Home Rule in Illinois: a Modern Controversy Reignites an Old Debate by Lauirence E

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Home Rule in Illinois: a Modern Controversy Reignites an Old Debate by Lauirence E Home rule in Illinois: A modern controversy reignites an old debate by Lauirence E. White, Partner~ Chapman and Cutler LLP PARTNER 2014 A pitched battle over the rights of citizens to carry In i 850, John E Dillon, a medical doctor at the guns dominated much of the Ilinois legislative ses- age of 20, left his hometown of Davenport, Iowa, to ~ILLINOIS sion this past Spring. The debate was foisted on the practice his profession. However, a painful medical GOVERNMENT FINANCE legislature after a federal appeals court struck down condition of his own left him unable to ride horse- OFFICERS Ilinois' (the country's only) statewide ban on possess- back-a requirement of being a country doctor at the ASSOCIATION ing a firearm in public. Despire the court ruling, time-and he changed his career path and became a Chapman and Cutler some Ilinois municipalities continued to limit con- lawyer. He taught himself the law while he was run- LLC is an IGFOA ceal-and-carry rights. Citing Chicago's authority to ning a family drugstore in Davenport. By 1862 he Sustaining Partner regulate firearms under Ilinois' home rule doctrine, was serving on the Iowa Supreme Court. In 1872, for 2014. The Mayor Rahm Emanuel argued that the Illinois legisla- based on his unprecedented research on the topic, opportunity to ture should not abrogate Chicago's more stringent Dillon published his first edition of Commentaries gun-control laws. The Mayor's position was supported on the Law of Municipal Corporations, a treatise that present this by recenr Ilinois Supreme Court and Appellate Court would lay the groundwork for settling the debates educational article decisions. These decisions state that under the Ilinois of the future as to the powers of local government is a benefit of the home rule doctrine certain problems in which a city relative to the state. IGFOA Partner has a significant interest should be open to local solu- Dillon's findings, as set forth in the seminal case on Program. tion, free from veto by voters from other parts of the the topic, City of Clinton v. Cedar Rapids & Mo. River state who might disagree with the approach advanced R.R., decided by the Iowa Supreme Court in 1868, For information on by the city or might fail to appreciate the local per- the IGFOA Partners ception of the problem. Ilinois Governor Pat Quinn are known to this day as "Dilon's Rule." Dillon's Rule Program, see the front echoed the holdings of these decisions with an stands for the premise that cities and villages owe their origin to, and derive their powers wholly from, of this newsletter amendato~y veto to the conceal-and-carry legislation; or contact the amendatoty veto, among other things, would their state legislatures. 'The holding in Cedar Rapids [email protected] have preserved the rights of home rule units to enact states that the legislature creates the powers of local government, and consequently it may rescind them. future restrictions on assault weapons. The court further noted that while the chance is quite In the end, the state legislature bypassed home rule remote, a state legislature could, by a single piece of concerns by overriding the Governor's amendatory legislation, sweep from existence all of the cities and veto and adopted legislation that standardizes con- villages in its state. ceal-and-carry laws across the state. The new legisla- In 1868, the same year as Dillon's eloquent tion, which relaxes gun-control standards in Ilinois, opinion on the matter, Thomas M. Cooley, a former does contain a minor concession to cities and vilages; professor of law at the University of Michigan and it allows them to modify the "assault weapons" provi- Michigan Supreme Court Justice, published his own sions of the new law to suit local needs as long as such treatise concerning the powers of municipalities. The provisions are enacted within i ° days from the time book, Constitutional Limitations Which Rest upon the the law takes effect. However, home rule, the great Legislative Power of the States of the American Union, compromise between state and local governments went through six editions by i 890 and has been contained in the 1970 Ilinois Constiturion, was referenced as the best-known legal treatise in the late pre-empted by the new law and cities such as Chicago i 9th century. Cooley's treatise argued that local are now left to apply a standard for conceal-and-carry government (in the form of towns and counties) of weapons that may not reflect the will of their should have and does have greater autonomy than residents and elected offcials. other state-created municipal corporations because such municipalities represent a collective of people who I. Dilon's Rule v. Cooley Doctrine are united by location and community ties, a bond The tension between