DOCSLIB.ORG

Zzyzx Mineral Springs— Cultural Treasure and Endangered Species Aquarium

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Zzyzx Mineral Springs— Cultural Treasure and Endangered Species Aquarium Cultural and Natural Resources: Conflicts and Opportunities for Cooperation Zzyzx Mineral Springs— Cultural Treasure and Endangered Species Aquarium Danette Woo, Mojave National Preserve, 222 East Main Street, Suite 202, Barstow, California 92311; [email protected] Debra Hughson, Mojave National Preserve, 222 East Main Street, Suite 202, Barstow, California 92311; [email protected] A Brief History of Zzyzx Human use has been documented at Soda Dry Lake back to the early predecessors of the Mohave and Chemehuevi native peoples, who occupied the land when the Spanish explorers first explored the area early in the 19th century. Soda Springs lies in the traditional range of the Chemehuevi, who likely used and modified the area in pursuit of their hunter–gatherer econo- my.Trade routes existed between the coast and inland to the Colorado River and beyond for almost as long as humans have occupied this continent. These routes depended on reliable springs, spaced no more than a few days’ walk apart, and Soda Springs has long been a reliable oasis in a dehydrated expanse. The first written record of Soda Springs Soda Springs, dubbed “Hancock’s Redoubt” comes from the journals of Jedediah Strong for Winfield Scott Hancock, the Army Smith, written in 1827 when he crossed Soda Quartermaster in Los Angeles at the time. The Lake on his way to Mission San Gabriel. Army’s presence provided a buffer between Smith was the first American citizen to enter the emigrants from the East and dispossessed California by land. He crisscrossed the west- natives. California miners also traveled the ern half of the North American continent by Mojave Road on their way to the Colorado foot and pack animal from 1822 until he was River in 1861. During 1867 and 1868, the killed by Comanches in 1831. In his journal, army established “Soda Station,” or “Fort Smith wrote of his Soda Lake sojourn: “I Soda,” an army outpost at Soda Springs sub- came to border of a salt plain and at this place ordinate to Camp Cady. From Soda Station, found some holes of brackish water. The the army provided escorts to the stages and water was in holes dug about two feet deep U.S. mail carriers along the Mojave Road and quite brackish. Making some new holes I (Casebier 1999). After the army withdrew in found the water some better.” 1871, Soda Station and other similar posts The U.S. Army followed on Jedediah were sporadically manned by civilian station Smith’s heels. Various government and, in keepers. particular, Army surveys were conducted in The early 20th century brought mining, the 1850s. Lieutenant Robert S. Williamson railroads, and religious colonization to Soda provided one of the earliest written descrip- Springs. The Pacific Salt and Soda Company tions of Soda Lake in 1853. Lieutenant Amiel ran a sporadic mining operation there Weeks Whipple gave Soda Lake its name in between 1907 and 1911. Evidence of the 1854, and in 1857 Edward F. Beale laid out a Pacific Salt and Soda evaporation ponds is wagon route through the Mojave Desert for still apparent. In 1906, Francis Marion emigrants bound for southern California. “Borax” Smith had built the Tonopah and This route would eventually become known Tidewater Railroad through Soda “Dry” Lake as the Mojave Road. Numerous massacres of to serve his borax mines near Death Valley. these emigrant parties by the Mohaves led the From 1907 to 1940 the T&T averaged one Army to establish a permanent post in 1859 at train per day between Ludlow, California, and Fort Mohave near present-day Needles. Goldfield, Nevada. The rails were for removed Shortly thereafter, they established a camp at for raw material during World War II and the 84 Cultural and Natural Resources: Conflicts and Opportunities for Cooperation graded bed now marks the boundary of somewhere in the middle. The fish population Mojave National Preserve south to Crucero on in West Pond was killed in 1984 when water the Union Pacific line. conditions became too bad, even for the Pastor Charles T. Russell founded the incredibly tough Mohave tui chub. Hypoxia Watchtower Bible and Tract Society at Soda associated with algae blooms was blamed; this Springs in 1914. Only two written records of may have been triggered or