star such as our Sun as it evolves from a protostar to a white .

9. During which stage of development does the star have a cool surface temperature and the greatest luminosity? A) protostar B) C) giant D) 10. Which process produces the energy radiated by the star when it becomes a main sequence star? A) radioactive decay B) nuclear fusion C) conduction D) convection 11. Which star color indicates the hottest star surface 13. In order to position a star on an H-R diagram you temperature? must know at least the star's A) blue B) white A) color and apparent brightness C) yellow D) red B) color, apparent brightness and distance 12. Barnard's Star has a surface temperature of about C) apparent brightness and age A) 300 ºC B) 3000 ºC D) color and distance C) 5000 ºC D) 10,000 ºC Base your answers to questions 14 through 17 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents two possible sequences in the evolution of stars.

14. Which process generates the energy that is released by stars? A) nuclear fusion B) thermal conduction C) convection currents D) radioactive decay 15. Which table includes data that are characteristic of the surface temperature and luminosity of some white dwarf stars? A) B)

C) D)

16. Which property primarily determines whether a or a supergiant star will form? A) B) color C) shape D) composition 17. What causes clouds of dust and gas to form a protostar? A) B) gravitational attraction C) expansion of matter D) cosmic background radiation Base your answers to questions 18 and 19 on the graph below, which shows changes in the Sun’s magnetic activity and changes in the number of sunspots over a period of approximately 100 . Sunspots are dark, cooler areas within the Sun’s that can be seen from Earth.

18. Which graph best represents the relationship between the number of sunspots and the amount of magnetic activity in the Sun? A) B)

C) D)

19. The graph indicates that years having the greatest number of sunspots occur A) randomly and unpredictably B) precisely at the beginning of each decade C) in a cyclic pattern, repeating approximately every 6 years D) in a cyclic pattern, repeating approximately every 11 years 20. Which stars are the youngest? 21. Which two stars are most similar in luminosity? A) Supergiant B) White dwarf A) Betelgeuse and Barnard's Star C) Blue star D) Red Dwarfs B) Procyon B and Proxima Centauri C) Polaris and the Sun D) Alpha Centauri and Sirius 22. The reaction below represents an energy-producing process.

The reaction represents how energy is produced A) in the Sun by fusion B) when condenses in Earth's atmosphere C) from the movement of crustal plates D) during nuclear decay 23. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows an inferred sequence in which our formed from a giant interstellar cloud of gas and debris. Stage A shows the collapse of the gas cloud, stage B shows its flattening, and stage C shows the sequence that led to the formation of planets.

From stage B to stage C, the young Sun was created A) when gravity caused the center of the cloud to contract B) when gravity caused heavy dust particles to split apart C) by outgassing from the spinning interstellar cloud D) by outgassing from Earth’s interior 24. The apparent brightness of an object such as a star 25. Which of the following is the same for all stars along does not depend on a horizontal line on an H-R diagram? A) how fast the star is moving A) temperature B) diameter B) the strength of the light emanating from the star C) mass D) luminosity C) the distance from us to the star D) the amount and kind of obstacles between us and the star 26. The Sun is inferred to spend the greatest amount of time in its life cycle A) contracting from a gas cloud () B) as a main sequence star C) moving away from the main sequence and becoming a giant star D) changing from a giant star to a white dwarf star 27. Which factor does not affect a star's absolute (Luminosity)? A) The star's temperature. B) The star's size. C) The star's distance. D) The star's shape. 28. Which star has the greatest luminosity? A) Barnard's star B) Procyon C) Alpha Centauri D) 29. Compared to our sun, the star Polaris is A) brighter B) smaller C) cooler D) hotter 30. The "fuel" of the sun is A) B) C) oil and various hydrocarbons D) 31. What are the two most abundant elements in a main sequence star? A) and hydrogen B) hydrogen and helium C) helium and carbon D) carbon and heavy metals Base your answers to questions 32 through 34 on the diagram below. The diagram represents the inferred stages in the formation of our solar system. Stage 1 shows a contracting gas cloud. The remaining stages show the gas cloud flattening into a spinning disk as planets formed around our Sun.