municipal and state govern- not found in state-created municipal corporations. ments has a long and storied history. Evidence of In 1871, soon after the first edition of his treatise conflict concerning the rights and privileges of was published, Cooley and the Michigan Supreme municipal government dates back to the mid- 19th Court staked our a different and opposite position century. While state and local offcials debated this from Dillon and the Iowa Supreme Court with respect topic in all regions of the country, the tension was to local government rights. In Leroy v. Hurlbut, the exemplified through the treatises and opinions of Michigan court found that each city operated under tWo Midwestern state supreme court justices. the protection of certain fundamental principles m which no power in the state could override or disregard. Over the next i 00 years, however, the views of About the author The court added that local government is a matter of many local offcials in Illinois shifted towards a strong absolute right and the state cannot takes such rights preference for more local control. In the very early Lawrence E. White is a away. Further, the court stated that it would be "the part of the 20th century, notwithstanding the Merrill partner in the public boldest mockery" to say a system of government decision by the U.S. Supreme Court, Ilinois, and finance department meets the requirements of constitutional freedom many other states, began to limit legislative authority of the Chicago Office where it is equally permitted to give people full to enact local laws. The intent of these restrictions was of the law firm of control of their local affairs, or no control at alL. to limit the legislature's ability to unduly interfere in a Chapman and Cutler municipalities' local affairs. Problematically, the state LLP. By the mid- i 800s, most state court had heard did not make corresponding amendments to its con- cases concerning the extent to which state legislatures stitution that would grant stronger powers to local He serves as bond could control municipal government, with differing governments to address matters of local concern. counselor disclosure results. Some state courts outside of Michigan Consequently, local governments lacked the authority counsel for many adopted Cooley's idea of inherent right to self-govern- to create laws applicable to their own affairs. By the ment, while others adhered to some form of Dillon's Illinois municipalities i 940s, the rigid restictions of the i 870 Ilinois and is a frequent Rule. 1he uncertainty regarding local government Constitution had resulted in an almost complete speaker on Illinois powers as they related to those of the state was firmly inability of large municipalities to police their public finance law. settled by the U.S. Supreme Court in favor of Dillon's populations. Chicago, for example, could not create position. In 189 i, the Court in Merrill v. Monticello He is a graduate of licensing fees, allocate tax revenue, or enforce city reversed an Indiana decision on the subject of powers criminal ordinances without fear of judicial invalidation the University of of local government. -The Supreme Court, quoting at the appellate leveL. Pennsylvania School Dillon, stated: of Law and has an Perhaps recognizing the need to grant stronger It is a general and undisputed proposition of undergraduate powers to certain local governments, including the accounting degree law that a municipal corporation possesses and City of Chicago, but faced with the rigid restrictions from the University can exercise the following powets and no othets: of Dillon's Rule, the Ilinois Constitutional Conven- of Texas. First, those gtanted in express words; second, tion delegates in 1970 added a home rule provision to those necessarily or fairly implied in or incident the new state constitution. The new provision granted to the powers expressly graured; third, those es- He resides with his significant authority to certain types of cities and villages sential to the declared objects and purposes of family in the Hyde through the creation of home rule units. Once a Park neighborhood the corporation-not simply convenient but in- municipality became a home rule unit, the state of Chicago. dispensable. Any fair, reasonable doubt concern- constitution gave local governments a large degree ing the existence of power is resolved by the of control over its "local government and affairs," The author wishes to courts against the corporation, and the power is including the powers to tax, to license, and to incur denied. thank Chapman and debt. Under the i 970 Constitution, local government Cutler LLP summer units in Ilinois can gain home rule status in two The Court's opinion and the temporary resolution associate Kelly Pender- ways. First, any Ilinois county with an elected chief of the state-ciry conflict had a chilling effect on local gast for her research executive offcer (currently, this is only Cook County), authorities.