exacerbated by this religious colony, the “Russellite” sect of sewage. Jehovah’s Witnesses, exist. Russell died The present-day Desert Studies Center, October 30, 1916, and David G. Thompson, operated by a consortium of California state a geologist working for the U.S. Geological universities, was conceived by Dalton Survey, reported the site abandoned in 1917. Harrington at California State University–San Curtis Howe Springer and his wife moved Bernardino when it became apparent that the onto the site in 1944, filing mining claims with Bureau of Land Management was finally going the Bureau of Land Management and San to evict Springer. The Desert Studies Center Bernardino County for over 12,000 acres hosts classes, field trips, and conferences in around Soda Springs. Springer built and Springer’s buildings, restored by the consor- operated the Zzyzx Mineral Springs and tium. Health Resort at Soda Springs for 30 years until the Bureau of Land Management evicted A Brief History of the him in 1974. His daily radio broadcast touted Mohave Tui Chub the miraculous healing powers of Jesus, min- The Mohave tui chub (Gila bicolor eral baths, and elixirs such as Hollywood Pep mohavensis) is the only fish native to the Tonic and Antediluvian Desert Herb Tea. Mojave River basin in California. It preferred Although the charges against him—invalid quiet pools in the intermittently flowing mining claims, tax evasion, and exaggerated Mojave River and tended to be swept down- advertising—are certainly true, his main activ- stream during floods. Sport fishermen intro- ities may have been providing sermons and duced the arroyo chub (Gila orcutti) in the health food to lost souls and unintentionally 1930s as live bait, and it interbred with the supporting the Mohave tui chub. Springer Mohave tui chub. A isolated relic population claimed to have coined “Zzyzx” in order to of genetically pure Mohave tui chub survived have the last word in the English language. in MC Spring. How the fish got into MC Springer excavated an artificial pond in Spring remains a mystery. The Soda Lake about 1955 and called it “Lake Tuendae.” He playa is a closed basin at the end of the Mojave stocked it with a minnow-sized fish that lived River watershed and, during wet seasons, in a small limnocrene spring nearby, now becomes a real lake with water. The fish could called MC (for Mojave Chub) Spring. This have been washed into the ephemeral lake spring is natural, but needs occasional clear- during floods, with a few becoming trapped in ing of cattails (Typha domengensis) and sedges MC Spring as the waters receded. An alterna- (Scirpus olneyi) to maintain open water. tive explanation is that the fish somehow move Springer also enlarged a water-filled mine underground through fractures in the lime- shaft near Lake Tuendae that became known stone. The Bureau of Land Management exca- as “Three Bats Pond” and, later, “West Pond.” vated a pit adjacent to MC Spring to test this One version of the story is that Springer latter hypothesis. The pit filled with water but enlarged West Pond with dynamite to mine fish never appeared. gold. Another version holds that he was con- The Mojave River originates on the structing a swimming pool. Given that northerly slopes of the San Bernardino Springer needed to pretend to be mining in Mountains and flows northeasterly into the order to hold onto his claims, and that the closed basin of Soda Lake about 100 miles gold he was mining actually came from the away.Twenty-thousand-year-old fossilized purses of his “guests,” the truth is probably fish remains in Lake Manix recall a time when 85 Cultural and Natural Resources: Conflicts and Opportunities for Cooperation Mohave tui chub lived in its favored habitat feet long in an east–west direction. Water is (USFWS 1984). Lake Manix is now a flat supplied to the lake from a well through a stretch of desert along Interstate Highway15 fountain in the lake center. Lake Tuendae is north of Barstow. The Soda Springs area lies connected to the Soda Lake aquifer by seep- on the western shore of Soda Dry Lake at an age, which has probably prevented a long- elevation of 930 feet. Most of the buildings of term buildup of salinity. Lake Tuendae gradu- the proposed Zzyzx/Soda Springs historic ally fills in with sediments and cattails and district lie on a shoreline outcropping of must be dredged about every 10 years. Permian metamorphic limestone. The