DOCSLIB.ORG

The New England Native American and the Salem Witchcraft Hysteria

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The New England Native American and the Salem Witchcraft Hysteria The New England Native American and the Salem Witchcraft Hysteria Is the latest theory viable? What caused the hysteria? What were the Trials? § When: January 1692-October 1692 § Where: anchored in Salem Town and Salem Village (Danvers/Peabody) but stretched from Maine to the South Shore § Who: Eleven main accusers, nine judges, two expert witnesses, twelve jurors, over two hundred arrested, nineteen hanged, five died in jail, one tortured to death § Why? Life in 17th Century New England § It was literally dark § Wilderness § Long winters § Indian wars § Frontier life § Superstition and fear § Death and sickness http://2012yr6.leverhouse.net/2011/10/12/thedark-dark- woods/ The Latest Theory as to Why § Fear of the Native American § Caused by the violence of the Indian Wars § King Philip’s War (1675-1676) § King William’s War (1689-1697) § People believed Indians were associated with the Devil § Is this reason possible? What do you see? Why the Indian Wars as a Cause? § At least nine of the “afflicted” girls had witnessed Indian warfare § Attacks had happened recently § January 25, 1692, in York, Maine § Constant fear of Indians and raids § Refugees brought news of raids § Culture of fear § Salem’s citizens suffered from “irrational fear” “Afflicted” Girls who saw Indian Warfare § Marcy Lewis, 19, often called the “ringleader” § Sarah Churchill, 25 § Elizabeth (“Betty”) Hubbard, 17 § Susannah Sheldon, 18 § Mercy Short, 17 § Martha Sprague, 16 § Mary Watkins, 20s Other Key Points § Many described the devil as a “black man” § Puritans had no concept of race (African v. Indian) § Descriptions sounded a lot like an Indian in English-style clothing § Torments were similar to those from Indian raids and captivity From the Trials § Forty-eight transcripts reference a “black man” § The complaint of Susanna Shelden against phillip english the s'd Susanah Shelden being at meetting on the Sabboth day being the 24 of aprill shee beeing aflicted in a very sad manner she saw phillip english step over his pew and pinshed her and a womand which came from boston wich saith her name is [goodwy] when shee were com- ing home against william Shaws house their met her phillip english and a black man with a hy c[rbar ]ouned hatt on his head and a book in hish hand houlding the book to her and phillip english told her that black man were her god and if shee would touch that boock hee would not pinsh her no more nor no bodie els should Abigail Williams v. Sarah Osborne, Tituba, and Sarah Good, May 1692 The testimony of Abigail Williams testifyh & saith that severall times last February she hath been much afflicted with pains in her head & other parts & often pinched by the apparition of Sarah Good, Sarah Osburne & Tituba Indian all of Salem Village & also excessively afflicted by the said apparition of said Good , Osburne , & Tituba at their examination before authority the. 1'st March last past 1691/2 Farther the said Abigail Williams testifyeth that she saw the apparition of said Sarah Good at her examination pinch Eliz: Hubbard & set her into fits & also Eliz: Parris, & Ann Putman Mercy Lewis v. Giles Corey, September 1692 The Deposistion of Mercy lewes agged about 19 years who testifieth and saith that on the 14'th April 1692 I saw the Apperishtion of Giles Cory com and afflect me urging me to writ in his book and so he contineued most dreadfully to hurt me by times beating me & almost braking my back tell the day of his examination being the 19th April and then allso dureing the time of his examination he did afflect and tortor me most greviously: and also several times sence urging me vehemently to writ in his book and I veryly beleve in my heart that Giles Cory is a dreadfull wizzard for sence he had ben in prison he or his Apperance has com and most greviously tormented me. Mercy Lewis: affirmd to the Jury of Inquest. that the above written evidence: is the truth upon the oath: she has formerly taken in the Court of Oyer & terminer: Sept'r 9: 1692 What do you think? § Is this explanation viable? § Salem Witch Trials Archive § 17th Century Colonial Life § Salem Witch Trials Your Task § You will research another theory (Ms. P. will assign them) § Generate evidence, counterpoints, and rebuttals § We will be debating! .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Accused: Fairfield’S Witchcraft Trials September 25, 2014 – January 5, 2015 Educator Guide
