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The Vegetation of Trumbull County, Ohio1

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The Vegetation of Trumbull County, Ohio1 THE VEGETATION OF TRUMBULL COUNTY, OHIO1 ROYAL E. SHANKS Austin Peay Normal School Clarksville, Tennessee In this paper an attempt is made to describe the original forest vegetation of Trumbull County, Ohio. The distribution of generalized vegetation types is indicated by a map. These types are described and an analysis of their successional relationships is based on a study of existing remnants, secondary successions and historical records of the original vegetation. Investigations of this kind are not only of historical value, but it is also recog- nized that the natural vegetation of a region is an expression of the total effect of a complex of environmental factors, and its use as a practical "indicator" of environment is increasing. THE REGIONAL BACKGROUND Trumbull County is located in northeastern Ohio, adjacent to Pennsylvania. It lies midway between the glacial boundary and Lake Erie, and a single county lies between it and the lake. It is approximately twenty-five miles square. Its subdivisions and principal streams are shown in the accompanying map (Figure 1). The elevation above sea level ranges from 800 to 1260 feet. Within this range altitude is of much less significance in relation to vegetation than relative local relief. Application of this concept of "relative relief," developed by Smith (1935), clearly demonstrates two distinct types of topography in the county. With the exception of a small portion in the extreme northwestern corner, the area north and west of the Defiance moraine, which extends through the towns of Southington, Champion, Bazetta, Johnston and Gustavus (Cushing, Leverett and Van Horn, 1931), is level to gently rolling, while the dissected plateau in the eastern and southeastern parts of the county varies from rolling to decidedly hilly and broken. In this region underlying rocks through their influence on topography may have an indirect influence on vegetation. The rugged topography of the eastern and south- eastern portions of the county is related to the more resistant character of some of the rocks of the Pennsylvanian system. Over much of the old valley in the western part of the county and upon the broad divides, natural drainage has not yet become well established. This is due to the location of the county upon the divide between the Great Lakes and the Ohio River, the reversal of drainage brought about by the glacier, and the comparatively short time which has elapsed since glaciation. With the exception of small areas where the bedrock lies at or near the surface, or where muck or peat deposits have formed, the soils are of glacial origin. Over nine-tenths of the soils of Trumbull County originally were in need of internal drainage for agricultural use. Surface drainage varies to a much greater extent. In this region vegetation types correlated with soil types are also correlated with topographic features. When mapped soil types are an expression of topography and drainage they are useful indicators of vegetation. Papers from the Department of Botany, The Ohio State University, No. 447. A more detailed account is contained in a thesis presented to the Graduate School of The Ohio State University for the Master of Science degree, 1937. The advice of Dr. H. C. Sampson and Dr. E. N. Transeau is gratefully acknowledged. 220 No. 6 VEGETATION OF TRUMBULL COUNTY, OHIO 221 As might be expected, this region has greater climatic similarity to north- western Pennsylvania and western New York than to central and western Ohio. Northeastern Ohio has, on the average, later spring frosts and earlier autumn frosts than the rest of the state, a slightly lower average temperature, precipitation more uniformly distributed and more of it in the form of snow, and less frequent drought periods of significant duration. FIG. 1. The towns and principal streams of Trumbull County, Ohio. METHODS In an attempt to reconstruct an accurate picture of the original vegetation, the following sources of information were used: (1) historical records, including land survey notes, written descriptions by local historians, verbal accounts by old res- idents, timber buyers and sawmill operators, and herbarium records; and (2) field observations, including recording of present-day vegetation, analysis of least disturbed areas, observation of secondary successions on areas of known vegeta- tional history as a basis for establishing indices to be used in further field work, and local correlation of vegetation types with topography and soils. Trumbull County is a part of the Western Reserve included in the original land grant to Connecticut. In 1795 this area was sold to the Connecticut Land Com- 222 ROYAL E. SHANKS Vol. XLII pany, which employed surveyors to divide the land into towns2 five miles square. A part of their job was to describe the timber, the suitability of the land for agri- culture and any apparent "mineral deposits" along