Soda The tui chub was listed as endangered by Mountains are Mesozoic granitic and metavol- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in canic rocks flanked by short, low-angle, allu- 1970 and by the state of California in 1971. In vial fans and debris flows characteristic of addition to the original population in MC extreme aridity. Mean annual precipitation at Spring and the population introduced into Soda Lake since 1980 is 3.5 inches, occurring Lake Tuendae, populations of Mohave tui mostly from July through September during chub have been established in artificial the summer thunderstorm season (Mojave impoundments at China Lake Naval Air National Preserve 2002). Weapons Station and Camp Cady. Attempts There are two distinct aquifer systems to establish other populations at San Felipe influencing Soda Springs. Groundwater Creek (San Diego, California), Rio Santo below Soda Lake is part of the Mojave River Tomas (Baja California, Mexico), Paradise Sink and is recharged from percolation Spa (Las Vegas, Nevada), Piute Creek (San through Afton Canyon and Kelso Wash.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Grand Canyon of the Mojave.” It Was Originally Called Cave Canyon, but Acquire the Current Name After the Railroad Stop of Afton Was Created at the West End
    Afton Canyon: Afton Canyon is often called “the Grand Canyon of the Mojave.” It was originally called Cave Canyon, but acquire the current name after the railroad stop of Afton was created at the west end. It’s one of the few places where the Mojave River flows above ground in places all year round. Vehicle access is permitted through most of the canyon, however no vehicles are allowed in the western end, where the “horseshoe” is and where the caves are located. This closed area is bypassed by taking the access road along the railroad tracks and driving through the Mojave River wash under the railroad tressel. At one time there was a train stop at Afton and a station. Afton Cemetery is located south of where the station once sat. There are five stone-covered mounds and wooden crosses. One of the burials has been identified as that of Jose Flores, born about 1882, died May 29, 1906. Flores was one of three men who arrived at Afton Station on an early-morning train hoping to be hired on. They were intoxicated and after attacking Section Foreman Robert Y. Williams, who was severely injured in the brawl, Flores was killed. The other two were wounded, one fatally. [John V. Richardson, Jr., San Bernardino County Museum Association Quarterly, Vol. 55, Number 4, 2010]. MojaveRd1West Pages 5, 6. GPS: 35.030936,-116.366846 Arbuckle Mine: A magnesite (magnesium) mine high up on the side of a cliff on the south side of Afton Canyon. A large piece of timber at the mine has "Arbuckle Mine 1894" carved into it.
    [Show full text]
  • MARCH 2012 by Richard D
    City of San Bernardino Historical and Pioneer Society P.O. Box 875, San Bernardino, CA 92402 LIBRARY NEWS MARCH 2012 By Richard D. Thompson, Librarian PIONEER “UNCLE GEORGE” LORD Last month I mentioned our intent to create a "big-book" on William F. Holcomb and his descendants. A big-book is a four- or five-inch-thick, heavy-duty ring binder filled with hundreds of pages of whatever can be found on the family. We have one on John Brown and one on Fred Perris. These are works in progress because there is much more material available than what we were able to collect within the restricted time and effort devoted to the project. A file on George Lord is now being gathered. He was the first president of the San Bernardino Society of California Pioneers, who, upon his death in 1898, was described in a Riverside newspaper as the "most famous man in southern California." Another article said "there was not a stain" in his life, and a third stated that "thousands" attended his funeral (the total population of the city was only about 6,000). I am still in the process of accumulating what is readily available on this man. This includes photographs, references in George Lord history books, newspaper articles and anything that can be found on the Internet. “Uncle George” Lord, as he was called, and his wife Arabella Singleton Lord had two sons and a daughter, the latter of whom died as a baby. The boys, George Lord, Jr., and John Singleton Lord, both had families, and I have included in the big-book what information I have on them, their wives and families.