    Accused: Fairfield’s Witchcraft Trials September 25, 2014 – January 5, 2015 Educator Guide Accused: Fairfield’s Witchcraft Trials September 25, 2014 – January 5, 2015 Teacher Guide Index Introduction: The Legacy of Witchcraft Page 3 Essential Questions & Big Ideas Page 5 Accused Suggested Mini-Activity Page 6 Online Teacher Resources: Lesson Plans & Student Activities Page 7 Student & Teacher Resources: Salem Pages 9 - 10 New England Witchcraft Trials: Overview & Statistics Page 10 New England Witchcraft Timeline Pages 12 - 13 Vocabulary Page 14 Young Adult Books Page 15 Bibliography Page 15 Excerpts from Accused Graphic Novel Page 17 - 19 Educator Guide Introduction This Educator Guide features background information, essential questions, student activities, vocabulary, a timeline and a booklist. Created in conjunction with the exhibition Accused: Fairfield’s Witchcraft Trials, the guide also features reproductions of Jakob Crane’s original illustrations and storylines from the exhibition. The guide is also available for download on the Fairfield Museum’s website at www.fairfieldhistory.org/education This Educator Guide was developed in partnership with regional educators at a Summer Teacher Institute in July, 2014 and co-sponsored by the Fairfield Public Library. Participants included: Renita Crawford, Bridgeport, CT Careen Derise, Discovery Magnet School, Bridgeport, CT Leslie Greene, Side By Side, Norwalk, CT Lauren Marchello, Fairfield Ludlowe High School, Fairfield, CT Debra Sands-Holden, King Low Heywood Thomas School, Stamford, CT Katelyn Tucker, Shelton Public Schools, CT About the Exhibition: In 17th century New England religious beliefs and folk tradition instilled deep fears of magic, evil, and supernatural powers. How else to explain unnatural events, misfortune and the sudden convulsions and fits of local townspeople? In this exhibition, the fascinating history of Connecticut’s witchcraft trials is illuminated by author and illustrator Jakob Crane.
    [Show full text]
  • The 400Th Anniversary of the Lancashire Witch-Trials: Commemoration and Its Meaning in 2012
    The 400th Anniversary of the Lancashire Witch-Trials: Commemoration and its Meaning in 2012. Todd Andrew Bridges A thesis submitted for the degree of M.A.D. History 2016. Department of History The University of Essex 27 June 2016 1 Contents Abbreviations p. 3 Acknowledgements p. 4 Introduction: p. 5 Commemorating witch-trials: Lancashire 2012 Chapter One: p. 16 The 1612 Witch trials and the Potts Pamphlet Chapter Two: p. 31 Commemoration of the Lancashire witch-trials before 2012 Chapter Three: p. 56 Planning the events of 2012: key organisations and people Chapter Four: p. 81 Analysing the events of 2012 Conclusion: p. 140 Was 2012 a success? The Lancashire Witches: p. 150 Maps: p. 153 Primary Sources: p. 155 Bibliography: p. 159 2 Abbreviations GC Green Close Studios LCC Lancashire County Council LW 400 Lancashire Witches 400 Programme LW Walk Lancashire Witches Walk to Lancaster PBC Pendle Borough Council PST Pendle Sculpture Trail RPC Roughlee Parish Council 3 Acknowledgement Dr Alison Rowlands was my supervisor while completing my Masters by Dissertation for History and I am honoured to have such a dedicated person supervising me throughout my course of study. I gratefully acknowledge Dr Rowlands for her assistance, advice, and support in all matters of research and interpretation. Dr Rowland’s enthusiasm for her subject is extremely motivating and I am thankful to have such an encouraging person for a supervisor. I should also like to thank Lisa Willis for her kind support and guidance throughout my degree, and I appreciate her providing me with the materials that were needed in order to progress with my research and for realising how important this research project was for me.
