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Pesticide Degradates of Concern to the Drinking Water Community

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Pesticide Degradates of Concern to the Drinking Water Community Pesticide Degradates of Concern to the Drinking Water Community Project #2938 Subject Area: High-Quality Water Web Report TO: Awwa Research Foundation Subscribers RE: Enclosed report, Pesticide Degradates of Concern to the Drinking Water Community The objectives of this project were to develop a priority list of pesticides and their degradates and adjuvants of potential concern and identify related research priorities. To meet these objectives, the research team collated data on the occurrence, properties, persistence and toxicity of pesticide degradates and adjuvants in soils, waters, and treatment processes; and held a workshop to discuss prioritization approaches and research needs. The information generated from the literature review and workshop recommendations has been summarized in the enclosed report and was used to develop a priority list of pesticide degradates. General research needs in four key areas were also identified at the workshop and are included in the report. Due to the technical nature of this project, the results are being made available to both subscribers and the research community through this electronic version of the report on AwwaRF’s web site. ©2008 AwwaRF. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ©2008 AwwaRF. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Pesticide Degradates of Concern to the Drinking Water Community ©2008 AwwaRF. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED About the Awwa Research Foundation The Awwa Research Foundation (AwwaRF) is a member-supported, international, nonprofit organization that sponsors research to enable water utilities, public health agencies, and other professionals to provide safe and affordable drinking water to consumers. The Foundation’s mission is to advance the science of water to improve the quality of life. To achieve this mission, the Foundation sponsors studies on all aspects of drinking water, including supply and resources, treatment, monitoring and analysis, distribution, management, and health effects. Funding for research is provided primarily by subscription payments from approximately 1,000 utilities, consulting firms, and manufacturers in North America and abroad. Additional funding comes from collaborative partnerships with other national and international organizations, allowing for resources to be leveraged, expertise to be shared, and broad-based knowledge to be developed and disseminated. Government funding serves as a third source of research dollars. From its headquarters in Denver, Colorado, the Foundation’s staff directs and supports the efforts of more than 800 volunteers who serve on the board of trustees and various committees. These volunteers represent many facets of the water industry, and contribute their expertise to select and monitor research studies that benefit the entire drinking water community. The results of research are disseminated through a number of channels, including reports, the Web site, conferences, and periodicals. For subscribers, the Foundation serves as a cooperative program in which water suppliers unite to pool their resources. By applying Foundation research findings, these water suppliers can save substantial costs and stay on the leading edge of drinking water science and technology. Since its inception, AwwaRF has supplied the water community with more than $300 million in applied research. More information about the Foundation and how to become a subscriber is available on the Web at www.awwarf.org. ©2008 AwwaRF. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Pesticide Degradates of Concern to the Drinking Water Community Prepared by: Simon A Parsons School of Water Sciences Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 OAL, United Kingdom and Alistair Boxall, Chris Sinclair, and Carmel Ramwell University of York Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom Sponsored by: Awwa Research Foundation 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235-3098 Published by: ©2008 AwwaRF. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED DISCLAIMER This study was funded by the Awwa Research Foundation (AwwaRF). AwwaRF assumes no responsibility for the content of the research study reported in this publication or for the opinions or statements of fact expressed in the report. The mention of trade names for commercial products does not represent or imply the approval or endorsement of AwwaRF. This report is presented solely for informational purposes. Copyright © 2008 by Awwa Research Foundation ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this publication may be copied, reproduced or otherwise utilized without permission. ©2008 AwwaRF. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................xi FOREWORD…. .................................................................................................................... xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................xv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................. xvii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES............................................................1 CHAPTER 2: USAGE OF PESTICIDES AND ADJUVANTS ...............................................5 Introduction....................................................................................................................5 Uses of pesticides...........................................................................................................5 Agricultural and horticultural use ......................................................................6 Industry/commercial/government markets ........................................................7 Household usage ................................................................................................8 Pesticides used in or near water.........................................................................9 Adjuvants and co-formulants.........................................................................................9 CHAPTER 3: DEGRADATES IN THE ENVIRONMENT ...................................................13 Introduction..................................................................................................................13 Formation in the environment......................................................................................14 Methods for determining transformation routes ..........................................................19 Experimental methods .....................................................................................19 Predictive approaches ......................................................................................19 Characteristics of degradates of major pestcides.........................................................20 Fate of degradates in the environment.........................................................................24 Degradation in the environment.......................................................................24 Routes into environmental waters....................................................................26 Non-agricultural...........................................................................................................26 Effects of climate and season...........................................................................27 Mobility in the environment ............................................................................27 Occurrence in the environment....................................................................................29 Soil ...................................................................................................................34 Surface water ...................................................................................................34 Groundwater ....................................................................................................35 Occurrence In Drinking water Supplies and Fate during Drinking water treatment ...36 Drinking water standards .............................................................................................38 CHAPTER 4: PRIORITISATION OF DEGRADATES.........................................................39 Introduction..................................................................................................................39 Prioritization approach.................................................................................................39 v ©2008 AwwaRF. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Data selection...................................................................................................39 Exposure ..........................................................................................................39 Risk characterization and ranking....................................................................40 Calculation of exposure index .........................................................................40 Amount of degradate formed.......................................................................................40 Sorption........................................................................................................................41 Persistence....................................................................................................................41 Effects ..............................................................................................................42
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