' 4
A CENTRAL NOVA SCOTIAN COUNTY AND THR LANDWARD MILL:
TFfK CASK OF COLCMKSTRR, 1867-.1.925 ■
. A thesifl submitted by Terrence White in partial ful fillment o f the Requirements for the Masters of Arts Degree in Atlantic Canada Studies at St. Mary's University. '
(c) lerre.ii(:e VVliil,e , 19 80
.. Approved by Chairman:
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ISBN 0-315-310.56-1 A CENTRAL NOVA SCOTT AN COUNTY AND TDK LANDWARD PULI,
TDK CASE OF COT.CHRSTER. 1867-1925 -
\ ' . ' AnSTBACT
* ■ _ . This paper examinea the f t rat sixty yeara of Co]cheat or
County's experience within thç Conndian Confédération., Ttio middle years of the nineteenth century were critical ones for the people of the county as the .economic conditions which had fostered growth and development to that' point were about: to .change direct io.n. A choice had .to be made in t he
1 BCD ’ 3 to continue t h le t. r a d i t i o n a 1 economic development of a seaward looking economy or to oh on se . the newly decy,el oping economy of a "modern"’ technology based on manufacturing, thus turning away from the i n t e rn n t i on a 1 , overseas market, ■
Th-é new landward opportunities did not appeal to apmc
Nova Scotia counties but to many Coleh'estor ■ pco p ,1 e t hr ho pi zon was unlimited . and clear. Colchester wa.s well situated to benefit from a realignment of commerce on a continental oriented basis. Proposed rai.l connections from the upper provinces ‘to Halifax must traverse the corrnt y and
Colchester entrepreneurs were ’determined to s e i % e every advantage. -
This paper is organized into five separate sections which .examine the economic, political and aocial responses of the county within the framework of the Canadian
. ■ Confederation. ..Chapter one is a general summary of County population during the years' under study. Basically this section will show' the peak years for population of the county and the Town of ' Truro. The dominant characteristic .won t'hnl of a popul.oLfon d'ra.in from the co.umty.
Oil t :m I gr o I i oh to other provinces and conn fr lea ia illustrated
by exnmpleo token from rounty newap'apera of the time.
Chapter two and Chapter three deal with county poli- . ■ V t i ca. They examine the clwicea mode by county electors on
tlie federal and provincial - levels.' Federally,- it- is
possible to show a ru ra 1/urban split.which emerged over the
tjuestibn of Confederation and protective tariffs. .
Basically, the town voters tended to v.o t e Conservative and
the county Liberal. . . • '
On the provincial level it can be shown that the rural/ urban spin I persisted . al thoiigh the pattern is not as clearly
seen federally and there are more exceptions to the rule.
Ttie Town of Truro tended to be decidedly Conservative.
• ■ Chapter,four deals, with the shipbuilding, industry of
the:.count y in general terms to show the ' decline of the
industry, during .the last half of the nineteenth" century.
Chapter, five examines the Town of Trrtro and its meta.- morphosifl from a rural market town at mid-pineteénth century to an aggressive manufacturing town, with national ambitions, in the short space of about thirty years. By d925, when other Maritime.towns were devastated by the centralization of economic and- political power., Truro maintained a level of what may be termed modest, prosperity b y compnr i s on.
Overall, the Town of Truro may be said to have desired, cherished and benefited by the landward attractions of V
c on fio der a t i on . The Go.lcheater people ontslde 'the town,' / however, did not .share this h r i gh t vision, They .rejected
fairly consistently any proposed benefits of Confederation..,
Rural industries declined, farms were abandoned and the on 1 y.
benefit of the railway Was for passage away from their
Colchéater homes.. ■/?
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/V 1 t
TABÎ.E OF CONTENTS
V. . î' a E ('
I n l r' o tl u <■ M o n . . , ...... !
C h 11 p I. c >' ' ï Pas I u r es Green , AFnr": Colchester Popu lot ion 1 8 G 7 - .1 9 2 5 1 1
Chn.pl er T1 Th c ' Na I i o n a 1 Question, The Na t. ion al PoTioy,- and Maritime Ri'ghts: Federal Politics and Politicians T n Col ché s te r , : . 1867-.192C ...... 36
Clmptiir t t t "Not Worse Off Than Other People": . Pro-, viricinl Pol ici tes and Poll t c.i aiis - in . Colchcsler, ' 1867-1925...... 78 , 'V\ : ■ - C h a p te 1 V - "As. Dead as .Ctielsea": The Fate of Colchester Shipbuilding. Centers.- . . . 105
C Imp ter V Hustling Flub: Truro and Truro F n d u s t r' y , 1867 -1 925 ...... 1 1,7
C 0 n c 1 u ,3 i o n ...... '...... -. . . 1 4 6
. A p p an d i X - 'M i s c 0 1 1 a n p 0 u s S tatistics tab 1 e.s'. MR
B i I) 1 log raphy • ' 1 Xntrodvict ion
A Central Novo Scotian County ond the Landward Fu IJ The Case of Colchester. 1867 .1926 '
■ De it resolved that the citizens of Truro he requested to close their places of business on the afternoon of the 16th instant when the funeral obsequies are' to be performed and that t h os e who have flags be requested to have them placed at half-mast and that the citizens generally are requested to observe and give expression to ony marks of respect, they mny deem suitable; that this council attend thc^ funeral in a body; that this resolution be declared b y pub1i s h i n g in the Dnily News of this evening and that a copy of this . resolution, duly embossed and certified by the • Town Clerk, be immediately forwarded ' to l.ady . Archibald with whom this council express their profound and sincere sympathy.' '
The citizens of Truro prepared to honour an illualrious native" son. Sir Adams George Archibald had died, on December dd, 1892. ■ ' '
On Friday, the 16th, the day of the funeral, the town schools were closed for the afternoon. The chiJdr'en' who lined the streets hhat day- to observe the funer'ul -proceaaion would witness a dqsplay.of respect and admiration and of genuine public grief as wo.uld - be accorded -few from the town or county. As the cortege -made its' way from the Archibald ' residence, on the hill above R r u n s w i c k Street, to F i r .s t
Presbyterian, Church, blinds were*drawn, -flags were lowered and the five thousand citizens of the. town . turned
^Truro Daily News. 15 Dec , 1892. , \ ' 2 . :
■ ■' / ' ^ ■■■■;■ out to honour one of their otyn who had risen to national
prominence and whose public life had been so exemplary.
Premier Fielding waa unable to attend the funeral, he
being absent in Boston, b u t_ His Honour I. i eu t en an t Go v e rn o r
Daly was in town for the occasion. Other mourners included
Attorney General J. W. Langley; M. J. Power of Halifax,
Speaker of the Provincial Legislature; Honourable W. A.. * * ^ Patterson, .M. P. for Colchester; Honourable C. E. Church.,
M.P. for Shelburne; Co Ichçster Sen ator Honourable Thomas
McKay; and. Honourable D. Weldon, M.P. for Albert, New
Brunswick. Professor Lawson and Dr. ' Forrest, we.pe present representing Dnlhousie . University of which Adams G.
Archibald was late Chairman of the Board of Governors. Mr.
D. Pottinger, General Manger of the Government Railway and
Mr. P. S. Archibald, Chief Engineer, arrived from Moncton.
Mayor D. J. Thomas of Truro and the Truro Town Council were there and Warden James Graham with representatives of the
Colchester County Council., All the locals clergy, the law fraternity and the leading, citizens of -.'Truro solemnly' ass embled.
Lt was a "largely attended’" funeral at . First V * Presbyterian, its Minister Reverend John Robbins conducting the .ceremony at the church. Tributes for the deceased were many, "His life", Revel-end Robbins said, "was, a lesson to the young of today, especially those who had a disposition / '
lo leave.their native country. Here was a man.who hnH' stood
by his native country,.laboured for its best welfare nnd had
become eminent and beloved in doing so."^
These Words may Imve lingered us the crowd stood by.' the
grave site in the Robie' Street; CeTiletery- Looking out from'
the spot, across' the brown marsh stubble On a b1 çak December
day it would be possible to see the rising bank of the
Salmon River where' Adams G. Archibald had been born
seventy-nine years before. ' His "native.., country" then, in
1814; was Nova- Scotia. Hi.a "nativt^ .country' now",' was
Canada. -In that broad sweep of years between beginning and
end, his life and the 1 i f e o f, his county and town had.
experienced dramatic changes.