32. Compared to the terrestrial planets, the Jovian planets in stage 5 have A) larger diameters B) higher densities C) shorter periods of revolution D) longer periods of rotation 33. Approximately how long ago did stage 4 end and stage 5 begin? A) 1 B) 5 billion years C) 20 billion years D) 100 billion years 34. Which process was occurring during some of these stages that resulted in the formation of heavier elements from lighter elements? A) conduction B) radiation C) radioactive decay D) nuclear fusion Base your answers to questions 35 through 37 on the cross-sectional model below and the table on the following page, and on your knowledge of Earth science. The model shows a reddish-orange supergiant star. The layers in the model indicate where new chemical elements are forming from existing elements as temperature and pressure conditions increase with depth within the star. In each layer, atomic nuclei of the existing chemical element combine to form the new elements shown to the right of the arrow. The table shows the chemical symbols and names of selected elements in the star.

35. What is the approximate surface temperature of this star during this stage of development? A) 3,200 K B) 6,000 K C) 10,500 K D) 18,000 K 36. The luminosity of this star can best be described as A) less than the luminosity of the Sun B) greater than the luminosity of most stars in the main sequence C) approximately the same luminosity as a white dwarf D) approximately the same luminosity as Aldebaran 37. Which process represented in the model is occurring in each layer of this star to produce the new chemical elements? A) contact metamorphism B) internal crystallization C) nuclear fusion D) radioactive decay 38. Compared to other groups of stars, the group that has 44. The schematic below shows the number of stars relatively low and relatively low formed in each mass range for each star more temperatures is the massive than 10 MSun. A) Red Dwarfs B) White Dwarfs C) Red Giants D) Blue Supergiants 39. Which star’s surface temperature is closest to the temperature at the boundary between Earth’s mantle and core? A) Sirius B) Rigel C) the Sun D) Betelgeuse 40. According to the graph, the Sun is classified as a A) main sequence star with a temperature of approximately 4,000ºC and a luminosity of 100 B) main sequence star with a temperature of approximately 6,000ºC and a luminosity of 1 C) white dwarf star with a temperature of approximately 10,000ºC and a luminosity of What is the mass range of the most common stars? 0.01 A) 0.08 - 0.5 MSun B) 10 - 150 MSun D) blue supergiant star with a temperature of C) 2 - 10 MSun D) 0.5 - 2 MSun approximately 20,000ºC and a luminosity of 700,000 41. Approximately how many times larger is the diameter of the sun compared to the earth? A) 10 times B) 100 times C) 1000 times D) 10,000 times 42. Compared to the sun a white dwarf star is A) hotter and larger B) hotter and smaller C) cooler and larger D) cooler and smaller 43. Which star has a higher luminosity and a lower temperature than the Sun? A) Rigel B) Barnard’s Star C) Alpha Centauri D) Aldebaran 45. Base your answer to the following question on the side-view model of the solar system in your answer booklet and on your knowledge of Earth science. The planets are shown in their relative order of distance from the Sun. Letter A indicates one of the planets.

Identify the process that occurs within the Sun that converts mass into large amounts of energy. 46. The most observable phenomena in the "Solar Cycle" is the appearance of A) solar eclipses B) sun spots C) solar storms D) black holes Base your answers to questions 47 and 48 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science.

The diagram represents the inferred changes to the luminosity and color of the Sun throughout its life cycle. The diagonal dashed line represents the main sequence stars. The numbers 1 through 5 represent stages in the life cycle of the Sun.