Recommended publications
  • The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania Leaves Philadelphians Thirsty for Soda and Certainty in Williams V
    Volume 64 Issue 1 Article 5 4-1-2019 The Coca-Cola Capitation Conundrum: The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania Leaves Philadelphians Thirsty for Soda and Certainty in Williams v. City of Philadelphia John T. Morgan Jr. Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/vlr Part of the State and Local Government Law Commons, and the Taxation-State and Local Commons Recommended Citation John T. Morgan Jr., The Coca-Cola Capitation Conundrum: The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania Leaves Philadelphians Thirsty for Soda and Certainty in Williams v. City of Philadelphia, 64 Vill. L. Rev. 221 (2019). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/vlr/vol64/iss1/5 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Villanova Law Review by an authorized editor of Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law Digital Repository. Morgan: The Coca-Cola Capitation Conundrum: The Supreme Court of Pennsylv 2019] Note THE COCA-COLA CAPITATION CONUNDRUM: THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA LEAVES PHILADELPHIANS THIRSTY FOR SODA AND CERTAINTY IN WILLIAMS v. CITY OF PHILADELPHIA JOHN T. MORGAN, JR.* “[T]he power to tax involves the power to destroy . .”1 I. BREAKING THE ICE: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PREEMPTION OF LOCAL TAXES IN PENNSYLVANIA Over two centuries after prominent Philadelphia resident, Benjamin Franklin, equated the certainty of taxes to that of death, Philadelphians pay some of the highest taxes in America.2 Residents of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania pay almost four percent of their annual income to the city, in addition to state and federal income tax.3 Those choosing to forego the city life and commute to work fare only slightly better, as they are sub- jected to a three-and-a-half-percent city income tax.4 Philadelphia taxes result in the inflation of ticket prices for Eagles, Phillies, and Flyers games, * J.D.
    [Show full text]
  • NYCLA Celebrates Centennial Anniversary: Hon. Judith S. Kaye To
    May 2008 Visit us at www.nycla.org Volume 4 / Number 4 NYCLA celebrates Centennial Anniversary: INSIDE Hon. Judith S. Kaye to be keynote speaker MESSAGE FROM at May 22 Annual Meeting THE PRESIDENT Catherine A. Christian he New York County Lawyers’ Association was ceremony, a gala celebration will take place at the Home of Law with champagne, hors d’oeuvres and live classical music. founded 100 years ago as the first major bar associa- CHILDREN ARE OUR FUTURE T tion in the United States to admit members without When NYCLA celebrated the 75th Anniversary of its Home regard to race, ethnicity, religion or gender. On May 21, 1908, of Law in 2005, Hon. Judith S. Kaye, Chief Judge of the State of NYCLA held its first membership meeting in the New York, an Honorary Member of NYCLA, said, “...in our 5 Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s Assembly Room. Home of Law we come together as a family to preserve and NYCLA’s first officers, all of whom were members of the enjoy what is best about our profession, while ensuring that the original Committee on Organization, were: President John profession continues to meet the needs of an evolving society.” NYCLA ISSUES Forrest Dillon, a former U.S. Court of Appeals judge for the Eighth Circuit; Vice President Alton Brooks Parker, a former Centennial Theme: Advocating Equality... ETHICS OPINION ON chief judge of the Court of Appeals; Vice President Joseph Creating Opportunities METADATA SEARCH Francis Daly, a former chief judge of the Court of Common NYCLA’s Centennial theme – Advocating Pleas; Vice President William Wallace, a former Federal Equality…Creating Opportunities – embodies NYCLA’s Circuit Court judge; Secretary Charles Strauss; and Treasurer impact on the profession and on public policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Purpose and the Public Funding of Sectarian Educational Institutions: a More Rational Approach After Rosenberger and a Gostini
    MARQUETTE LAW REVIEW Volume 82 Fall 1998 Number 1 PUBLIC PURPOSE AND THE PUBLIC FUNDING OF SECTARIAN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: A MORE RATIONAL APPROACH AFTER ROSENBERGER AND A GOSTINI MICHAEL A. VACCARI* I. INTRODUCTION The mixing of religion and public life is common in our society. Gov- ernment often cooperates with religious groups to address numerous so- cial concerns of our complex society. These arrangements, like the host of similar government ventures with other private organizations, are justi- fiable when the government's program primarily serves a public purpose. The effort to define the parameters of legitimate government activity when sectarian institutions or programs benefit from publicly funded pro- grams is guided by the First Amendment. The First Amendment denies government the power to regulate purely private religious beliefs and practices. Through the Free Exercise Clause, it affirmatively protects the private practice of religion. The Establishment Clause complements that protection by prohibiting the state from establishing religion.' Govern- ment programs that benefit religious organizations raise the problem of how best to reconcile these two clauses. The Supreme Court has ruled on * Adjunct Associate Professor of Law, Fordham University School of Law; Deputy Ex- ecutive Director/General Counsel, New York State Metropolitan Transportation Authority; B.A., 1975; M.A., 1986 (Philosophy); J.D., 1978, Fordham University. 