1. Which Star Has a Surface Temperature Most Similar to the Surface Temperature of Alpha Centauri? A) Polaris B) Betelgeuse C) Procyon B D) Sirius 2
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1. Which star has a surface temperature most similar to the surface temperature of Alpha Centauri? A) Polaris B) Betelgeuse C) Procyon B D) Sirius 2. Giant stars have greater luminosity than our sun mainly because they are A) hotter B) farther away C) larger D) older Base your answers to questions 3 through 6 on the Characteristics of Stars graph below and on your knowledge of Earth science. 3. Describe one characteristic of the star Spica that causes it to have a greater luminosity than Barnard's Star. 4. The star Canopus has a surface temperature of 7400 K and a luminosity (relative to the Sun) of 1413. Use an X to plot the position of Canopus on the graph above, based on its surface temperature and luminosity. 5. Identify two stars from the Characteristics of Stars graph that are at the same life-cycle stage as the Sun. 6. Describe how the relative surface temperature and the relative luminosity of Aldebaran would change if it collapses and becomes a white dwarf like Procyon B. 7. Which characteristics best describe the star Betelgeuse? A) reddish orange with low luminosity and high surface temperature B) reddish orange with high luminosity and low surface temperature C) blue white with low luminosity and low surface temperature D) blue white with high luminosity and high surface temperature 8. By using a spectroscope an astronomer can A) measure the size of a star B) measure the altitude of a star C) identify elements in the atmosphere of a star D) measure the diameter of a star Base your answers to questions 9 and 10 on the diagram below, which shows the change in the size of a star such as our Sun as it evolves from a protostar to a white dwarf star. 9. During which stage of development does the star have a cool surface temperature and the greatest luminosity? A) protostar B) main sequence C) giant D) white dwarf 10. Which process produces the energy radiated by the star when it becomes a main sequence star? A) radioactive decay B) nuclear fusion C) conduction D) convection 11. Which star color indicates the hottest star surface 13. In order to position a star on an H-R diagram you temperature? must know at least the star's A) blue B) white A) color and apparent brightness C) yellow D) red B) color, apparent brightness and distance 12. Barnard's Star has a surface temperature of about C) apparent brightness and age A) 300 ºC B) 3000 ºC D) color and distance C) 5000 ºC D) 10,000 ºC Base your answers to questions 14 through 17 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents two possible sequences in the evolution of stars. 14. Which process generates the energy that is released by stars? A) nuclear fusion B) thermal conduction C) convection currents D) radioactive decay 15. Which table includes data that are characteristic of the surface temperature and luminosity of some white dwarf stars? A) B) C) D) 16. Which property primarily determines whether a giant star or a supergiant star will form? A) mass B) color C) shape D) composition 17. What causes clouds of dust and gas to form a protostar? A) magnetism B) gravitational attraction C) expansion of matter D) cosmic background radiation Base your answers to questions 18 and 19 on the graph below, which shows changes in the Sun’s magnetic activity and changes in the number of sunspots over a period of approximately 100 years. Sunspots are dark, cooler areas within the Sun’s photosphere that can be seen from Earth. 18. Which graph best represents the relationship between the number of sunspots and the amount of magnetic activity in the Sun? A) B) C) D) 19. The graph indicates that years having the greatest number of sunspots occur A) randomly and unpredictably B) precisely at the beginning of each decade C) in a cyclic pattern, repeating approximately every 6 years D) in a cyclic pattern, repeating approximately every 11 years 20. Which stars are the youngest? 21. Which two stars are most similar in luminosity? A) Supergiant B) White dwarf A) Betelgeuse and Barnard's Star C) Blue star D) Red Dwarfs B) Procyon B and Proxima Centauri C) Polaris and the Sun D) Alpha Centauri and Sirius 22. The reaction below represents an energy-producing process. The reaction represents how energy is produced A) in the Sun by fusion B) when water condenses in Earth's atmosphere C) from the movement of crustal plates D) during nuclear decay 23. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows an inferred sequence in which our solar system formed from a giant interstellar cloud of gas and debris. Stage A shows the collapse of the gas cloud, stage B shows its flattening, and stage C shows the sequence that led to the formation of planets. From stage B to stage C, the young Sun was created A) when gravity caused the center of the cloud to contract B) when gravity caused heavy dust particles to split apart C) by outgassing from the spinning interstellar cloud D) by outgassing from Earth’s interior 24. The apparent brightness of an object such as a star 25. Which of the following is the same for all stars along does not depend on a horizontal line on an H-R diagram? A) how fast the star is moving A) temperature B) diameter B) the strength of the light emanating from the star C) mass D) luminosity C) the distance from us to the star D) the amount and kind of obstacles between us and the star 26. The Sun is inferred to spend the greatest amount of time in its life cycle A) contracting from a gas cloud (nebula) B) as a main sequence star C) moving away from the main sequence and becoming a giant star D) changing from a giant star to a white dwarf star 27. Which factor does not affect a star's absolute magnitude (Luminosity)? A) The star's temperature. B) The star's size. C) The star's distance. D) The star's shape. 28. Which star has the greatest luminosity? A) Barnard's star B) Procyon C) Alpha Centauri D) Rigel 29. Compared to our sun, the star Polaris is A) brighter B) smaller C) cooler D) hotter 30. The "fuel" of the sun is A) hydrogen B) helium C) oil and various hydrocarbons D) oxygen 31. What are the two most abundant elements in a main sequence star? A) carbon and hydrogen B) hydrogen and helium C) helium and carbon D) carbon and heavy metals Base your answers to questions 32 through 34 on the diagram below. The diagram represents the inferred stages in the formation of our solar system. Stage 1 shows a contracting gas cloud. The remaining stages show the gas cloud flattening into a spinning disk as planets formed around our Sun. 32. Compared to the terrestrial planets, the Jovian planets in stage 5 have A) larger diameters B) higher densities C) shorter periods of revolution D) longer periods of rotation 33. Approximately how long ago did stage 4 end and stage 5 begin? A) 1 billion years B) 5 billion years C) 20 billion years D) 100 billion years 34. Which process was occurring during some of these stages that resulted in the formation of heavier elements from lighter elements? A) conduction B) radiation C) radioactive decay D) nuclear fusion Base your answers to questions 35 through 37 on the cross-sectional model below and the table on the following page, and on your knowledge of Earth science. The model shows a reddish-orange supergiant star. The layers in the model indicate where new chemical elements are forming from existing elements as temperature and pressure conditions increase with depth within the star. In each layer, atomic nuclei of the existing chemical element combine to form the new elements shown to the right of the arrow. The table shows the chemical symbols and names of selected elements in the star. 35. What is the approximate surface temperature of this star during this stage of development? A) 3,200 K B) 6,000 K C) 10,500 K D) 18,000 K 36. The luminosity of this star can best be described as A) less than the luminosity of the Sun B) greater than the luminosity of most stars in the main sequence C) approximately the same luminosity as a white dwarf D) approximately the same luminosity as Aldebaran 37. Which process represented in the model is occurring in each layer of this star to produce the new chemical elements? A) contact metamorphism B) internal crystallization C) nuclear fusion D) radioactive decay 38. Compared to other groups of stars, the group that has 44. The schematic below shows the number of stars relatively low luminosities and relatively low formed in each mass range for each star more temperatures is the massive than 10 MSun. A) Red Dwarfs B) White Dwarfs C) Red Giants D) Blue Supergiants 39. Which star’s surface temperature is closest to the temperature at the boundary between Earth’s mantle and core? A) Sirius B) Rigel C) the Sun D) Betelgeuse 40. According to the graph, the Sun is classified as a A) main sequence star with a temperature of approximately 4,000ºC and a luminosity of 100 B) main sequence star with a temperature of approximately 6,000ºC and a luminosity of 1 C) white dwarf star with a temperature of approximately 10,000ºC and a luminosity of What is the mass range of the most common stars? 0.01 A) 0.08 - 0.5 MSun B) 10 - 150 MSun D) blue supergiant star with a temperature of C) 2 - 10 MSun D) 0.5 - 2 MSun approximately 20,000ºC and a luminosity of 700,000 41.