47. For other stars in our that go through a similar life cycle to our Sun, which star is currently in the late stage of its life cycle? A) Alpha Centauri B) Procyon B C) Barnard's Star D) Polaris 48. The Sun is inferred to be the most luminous when it is classified as a A) white dwarf star B) gas cloud (nebula) C) main sequence star D) giant star 49. Which evidence best supports the theory that the 53. The probable fate of our sun is universe began with a massive explosion? A) to expand as a , undergo a nova A) cosmic background radiation in space outburst and end as a white dwarf B) parallelism of planetary axes B) to shrink to a white dwarf then eventually C) radioactive dating of Earth’s bedrock expand to a red giant D) life cycle of stars C) become hotter and expand into a blue 50. Light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation supergiant are given off by stars using energy released during D) to become a black hole 54. To an observer on Earth, the Sun appears brighter A) nuclear fusion B) conduction than the star Rigel because the Sun is C) convection D) radioactive decay 51. Stars are believed to undergo evolutionary changes A) hotter than Rigel over millions of years. The flowchart below shows B) more luminous than Rigel stages of predicted changes in the Sun. C) closer than Rigel D) larger than Rigel 55. The coolest stars appear A) white B) red C) yellow D) blue 56. Most of the radiant energy released by the sun results from the process of A) nuclear fission B) nuclear fusion C) combustion D) electrical generation 57. Compared to the luminosity and surface temperature of red main sequence stars, blue supergiants are According to this flowchart, the Sun will become A) less luminous and have a lower surface A) hotter and brighter in stage 2, then cooler and temperature dimmer in stage 3 B) less luminous and have a higher surface B) cooler and dimmer in stage 2, then hotter and temperature brighter in stage 3 C) more luminous and have a lower surface C) hotter and dimmer in stage 2, then cooler and temperature brighter in stage 3 D) more luminous and have a higher surface D) cooler and brighter in stage 2, then hotter temperature and dimmer in stage 3 58. In the H-R diagram, 90 percent of all stars fall 52. What type of star is Polaris? A) in the region. A) White Dwarf B) Supergiant B) in the Supergiant region. C) Red Giant D) Main Sequence C) among the White Dwarfs. D) on the Main Sequence. 59. The star is estimated to have approximately the same luminosity as the star Aldebaran approximately the same temperature as the Rigel. Algol is best classified as a A) main sequence star B) red giant star C) white dwarf star D) red dwarf star 60. Two stars of the same color are plotted on an H-R diagram. Star A is more luminous than star B. Which one of the following statements could explain this? A) Star A is hotter than star B. B) Star A is more distant than star B. C) Star A appears brighter in the sky than star B. D) Star A is larger than star B. 61. Which of the following stars is hottest? A) a red giant B) a white dwarf C) the sun D) a red dwarf Base your answers to questions 62 through 64 on the diagram below, which shows two possible sequences in the life cycle of stars, beginning with their formation from nebular gas clouds in space.

62. According to the diagram, a star like Earth’s Sun will eventually A) explode in a supernova B) become a black hole C) change into a white dwarf D) become a neutron star 63. Stars like Earth’s Sun most likely formed directly from a A) nebula B) supernova C) red giant D) black dwarf 64. According to the diagram, the life-cycle path followed by a star is determined by the star’s initial A) mass and size B) temperature and origin C) luminosity and color D) luminosity and structure 65. The reaction below represents an energy-producing 71. Measurements indicate that a certain star has a very process. high luminosity (100,000 times that of our sun) and yet has a temperature that is cooler than the sun. What can you conclude about this observation? A) It could be a main sequence star. B) It may be quite large. The reaction represents how energy is produced C) This is a typical characteristic of stars. A) in the Sun by fusion D) There must be an error in measurement. B) when water condenses in Earth's atmosphere 72. According to our present theories of stellar C) from the movement of crustal plates evolution, our sun will change next into D) during nuclear decay A) a white dwarf B) a black hole 66. An astronomer can estimate the temperature of a star C) a supernova D) a red giant by observing its 73. Compared to the surface temperature and luminosity A) size B) shape of massive stars in the Main Sequence, the smaller C) color D) brightness stars in the Main Sequence are 67. Compared to other stars, the sun is A) hotter and less luminous A) among the hottest stars B) hotter and more luminous B) among the smallest stars C) cooler and less luminous C) very unique D) cooler and more luminous D) about average in all respects 74. What celestial phenomenum most affects radio 68. Compared to the sun, stars near the top of the H-R communication and other electrical atmospheric diagram are always changes for us on earth? A) about the same brightness A) solar eclipses B) over 10,000 times brighter B) solar flares C) much redder C) meteorites entering the atmosphere D) much hotter D) lunar eclipses 69. If we plot many stars on an H-R diagram, all with 75. By which process do stars convert mass into great the same luminosity but different temperatures, they amounts of energy? A) would all lie on the main sequence A) nuclear fusion B) heat transfer B) would be all over the diagram C) gravitational pull D) radioactive decay C) would form a horizontal line 76. At which phase of its evolutionary life is a white D) would form a vertical line dwarf star? 70. Which star is cooler and many times brighter than A) the late phase for small mass star Earth’s Sun? B) the remains of a larger star's explosion A) Barnard’s Star B) Betelgeuse C) in the main sequence phase C) Rigel D) Sirius D) early phases, soon after a star's formation 77. The diagram below represents possible stages in the life cycle of stars.