1. The First Amendment, in pertinent part, states: "Congress shall make no law re- specting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. ." U.S. CONST. amend. I. MARQUETTE LAW REVIEW [Vol. 82:1 this issue over thirty times in the last three decades.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dillon Rule and Local Government Authority: an Overview
    Ronald H. Rosenberg Chancellor Professor of Law William and Mary Law School Identifying and Implementing Effective Adaption Policies Responding to Recurrent Coastal Flooding and Storm Damage Deciding the nature and degree of these problems. Devising strategies and techniques that will reduce future harms to local communities. Designing a multi-faceted strategy combining government, private industry, NGOs and academic efforts. Recognizing the primary importance of state and local governments in policy implementation. Identifying specific local government planning and actions that can be effective. If Potentially-Effective Strategies are Identified, Will They be Put into Effect? Depending upon the political will of the local government. Depending upon the popular support for the particular strategy. Depending upon the capacity of the local government staff to carry out the plan. Depending upon the local government’s array of legal authority to act. KEY POINT. Local Governments as Legislatively-Dependent Entities Fundamental questions of municipal authority- the basic inquiry. Central point – local governments have no inherent powers to govern. Governing power exists through delegation from the Virginia General Assembly. Legislative control over local policy autonomy. Enabling statutes (and charter provisions). Limited power to address public policy concerns. Narrow scope of regulatory independence. What Authority Does a Local Government Authority Have? Initially a focus on statutory interpretation - essentially a legal question and not a policy question. Not a general inquiry into statutory interpretation. Rather, a legal interpretation set against a preference for state legislative control and clear delegation. The legal analysis has been called “Dillon’s Rule.” Dillon’s Rule is a special form of legal analysis for grants of local government authority.
    [Show full text]
  • Download VTC Dec. 2019
    VOL. 54 NO. 10 DECEMBER 2019 The magazine of the Virginia Municipal League Inside: VML’s new VML’s 2020 Legislative Program president! A visit to FASTC Norfolk’s native son and Blackstone Thomas R. Smigiel, Jr. Rethinking recycling …and more! The magazine of the Virginia Municipal League VOL. 54 NO. 10 DECEMBER 2019 About the cover This is one busy guy. He’s a council member from the City of Norfolk, principal of the Academy for Discovery at Lakewood, a city-wide Project Based Learning and International Baccalaureate Departments Middle Years Programme school, and our new president! Get to know Tommy Director’s message ................ 2 Smigiel beginning on page 12. Calendar .................................... 3 People ........................................ 4 News & notes ........................... 6 12 Professional directory ............25 Features 2020 General Assembly & This Virginia Life: FASTC and Blackstone VML Legislative Program The Diplomatic Security Service unveils its new, one-of-a-kind Foreign A new year brings a new General Assembly but the same focus for Affairs Security Training Center (FASTC) facility and a small town local governments. By Janet Areson ................................... Page 10 anticipates what comes next. By Rob Bullington ............... Page 18 VML’s new president VRSA’s annual report released Tommy Smigiel discusses a life of learning and working to help Financial strength and partnership signal a great year for VRSA. others ................................................................................... Page 12 By VRSA staff ..................................................................... Page 24 It’s time to rethink recycling in Virginia Learn what issues are making local recycling difficult to sustain and what can be done to help. By Monica Boehringer ............. Page 16 7 10 12 16 18 23 EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Virginia Town & City (ISSN0042-6784) is the official Michelle Gowdy Thomas R.