these five mile traverses. Their descriptions provided the only basis for evaluation of the land, and consid- erable pains were taken with them. The traverses of present-day Trumbull County were completed in 1796 and 1797. The nature of these survey notes is such that for our purposes they amount to transects of the vegetation at five mile intervals. They do not give a detailed picture, but the general features of the original vegetation stand out quite clearly. A thorough study leaves no doubt as to their reliability. Apparently the species were listed in approximate order of abundance. Usually a description was given for every mile, but in a few cases, where distinct changes occurred, there were as many as three descriptions to the mile. In other places the "timber" was described as "the same" for several miles. Lists of species, sometimes annotated, varied from one (e. g., white oak, on the south line of Newton) to several (e. g., cherry, walnut, hardbeam, ash, beech, maple, oak, ironwood, elm, basswood, butternut, cucumber, boxwood, in the mixed mesophytic area between Vernon and Kinsman and east of Pymatuning Creek). In the present study field work formed the principal basis for mapping of forest types in all areas that had even a small percentage of wooded land. The various historical records were used as contributory evidence and seldom modified the final conclusions. In most cases history merely confirmed the evidence of the existing vegetation. In the urban and thickly settled suburban areas of Warren, Niles, Youngstown and Sharon, Pennsylvania, it was necessary to rely to a greater extent on historical records and generalization of types on the basis of remnants in adjacent and similar territory. The rural areas of the county practically all contain enough wooded land to enable one to reconstruct the original forest asso- ciations after he has acquired a knowledge of the secondary successions in the area. According to the United States Census of Agriculture (1935), 19 per cent of the farm land of the county is in woods. Probably the percentage of rural non-farm land in woods is higher. In using farm woods as a basis for judgment, it must be kept in mind that the sites left in woods are frequently either too wet or too rough for agriculture. Consequently these sites are often unfavorable for the develop- ment of the regional climax vegetation and these woods might be misleading without site evaluation. VEGETATION TYPES The following outline includes the types clearly recognizable in the original vegetation of the county. Further variants were probably extremely local in occurrence and are discussed under related types. In general, the types recognized by Sampson in northern Ohio (1927, 1930a) are followed. Associations are named for their dominants in order of abundance, the dominants named making up over half the stand. This rule is not, however, rigidly applied to transition types, which are sometimes identified by indicator species. Arrangement of the series is roughly in order of decreasing drainage. The associations are grouped into generalized types for convenience in mapping. Local areas of historical interest showing little direct relationship to other present-day vegetation are classified separately as relict types. Chestnut types Chestnut Oak-chestnut 2The designation "town" is used here, as in New England, to refer to the subdivisions elsewhere called "townships." It is customary when referring to these units to use their names alone, without specifying "Town of " or " Township." No. 6 VEGETATION OF TRUMBULL COUNTY, OHIO 223 Upland oak types Mixed oak Oak-hickory White oak Oak-maple Oak-maple-tulip Mixed mesophytic type Beech-maple types Maple-oak-beech Maple-beech Beech-maple Transition types Red oak Wet beech Mixed Swamp oaks Swamp forest types Elm-ash-red maple Pin oak Black ash Sycamore-willow Relict types Hemlock White pine Bogs Treeless areas In presenting the accompanying generalized map (Fig. 2), certain points should be mentioned. The similarity of the secondary forests on much of the area orig- inally occupied by the better drained transitional phases of the swamp forest, and the lack of detailed historical information for the entire area, have made it advisable to map together all areas too wet for the beech-sugar maple community. Local spots occupied by almost pure stands of beech, too poorly drained for sugar maple, thus occur within areas generalized as swamp forest. Gradual transitions from one type to another in certain parts of the county, notably in Southington, Gustavus and Vienna, have made the boundaries arbitrary. Certain areas of rolling topography, especially in Southington and south of the Mahoning River, exhibit extreme local variation. All such problem areas are mapped as their predominant type, on the basis of available information. It is also probable that mixed mesophytic forests were much more extensive than indicated in the southeastern part of the county. However they are shown only where direct information was available.
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