    [Show full text]
  • The Archaeology and Paleoclimate of the Mud Lake Basin, Nye County, Nevada
    University of Nevada, Reno Changing Landscapes During the Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene: The Archaeology and Paleoclimate of the Mud Lake Basin, Nye County, Nevada A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in Anthropology By Lindsay A. Fenner Dr. Geoffrey M. Smith/Thesis Advisor May, 2011 © by Lindsay A. Fenner 2011 All Rights Reserved THE GRADUATE SCHOOL We recommend that the thesis prepared under our supervision by LINDSAY A. FENNER entitled Changing Landscapes During The Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene: The Archaeology And Paleoclimate Of The Mud Lake Basin, Nye County, Nevada be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Geoffrey M. Smith, Ph.D., Advisor Gary Haynes, Ph.D., Committee Member Kenneth D. Adams, Ph.D., Graduate School Representative Marsha H. Read, Ph. D., Associate Dean, Graduate School May, 2011 i ABSTRACT Archaeological investigation along Pleistocene lakeshores is a longstanding and common approach to prehistoric research in the Great Basin. Continuing in this tradition, this thesis considers the archaeological remains present from pluvial Mud Lake, Nye County, Nevada coupled with an examination of paleoclimatic conditions to assess land-use patters during the terminal Pleistocene/early Holocene. Temporally diagnostic lithic assemblages from 44 localities in the Mud Lake basin provide the framework for which environmental proxy records are considered. Overwhelmingly occupied by Prearchaic groups, comprising 76.6% of all diagnostic artifacts present, Mud Lake was intensively utilized right up to its desiccation after the Younger Dryas, estimated at 9,000 radiocarbon years before present. Intermittently occupied through the remainder of the Holocene, different land-use strategies were employed as a result of shifting subsistence resources reacting to an ever changing environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Care and Spawning of the Endangered Mohave Tui Chub in Captivity Thomas P
    9 American Currents Vol. 35, No. 2 Care and Spawning of the Endangered Mohave Tui Chub in Captivity Thomas P. Archdeacon and Scott A. Bonar (TA, SB) School of Natural Resources, University of Arizona, 104 Biological Science East, Tucson, AZ 85721 (TA, current address) New Mexico Fishery Resources Office, 3800 Commons Blvd, Albuquerque, NM 87109, [email protected] aptive spawning of endangered species can be an lect and study these fishes in captivity. Here, we examine the important part in the recovery of a species. Mohave tui chub in captivity (Fig. 1), and examine some Working in a controlled setting allows accurate methods that resulted in natural spawning in captivity. C observations of early life-history traits, and cap- Mohave tui chub are the only native fish in the Mojave tive-produced offspring can reduce collection of wild fish for River basin, and are probably not closely related to other Gila experimental studies and translocations (Buyanak and Mohr, chubs, often placed in their own genus, Siphateles. There are 1981; Rakes et al., 1999). Many endangered fishes, including no less than 13 described subspecies of tui chub in the United endangered cyprinids such as Colorado pikeminnow, bony- States, ranging from Oregon, to the southernmost population tail, humpback chub, and roundtail chub, have been spawned in the Mojave basin. Populations of Mohave tui chub declined in the laboratory (Hamman, 1982a, 1982b). Species in the in the Mojave River after the 1930s, when competition genus Gila seem to be particularly easy to spawn in captivity, occurred with arroyo chubs G. orcutti (Hubbs and Miller, three additional species have been spawned in captivity at the 1943), which were believed to have been introduced into the University of Arizona, including Gila chub (Gila intermedia), headwaters by anglers.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Complexity of Non-Native Species Impacts In
    ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY OF NON-NATIVE SPECIES IMPACTS IN DESERT AQUATIC SYSTEMS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Sujan Maduranga Henkanaththegedara In Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Program: Environmental and Conservation Sciences March 2012 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY OF NON-NATIVE SPECIES IMPACTS IN DESERT AQUATIC SYSTEMS By Sujan Maduranga Henkanaththegedara The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Dr. Craig Stockwell Chair Dr. Mark Clark Dr. Malcolm Butler Dr. Bernhardt Saini-Eidukat Approved by Department Chair: 03.02.12 Craig Stockwell Date Signature ABSTRACT Without an adequate understanding of complex interactions between native and non- native species, management of invasive species can result in unforeseen detrimental impacts. I used both field and laboratory experiments to study reciprocal species interactions between the endangered Mohave tui chub (Siphateles bicolor mohavensis) and invasive western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). I also examined the impacts of both fish species on the aquatic invertebrate communities in desert springs. I demonstrate a case of intraguild predation (IGP) as a mechanism facilitating co- persistence of the endangered Mohave tui chub with invasive mosquitofish using field mesocosm experiments. In this case of IGP, adult tui chub prey on adult and juvenile mosquitofish, while adult mosquitofish prey on tui chub eggs and/or larvae. I conducted laboratory predation trials to assess if IGP was size-structured due to predator gape-limitation.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Lake Valley Tui Chub Listing Petition