    [Show full text]
  • Under Pressure: Democracy in Local Governments During Times of Financial Distress
    PHILOEDIT (ME VERSION).DOC 10/31/2014 2:33 PM UNDER PRESSURE: DEMOCRACY IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS DURING TIMES OF FINANCIAL DISTRESS JOHN PHILO TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................550 II. AN ASSUMED RIGHT AND UNDERDEVELOPED LEGAL PRINCIPLES .551 III. MUNICIPAL FINANCIAL DISTRESS...............................................554 IV. STATUTORY EROSIONS OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN MUNICIPALITIES IN RESPONSE TO FISCAL DISTRESS....................557 A. Statutes Granting Full Governing Authority to State Appointees .......................................................................558 1. Massachusetts’ ad hoc legislation to address municipal financial distress .......................................558 2. Michigan’s Local Financial Stability and Choice Act.............................................................................560 3. Pennsylvania’s Municipalities Financial Recovery Act.............................................................................562 4. Rhode Island’s financial stability statute for cities and towns ..................................................................564 B. Statutes Granting Discrete Legislative Power to State Officials ..........................................................................567 1. Indiana’s distressed political subdivisions law..........567 C. Statutes Where a Grant of Legislative Authority Is Unclear............................................................................568 1. Maine’s Board of Emergency
    [Show full text]
  • Lo IK Lot. Signature of Certi(Irjg Official/Title Date Kansas State Historical Society
    NPS Form 10-900 | RECEIVED 22- ^ QMB No. 10024-0018 Oct. 1990 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (National Register Bulletin 16A) Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the information requested. If an item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional entries and narrative items on continuation sheets (NPS Form 10-9000a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer, to complete all items. 1. Name of Property Historic name Dillon House Other name/site number 177-5400-0565 2. Location Street & number 404 W. Ninth St. D not for publication City or town Topeka [ "7 / D vicinity State Kansas Code KS County Shawnee Code -8ff Zip code 66603 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this 03 nomination n request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property E] meets D does not meet the National Register criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant D Ocithnally Q statewide locally.
    [Show full text]
  • Stateline Midwest
    Stateline Vol. 26, No. 10 • November 2017 MidwestTHE MIDWESTERN OFFICE OF THE COUNCIL OF STATE GOVERNMENTS INSIDE CSG Midwest Issue Briefs 2-3 Review of a challenging year • Agriculture & Natural Resources: Michigan deepens investment in value-added agriculture • Great Lakes: New study calls on states to do more to protect Lake Erie from nutrient runoff in the region’s legislatures • Nuclear Energy: Shutdown and devalued plants can have big impact on local tax revenue Several states dealt with big fiscal problems in 2017; lawmakers • Health & Human Services: Medicaid policies used to help fight problem of opioid abuse also passed bills on road funding, opioids and health insurance Around the Region 4 by CSG Midwest staff ([email protected]) New state laws, legislation raise questions about preemption, authority of local governments n states such as Iowa, Nebraska and Partisan control of Midwest’s Indiana lawmakers raise North Dakota, much of this year’s state governments in 2017 revenue for roads, pass bills to MLC Chair’s Initiative 5 legislative work centered on adjusting State policies, new federal grants expand I and 2018 prevent abuse of opioids maternal depression screening and treatment to new budget realities — slower-than- expected revenue growth and the need to After several years of legislative work close budget shortfalls. Question of the Month 5 and consideration, Indiana lawmakers Do states have laws governing the release of For lawmakers in Illinois and Kansas, approved a plan that began raising more footage captured on police body cameras? the highest-profile issues involved money for the state’s roads and bridges changes in school funding and increases this summer.
    [Show full text]
  • FOUR LETTERS of MR. JUSTICE FIELD Edited by HOWARD JAY GRAHAM T
    FOUR LETTERS OF MR. JUSTICE FIELD Edited by HOWARD JAY GRAHAM t FOREWORD IN JUNE, 1937, the Library of the University of California acquired four letters written by Stephen J. Field, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, to John Norton Pomeroy,' first Professor of Municipal Law in Hastings Law College. The letters were acquired from Mrs. Walter Schirmer, of Carmel, California, widow of John Norton Pomeroy, Jr. They are of extraordinary historical interest. They constitute an intimate record of those years during which Justice Field's friends were actively working in his behalf for the Democratic nomina- tion as President, and during which he himself was often disheartened by the reluctance of a majority of the Supreme Court to broaden judi- cial review in accordance with the tenets of his laissez faire, natural rights philosophy. Requiring almost no clarification, and serving as an admirable supplement to Professor Swisher's biography, Stephen J. Field, Craftsman of the Law,2 the letters are here published by per- mission of the University of California. I. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES Washington, June 21st, 1881. My Dear Sir': Some months ago I wrote to you respecting the sketch" of a certain person's Legislative and Judicial work, and stated that it was so strong in its award of commendation that I should hardly dare show it to my friends. However, I have shown it to many of them and all have expressed a desire that it should be put in type. So I have concluded to give it to the printer.