Which star has the greatest probability of producing a supernova explosion? A) Barnard's Star B) Betelgeuse C) Procyon B D) Sun 78. When a star less massive than our sun consumes all of its nuclear fuel it will then become a A) white dwarf B) nova C) supernova D) black hole 79. Which of the following stars is least bright? A) the sun B) a blue supergiant C) a white dwarf D) a red giant 80. Compared with our Sun, the star Betelgeuse is A) smaller, hotter, and less luminous B) smaller, cooler, and more luminous C) larger, hotter, and less luminous D) larger, cooler, and more luminous 81. Which star is more massive than our Sun, but has a lower surface temperature? A) B B) Sirius C) Aldebaran D) Barnard's Star 82. Energy is produced within a star's core by the process of A) insolation B) conduction C) nuclear fusion D) radioactive decay Base your answers to questions 83 and 84 on the flowchart below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The flowchart shows the evolution of stars.

83. Describe how the diameter and luminosity of a main sequence star change as the star becomes either a giant or a supergiant. 84. Identify the force responsible for the contraction of a nebula (a gas cloud of molecules) to form a protostar.

85. Which sequence of stars is listed in order of 89. What factor below usually determines whether a star increasing luminosity? will be on the main sequence? A) Spica, Rigel, , Betelgeuse A) age B) Polaris, Deneb, 40 Eridani B, Proxima B) mass Centauri C) size C) Barnards Star, Alpha Centauri, Rigel, Spica D) distance from our sun. D) Procyon B, Sun, Sirius, Betelgeus 90. The most abundant element on the sun is 86. Compared to the temperature and luminosity of the A) hydrogen B) helium star Polaris, the star Sirius is C) carbon D) oxygen A) hotter and more luminous 91. The smallest stars on a H-R diagram are found B) hotter and less luminous A) at the upper left end of the main sequence C) cooler and more luminous B) at the lower right end of the main sequence D) cooler and less luminous C) at the upper right corner of the H-R diagram 87. Compared to the sun, Polaris is D) at the lower left corer of the H-R diagram A) hotter and less luminous 92. Which two stars have the most similar luminosity B) cooler and more luminous and temperature? C) the same temperature and larger A) Betelgeuse and Barnard's Star D) hotter and larger B) Rigel and Betelgeuse 88. As the sun ages it will be composed of C) Alpha Centauri and the Sun A) more hydrogen and less helium D) Sirius and Procyon B B) more helium and less hydrogen 93. Small cool stars would most likely appear to be C) more oxygen and less carbon A) blue B) red D) less oxygen and more carbon C) yellow D) white 94. What factor from the choices below determines 102. We know that red giant stars are larger in diameter whether a star will evolve into a white dwarf, a than the sun because neutron star, or a black hole? A) they are more luminous but have the same A) mass temperature B) percentage of helium B) they are less luminous but have the same C) percentage of carbon temperature D) apparent brightness C) they are hotter but have the same luminosity 95. Sun spots are believed to be most closely related to D) they are cooler but have the same luminosity the sun's 103. Which star is hotter, but less luminous, than Polaris? A) corona B) period of rotation C) magnetic field D) changing size A) Deneb B) Aldebaran 96. Which object forms by the contraction of a large C) Sirius D) sphere of gases causing the nuclear fusion of lighter 104. The explosion of a massive star near the end of its elements into heavier elements? life is known as a A) comet B) planet A) nova B) pulsar C) star D) C) supernova D) nebula 97. Which object in space emits light because it releases 105. The region of the H-R diagram occupied by most energy produced by nuclear fusion? stars is the A) Earth's Moon B) Halley's comet A) main sequence region C) D) Polaris B) red giant region 98. Which star has the greatest size? C) white dwarf region A) Sun B) Alpha Centauri D) quasar region C) Betelgeuse D) Procyon 106. During a total solar eclipse one might view 99. Great amounts of energy are released in the core of a A) sun spots star as lighter elements combine and form heavier B) the sun's corona elements during the process of C) the sun's solar winds A) compaction B) condensation D) nothing of the sun, since it is totally blocked C) radioactive decay D) nuclear fusion by the moon 100. Which statement describes the general relationship 107. Which process combines lighter elements into between the temperature and the luminosity of heavier elements and produces energy within the main sequence stars? Sun and other stars? A) As temperature decreases, luminosity A) fusion B) insolation increases. C) conduction D) radioactive decay B) As temperature decreases, luminosity remains 108. The vertical axis of an H-R diagram relates to the the same. A) the color of the star C) As temperature increases, luminosity B) the actual visual brightness of the star increases. C) the apparent brightness of the star compared to D) As temperature increases, luminosity remains our sun the same. D) the speed of the star 101. A Red giant star would most likely have a temperature of A) 5,000ºC B) 10,000ºC C) 20,000ºC D) 30,000ºC 109. Which star is cooler and less luminous than the 110. The graph below represents the brightness and Sun? temperature of stars visible from Earth. A) ) Pollux C) Rigel D) 40 Eridani B