Archibald's d e a 11; had o.ccured at a watershed era in his
• . . ■ ■ f ' - ' county’s history. For the t wen t.y- f i ve' 'years that he
experienced of t'he Canadian Confederation • i.t would appear
that the visions of progress for Nova . Soctia /which ii e had
• espoused in the 1860’s had been fulfilled. Hut fite hopeful
beginning did not last. Archibald did not. live to see the
eventual sadder, fafe of his p r o v .i n c o' nnd county, as -they
moved into the first' quarter of the t.fv e n t i e t h century.'
The traditional' view of the Nova Scotian experience
within Confederation has been one where development stopped
2Halifax Herald. 17 Dec. , '1892. ■:h ' ” ' ■■ ) n 18 6 7.- This has t enfle d- Lo be highly ronia n h i c-î y. e d ,
m u e h of il lofjking ni. -the "Goldçn Age" of prosper .1 1. y .in I, he
I Ofi 0 ' s . 0 11 d ’i8 6 0 ’s ns -a rônlrast (o ivh a I was p.er'iîeived as .
d e e 1 i ne w h e n t'he-wooden s a i 1 i n gship wn.s eased 'oui of the
wo r I d shipping p. a t te.rns. , '
ïn l h e .light of the. r en a i s s an <^e whieh has occur ed s.ince
1970 in, Atlantic.Canada wil.h regard to the 'study of t hu
j'i'g'ori, t tic I rad i ! i'On.al view of. Mari time history has changed
rà I, he r niarijedly. in th\^s view, I. h e Maritime exjieriénce -on'
cnlr-rihg C f) n f ('d ('t a t i on wrTs”^ 'Tti-4 h e beginning, one. for .which
evjcry hope of success .seemed to. be possible. .T. W. Ache.so'n.
iurs. shown I li c adaptability ' and r e s o u r c e f u'1 n e s .s fi f tlu'
Morit.ime on t repp en eu r to fit t'he re or g an i y. e d ■ .economic
rant i t'y ;wh i ch exist cd ;rf t c r 1067-.-"'. The. great dream of l.i'e c om I ii.g the . industrial heartland o f the newly c r e a I c d
dominion wa.s one which began to fade, however, by the , lasl
deî-nde'Of ,t h (> ' n i ni? t n'c n t h century a s t h la iii ar i t j m e economy .'-.was
integrated into ■ that o.f 'the continent . In Iht' wo.ke of the '•
Gi'i^n! War t]id economy of the Maritime-s was devastated, its
^ T. W. .Achcson. "The Nat iona.l Policy and The Indus t f i al i %ot i on of,'" The Ma'r'i t i mes " I Acadi t?nsi s , .Vol., .1, No. 12, 1-972.' ‘ ', .
■\T.^jy. Aches (in. "The Man t ime and Empire Canada", in Beicuson|). led. ),. Canada and The Burden of .Unity, 'MacMillah, Torontq:, 1977. • Also J. D, Host . "The Nat ionalizatibn of ' the Bank of N.S. 1880-1910”. Acad ions i s , Vpl . 1 , Autumn 1982.' Li • P.. McCann, "Met rope,] i tanism and ' Branch Business in The Maritimes 1881-1931", Acadiensis, Vol. 13, No. 1, . Autumn 1983. ■ ' 5 .
pç^ople scaHered and \by 1930 the / region had acqu i t'ed ' I he
I reputation as an economic backwater. 11 is within this ooii X ^ : I . ' ' . . ' ' . i_ _ /'te x t the.ii that tlii.a paper will ex ami .ne the experience of'
Colchester County. ■ • '
■ The. history of the county to about 1 860 is not ujitike...
many -other Nova Scotian ' c o u n t i e s . The agricultural,
resources of extensive marshlands .were identified and
exploited early-by the Acadiana before 1755.. Development of
upland agriculture throughout,--' the south('ru part of 'the
, county was 'undertaken by the Ulster Scots who came from New
England and -Ireland to f.ound the townships of Truro, Onslow
and Londonderry about 1760. . In the norlhet'n county aru'a.s
development was somewha t later. The -DesBurrea R t? t ,. ivl on g
the Northumberland Strait tried , to introduce a’ tenant
peasantry in the 1770's which limited development in n great
. block 01 2 0,000 acres. Settlement which overflowed from
P i c t ou ' Coiin t.y south- and west through the; hi Ils o west a long
the shore confined the S.c-nts -to the hi 11country d f the
■'Earl town® .and New Annun ^ d i s t r i c t s . where nn agrirulturnl
future was limited by soil and topography. t . ’
. By thelSBO ’s the lim;lts. of thé a g r-i c u 1 t li r rV-1 potent iol
f o r ” the "county were cTpae to being, met. ' Max i mum rural
population n ecu red in' census, year 1871,. . A g r 1 .c u 11 u r e w o u 1 d
®George Sutherland. .The Rise and Deçl.ine of the Cbmmunity of .Earltown, Colchester Historical Society Publication, -.1980: , \ \
. be cOftsaed.BS- eubsialence, / with no great e x ]:» o r t market,
a\irj)lu8 prociuce or cat tie being taken by boat from Truro to
\ Windsor and thence to fïalifnx, The direct overland route
■from , Truro through to Ilnlifax was more difficult and .less
f r.eq u.ently used. '
As with countless oIher areas of the' Maritimes, the
■ proximity of good timber to water in Colchester led. to the
development of a shipbuilding industry. Communities . along
(tie vSiiutienacod i o m.outh, the nortli shdrc of Co tie quid Bay and
along t h.e No r t li umb c r 1 and Strtiit produced vessels early in
the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centurie.s.. By
■ . . • ' "V ■ ra i d n i n e t een ( li century there were s till about twenty good
.years left' to the industry. By century t li o vessels being- turned out were- few indeed. The '.seaside villagers no .longer . looked seaward for their' livelihood. .By' 1850 there was some evidence. t li a t there ' was • potential in Col cheater for industrial development in ' the British or American style. Mines were.begun in 1848 at Acadia Mines-and,,by 1851 the forges were producing pig ' iron capable of .praise from judges, at the London Exhibition of that year. F.or people with avision of thé future this ' - ' ■ ' ...... X . ■^-T. Matheson. History of Londorlderry , Phoenix Press, Truro, 1983, p. 9. 7 . enterprise was one which promised much.® At mid nineteenth century the men who gxiidcd the des tiny of Nova Scotia knew that • their future migtit' very i be perilous. . Up lo. the 1840's this col«t)ny had been secure and dependent within t lie Brit i s h imperial system. Mercantile capitalism functioned well for.the,Nova Scotian merchant exporter. The fish moved to the West Indies wit I; British preferential tariffs nnd British p r o (j e r t ion . Ttx' lumber and ships moved as easily and profitably into the British mo r k e t . When Britain abandoned ' the mercantile system in the 1840's, the,Nova Scotians f a (' e d commercial ruin.® ■ t -The Reciprocity Treaty with the United S tates, nego tiated in 1854, wa.s looked upon as an economic salvation nnd its. abrogation in 1 866 caused a serioirs c| is 1 o c a t. i o n of business for Nova Scotians. -Thè decode of the 1860's wn.s n 'crùc inl . one for Nova Scotia.. Was the future .to be the traditional m e rch a n t econprtiy under British aegis or was it to be h' new nnd "modern" one baaed on the technology of railways, steel’ b p d ®A succession of companie.s ope ra ted the Ironworks and its fate was a 'familiar one for many Maritime businesses - cont rol by Montreal c a p ita lis ts ’and liquidation’ by 1898. See T. Matheson, Hist ory of Londonderry. Phoenix Press, Truro, 1983. p. 31.- .®See' D. Sutherland, "Halifax Merchants and the Pursui t • of Develop ment ' 1783-1850", Canadian H istorical Review, Vol, 59, No. 1,1978. l i . ' ■■ ■ ■ '■ ■ , 8 '. V conl,.o technology *yhich would,tie Nova Scotia’a fortunes to that or Canada? This was a momentous choice for the people and politicians of*Colchester County at mid^century. Unlike those \ at the extremities, n central county, on the direct route of' the Intercolonial Railway from Halifax to' the "Upper Provinces", would- hove something to gain by .a ,rea1 i^nment of trade .and commerce along continental or land- ward rather than seaward lines. . This, paper, will deal with the economic, political -and .social responses of Colchester County to ■ the. landward ■ ■ • . ■■■ - ■ ■ ■ ' attractions as first proposed in the 1860's and thereafter .show Ihc ' integration of the county.into the national economy up to 1930. Chapter one of the paper entitled, "Pastures "Green, Afar", i s . a demographic study of the county, / .It will \ . s-how how the Colchester population was dispersed during the ■sixty-year . period under study.’ The population, . of the county at mid-nineteenth 'Century will be shown to be fairly homogeneous. Population tre'rids, will show s maximum rural population -reached in census year 1871. Overall, .maximum' .county population will be.seen in census year 1891 but, like other- Ma r i t ime .counties, -.'Colchester was affected by the -insidious phenomenon known as outmigration. . Chapter two, "The National Question, Thé National ' '■ Policy and Maritime Rights,", will show part of the response ' . - - . to the big political questions of the period. The conflict over 'cojnpe t i ng', ph i .1 o’sopli i es of il c v e 1 opm <'n ( in thé IRHO's will be H luslralpd by the n.r g inn e n t s ' o v e b Ihe Ce ri fini e r a I ion, qliesli-OT). It will be seen Mint ( h-t' county u ç(; ii i r c d h do f t n i. t c nllcgiance to the Conservât ive P-ni ly, nn n 1 I t-g i m u'<■ which seldom waivered. The ung'or. an d f (-u s t r a I ion which, I he Maritimes experienced in t h o nfti'rmath o f World Wni 1 will be seen as Colchester; loo, f e 11 the loss of et'onomii ami ■ p 0 I i. t i .ça 1 ' influence -in a Canada wlu-i'c p owe r - iv n ,s increasingly concentrated in the center. - Chapter three, of the pa p c i', . "N(,il Wo is c' (Iff Thun 0 I h ' i .People", -exaiiii ne.s the pol.itical questions- at' the p t li-v i ;i c i n 1 level. The bold trends wh i c li appeared s <> obv.ious at thi- federal level are not so plniiily. defined at t h <' p r o v i n c i a I ■ . j ' ■ . -level- The emot ion s u r r o n ad .i n g I he Con f c d c r' a t ion q ues I i o a w i. 1 1 be' seen as a constant ' thfj’me, though. 1 t will he .shown that there was -n ,s t.r on g C o rljs y a (, i v e bias throughout, much of the county’s political expo r- i/encc . County voters often will ’1)0 seen to. express u ./t) r e f or on C e for. the I. i hern la p'r o V 1 n c i a 1 1 y , yc't mai n t a, i n i'ng- the federal Conservative t i e . . Chapter f o u r , '.'As -O'qnd ■ As .Chelsea", wi 11. 'show l.lie decline of what was once /-.a, profitable .and dynamic cinipty industry. The ev i denc-e. .-Wi 1 1 demonstrate limit the dec 1 i n e • . - < / . . .: ' 1 which occur ed .in the wooden s h i, p busine.sa nnd qs s o <• i ,p t e d I (, ■ .■ ■ .• industries, 1 i l< e lumbering, occured t) e f o r e C o n f e de r n I i on a ml w a s c o m p 1 e t e b y t h e 1 8 9 0 ’ s . ., ■ 10. . The final section of the paper, "Hustling Hub", is a study of the growth of industry in - the '-town of Truro- over t li e time period in question. The evidence here will reveal .n growth' stimulated by the m i l w a y and a government policy of pro t ec td on of home industry. . I t may be observed that Colchester entrepreneurs des i bed and cultivated the op iioj't unities presented to them by the ties to Canada. Over the sixty year period, however, it will be seen that the prosperity of the town did not depend entirely on industrial development. There were other components which enabled the town to avoid the. industrial collapse which other" Maritime towns' suffered after the first Great War, . ■ : ■ n . • • Chapter T ' "Pastures Green, Afar": Cotchea'ter Popiil'at ion 1867 1925 ■l^opulation .studies of our region^ emphasize one domi nant. feature: o.ut.mi gr a t i on . Throughout the decades of tlie last .-quarter o f’ tlie nineteenth century . and into this' one, the Mari timer, by n e c e s s i t y o r ■ b y choice, has wo n d e red a way from his home. .Colchester .County ; was not immune to the e d ■and, indeed t y i 1 I ' V 1, pop 'See Alan Broo.kes; 'Outmigration From the Maritime Provincea '1060-1900” , Acadiensis, Vol. 5, No. , ^ , Spring 1976; Alan Brookes, "The Oolden Age and the Exodus: The Case of'Canning, Kings Co.‘", Acad tens is , / Vol. 11, No. 1, 1981; Albert Kennedy, "The Provincial's” , Acad tens is , ' Vol.'4, No. 2, Spring 1975; Campbell '& Maclean, 'Beyond the Atlantic Roar, Carleton Library #78, 1974, Nova Scotia Submissions of Its.Claims With Respect to Maritime-' D isabilities Within Confederation us Pre.sented. to the Royal Commission, 1926. Henry Veltmeyer, "People Are Our biggest , Product: Atlantic Canada and the Industrial Reserve Army", Canadian' Dimension', Vo.l . 13, No. , 2, 1978; Bominion Bureau of Statist ic s , - The Maritime Provinces and Their Relation to the National Economy of Canada, 1948; Kari Levitt, Population Movement in the Atlantic Provinces, APEC,. I960;. Pat Thornton,' "Some".•Preliminary Comments on the Extent and Consequences, of Outmigration From the Atlantic Region 1870-1920", Merchant Shipping and Economic Development In Atlantic Canada. F ischer- & Sager (ed. ) ,• Memorial . Universi ty, 1982; Pat Thornton,, "The Problem, of Outmigration from Atlantic Canada 1871-1921: A New Look", .Acadiensis , Vol. 15., No. 1, Autumn 1985. - ' ^"Fever” or "epidemic" were frequently , used terms to 'describe the movement o f people. A. biography by G. W. MacPherson, (A Parsons Advenlurea. Yonkers Book Co., New York, 1925) gives an excellent account of hia' emigrant experience from Cape Breton to thé United States in the 1880's. ■ n/iwapuper alor.ies, will ahow tlie real'il.y of t'he u 1 o 1 i on (lr-!iin OS ii appeared to readers 6f Colchester \news pi^pe'rs •dur-ing the. time pc.riod in question. For some -Col chest ér people (he reality , of "pastures green, afor"^ was a dream r-eolized with regre.t; for some a dream realized with joy. N).imber.s fo r . m i g rs^n t s from- t.he Maritimes vary according to source but there is \an indication of substantial -outwQrd movement during the time\period' under study. The Dominion \ ■ : Bur enii- of Statistics figures are the most c'ompr eliens i vb . Tlieir cstimnte for the per d, from Confederation to 193d . is ' ; • -\ that the Maritimes lost 450,000' people.'’ Ottier studies ■est i ilia t VC the loss of population to lié even higher, at, ,■ about 600,000,^' or at least 100,000 ' each, decade be tween 1881 , and 193 1. "1 n the difficult dacade of 1921-1 931, ■ mo re ' • t h an 147,000 Mari timers left t he regi on . . . . t he massiv.ç exodus began in. 1 920 and most outmigration occured -in I, he wor.st économie times, before 1926."® ' . Nova Scotians tended to go to Massachusetts, p a rticu ti c u 1 a r 1 y to the nearest large ■ E n g 1 i s ti speaking city, ®Express ion used by emigrant in letter home to Truro Daily News, 2 June, 1904, see pp', 29-30. ' _ ' . ■’Domini on'Bureau of Statist iqa, The Maritim e -Provinces i n. Thei r Relation to the .Natio nal Economy of Canada,' 1934. -’’See Pal. Thornton, A1 an. Brookes, Kari Levitt, Op. C i t. . ®L. D. ‘McCann (ed.). Heartland and Hinterland.: A Geography of Canada, Prentice Hall, Toronto', 1982,-p. 182.' I l . ■ - ■ . 1 Dos ton. Th 1880, fot- example,- seventy (,>eroenl of Nova ' ' Scotians in the United States were in New Kn g T a h d , com|>nre(l to sixty-five pei'cetiL- of New Drunswickers and fifty-seven percent of -Pr.ince E d wa r cl . 1 s 1 o n d e r s . ' As early as 1880 Boston contained 'more -Nova Scotlan.s than Yarmont li, ' Pit'l’ou and Sydney contained.*^ By I l\e 192 0 ' s t hon^çh , t tic flow' of ' iiiigranl. s to the Cdimdinn West 'was apparent. All of t h.e reasons for emigration wi 11 never he known, of course,' but .some of, thehi may be spéculai ed 'upon. • The last-.four degrades of the n i teen I b century were oii(';i of very great economic chnngea for- the Ma ri. I i mers '. .These yeu'rs witnças.ed a renligrtment of t he re. gi on ’ s ocean i c- outlciok to t li a t . of a continental o n , I he .i n t egra t i on of the g i o n ’.s economy, the domination of the region by Ccxi I ra I Cnnndirui t) i.i H i n e .9 s. intf;rests nnd t h collnp.se ■(-)/ indigenous Mnrit ime ■ indu.stry.