    [Show full text]
  • Crown V. Susannah North Martin Court of the County of Essex, Colony of Massachusetts Salem, Year of Our Lord 1692
    Crown v. Susannah North Martin Court of the County of Essex, Colony of Massachusetts Salem, Year of Our Lord 1692 Case Description and Brief Susannah Martin was born in Buckinghamshire, England in 1621. She was the fourth daughter, and youngest child, of Richard North and Joan (Bartram) North. Her mother died when she was a young child, and her father remarried a woman named Ursula Scott. In 1639, at the age of 18, Susannah and her family came to the United States, settling in Salisbury, Massachusetts. Richard North, a highly respected man, was listed as one of the first proprietors and founders of Salisbury On August 11, 1646, Susannah, now 24, married the widower George Martin, a blacksmith. Making their home in Salisbury, the couple had a loving marriage, that produced nine children, one of which died in infancy. Prosperous in business, George and Susannah became one of the largest landholders of the region. George died in 1686, leaving Susannah a widow. After her husband’s death she managed his estate and lands with acumen and talent. As a young woman she was known for her exceptional beauty. Descriptions of Susanna say that she was short, active, and of remarkable personal neatness. She was also said to be very outspoken, contemptuous of authority, and defiant in the face of challenge. Due to her attractiveness and family’s prosperity, she had been the target of jealous slander, which had followed her for years, all of which had been proven unfounded. In January 1692, a a group of young girls began to display bizarre behavior in nearby Salem, Massachusetts.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive Look at the Salem Witch Mania of 1692 Ashley Layhew
    The Devil’s in the Details: A Comprehensive Look at the Salem Witch Mania of 1692 __________ Ashley Layhew Nine-year-old Betty Parris began to convulse, seize, and scream gibber- ish in the winter of 1692. The doctor pronounced her bewitched when he could find no medical reason for her actions. Five other girls began ex- hibiting the same symptoms: auditory and visual hallucinations, fevers, nausea, diarrhea, epileptic fits, screaming, complaints of being bitten, poked, pinched, and slapped, as well as coma-like states and catatonic states. Beseeching their Creator to ease the suffering of the “afflicted,” the Puritans of Salem Village held a day of fasting and prayer. A relative of Betty’s father, Samuel Parris, suggested a folk cure, in which the urine of the afflicted girls was taken and made into a cake. The villagers fed the cake to a dog, as dogs were believed to be the evil helpers of witches. This did not work, however, and the girls were pressed to name the peo- ple who were hurting them.1 The girls accused Tituba, a Caribbean slave who worked in the home of Parris, of being the culprit. They also accused two other women: Sarah Good and Sarah Osbourne. The girls, all between the ages of nine and sixteen, began to accuse their neighbors of bewitching them, saying that three women came to them and used their “spectres” to hurt them. The girls would scream, cry, and mimic the behaviors of the accused when they had to face them in court. They named many more over the course of the next eight months; the “bewitched” youth accused a total of one hundred and forty four individuals of being witches, with thirty sev- en of those executed following a trial.