    [Show full text]
  • Constitutional Home Rule in Rhode Island Terrance P
    Roger Williams University Law Review Volume 11 | Issue 3 Article 3 Spring 2006 Constitutional Home Rule in Rhode Island Terrance P. Haas Roger Williams University of School of Law Follow this and additional works at: http://docs.rwu.edu/rwu_LR Recommended Citation Haas, Terrance P. (2006) "Constitutional Home Rule in Rhode Island," Roger Williams University Law Review: Vol. 11: Iss. 3, Article 3. Available at: http://docs.rwu.edu/rwu_LR/vol11/iss3/3 This Notes and Comments is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at DOCS@RWU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Roger Williams University Law Review by an authorized administrator of DOCS@RWU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Notes & Comments Constitutional Home Rule in Rhode Island [TIhere is perhaps no term in the literature of political science or law which is more susceptible to misconception and variety of meaning than 'home rule.'1 Unfortunately, Rhode Island's Home Rule Amendment has spent most of its half-century existence nearly dormant. Like all home rule amendments, 2 Rhode Island's Home Rule Amendment purports to bestow a certain degree of independent decision- making authority upon towns and cities within the state. A properly drafted home rule amendment affirms and even supplements local authority in certain areas, while maintaining overriding state authority where appropriate. The next step, of course, is the interpretation and implementation of the amendment in a way that honors the spirit of local authority over local matters and allows for clear resolution of inevitable conflicts between local authorities and state authorities.
    [Show full text]
  • John Forrest Dillon, the Man Behind Dillon's Rule
    JOHN FORREST DILLON, THE MAN BEHIND DILLON’S RULE BY PATRICIA D. CAFFERATA, ESQ. In 1838, when John Dillon was six, numbered in the thousands by the 1870s. his family moved from New York State In 1872, after researching decisions to Iowa. His father Thomas managed a for eight years, Dillon published the first The life of John hotel in Davenport, and John attended a edition of his Municipal Corporations. Forrest Dillon private school for children (before public The treatise quickly sold out, so, he schools). Originally, Dillon studied to added some new chapters, and a second 1831 Born, New York State be a doctor, but after graduating from edition was printed the next year. Dillon 1838 Moved to Iowa the College of Physicians and Surgeons also found time to compile other works, 1850 Graduated College of Physicians in in 1850, he realized he could not be a including the Removal of Cases from State doctor; an inguinal hernia prevented to Federal Courts and Municipal Bonds in Davenport, Iowa him from making the necessary trips, 1876. He published Dillon’s Reports of the 1852 Admitted to the Scott County, Iowa Bar on horseback, to visit patients on farms United States Circuit Courts of the Eighth 1852 Elected Prosecuting Attorney – outside of town. Circuit in 1878. Scott County, Iowa While Dillon sought another career, In 1879, John resigned from the a lawyer friend encouraged him to study bench, accepted a Columbia Law School 1853 Married Anna Price, a former law. He recommended Dillon begin by professorship, and opened private law schoolmate, Iowa reading Blackstone’s Commentaries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Constitutional Vulnerability of American Local Government: the Politics of City Status in American Law, 1986 Wis
    University of California, Hastings College of the Law UC Hastings Scholarship Repository Faculty Scholarship 1986 The onsC titutional Vulnerability of American Local Government: The olitP ics of City Status in American Law Joan C. Williams UC Hastings College of the Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.uchastings.edu/faculty_scholarship Part of the State and Local Government Law Commons Recommended Citation Joan C. Williams, The Constitutional Vulnerability of American Local Government: The Politics of City Status in American Law, 1986 Wis. L. Rev. 83 (1986). Available at: http://repository.uchastings.edu/faculty_scholarship/795 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Faculty Publications UC Hastings College of the Law Library Williams Joan Author: Joan C. Williams Source: Wisconsin Law Review Citation: 1986 Wis. L. Rev. 83 (1986). Title: The Constitutional Vulnerability of American Local Government: The Politics of City Status in American Law Copyright 1986 by The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System; Reprinted with permission of the WISCONSIN LAW REVIEW. THE CONSTITUTIONAL VULNERABILITY OF AMERICAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT: THE POLITICS OF CITY STATUS IN AMERICAN LAW JOAN C. WILLIAMS* Unlike federal and state governments, American cities have no set place in the American constitutional structure. Consequently, courts and commentators have been able to define the scope of city sovereignty without the constitutional constraints that limit the scope of federal and state power.
    [Show full text]