-^ - Emigration was. one- res po n s e to tlx- <1 i s rtip t i on o f the traditional e c o n o m y . t> . .’’’See Harvard Encyclopedia of: American Kthn i c » Group.s , Hnrvnrd Uni ve.rsi t;y Press, •Cambridge, 1981, p. 193. ' . °A. ,J. Kennedy, "The Provincials", i Vol. <1, No. 2, Spring 1975, p.- 86. ' ' ' . ®T. W. Acheson, "The Natianol Policy and the 1ndustrjnI ixnt ion of the Maritimes 1880-1,910", Acadiensis, •Spring 1972. . ■t vvpat Thornton, "The'Problem of Out mi grat ion,Prom Atlantic Canada, 1871-1921.: . A New Look-’, ' Acadiensis, Vol. 15, -No. 1,/■ Autumn , 198.5, suggests that outmigration may also be .seen . ns a cause^.of'^thc economic disruption as well as a result. ■ ^ ' V ' ■ ' ■ ■ . ] 4 . ■ ■ ■■ ' ' { In economic terms, the period 1.870 to 1930 was /nothing short of chaotic. With the end of the Civil War in t ii e Ui/ited States and the end of the Reciprocity Treaty, Nova ' Scotia experienced hard times as the marke,t '.for products like fish and'coal disappeared. The New England economy was buoyant;, the Maritimes stagnated. Cçn f.edera t. i on in 1867 and the earlier.removal of colonial trade preferences led to the decline of the lumber industry. The . decline of the importance of the wooden sail in g ship in the international carrying trade was significant in the economic .decline. •Historians often point to the transition made in this period as go ing from the.economy of "wood, wind apd sail" to that r • ' ' ' of-"iron, co.al and rail". The Intercolonial Railway and the Nat i o n.a 1 Policy united the Maritime economy inexorably w i I h ' that of Central Canada.. -C or\s 61 i da t. i on ' an'd centralization of industry meant control from that center,' too. There was also a persistent world wide, depression from, 187 3 to 1096 which'waa a at.imulus for local and regional, depression. Soil depletion was another reason for emigration. Originally rich virgin soil was depleted in time and the farms could no longer support large fam ilies.’ '- The ch il dren mo ved on . "This point is frequently raised in local histories, for example, see,George Sutherland, Rise and Decline of the Community of Earl town. Colchester Historical Museum Publication, 1980. In some cases initial settlement was made in areas with inadequjste so il for farming. It soon became apparent that the-farms could not support, large fam ilies. 15 . Life ut home, either in-town or on the fafm, puled when compared to the bright lights of lio-ston or the excitement of the "West” . , The restlessness of y on th is 'often cited i ix, oral or written accounts as n' reason for emigration the "des-ire to escape the. drudgery and routine of rural life for the ('on ven i en.ces ' o^f the city. "Looking for something better", is the way ope author puts it, "the spirit of the Yankee". , If they were' not ncquisilive^ a fiK'ulty which repeatedly stings the high spirited tb ne(v adventure, they were ' impatient ' of obscurity and the suggestion of' subservience. They were lustful of better clothes, hebtc^' ^ homes,' property and perfiaps power'. ’ ^ The Maritime economy did not recover from the . post-wni' depression of the early 1920's. .As the Maritime industries closed, the attraction of a booming tin i ted States economy was inevitable and the great exp,anse .of I. h c C n n ad i an p r n i r i e beckoned invitingly. A profile of the population of Col chest c,r County in the ' 186Q.’s shows.H fairly uniform . group. Most-, of.the people were descended from the tl 1 s t e r - S c o t -stock which established the Cobequid 'townships .(Truro, Onslow, Londonderry} a century e n.r lier at 'the head of, 'and along the n 6 r t h i d e o f , Cobequid Day. There wa.g no significant L o y a 1 i .s t settlement . C. Brewer, The Conquest of .'New England by the Immigrant, (1. Putnam & Sons, New York, 1926, p. 164. - \ s. 16. in Ihe county rind no large influx of any other group until the Highland Scots act tied the or] town 3"i .strict beginning in the year 1813. 'About the a’ame time g group -of Lowland Scots began settlement in, the New Annan d istrict. Another . ingredient in the etlini'c mix was the addition of Montbelinrd people who were bro n h t into the Desbarres estate from Lunenburg in the early 1 770's, All of tliese groups were' overwhelmingly Prostetant (Pt^esby ter i an ) . Census figures' 'for 1861 show a county population of 2'0, 0 4 5, most 'Nova . Scotian born' (10,302). . . ' Movement of population is not glaringly apparent by a casual perusal of population figures. Thè follow.ing table shows county 'population in census years 1851-1931. (Table 1 ■ below) I 3 ■ Table 1 : 1851 ; 1861 : 1871 1881 : 1891 : 1901.: 1911 1921 : 1931 : : : Colchester: 15-, 469: 20, 045 : 23, 331 26,720:27,160:24, 900 : 2 ^ 6 4 25,196: 25,051 Showing the percentage increase in population for each ten year interval illu:^tr\tes the situation in - starker t e r m s . 3 4 (Table’ 2 on fo l1qving page) ^3Census of Canada. 1931. Vol. 1, p. 348- '4Census of Canada. 1931, Vol. 1, p. 350.', 1 7 . Table 2 : 1051-6111861-71 1871-81 .'1881-91:1891-01 1901 1V: 1911 21 :1921, ;il : ColcbefiI.er I 29.58 : 16.09 14.49 : 1.65 :^-0.32 -4.92 : 6.48 ; -0.57 ..: ’If fourteen' percent I s ’ used ne the m i n'i mvinr decadnl growth necessary to retain natural increase, .il can he .seen that Colchester's decrease in p opulent i on was evident i .n the 1870’s. - ' As ■ may be -expected, the' rural popuTut ion dec-rcn.sed throughout' the time period as the urban populntion grew.- The following table (Table 3) shows the rural/urban division forColchrester.’*’ i , ^ T^^e 3 .. Cblches 1er-; ■ Year Rurn^ - Urban -- 1871 23,331 1881 23,259 3,46) f'-'1 ' 1891, 22,058 5,102: • 1901 18,907 5^#3 1911 16,924 6.704 1921 16,815 ■ 8;38l 1931 16,347 8.704 -35Census of Canada, 1931, .Vol.'ll p. 365. 18. Ths figiirea for percentage increase of rural, popu la iton per decade (1871-1931) emphasize the.draining away, of rural popu 1 n t. i on . ^This 1.9 shown h, olo;v. (Table 4 ) . ■ ■ • . ' ' ' • Table 4 : 1871-1881 ; 1881-1091 :1891-1901:1901-1911;1911-1921;1921-1931 ; ■■Colchester: ^ 9.62 : ■- 5-16 : -14.29 : -10.49 : - 0.64 : - 2.78 : According to 1 h e 9 , figures, Colchester’s census-year fo r 'max i mum rural population was 1071, 'with decreases each decade until census, year 1931 . It, is reasonable to . assume I hat 187, I wo iild.be’ the year of the 'maximum number of farms, maximum acreage, maximum acreage Improved and maximum field crops: This, however, . is not the .case. ATT' of .these maximums were achieved , i.n census year 1 8 9 1 .^ ’'' , It was posalb.le then for the county lb ' re’och V its maximum rural, populat ion and begin to decline, without an apparent lag in agr1cu11 u ra 1 development. Reaching maximum rural .population .'did not bting a gr i cultural .s e 11.1 empnt In the county to a halt n,Qr did It bring a corresponding decrease in agricul tural prrtduclion.• Available data ' suggests , that the value 1= D.omi n 1 on 1) urgau . of S tat 1st ica , The Maritime -Provinces a nd Their Relation to the Natjon a1 E conomy of Canada, ■ 1948, f ) M . ■ ' ’ ' , ■ ■ ■. " . ' ' . ' . . ■ . > M b 1 d . . ,p . .24 . ; . ' ■ ■> .19. of fàrm Inpd-, i nip 1 emç n I s . on d machinery, ' l i v es l o c k , v n 1 uc of field crops and animal produc is nil in ('reused in value.-'' Increased mechanization of forms corapens o t ei;! fo-r- loss of f ii rm 1 ab o u r . ’ ^ . ' " Another s e gmen t of the rurn.l , popu 1 a I .i on ■ wh i-ch co n trjbuted to the decline of .population has been that of I he 'A ' . ' rural crâft.sman (e.g. t he b 1 a cka m i t h , t lie harness mokera, 1 he tanners, the millers, the coopers). ,. The di^clirw' of the.se. occupations would be res pop s i b 1 c for' the removnl of. many hundreds of crafts people' and ' their families. The . trend for C o 1 ch es t'e r County is disçerni’blc. i n t. h e ci'n.sus .. 