A THEOLOGY OF THE Christian Bible A THEOLOGY OF THE Christian Bible Revelation • Inspiration • Canon Denis Farkasfalvy, O.Cist. The Catholic University of America Press • Washington, D.C. Copyright © 2018 The Catholic University of America Press All rights reserved The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standards for Information Science—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. ∞ Image on page iii: Depiction of Noah’s ark landing on the “mountains of Ararat,” circa 1278, North French Hebrew Miscellany, British Library Add. MS 11639, fol. 521a, anonymous 13th century artist. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Farkasfalvy, Denis M., 1936– author. Title: A theology of the Christian Bible : revelation—inspiration—canon / Denis Farkasfalvy. Description: Washington, D.C. : The Catholic University of America Press, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018007863 | ISBN 9780813230290 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Bible—Inspiration. | Bible—Evidences, authority, etc. | Bible—Canon. | Catholic Church—Doctrines. Classification: LCC BS480 .F325 2018 | DDC 220.1—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018007863 To the members of my Cistercian family, old and young, past and present: fathers and sons, brothers and friends in both my communities, Zirc in Hungary and Dallas in Texas • Contents Contents Preface ix Introduction 1 1. The Christian Notion of Biblical Inspiration 7 2. Inspiration: The Model of Double Authorship 29 3. Inspiration and Incarnation 63 4. Pursuing the Analogy 73 5. The Implications of Inspiration 87 6. The Pontifical Biblical Commission’s Document on Inspiration and Truth in the Bible 97 7. How to Complete the Theology of Inspiration? 111 8. Tr uth and Truthfulness: Moving beyond Dei Verbum 121 9. In spiration and Truth in the Context of Divine Condescension 141 10. Inspiration Leads to Canon 159 vii viii Contents 11. The Christian Bible at the End of the Second Century 187 12. Christ: The Ultimate Meaning of the Christian Bible 199 Concl usion: The Inspired Truth of the Holy Scriptures 213 Bibliography 225 Index 235 Preface Preface This book treats three topics in a sequence: revelation, inspiration, and the canon of the Christian Bible. Each topic contains disputed issues even within the confines of Catholic theology, to which my loyalties be- long by both background and conviction. At the same time, as the book treats these topics, it acknowledges history as an important ecumenical equalizer. There are few other visible Christian cultural signposts that proved as solid and lasting as the Christian Bible, and all Christian de- nominations and churches find vital interest in the study of its prove- nance and canon. The approach taken here is both historical and theological. We are dealing with seventy-some different literary works, published in large quantities in all languages and many formats in one single volume. Because they belong to a common sacred literary deposit (over 1,500 years, the bulk of these books belonged to common Christian history), all Christian de- nominations naturally take interest in investigating the unusual ties that hold these books in one collection as a common basis for theological exchange and worship in all Christian groups of the world. Throughout this book, I needed a basic point of view from which to explain how, in the self-understanding of the church, a theology of revelation and inspi- ration has been adopted early on for the church’s beliefs and worship, both widely based on inspired scriptures. This fundamental point of view, which unifies this book, is faith in Jesus Christ as God’s incarnate word, who creates all and reveals God’s purpose of creation and providence through his salvific words and deeds to the human person. The present work is, in some sense, a sequel to a previous one in which the church’s traditional doctrine of inspiration and its hermeneutical im- ix x Preface plications were studied mostly from a historical but also from an apolo- getic perspective.1 The previous book might give the impression, mainly by its title Inspiration and Interpretation, that here I am trying to publish its sequel or some sort of a second volume. However, the present book is of a more systematic nature, concentrating mostly on the modern history of Catholic teaching about inspiration, with links to recent theological thinking about revelation and recent research about the biblical canon. In a more specific way, however, I explore the teaching of the Dogmatic Constitution Dei Verbum of the Second Vatican Council, seeking to as- sess its historical and theological importance as well as its limitations in what it accomplished. On these pages, as I attempted to redesign the outline of a theology of inspiration, I based my efforts onDei Verbum, which I also tried to both interpret and complete. At times, I found myself in a bind or at least in an awkward position. For a long time I was involved in special- ized studies of biblical inspiration and of the canon in the early church.2 Later, as a member of the Pontifical Biblical Commission for almost twelve years (2002–13), I worked for the last six plenary sessions of that time (2008–13) with the other nineteen members of the commission to address questions linked with the reception and interpretation of Dei Ve rb um , specifically the concept of biblical inspiration and the truth of the Bible.3 This experience helped me realize new perspectives that 1. Denis M. Farkasfalvy, Inspiration and Interpretation: A Theological Introduction to the Bible (Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2010). 