    BEFORE THE SECRETARY OF INTERIOR PETITION TO LIST THE FISH LAKE VALLEY TUI CHUB (SIPHATELES BICOLOR SSP. 4) AS A THREATENED OR ENDANGERED SPECIES UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT Tui Chub, Siphateles bicolor (Avise, 2016, p. 49) March 9, 2021 CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 1 March 9, 2021 NOTICE OF PETITION David Bernhardt, Secretary U.S. Department of the Interior 1849 C Street NW Washington, D.C. 20240 [email protected] Martha Williams Principal Deputy Director U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1849 C Street NW Washington, D.C. 20240 [email protected] Amy Lueders, Regional Director U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service P.O. Box 1306 Albuquerque, NM 87103-1306 [email protected] Marc Jackson, Field Supervisor U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Reno Fish and Wildlife Office 1340 Financial Blvd., Suite 234 Reno, Nevada 89502 [email protected] Dear Secretary Bernhardt, Pursuant to Section 4(b) of the Endangered Species Act (“ESA”), 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b); section 553(e) of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), 5 U.S.C. § 553(e); and 50 C.F.R. § 424.14(a), the Center for Biological Diversity, Krista Kemppinen, and Patrick Donnelly hereby petition the Secretary of the Interior, through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (“FWS” or “Service”), to protect the Fish Lake Valley tui chub (Siphateles bicolor ssp. 4) as a threatened or endangered species. The Fish Lake Valley tui chub is a recognized, but undescribed, subspecies of tui chub. Should the service not accept the tui chub as valid subspecies we request that it be considered as a distinct population as it is both discrete and significant.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of the Cultural Resources of the Western Mojave Desert
    BLM LIBRARY BURE/ IT 88014080 An Overview of the Cultural Resources of the Western Mojave Desert by E . G ary Stic kel and - L ois J . W einm an Ro berts with sections by Rainer Beig ei and Pare Hopa cultural resources publications anthropology— history Cover design represents a petroglyph element from Inscription Canyon, San Bernardino County, California. : AN OVERVIEW OF THE CULTURAL RESOURCES OF THE WESTERN TOJAVE DESERT by Gary Stickel and Lois J. Weinman- Roberts Environmental Research Archaeologists: A Scientific Consortium Los Angeles with sections by Rainer Berger and Pare Hopa BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT LIBRARY Denver, Colorado 88014680 Prepared for the UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT California Desert Planning Program 3610 Central Avenue, Suite 402 Riverside, California 92506 Contract No. YA-512-CT8-106 ERIC W. RITTER GENERAL EDITOR Bureau of Land RIVERSIDE, CA Management Library 1980 Bldg. 50, Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 *•' FOREWORD Culture resource overviews such as this bring together much of the available information on prehistoric and historic peoples and present- day Native American groups along with their associated environments. The purpose behind these studies is to provide background information for the management of and research into these prehistoric, historic, and contemporary resources. This overview is one of seven covering the southern California deserts undertaken as part of a comprehensive planning effort by the Bureau of Land Management for these deserts. Overviews aid in the day-to-day management of cultural resources and in the completion of environmental analyses and research projects. Its general value to the public in the fields of education and recreation-interpretation must also be stressed.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Southern California