'statistics for 18.71, 1881 , 1891 (e.g. 67 millers in. 18.71, 60 millers in. 1881, 3T millers in 1891 or 159 b 1 ack.smi I h.s ' i n •1871, d 51 b 1 aC.ksmiths in 1881,114 blacksmiths in 1891).'''^. D y. nn -examination of census figures for- the .s u b d i visions of' Colchester it is possible to moke fùrlher ob s e r V 0 t i on s . Table 5 on t. h<;. following page shows the ■ , ; ' . ■ ■. .f--» ■ . . ' . ■ ' ib id . , p ■ 26. See also At B . Hal com, " Agri c'ul lure in Nova Scr.otiu' Since 1870", ' Dalhous.ie Review, Vol. 8, N0 ..I, 1928.' , ... ^ Dominion Bureau of. S tat i st i cs , The M.uritim,e ProvincGa and Their .Relation- to the - Nati pnab Ecohomy, 1948, p. 27 -- -. no understnff ing of- forms was noted. .' . ' . • Dominion Bureau'of S tatistics Census of 1871, 1881, 1891, A1 so indicative ; of the' decline in small local mills is the decline in the production .'of : wheat in Colchester from a peak in 1881. See S.. EllesWorth bewia, ~An B(tonomic. Histo ry of Agriculture in Colches ter ' County, Nova Sco tia , Ontario Agricultural College, 1924. P. A . N. ,S . , . p. 2.4. • , ' ' ' . - ' 20 - • ■ • TîshJe 5 .... Colchester. Population by Subdivision .1871-1931 Subdivision : . 1871: • 1881 : . 1891 : 1901: 1911 : 1921 : 1931 Acadia Mines : 1,6731 2,158: .2,665: 1.074: • 1,254 : 783: 551 Brookfield : 1,039: 1,186: 1.074: 950: 910: 904 : 885 Brule 693 : 794: 742.: . 715: 581: 548: 539 Clifton : 1,003: 1.102: 1,017: 887: 793: 919: 818 Farltown : 1,233: 1.173: 1.038: 895 ; 657: 575: 546 Economy 1,331: 1,106: 820: 6851 675: . 679 Five Islands : 2,023: . 769: 763 ; 762: ■ 615: ••524.: 527 Gay's River : 734 : 757: 672: 735: 613: 527: 449 Kemp town : 370 : 353: ' 298: ^:36: •226 : 229: 3Ô0 Lower Londonderry : 1,243: 1,571: 953: 910: 844 : 9%): ‘ 909 Lower Onslow'. : . 921: 883: 853: . 933: 941: . 916: 870 Lower, S'tewiackc : 796: 820: • 946: 1,167: 521: 523: 531 Middle Londonderry : 813: 1.015: 1,249: 1,015: 961: 917: 838 Middle Stewinkce : 6651 748: 694: 618: 568: . 518: 466 New Annan : 1,266: 1,045: 854: 774:. 710 : .' 679: • 635 North River : 1,272: 1.205: 1.175: 1,041 : 1,069: 1,130: 1,125 Salmon River : , 845: 1,212: 1.304 : 1.280: 1.3451. 1,833 : 2,168 Tatamaffouche B. . ' . - . : 741 : , 716 : 617 : 583 : 648 Tatamarfouche WO : 1,525: 1,500: 725 : ' 579: 569: 478: 446 Upper Londonderry : 1,052: 1,353: 1.15.0: 1,042: 954: 1,021 : . 97.3 Upper Stewiacke E. ■ ■ 812' : 714 : 607 : 586 : 475 Upper Stewiacke W-0 : 1,413: 1.552 : 542: ■ 472: 421 : 453: ' 428 WauKhs River 638: . 732: 685: 572: 4451 432: 411 Indian Reserves 1 ’ - :, ' 126: .130 Stewiacke (Town) : — : 633: 819: 803 Truro (Town) : 2,114: 3,46: : 5,102: 5,993: 6,107: 7,562: 7,901 Colchester Totals: d 23,331: 26,720:27,160: 24, 900: 23,664:25,196: 25,051 *Ndt incorporated.. population of Co I chestcr subdi visions, .18.71-1981.23 ^ Maximum county population was recorded in the , 1891 census year yet there are variations within the subdivisions which are worthy of comment. Acadia Mines, for example, also shows a peak in population for the 1891 census. This .|V Census of Canada,• 1931. Vol. 2, .p. 29. 21 ■,c onim un i t y wosone in- which some co n a i d e i-ab 1 e degree bf in d u s tr ia lis a tio n .(mi.ning,, sm elting, melal f nl) r i ca t i on ) occured- It a . 3 ubs cqyen t decline in population would reflec.l the decline in business activity • and the remova'l of pe 0 p 1 e to Sydney, to Dnl-ario, and to the Un i t'e d S tates.?? Agr i cul t ur'e-based commun i t i es , in' reg i ons of good 3 0)1,'?^ ten'de.d to have a rath er stablV popu 1 n t i on w I I h u peak, population in the 1 881 ' cons us , n n d showing 1 e s s of n decline over the sixty year period. Clifton or Middle- Stewiacke ore. examples of this t y [) e. North River populul ion peaked in the 1871 f.igures but the population remuined f n i r 1 y stab I'e . ' A g r i cu 1 t u r e “b as e.d communities, in r<'gion.s of poo r .soil , like Earl town or. Kemp town, reached maximum popu In I ion early-, the 1871 census f i g u r e s , and declined con tinu ally ^o 1981'. Agri cul tu re-based .commu n t i es , on good .s.o'i 1 but close to an' u rt) an area .(Truro),- shmv a different trend- . With t ti c exception of a sligh t d r' o p I) e t w e e n 1891 and 1901, t h c; (fend - , for Salmon River di.atrict has been one of incr'eo-sing popu la t i o n ' . -, ' • ' The New Annan dist. rit-.t wn s ■ a gr i cu 1 t u r e ■ b n s c d ti u t with probably b e tte r soil q uality than that of Earl town, yet the , 2 2 Trueman Mathesqti, A History of Londonderry, fhoeni-x I're.sa, .Truro, 1983, p.- 57. - - 23Subjective observât ion. • 22. population trend is similar. Both Earl town atrd New Annan arc district,a of Scottish- settlement and this may suggest a mobility of this particular ethnic group. The lack-of an- ogripullurnl t r a,d i I ion in the' Scottish background has been noted by some schola.ns. They stress the preference of the Scots for education, the professions or the church, choosing to escape the drudgery of- farm ' 1 i f è. ^The Scots were not always settled on t. he poorest land for agriculture and it has been suggested that.- there was something in the. Scott i s h character, which brought out a wandering tendency ^5 The . Totamagouché d-ist'rict may . be compared to the Economy/Five Islands d istrict. .Both were ai mix. of ship- b u i 1 d i n.g , farming and- lumbering. The population trend .of both la aimil.ar, a gradual decline after 1871. Tatamagouchc historian, Frank ' Pntterson, in noting thé decline of shipbuilding -industry at Ta t nmagouche commented .about-, the effect this had on the economic activity of the district: ' ' ■ ' - - - - . ■ .'M-en for the first time found that they were unable to -obtain remunerative employment. ' Num bers at once left to obtain work in the United State# and è 1 se w h ere. Others, mostly, those who were older-and could, not well leave, returned to farming. From this, for- years they were able to ' 'make but a poor living.2 0 ' ^ D. Campbell & R. A. Maclean, Beyond ttie Atlant ic Roar: A Study of the -Nova Scotia Scots, Carleton library #78, '1974,'p. 105. ' - ■ Ibid.., p. 108. : ' .; '. -' 2 0Frank Patterson, History of Tatoinagouche, originally published 1917, Mika Reprint, 1973. .’ ■ ' ' '. ' ' $ 2 2 . Some of the population movement obviously went to . the town center, Truro, which recorded cont i nhoua grow t h, from 187] t o^ 1931. The town’s growth, when compared to other ■' towns- in Canada of over 5,000 population, was not unaffected by out m i g r a t i o n . T h e town grew h u t other towns we re growing too, and faster.. The pivito'l census year Uppear.s lo be 1891. . ' ■ < . . . • Los.s of population by the county andf town was (| f t en seen as a problem.but Just as often it whnt- unnoticed. 11 was not usually dramatic ini thé lnrg.es t aon.s,c and yet the small articles in • the county' n e p a p era- of the time were sometimes the most revealing. What follows is an i mp r I's s i on ■ -W) f outmigration from Colchester as illustrated hf a c h r o n o log'ical series of "smril 1 "" stories.zo They are meant to .illustrate some of the reasons why Colchester people left, , the conditions xjnder which they left, or make s omt; comment on the phenomenon called outmigration. ■ .2'^Truro ranked 51st in 1881, 46th in .1891, 53rd in 19,01, 76th in 1911 , and. 78th in 1921. Dominion Bureau of Stati.stics 1921 CcnAua, Vol. ' . .. .' . '. ; ' . : . The articles presented are a random selec;tion from P.A.N.S. files of O.olchester newspapers. At P.A.N.S. there arc .sporadic issues of Truro C itizen, 1909; Colchester Sun, ■ 1874 1924; Lunh’s Weekly, 1911-1912; Mirror ' ...Colcheste'r County Advertiser-, , 1867-1068; New Era, 1911, Searchlight . 