    [Show full text]
  • 3 Die Materialität Des Teufels Und Ihre Wir- Kung Auf Hexenverfolgung Und Hexenprozeß in Ausgewählten Europäischen Ländern Und in Den Neuenglischen Kolonien
    3 Die Materialität des Teufels und ihre Wir- kung auf Hexenverfolgung und Hexenprozeß in ausgewählten europäischen Ländern und in den neuenglischen Kolonien Kernpunkt vieler Hexenprozesse der frühen Neuzeit in Europa und in den neuenglischen Kolonien war die Frage nach der materiellen Existenz des Teu- fels und ihr Nachweis. Teufelspakt, Teufelsbuhlschaft und Hexenflug - alles Elemente des Volks- aberglaubens - waren für einen großen Teil der Hexenprozesse zentrale An- klagepunkte in den Gerichtsverfahren und trugen sowohl in Europa als auch in den neuenglischen Kolonien zu einer Intensivierung der Hexenverfolgung in der frühen Neuzeit bei. Martin Pott bezeichnet diese Elemente des Volksaberglaubens als „Penta- gramm des Hexenwahns“. Er sieht den Hexenglauben als ausgefeilte Theorie, deren Inhalte im Begriff des Teufelspaktes kulminieren.196 Seit Menschengedenken gehörte die Vorstellung einer den Menschen nicht immer freundlich gesinnten, real existenten Parallelwelt zum alltäglichen Le- ben. Einerseits war sie in vorchristlicher Zeit eine durchaus wertfreie Möglich- keit, unerklärliche Erlebnisse verständlich zu machen, andererseits diente sie später dem Christentum als spirituelles Gegengewicht zum göttlichen Wir- ken. Vor allem in kontinentaleuropäischen Ländern, wie zum Beispiel in Deutschland, gewann das Übernatürliche in der frühneuzeitlichen Hexen- verfolgung an Bedeutung. Die Verhandlung von Hexenanklagen vor Gericht mußte dieser Entwicklung Rechnung tragen. Zeugenaussagen und Geständ- nisse der Angeklagten, welche die Existenz des
    [Show full text]
  • Salem 1692 Brochure
    1 2 3 4 Today Salem, Massachusetts, strives The numbers on the map to be a city of diversity and tolerance, correspond with the sites that but it is important to remember that the appear on the numbered panels. 20 men and women who were executed in All sites except for the Rebecca 1692 were not seeking tolerance. They Nurse Homestead are in Salem. were not witches. They were ordinary men and women seeking justice. 1. Rebecca Nurse Homestead (Danvers, MA) 2. House of the Seven Gables 3. Cemeteries of Salem (3 sites) 4. Salem Witch Trials Memorial Welcome … 5. Salem Witch Hunt: Examine the Evidence to 1692 6. Salem Witch Museum 7. The True 1692 The Rebecca Nurse Homestead The House of the Seven Cemeteries of Salem The Salem Witch Trials 8. Cry Innocent: The People vs. Gables Memorial Bridget Bishop … … … … 9. Witch Dungeon Museum What happened in Salem Town and Salem The Rebecca Nurse Homestead, located in Danvers, The imposing House of the Seven Gables, which has Salem has three cemeteries that are significant to the The Salem Witch Trials Memorial is a place of 10. The Witch House Village (modern-day Danvers) more than MA, (formerly known as Salem Village) is the 17th loomed over Salem Harbor since 1668, remains one of Witch Trials of 1692. Dating back to 1637, Charter meditation, remembrance, and respect for the 20 men 320 years ago still resonates as a measure of century home of Rebecca Nurse, a 71 year old matriarch the oldest surviving timber-framed mansions in North Street Burial Point is the oldest and most visited of and women who were put to death between June and the failure of civility and due process in the who was arrested on suspicion of practicing witchcraft.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of Elizabeth Howe
    Walton 1 Claire Walton HIST 2090 29 November 2017 Final Paper A Pious Woman Condemned by Rumor, Church, and Court: The Case of Elizabeth Howe “Though shee wer condemned before men shee was Justefyed befor god”1 -Goody Safford Prior to the year 1682, Goody Elizabeth Howe enjoyed a reputation defined by piety, honesty, and neighborliness. Two distinct disputes in 1682 would come together ten years later during the Salem witch crisis to place Elizabeth’s life in mortal peril. A “faling [out]” between Samuel Perley and the Howes preceded fits suffered by Samuel’s daughter, who reportedly identified Elizabeth as her tormentor. Although ministerial accounts contested Elizabeth’s culpability, rumors spread and stained Elizabeth’s holy reputation. Her rejection from the Ipswich Church approximately two or three years later, informed by the rumor of witchcraft and other reports from neighbors, exacerbated suspicion, as those involved in the church’s decision attributed maleficium to Elizabeth.2 The second dispute occurred on June 14, 1682, the same year Samuel Perley’s daughter first reported afflictions. The Topsfield men, Thomas Baker, Jacob Towne, and John Howe, Elizabeth’s brother-in-law, challenged John Putnam of Salem Village over his claim to land along the Ipswich River. This dispute pitted the Howe family against the Putnam family, a driving force behind the Salem witch trials of 1692. Ultimately, Elizabeth’s reputation of witchcraft coupled with her relationship to John Howe and by extension association with the Putnam land dispute influenced her conviction as a witch. Although numerous individuals 1 Bernard Rosenthal, et al., eds., Records of the Salem Witch-Hunt (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 341 (Hereafter RSWH).