2. Denis M. Farkasfalvy, L’inspiration de l’Écriture sainte dans la théologie de saint Bernard, Studia Anselmiana 53 (Rome: Herder, 1964); Farkasfalvy, “Theology of Scripture in Saint Ire- naeus,” Revue bénédictine 78, nos. 3–4 (1968): 319–33; Farkasfalvy, “ ‘Prophets and Apostles’: The Conjunction of the Two Terms before Irenaeus,” in Texts and Testaments: Critical Essays on the Bible and the Early Church Fathers, ed. W. E. March (San Antonio: Trinity University Press, 1980), 109–34; Farkasfalvy, “The Apostolic Gospels in the Early Church: The Concept of Canon and the Formation of the Four-Gospel Canon,” in Canon and Biblical Interpretation, ed. Craig C. Bar- tholomew et al. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2006), 7:111–22; Farkasfalvy, “Biblical Foundations for a Theology of Inspiration,”Nova Et Vetera 4, no. 4 (2006): 719–46; Farkasfalvy, “The Dog- matic Constitution on Divine Revelation, Dei Verbum: Inspiration and Interpretation,” in Vatican II: Renewal within Tradition, ed. Matthew Lamb and Matthew Levering (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 77–100; Farkasfalvy, “Inspiration and Incarnation,” in “Verbum Domini” and the Complementarity of Exegesis and Theology, ed. Scott Carl (Grand Rapids and Ox- ford: Eerdmans, 2014), 3–11; and William R. Farmer and Farkasfalvy, The Formation of the New Testament Canon: An Ecumenical Approach (New York: Paulist Press, 1983). 3. Pope Benedict assigned this task to the PBC after the Synod of Bishops in 2008, but the Preface xi my education and previous research could never have provided. At the PBC, I was one of the few members old enough to have had from my school years some background knowledge about the preconciliar teach- ing from having taken a traditional course about inspiration and canon in pre–Vatican II times. This experience was combined in my memory with a live recall of the Council’s own history with the same topic—from the rejection of its first “schema,”De fontibus revelationis, in 1962 to the following emergence of Dei Verbum in 1964—resulting in a critical gap of almost fifty years of discontinuity that occurred between Vatican II and the resumption of the topic under Pope Benedict’s papacy. After the Council, due to the fast-changing Catholic theological climate and bib- lical scholarship after Vatican II, I gained a new perspective by watch- ing the Biblical Commission’s struggle with a task for which, frankly, the majority of the PBC felt inadequately prepared. Another point of view on this topic emerged from witnessing transformations and novel- ties in recent patristic studies, which, especially in the last two decades, began to pay special attention to the development of the New Testa- ment canon. My own involvement in such studies was often distracted or sidetracked, but changing opportunities for participating in biblical and patristic scholarly work kept on coming my way. Today, I realize that the importance of studying inspiration and canon took an ecumenical dimension and that, consequently, this topic continues to attract the in- terest of theologians and common-rank faithful alike. While preparing this book, an important publication, a collection of essays edited and introduced by Scott W. Hahn and sponsored by the St. Paul Center for Biblical Theology, appeared about the theology of inspiration.4 The date of first impression on this volume is 2010, yet it explicitly quotes my book in inspiration several times,5 leaving for me work was finished only in 2013 under Pope Francis, after which it was reviewed by Fearghus O’Fear- ghail; Pontifical Biblical Commission,The Inspiration and Truth of Sacred Scripture, trans. Thomas Esposito, OCist, and Stephen Gregg, OCist (Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 2014). 4. Scott W. Hahn, ed., For the Sake of Our Salvation, vol. 6, Letter and Spirit (Steubenville, Ohio: St. Paul Center for Biblical Theology, 2010). 5. Brant Pitre, “The Mystery of God’s Word: Inspiration, Inerrancy and the Interpretation of Scripture,” in Hahn, For the Sake of Our Salvation, 6:47–66. He quotes my book on pages 53–54 in notes 24, 25, 27, 30, and 37. Also, Michael Waldstein, “Analogia Verbi: The Truth of Scripture in Ru- dolph Bultmann and Raymond Brown,” in Hahn, For the Sake of Our Salvation, 6:93–140, quotes my book several times in the same volume: see 6:97n14, 6:136nn110–11.