1899-1900; Colchester Vindicato r, 1879-1880. The best coiT^inuous 'source is Truro Daily News, 1891 to present. 24 . Colchester Sun 3 July, 1878 Texas ho'!. .The greatest chance to get into business ever offered to any.man or number of men. The parties offering the undermentioned places of' business- and properties, for sale, have taken what is called Texas fever and have'determined to leave for that state and therefore.' offer to dispose of .the following places of business, all in n good heal til y condition and paying as well as other businesses of the kind in this province. ' First that well known and favourite house, and property known as the ' Prince of Wales H o te l- Al MacKenzie Meat Business - Jamea.-fA. teaman .ll.en de.r s on -Farm - J. C'. Mahon Victoria Hotel -Angus MacKuy Truro Driving park, 250 acres ~ MacKenzie, . teaman, Mahon, M a c K a y C o 1 c hcster Sun 24, May, 1883 L oca li a m sAcadian Mines______Locali a m sAcadian Mr. George Smith has for the prescrit given up his intentions of building a store.and departed .for St. Paul, Minnesota.., . b Colchester S 'u n 6 August, 1890 Employment for Women . , There is' an extraordinary demand now .for- girls and middle aged women for general house 'work.- Wa cun put into .situations immediately one thousand, in the very best Boston families,' at wages from $3.00 per week upwards. No charge to either employee or employer .Apply at British American Citizen office,' 7 Broomfield St., Boston. C o 1 c h e 3 t e r Is u n 26 November, 1890 Colchester Abroad ^. . ’ By a circular which recently came into our ■h|| n d 8. we notice that Mr. W, C. Ambrose has been appointed -Resident. Engineer of the 5th 25 , D istrict of the S o u t,h e r n ‘ Pacific Railway,. the lines between L a t h r o p and Los Angeles, with headquarter's al Tulare ,, Heretofore" Mr . Ambi ose had charge of Track and Water Supply but is now in full charge and as a son of Cplcheater we .congratulate him on his promotion.' - Truro Daily News 16 May, 1891 Mr.' Isaac Sno'qit -returned h.ome ycstci-dny after an absence of two years. M r. Snook is .one of the three Truro gentlemen who wept to Buena Park, Cal.j.ond established_ a condensed milk canning factory. . He speaks very .favourably o f ■! h a i sec - tion of the country and says it's 'immense. Colchester'Sun 27 February, 1891. Six. of the young men from Earl town are going west on the 1st of March to pursue their fortune in British Colu-mbia and 'Washington territory. ' We wish them good Inc'k while away and a .safe .journey home . . ' ■■ ■ Truro Daily. News 2 6. Mar.ch , 1891 Robert H,. Dickie, who has b'een drivihg. J.' A Wright’s milk wagpn for the past two years, left this afternoon for '.Tacoma, Washington, to join his brother, Luther, .in the lum1)0r woods. ■Truro Daily News' . 1 0 J u 1 y , 1 8 9 T The fare .to Boston on the State of 'Indiana is now $4 . 0.0 . Truro Daily NeWs 11 July, ,1891 Geo. M. Yuill, who for some time past has beeri employed at C.P. Morgan's Jewelry Store, leaves 2 6.) this .0 f t ,e r n o o n for' N a n o i ni o , B.C., w'ii ë r e !) e will lake a similar jrosit. ion with his' .brother, S. H. Yuill, who recently established a business i n that r-i t y. We .'ai'e sorry to çee young men of Geo. Yuill 's at amp leaving our town, but we Wish him every .success in !i i s new hgrne. ,T r Ü r o Daily N ews 13 Apr!1, 1892 I'he -station on the at'rival of tlie trairi froin ' the ea st, the ' PictOu Accômmodat ion,. C PR and ,1CR Ç X s s , presented a vei'y' animated appearance. Conductor' Dickson brought .over 300 passengers from ■the east,, most of tliem bounll for Boston. About -25 were to join the westbound excursion to Man i tot) a; 4 0 pei'sons left Truro ond v i c i n i t y , whi.le eye.i'y station from Ha’lifax to.Trur'o supplied its quota, the 'Quebec ex pres s was /crowded, also the CPI?.. •A^mong those going from here were Arthur'' Chri,stie, Fred ,S t a r !'<'I I , William Muj'rny, a n d Fred McDowell. Marry of the passengers bound for Manitoba and the Nor til west To r r i toi' y were young in on .going ôut t o try their fortunes, 't h e r a t ë .9 being, offered by t h e C P R ' b e i n g $13.50 to Winnipeg and points w e a t. on t h'e same low basis. There is no q u e .a t ion t h a t it )>oys the CPF? but it. is a. debatable q u e s ! i on whether it pays the province to lose so in Ll C h 0 f its bone nnd sinew. But what i .s our loss 1 3 Manitoba's gain. T_ru_ro Daily Nevj 2 7 .September, 1 89 5 Ea 1' 1 I owll - Miss .1 an i e McKay' leaves on Wedri es dny for Boston where .s he is to take n course of 1 1'ni n - i n g in a hospital there. We' wi.s'h Mi .s s McKay success in the noble, calling she has 'chosen. T ruro Daily News 6 January, 1897 John N. Crowe left 1) eb e r t • ,S t a t i on a otne ten or fifteen years ago,- a p.oor boy, to seek-his f o r't u n e in the United States. He .went to Salem, Mass., and after a time commenced to do business for h.i III ' self by peddling f u r n'i t u r e and ladders on very 27 small scale. , Dy honesty and.indust l'y, he lias worked himself up step by step, till now he '.is the head of the firm of John N : Crowe and Co. of .Salem and Lynn, Mass. They do business in all the New England Status. C o1chpster Sun 7 Apri1, 1B97 Great Reduction in Rates to Boston V. i a St. .John ■ ' ICR line to St. John - connect with fast and suburb steamships St. Croix and C ll m b e r 1 a ii d sail ing from,St. John every Tuesday and Thursday a.m. ■ at 8 o ’clock. From Truro $6.25-. Truro Dai i y N e. w s 22 April ; 1897 It .is with pleasure t hat 'we learn today from "All About Us"‘ a .weekly newspaper -pub 1 i shed in Chicago, 111. , "for Negro and all", of the sue cos.s' and advancement of .a coloured citizen of Truro, in the ■ person of Ti. H. Borden, now Rev. E .. II. Borden, . B , A . , . M . A . B . D . , s o n o f Mr a . S U .S i e B o r de n o f t h e Truro Laiindry. Mr. Bordèn ‘was, through th_e-^-—hard work of his mother-.and himself o.nd the persevering economy of both, enabled' to, go th rough Acadia College, Wolfville, receiving'degree.s of B.A. and M. A. During the last, few years he h a .s 1) e e n studying at the University of Chicago where a few days ago he received a degree of n .D. Mr. Borden • was the only member of the; race who came up f o' r a degree and was doubly applauded by the 1 a r g e audience present. Truro Daily News 20 January, 1899 A .Boston correspondent to-' the .Herald soya M i g s Ella Hardie, a nineteen year old Truro girl, . was arrested at Worster' last Sunday, on a charge of having no visible means of support. The girl i .s good locking, but fell into bad company. .28. Truro Daily News 26 September, 1899 Mias. Susie M. Dickson,- daughter 'of Mr. W., N. Dickson of this town who has been so successful as a teacher in 'Scotia, Ifumbolt Co., California, has lately been appointed Professor of Natural Science ■ in the Southern Oregon State Normal School.- This is a - most .advanced, position for this bright Colchc.-^tcr girl to assume and.it- is a credit to her own marked ability, to our N. S.. Provincial Normal School, of which she is a worthy graduate, and to Stanford University, California-, for which institution she has her B.A. honours.. Tr^uro Daily" News 10 February; 1900 Miss Joanna andMcKay Miss Maggie Murray 'have left Barit own ___and have, gone to Boston: Doth young ladies are great,ly mi;i ssed from their native place where they were well known ,for their activity in all good work. Truro Daily News 14 April 1900 The spring emigration to the United States does not appear to be so great thus far this season as heretofore, but .s ti l l many of our young people are going over the border. A party from the Stewiacke . Valley left this week for Boston, among whom were Miss Christie .Jeffers, Miss Te no Miller, George Jeffers, Harold Kabert, Eddie Hamilton and Ervin McCa'ul. . Trurp_ Daily News : 4, July, 1900 Letter from "A Farmer'-', West New Annan At present it is difficult to get farm help... - Nearly, all our young men and, women wish to go over to Brother Jonathon. One reason is the want of a better, circulation of money caused largely by producing .t où l i t t l e on . our farms and in . our factories and importing too much. Another .reason for so many leaving home is the want of steady employment. 