Which location on the graph best represents a star with average brightness and temperature? A) A B) B C) C D) D 111. Which list shows stars in order of increasing temperature? A) Barnard’s Star, Polaris, Sirius, Rigel B) Aldebaran, the Sun, Rigel, Procyon B C) Rigel, Polaris, Aldebaran, Barnard’s Star D) Procyon B, Alpha Centauri, Polaris, Betelgeuse Answer Key Star Life Cycle and Star Classification

1. A 14. A 46. B 81. C 2. C 15. D 47. B 82. C 3. –more 16. A 48. D 83. Diameter: massive/larger/giant 17. B 49. A — increases — size/supergiant – becomes larger 18. A 50. A Spica emits energy Lumino- sity: at a greater rate than 19. D 51. D — increases — Barnard's Star. higher rate of energy 20. C 52. C –hot- ter/greater emission — The star surface temperature 21. B 53. A appears brighter. Spica – is a 22. A 54. C 84. — gravity — blue-colored star. 23. A 55. B gravitational 4. attraction 24. A 56. B 85. D 25. D 57. D 86. B 26. B 58. D 87. C 27. C 59. A 88. B 28. D 60. D 89. A 29. A 61. B Spica 90. A 5. – –- Sirius – 30. A 62. C Alpha Centauri – 91. B Barnard's Star – 31. B 63. A 92. C Proxima Centauri 32. A 64. A 93. B 6. Relative surface 33. B 65. A temperature: 94. A 34. D 66. C –Alderbaran's 95. C surface temperature 35. A 67. D 96. C will increase. –It 36. B 68. B will get hotter.- 97. D 37. C 69. C Relative luminosity: 98. C –Its luminosity will 38. A 70. B 99. D be reduced. 39. C 71. B –Luminosity will 100. C decrease. 40. B 72. D 101. A 7. B 41. B 73. C 102. A 8. C 42. B 74. B 103. C 9. C 43. D 75. A 104. C 10. B 44. A 76. B 105. A 11. A 45. – fusion, – nuclear 77. B fusion, – conversion 106. B 12. B 78. A of hydrogen to 107. A 13. A helium/H to He 79. C 108. B 80. D Answer Key Star Life Cycle and Star Classification

109. A 110. B 111. A