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Halophyte Crops and a Sand-Bed Solar Concentrator to Reduce and Recycle Industrial, Desalination and Agricultural Brines

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Halophyte Crops and a Sand-Bed Solar Concentrator to Reduce and Recycle Industrial, Desalination and Agricultural Brines HALOPHYTE CROPS AND A SAND-BED SOLAR CONCENTRATOR TO IZEDUCE AND RECYCLE INDUSTRIAL, DESALINATION AND AGRICULTURAL BRINES bY Dr. Edward P. Glenn & T.L. Thompson The University of Arizona Environmental Research Laboratory Tucson, AZ and Dr. Seiichi Miyamoto Texas A&M University Agricultural Research Center at El Paso Assistance Agreement No. 142597-FC-Sl-30006H Desalination Research and Development Program Report No. 35 December 1998 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center Water Treatment Engineering & Research Group HALOPHYTE CROPS AND A SAND-BED SOLAR CONCENTRATOR TO REDUCE AND RECYCLE INDUSTRIAL, DESALINATION AND AGRICULTURAL BRINES bY Dr. Edward P. Glenn & T.L. Thompson The University of Arizona Environmental Research Laboratory Tucson, AZ Dr. Seiichi Miyamoto Texas A&M University Agricultural Research Center at El Paso Assistance Agreement No. 1425-97-FC-81-30006H Desalination Research and Development Program Report No. 35 December 1998 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Bureau of Reclamation Technical Senice Center Water Treatment Engineering & Research Group ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank Mr. John Boyer, Arizor~ Public Service, for his support of the halophyte research at the Ocotillo Power Plant, and would also like to recognize Mr. Art Chacon (Research Technician) and Mr. Mark Padillo (student) for heir able assistance in the implementation of this project, aud Sandra E. Menke for her editorial assistance. In addition, the authors would like to extend our appreciation to the Bureau of Reclamation for their financial support of this investigation. Bureau of Reclamation Mission Smement The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resouroes in an environmemah y and economicauy sound manner in the interest of the American public. U.S. Department of the Interior Mission Statement As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally-owned public lands and natt.uaI resources. This includes fostering sound use of our laud and water resources; protecting our fish, wildlife, and biological diversity; preserving the environmental and cultural values of OUT national parks and historical places; and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Deparm~nt assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to ensure that their development is in the best interests of all people by encouraging stewardship and citizen participation in their care. The Department also has a major responsibility for American lndian reservation communi ties* ad for people who live in island territories lwler U.S. Administration. Information contained in this report regarding commercial products or firms was supplied by those &ms. It may not be used for advertising or promotional purpose and is not to be construed as an endorsement of any product or firm by the Bureau of Reclamation. The information contained in this report was developed for the Bureau of Reclamation; no warranty as to the accuracy, usefulness, or completeness is expressed or implied. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES . ..*.*....*.****.*.***.................................~**.**.*.*.****.**.*..*..*.~..*...*.**..*.*.**iv LIST OF FIGURES . ..~.............~.....~......~..*............................~........~.......*..................vi . GLOSSARY .*****~.......~*.*.**....*....*..*..**........*.........................*....~......**.****.**..*...**.*.*.*.**vlll 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ~...............,,..~..............,...........~...................~................... 1 2. Section I: Introduction . .. .. .. .. 2 3. Conclusions and Recommendations **...*..~.......*...**.*......*...*.*.*.~*.*..........~..~~.*.........*...~4 4. Work Performed . ..~.........***..*......*.***.*....*.~~.....**.**...*.......****..*..........*...*..*~*...~.~...*...5 4.1 Methodology . .. .. .. .. 5 4.2 Results .*.*..........*......*...****..*..........*.*.***......*.....*.......~**.......*............~..~.*6 4.3 Discussion .*~..**,...~.~f*..*....~*.*........*.....~**...~.....,.......~....~...,.....................8 5. Section II: Introduction .. .. ..*..............................................................................*..... 10 6. Conclusions and Recommendations **..**..**........****.*........~.*........*.~*..........................11 7. Work Performed: Preliminary Screening of Sand-bed Materials and Confgurations . ..*.*...***.*.*...~.~*.***.*...~........*..*.*.~..~..........................13 7.1 Methodology . ..*............*............*.*.................................................... 