29. Truro Dail y News .3 0 May, 1901 w Mr. Wm. Stevenson,' who < owned previously 1o Col. Purdy, th'e l a t t e r 's' well known farm al 1(68 t Chester , ' d i ed at Echo City, Utah, on April 20th, .from pneumonia in • his 79th yePr. Mr. ■ S tevePsoh ■ had , with Mr. G. B A r ch i h a 1 d , I he. stage route between Truro and Am her. a t . He was a f te r wards c.onnected with the Pony Express through Utah, before the era of .the railways. Ha was the pioneer se ttler at Echo "city where he owned y' ranch. / Truro Daily News 11 November, 1902 The Seattle Sunday Times of 19 Oct has mo 3 t flattering account of the work of a , n alive ''o f Economy, Colchester County, in the city of Seattle and of his position as a "progressive, . untiring upbuilder of that city". y Tru r o Dai 1 y News 12 March, 1903 On the 25th; ins t _ Mr. John Baxter, Central New Annan, will have an auction sale, disposing of all his hou'sehold furniture, and the livestock, agri ' cultural implements and other things around a well ordered farm, with a view to leaving h i g .native Cplcheater about April .1 s L for a future home -in the State of California. At LeGrand, .Merced .Co., San Juan -Valley, Ca1i f orn i a, Mr. Baxter has had n brother, James C. , and a . sister, 'M r s. John Murdoch,, settled for a number of years and these relatives have had "pull" suffici.ent to induce this good resident of 'New Annan to..ulso .go west . Truro Daily. News. 2 June, 19O'd An Explanation of the ExOdus - Former. Truroi)ian Writing .From His Adopted Home in the U.S. says: 1 noticed in a late copy of the news that a speaker in the.Truro YMCA had made a statement . that Canadian young men should stay at home. Thç fact of the matter is that most, of us, - who .go- from 30 Canada, are compelled to go to get employment suf ficiently remunerntive to enable us to save some thing for old age. The speaker• poa gib1 y has not given the matter enough close attention to nsber- tain the true cause of the exodus. If I could find a position at home, in which I could earn one half I am now do in ^, Iwould pack up tomorrow and bo with the rest of you in a few days. I have been looking for such an opening for years. ■Too . flippantly our speakers and wr.i'tersi too often condemn our young me p., because they leave their native Canada t o • seek their futures and better themselves in the neighbouring Republic. Tt is ‘assumed that our ÿoüng fellows ' grow res lie S3, weary of the "old house a,j>d home." and wander for novelty, - fort une and adventure, in past urea green, afar. Doubtless that is true in many instances and the old homestead and the wanderer.both suffer by the separation; but there are hundreds of caseg in which our smart young men, highly .educated and cultured,, are compelled to .go abroad to get any adequate return for their services or their technical work for which they have b_een qualified, and openings' in which ‘are not ' to be found in Canada. ' We oil 'regret this exodus ' of our .young people, but, in our haste, we must not condemn, them, until .we can offer better inducements for them at .home than we can at present are- able to do. - Tr u r o Du i l.y* N.ews 8 June, 1910 Former • Truro Girl Was First a t ' the L and 0 f f i ce . 1 n 'Saskatoon • ■ - . ' A few days ago we referred 16 the pluck of ‘a young lady school teacher at Saskatoon 'who kept, her place for 12 days on the steps of the land office in Saskatoon until she was rewarded ■ with ■ t h,e grant of land that she was after. The land is near the town of Kinders ley and. is now worth $10,000. -We. might have known that such pluck as this young Ipdy showed could only come from an ener getic Bluenose. The Miss.Williams referred, to in the dispatches was Miss Minnie Williams, a former school teacher i n the Willow Street School, Truro. 3 \ . She went west a few year-s ago with her father Mr. Gilbert Williams (who,lived on Victoria Street) and her brother Monsoii. S.gme two. years ago her mother nnd the rest of the family followed to Sonkatoon, where they ' have since had their home. A. The westerners by degrees will get their eyc-s opened to the plack, energy and perseverance that our native saline breezes ond our bracing ■ climnte instil into our people from t hc i r ear 1 i es t ycar-s . ■ Trur o Daily News 3 July, 1921 Miss Grace Horton has arrived at her Prince Street- home from Glace Day , Cape Drat on, where she l\aa ■been one of the efficient teachers on the ' school staff of that , town _ Miss Horton ol the end of August will join ■ her .younger siste r Marjorie, ■teacher at Rosebud, Alberta, . nnd the.sc two Truro girls will be .added to the great body of Blueno.se instructors in the Wes t - h ecaus'e the y.c a r 1 y stipends' in the East were so n i.ggard 1 y small. Truro Doily News 2 May, 1924 Notes From Earl town Miss Isabel Cameron gave a farewell dance at her home, McBains Corner, on Monday evetiing. About a hundred gueat-s were preahnt . and a most enjoyable evening was spent. Miss' Cameron is one- of oiir moat popular young ladies and we . regret her departure for the West. She will 1) n followed by thé ‘good .wishes of all. Truro Dai ly News 3 May, 1924 It, is with great pride that Colchester acquain tances' have read of the scholas.lic - advance and promot l'on of Charles' MacKa.y, M.A. and ‘B.A., Dalho'usie; Ph.D.-, Princeton, son of Mr. and Mrs. J. D. MacKay, Truro. He has been appointed to the Chair of Physics at Harvard University. Prof. MacKay served overseas in the CDN.. Seige A rtillery. He is ' a clever product of . . our Colchesterr Academy. ■ ■- . : - ■ , ■. ' 32 •V ' 2 July, 1924 New York: 3.0 June - Rev. Geo. Douglas 'Ryers, q naJ.ive of 'New Annan, Nova Scotia, waa killed [ a 1 Kocheck' ori the Island of Nainan where he was in ' charge, :of the Preabyter ran Mission, ■ by Chinese bandit's on . .June . 24, according to a cablegram received here- today by the Presbyterian Board of . Foreign M i s s i o n s ^ T h e 'm e s a à ge .said t hat .Mrs. Byers and the family of the missionary together with a.ll other persons, connected with the , .miss i on a n d h o.s p i t a 1 at Kocheçk were safe. - ' ' ; The Rev., Dr.. Byers who'h'ad b,.