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of the Salem Village Witchcraft Trials : Illustrated by A
    iiifSj irjs . Elizabeth Howe's Trial Boston Medical Library 8 The Fenway to H to H Ex LlBRIS to H to H William Sturgis Bigelow to H to H to to Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Open Knowledge Commons and Harvard Medical School http://www.archive.org/details/shorthistoryofsaOOperl . f : II ' ^ sfti. : ; Sf^,x, )" &*% "X-':K -*. m - * -\., if SsL&SfT <gHfe'- w ^ 5? '•%•; ..^ II ,».-,< s «^~ « ; , 4 r. #"'?-« •^ I ^ 1 '3?<l» p : :«|/t * * ^ff .. 'fid p dji, %; * 'gliif *9 . A SHORT HISTORY OF THE Salem Village Witchcraft Trials ILLUSTRATED BT A Verbatim Report of the Trial of Mrs. Elizabeth Howe A MEMORIAL OF HER To dance with Lapland witches, while the lab'ring moon eclipses at their charms. —Paradise Lost, ii. 662 MAP AND HALF TONE ILLUSTRATIONS SALEM, MASS.: M. V. B. PERLEY, Publisher 1911 OPYBIGHT, 1911 By M. V. B. PERLEY Saeem, Mass. nJtrt^ BOSTON 1911 NOTICE Greater Salem, the province of Governors Conant and Endicott, is visited by thousands of sojourners yearly. They come to study the Quakers and the witches, to picture the manses of the latter and the stately mansions of Salem's commercial kings, and breathe the salubrious air of "old gray ocean." The witchcraft "delusion" is generally the first topic of inquiry, and the earnest desire of those people with notebook in hand to aid the memory in chronicling answers, suggested this monograph and urged its publication. There is another cogent reason: the popular knowledge is circumscribed and even that needs correcting. This short history meets that earnest desire; it gives the origin, growth, and death of the hideous monster; it gives dates, courts, and names of places, jurors, witnesses, and those hanged; it names and explains certain "men and things" that are concomitant to the trials, with which the reader may not be conversant and which are necessary to the proper setting of the trials in one's mind; it compasses the salient features of witchcraft history, so that the story of the 1692 "delusion" may be garnered and entertainingly rehearsed.
    [Show full text]
  • Cotton Mathers's Wonders of the Invisible World: an Authoritative Edition
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University English Dissertations Department of English 1-12-2005 Cotton Mathers's Wonders of the Invisible World: An Authoritative Edition Paul Melvin Wise Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/english_diss Recommended Citation Wise, Paul Melvin, "Cotton Mathers's Wonders of the Invisible World: An Authoritative Edition." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2005. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/english_diss/5 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of English at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in English Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COTTON MATHER’S WONDERS OF THE INVISIBLE WORLD: AN AUTHORITATIVE EDITION by PAUL M. WISE Under the direction of Reiner Smolinski ABSTRACT In Wonders of the Invisible World, Cotton Mather applies both his views on witchcraft and his millennial calculations to events at Salem in 1692. Although this infamous treatise served as the official chronicle and apologia of the 1692 witch trials, and excerpts from Wonders of the Invisible World are widely anthologized, no annotated critical edition of the entire work has appeared since the nineteenth century. This present edition seeks to remedy this lacuna in modern scholarship, presenting Mather’s seventeenth-century text next to an integrated theory of the natural causes of the Salem witch panic. The likely causes of Salem’s bewitchment, viewed alongside Mather’s implausible explanations, expose his disingenuousness in writing about Salem. Chapter one of my introduction posits the probability that a group of conspirators, led by the Rev.