13 7.2 Results .****...*....f....*.***...............*.................*...........*...***.*...**.*.....*.***.* 15 7.3 Discussion *.......*...*..........~...*......**...**.....******.**..*.*.***......** 16 8. Work Performed: Testing of Bench-scale Sand-bed Concentrators .................... 17 8.1 Simplified Water and Salt Balance ........................................... 18 8.2 Methodology ..................................................................... 20 8.3 Results ............................................................................ 22 8.4 Discussion ........................................................................ 24 9. References ..~...*~.*~..~......*....*.........~~......,.............**......~..............*............~.....~..........25 10. Tables . ..~........~........~.~...~~.~...............~.............................................................28 11. Figures . .. .. ..~....................................................................... 41 --* 111 LIST OF TABLES Number Title Page 4-l Annual water use by halophytes irrigated with a mixture of well water and blowdown water at the Ocotillo Power Plant, Tempe, Arizona . * . ****.f............................... * 28 4-2 End-of-season, soil moisture levels (O-5 m depth) in plots irrigated with a mixture of well water and blowdown water at Ocotillo Power Plant, Tempe, Arizona. The readings are the mean of data collected in September each year. Results were analyzed separately by soil depth but only the means across depths are presented in this table (see Table 4-3 for variation by depth). Means followed by a different letter are significantly different at PcO.05 .*.*........................*,..~*.~~**........*.*.***.***.....................*~**29 4-3 Soil moisture levels at different soil depths in plots irrigated with a mixture of well water and blowdown water at Ocotillo Power Plant, Tempe, Arizona, 1998. The “Before” values are the mean of September readings during the irrigation season. The “After” values were taken November 4, 1998, after plots had not been irrigated for approximately one month. Within a species, “Before” and “After” readings at a given soil depth are significantly different if followed by different letters . 30 4-4 Mean soil moisture and sodium content (averaged across soil depths) in plots irrigated for 4 years with a mixture of well water and blowdown water at Ocotillo Power Plant, Tempe, Arizona. Samples were taken at the end of the 1998 irrigation season. Moisture content and sodium content were used to calculate the salinity of the soil moisture, and this value was used to calculate the leaching fraction based on the sodium content of the irrigation water (225 mg/L) . .. .. 31 7-1 Characteristics of bed materials used for the preliminary performance testing . ..~**~.....******.**..****.....................*~......*....**.*.32 7-2 The types and quantity of water used for the preliminary performance testing . .. ..*........ .. 33 7-3 The water holding capacity and intake rates observed under repeated irrigations during the preliminary performance testing . 34 8-l Solubility of common evaporites formed upon the evaporative concentration of saline solutions . ..*............ 35 8-2 The composition of saline solutions used for performance testing . .. 36 8-3 Outline of the treatments used for performance testing . ...*.....* 37 8-4 The depths of saline solutions applied to the surface of sand beds during performance testing . ..**......*.***.....................................* 38 iv LIST OF TABLES - Continued Number Title Page 8-5 The sorptivity measured during selected irrigation events during the performance testing . ..**.......**~.*.............~................*..**..*..*...39 8-6 Targeted and observed leaching fractions and salinity of drainage water from surface-irrigated sand beds toward the end of the fist irrigation period of 4 weeks . ..*..**.*....m *....................... 40 V LIST OF FIGURES Number Title Page 4-l Layout of halophyte plots at the Ocotillo Power Plant .*..,.**.*................. 41 4-2 - 4-9 Gravimentric soil moisture levels in selected halophyte plots at Ocotillo Power Plant, Tempe, Arizona. Each graph shows mean values for each soil depth over each growing season. Headings on graphs show the crop, site and plot designation (see Figure 61); control ports are located outside the irrigated plots . ..*.**.*.* . ** . ***. 42-49 4-10 - 4-17 Total volumetric water stored in the soil column of selected halophyte and control plots at Ocotillo Power Plant, Tempe, Arizona . * . , . * . * . **..**.*. 50-57 4-18 - 4-25 Chemical profiles of selected halophyte and control plots at Ocotillo Power Plant, Tempe, Arizona . ..*................ ..,........ 58-65 5-l Saline wastewater handling options, excluding evaporation ponds and deep-well injection . ..*....**.**...*.................*...*.............
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