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Southern California Climate and Vegetation Over the Past 125,000 Years from Lake Sequences in the San Bernardino Mountains A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography by Katherine Colby Glover 2016 © Copyright by Katherine Colby Glover 2016 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Southern California Climate and Vegetation Over the Past 125,000 Years from Lake Sequences in the San Bernardino Mountains by Katherine Colby Glover Doctor of Philosophy in Geography University of California, Los Angeles, 2016 Professor Glen Michael MacDonald, Chair Long sediment records from offshore and terrestrial basins in California show a history of vegetation and climatic change since the last interglacial (130,000 years BP). Vegetation sensitive to temperature and hydroclimatic change tended to be basin-specific, though the expansion of shrubs and herbs universally signalled arid conditions, and landscpe conversion to steppe. Multi-proxy analyses were conducted on two cores from the Big Bear Valley in the San Bernardino Mountains to reconstruct a 125,000-year history for alpine southern California, at the transition between mediterranean alpine forest and Mojave desert. Age control was based upon radiocarbon and luminescence dating. Loss-on-ignition, magnetic susceptibility, grain size, x-ray fluorescence, pollen, biogenic silica, and charcoal analyses showed that the paleoclimate of the San Bernardino Mountains was highly subject to globally pervasive forcing mechanisms that register in northern hemispheric oceans. Primary productivity in Baldwin Lake during most of its ii history showed a strong correlation to historic fluctuations in local summer solar radiation values.
    [Show full text]
  • San Bernardino County California, U
    ADELANTO CITY SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY CALIFORNIA, U. S. A. San Bernardino County. Condado de San Bernardino Officially the County of San Bernardino, is a county located in the Oficialmente, el Condado de San Bernardino, es un condado ubicado en la southern portion of the U.S. state of California, and is located within the parte sur del estado de California en los Estados Unidos, y se encuentra dentro Inland Empire area. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the population was del área del Inland Empire. A partir del censo estadounidense de 2010, la 2,035,210, making it the fifth-most populous county in California and the población era de 2.035.210, lo que lo convierte en el quinto condado más 14th-most populous in the United States. The county seat is San Bernardino. poblado de California y el 14º más poblado de los Estados Unidos. La sede del condado es San Bernardino. While included within the Greater Los Angeles area, San Bernardino Si bien se incluye dentro del área metropolitana de Los Ángeles, el County is included in the Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario metropolitan condado de San Bernardino se incluye en el área estadística metropolitana statistical area (also known as the Inland Empire), as well as the Los Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario (también conocida como Inland Empire), así Angeles–Long Beach combined statistical area. como el área estadística combinada Los Ángeles-Long Beach. With an area of 20,105 square miles (52,070 km2), San Bernardino Con un área de 20,105 millas cuadradas (52,070 km2), el condado de San County is the largest county in the United States by area, although some of Bernardino es el condado más grande de los Estados Unidos por área, aunque Alaska's boroughs and census areas are larger.
    [Show full text]
  • Soda Springs, a Small San Bernardino County Desert Oasis, Eight Miles South of Interstate 15 and Baker, Between Barstow And
    Volume XX, 1980 SODA SPRINGS, SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY: SEQUENTIAL LAND USE Stephen T. Glass* Soda Springs, a small San Bernardino County desert oasis, eight miles south of Interstate 15 and Baker, between Barstow and Las Vegas, goes unnoticed by the thousands of travelers that pass daily through the Mohave Desert by car, bus, or train. (Fig. 1) Little rem:ains to indicate Soda Spring's former importance to the region's development. Only faint remnants of the former Mojave Road and the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad are noticeable to the perspicacious rock climber or air traveler. The historical succession of land uses in Soda Springs has recently been continued by the addition of the Desert Research Center, under the auspices of the California State University and Coliege System. Before European Settlement Soda Spring's strategic location in the eastern Mojave has had a major effect on the commerce and, as importantly, on human survival in the region. Before the advent of European explorers, ancient trade trails led some 283 miles from the Mojave Valley on the Colorado River to the Pacific Coast. The nomadic Mojave Indians maintained a large permanent village north of present day Needles. Acting as middle-men *Mr. Glass is Head, Office of Noise Control, Environmental Health Division, City of Long Beach. 10 T \ ..\ (�.�� Yt ";; t�.J� Ei9-:>-. /">�:��- K.'f!l�" .. ; .. - ·· . • �.t '•',, ,;:..:.\ .... .. � . (, .... ... • .. -�� ;f .. ,. .. , .":' ···' . : . ..(\ ' 0 . i k . .. -�,. r.·�·) . u_::?r��(�:}.. ts?�. } " :)�). ::/ ;"''\ . , · '*SoliS't ; ' \,_..""'••' • I /J� _,,,-.,- �--<>:>l . .' i •••••' •• • .. � .. \ ; . ( " ..·· • ..,,_ .,.,., ·-�v :. - .,«, TBI.OJIIIIOD .... ··. ' •J . �r(-·r: )·,' r'i;-·-!.{ ' , ., AND OTHER EARLY WAGON ROADS (y' (::./ OF THE ���� �;_...� ��: ,��r .