    [Show full text]
  • The Witch Hunts Free
    FREE THE WITCH HUNTS PDF Robert Thurston | 368 pages | 02 Feb 2007 | Taylor & Francis Ltd | 9781405840835 | English | London, United Kingdom Salem witch trials | History & Causes | Britannica Throughout the medieval era, mainstream Christian doctrine had denied the existence of witches and witchcraft, condemning it as pagan superstition. Ina papal bull by Gregory IX established a new branch of the inquisition in Toulouse, France, to be led by the Dominicans. It was intended The Witch Hunts prosecute Christian groups considered heretical, such as the Cathars and the Waldensians. Records were usually kept by the French inquisitors but the majority of these did not survive, The Witch Hunts one historian working inCharles Molinier, refers to the surviving records as only scanty debris. The records seem The Witch Hunts have often been targeted by the accused or their friends and family, wishing to thereby sabotage the proceedings or failing that, to spare their reputations and the reputations of their descendants. Difficulty in understanding the larger witchcraft trials to come in later centuries is deciding how much can be extrapolated from what remains. Inwith the papacy in nearby Avignon, the inquisitor of Carcassonne sentenced a monk to the dungeon for life and the sentence refers to The skeptical Canon Episcopi retained many supporters, and still seems to have been supported by the theological faculty at the University of Paris in their decree fromand was never officially repudiated by a majority of bishops within the papal lands, nor even by the Council of Trentwhich immediately preceded the peak of the trials. But inthe The Witch Hunts witch trialslasting six to eight years, started in the French-speaking lower Valais and eventually spread to German- speaking regions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Salem Witch Trials from a Legal Perspective: the Importance of Spectral Evidence Reconsidered
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1984 The Salem Witch Trials from a Legal Perspective: The Importance of Spectral Evidence Reconsidered Susan Kay Ocksreider College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Law Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Ocksreider, Susan Kay, "The Salem Witch Trials from a Legal Perspective: The Importance of Spectral Evidence Reconsidered" (1984). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625278. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-7p31-h828 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS FROM A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE; THE IMPORTANCE OF SPECTRAL EVIDENCE RECONSIDERED A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of Williams and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Susan K. Ocksreider 1984 ProQuest Number: 10626505 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10626505 Published by ProQuest LLC (2017).
    [Show full text]
  • Dutch New York and the Salem Witch Trials: Some New Evidence
    Dutch New York and the Salem Witch Trials: Some New Evidence EVAN HAEFELI ISCOVERING new documentation on such a well-studied event as the Salem witch trials is a rare thing. Even rarer Dis contemporary commentary on the trials. Jacob Melyen (i640-1706), a colonial merchant of Dutch origin living in Boston in the summer of 1692, has left us both in the eighty-eight letters copied into his letterbook now located at the American Antiquarian Society. Written mostly in Dutch and concerned pri- marily with his mercantile activity and events in New York, Melyen's letters add to our factual knowledge and illuminate just how troubled many colonists were about what was happening. To help imderstand the significance of the letters and explain why they even exist at all, this essay will outline their context through Melyen's life. It is an important story, joining together the histories of New Netherland, New England, and New York in ways colonial historians often overlook. While there is no evidence that Melyen had any direct involvement in the trials, his letters underscore the vital role New York politics played in this quin- tessentially New England drama.' Given the nature of Melyen's Eor their comments and suggestions on translation and interpretation the author would like to thank Willem Erijhoff, Charles Gehring, Mary Beth Norton, Caroline Sloat, Kevin Sweeney, David William Voorhees, and the anonymous reviewers for this journal. All errors and peculiarities, of course, remain his own. I. Jacob Melyen, Letterbook, 1691-1696, American Antiquarian Society. For a brief dis- cussion of the context of this letterbook and other Dutch New York connections to Boston around this time, see Evan Haefeli, 'Leislerians in Boston: Some Rare Dutch Colonial EVAN HAEFELI is assistant professor of history.
    [Show full text]