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Macroparasite Study of Cypriniform fishes in the Santa Clara Drainage Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3kp0q16j Author Murray, Max DeLonais Publication Date 2019 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Macroparasite Study of Cypriniform fishes in the Santa Clara Drainage A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Biology by Max DeLonais Murray 2019 © Copyrite by Max DeLonais Murray 2019 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS Macroparasite Study of Cypriniform fishes in the Santa Clara Drainage by Max DeLonais Murray Master of Science in Biology University of California, Los Angeles, 2019 Professor Donald G. Buth, Chair Several species of fishes have been introduced into the Santa Clara River system in southern California, including Catostomus santaanae (Santa Ana sucker), Catostomus fumeiventris (Owens sucker), Gila orcutti (arroyo chub), and Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow). These species are known to inhabit similar ecological niches but little is known about their associated parasite fauna. Two C. fumeiventris, 35 C. santaanae, 63 hybrid catostomids, 214 G. orcutti, and 18 P. promelas were collected and necropsied in the summers of 2017 and 2018. Nine macroparasite taxa were harvested including seven native, and two nonnative parasites Schyzocotyle acheilognathi (Asian fish tapeworm) and Lernaea cyprinacea (anchor worm). Prevalence and intensity of parasites were not related to the genetic history of these catostomids. This is the first host-association record for G. orcutti with Gyrodactylus sp., S. acheilognathi, ii diplostomid metacercariae, Rhabdochona sp, Contracaecum sp., and larval acuariid cysts and for P.
    [Show full text]
  • 2008 Trough to Trough
    Trough to trough The Colorado River and the Salton Sea Robert E. Reynolds, editor The Salton Sea, 1906 Trough to trough—the field trip guide Robert E. Reynolds, George T. Jefferson, and David K. Lynch Proceedings of the 2008 Desert Symposium Robert E. Reynolds, compiler California State University, Desert Studies Consortium and LSA Associates, Inc. April 2008 Front cover: Cibola Wash. R.E. Reynolds photograph. Back cover: the Bouse Guys on the hunt for ancient lakes. From left: Keith Howard, USGS emeritus; Robert Reynolds, LSA Associates; Phil Pearthree, Arizona Geological Survey; and Daniel Malmon, USGS. Photo courtesy Keith Howard. 2 2008 Desert Symposium Table of Contents Trough to trough: the 2009 Desert Symposium Field Trip ....................................................................................5 Robert E. Reynolds The vegetation of the Mojave and Colorado deserts .....................................................................................................................31 Leah Gardner Southern California vanadate occurrences and vanadium minerals .....................................................................................39 Paul M. Adams The Iron Hat (Ironclad) ore deposits, Marble Mountains, San Bernardino County, California ..................................44 Bruce W. Bridenbecker Possible Bouse Formation in the Bristol Lake basin, California ................................................................................................48 Robert E. Reynolds, David M. Miller, and Jordon Bright Review
    [Show full text]