è'en ■ in Chin^ 3.ince : 1906 was born :i-n New Annan, Np"va Scotia, ■ in • 1874 and was educated at Albany Co'l-lege,- Albany, ; Oregon, and at San Fr.qnc i s co Tbeotog .tea 1 Seminary. Mr. Byers was i n ' , chargé the Chinese in Kdtheck and of 'f if ty missions • i.n outlying districts., ■ . / < ' He worVed among the M ia^-dnd Loi tribes which' took him intct\the w i lj_ ^ crunf a i n d istricts . Rev. Do,ugl"a5-'iTyers who was killed by Chinese , bo.ndits was a descendent of one of the, pioneer faraili.es in the New Annan district, of Colchester County. He had been engaged -in missionary vdrk for many years. He visited his birthplace three years ago. ' He .was educated i.n ' the- U.S. and was married there. - ' '. - . He.is survived in the'New Annan family by a brother Edward. When this missipnary visited his No.va Scotia home a few years ago his wife, was a visitor with her people i n\t he Uni ted States. .' Truro Daily News 9 Angus t , 1924 Tatamagouche - Du,ncan Ma t heson / Ch i ef Muni cipal ' Of f i’c.c-r of the S an Francisco Detective Fqrcç, has been in t own v isitin g ' his uncle, George Doj^glas. He also d ooifcd .u p -o.l d'.f r lends , his . connect i n with Tatamagouche dating as far’ back as 42 years when he taught in the Senior Depar tmen i of the public 3chop I . , .. '1 T r u t' o D a i 1 y N e w s 1 1 Angus t , 1.924 '/■ CNR Harv.es t Excursion August 151 h The CNR announced■ that the dote .of the 3 3 Harvest Excursion ia August 15t,h tuul /that 18 thousand able bodied men are needed from'-the K a a t , to.garner in the grain crop. Special Harvealera Trains wilt* leave Truro at 10:45 a.m. .and 1 ] : 10 a.m. .Friday, August 15th and run- through to W inn i peg. without chan g e. The equipment of' this train will assure intending harves t ers of- a most comfortable 'journey to (.be West.. The train will be made' up -of- the moat modern ■ type. -of convertible côlonis.t car, nnd a f.eature will be the new lu.nch counter cars On' which hot meals will .b„o, served on route.' The r e willbespecial-cars for women and family parlies.' The fare : from Truro to Winnipeg w ill be $24. GO plus half a cent, a mile, -to points beyond ju Mah-i t ob a , .Saskatchewan, Alberta, Edmonton, Ct.vlgary and east. For further' pa r-1 i cul a r s apply to n a a r c s t ticket agent CNR. Tru ro Daily N ews 15 August 1924 The. Harvest ' train that went t h rough -Ttu.ro this morning frpm Sydney waa made up of 14' cars , the Halifax train had 11 'and 'when it left Truro it had 1 5 w i t h t ll e t r a i nmen ’ s v.on. Miss .Hyaon, teacher .at Bible Hill Sciiool last yehr, - left- today for the .Canadian West. Mr. Borden H umble, teacher at Center School last year, .went west, on the H,aryeat c.xc u r s i on I h i .s md.rni ng i _ ■ . . Truro Daily New; 1,6 - Augus t , 1 9,24 The Misaes Nettie Baird, Onslow. .Mourit.nin, and Thelma . Yorke-, Parrsb'oro, Nova Scot ia, ■ former employees of the News .off i ce, left Friday morning on the .Harvest train .for the Canadian Wd.a t . Truro Daily ew.3 2 8, .A.ugus t , 1924 New Annap,.,^, Mr, Willie Porteoua Jntendjs. ' leaving for Mas.a ac h u-s e 11 s , 'U.S.A., on Angus t 23 rd • and Miss Ethel Porteous also intends going to the U.S.A. , to train fôr a nurse in about two weeks. We . will miss these young folks from our midst. ’34. T t u r Q D a i l y N ew 'g 1 O c t o b e r , 1 9 2 4 \ T« t omogou ch e- -, Dr. .Thomas Holmes, who is a native of Bay'heod, i'a v isitin g his old home. Dr.. Holmes who is 0 brother of llarvey ■ Holmes., Bayhend., and Mrs. A. ' C. Cock, - Wal de grove-, has been away for over 30 years. Ho now has a good 'practice at Oakland, California. T r u r o Dai JleV^a. 1 May, 1920 Colche ste r Peop le Entertain at an Annual Banquet ' ' T h.e Annual B a n q n e t o f '5t h e Me r i .t i me Provinces Assoc in lion was held on' Tuesday evening, in the St. Andrews Presbyterian Church Ha’ll when 133 members were,-seated at the beautifully arranged tables. In the absence of the President, Mrs. A'. Hood, on a ('count of illn ess, Mr. A.- Thompson acted as Chairman. The- speaker- of the evening Mr. Re,id Barms ter of Vancouver, introduced by Dr. Sandford, gave a very interesting history of the Maritime Provinces . Musical npmbers were given t)y Mrs. M a c L e o d, Miss Hogan,Miss V. Selkirk, Miss Dorothy Hay, ond Mrs - -G . Warr-ack. The Dicker ton Brothers Orchestra provided music 'throughout the evening. Office.rs elected for’ this year were; . Honorary President, Mrs. A Hood; President, Mrs.. A Mann; Vice-President,' Mr. Ferguson, Mr. H. Young and Mr. A. ' Thompson; Recording Secretary, Mr. D . A . Stiles; Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. N, G. C a‘r i e and Pianist, Miss Anderson. ’ - - Brit ish Columbia Paper The B i ck e rt o n Brothers Orchestra mentioned include the three sons of Mrs. Geoffrey-Bickerton, who'was Mi.ss Vera 'Scott , a former Trur'o girl and the youngest daughter of the. late -.Donald Scott of Alton, Col. Co.-’,- and his wife L u c r e t i a Hamilton of .Brookfield, now of Vancouver'. ' • Mrs. Bickertqn is now living in, New^ West-’ minster, B.C., and is a member of the -Maritime Provinces As aociation, ’ which is a strong order in ■ that place. For a variety of reasons the Maritime region ex p eri enced- a tremendous, dra'in of population during its f ir s t 35 sixty years w i t ii i n the Canadiati C o n Ted e r o t i o n . ^ Counties like Colchester which were influenced Ijy t h e d v e 1 op i n g technology, of "coal, s t eel and rail" - and which were . s t i mu 1 n I e did not escape the populnt i on exodus. l-’eople I ('f t in spit c of the i n dus I r i a 1 i f;n t i.o n proc'osa. C eus us records .stiow the year 1891 to be a p c a k year . f o'r' total popu 1 at i on . 'The r urn I pntl(:'rn for Çolchesler va r-i ed • s 1 i girl 1 y , the peak cb'ii.sus yi'nr • ■ ' ■ ' / ■ being 187 1 with déclines t he r'e o f I e r . Aitliougti thc populntion 'of the- Town of Truro co n I iniK'd to grow, the t own began to decline relative to other towns q.f .1. e r 18.9) . Population studies of •counties in 'other -regions' of r - • ■ ' ' • ' Canada have .shown the o f f^e cl s of migration to li o' a 1 m o s t like a "way .station on n busy, highway’, with contvnunl inove'menl. A in .and out.'^' Cole li es I e r'.s populnt'ion mo-vciiient w'ns one way Cl - _ . \ . . . o u t , during the period'^ 1 8B7 1 925 a n d was a inii'-ror imnge . . . I ■ ■ of the Maritime expe r'ie.nbe during the same time. "Pastures ' , . ■ ' ■. ■■■ ■ ' ■ green, afar" i .s an apt , descripfion of the Into of many ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ people who were born and rai.sed -in Colchester'. . ' . : ■ \ \ - 2 9 A. broad spect rum of opinion exi.sts, from S. A. Saunders, Kecnomic History of the Mari time Provinces, Acad i cn.s i s ' Press , 1 984 , - bo -H. Veltmeyer, "People Are Our Biggest Product; Atlantic Canada and the \ Industrial Reserve Army", Cahadii^ Dimeri.sKrn, Vol. 13'No. 2, 1978. X, 3.0See 0 A. Lemieux et al.V "Factors in the Growth of Rural Population in Canada", Proceedings’ of the .Cnptwli_02LJitlliLi£Pl __ Aa^s^c^, Vol:- VP, 1984 . ■ / 3 ] Gagan and Mays, "Historical Demography and Canodi on Social ■’.History:' Families and Land' \n Peel C.ounty, Ontario", Canad i an jHistorical Review, Vol. 54, No. 1., 1973. ' •' ' . ' 36. Compter TI ■ V Tiî.Ç. p lionni QuéeLipn, The ' N.n’t i on al Policy, nnd Maritime Rights: Fédéra] Politics and Polit i cans i n Col c h e s t e i', 1 8 67-1925 Ttie role t.h^t the .et aie may play in de v e 1 opinent ' i s a central quftst.ion for any. politician. In the changing economy of in i d ' n i n.e t e e-n t h century Nova -Scotia ah attitude emerged among some po]itic.ians concerning the course.of future development which-put Colchester on a course inextricably hound to . 'the continent. An alignment of county interests with those of rnilwny and industry over ’those of shipping and overseas commerce b'fegon. with young professionals like Adams G.' Arch il) aid. in the .105 0's-. This image of nn industrial future was one which became liniied to the fortunes of the federal Conservatives and for most of The county’s first, .sixty years of Confederation the' politics .were d e c.i d e 1 y conservative, f There were few liberal 'incursions into this bastion of cona er y-a t i am . - '. In the decade prior to Confederation n distinction in philosophy I) e g a n to t) e discernible between two groups . of p o 1 i tic i ans ' - On the one hand were those, politicians who represented the old mercantile- interests, the "wood, wind 'D. A, . Muise, "Parties aiid Constituencies.; . Federal Elections • in - Nova Scotia, 1867-1896", Canadian Historical Association Papers. 1971. - Also D. A. Muise, "The Federal Election of 1867 in Nova Scotia; ■ An Economic Interpretation",' Collections of Nova Scotia Historical Society, 1968. Also D.. A. Muise, "Elections arid Constituencies: Federal P olitics in Nova Scotia, 1867-1878", Ph.D. Thesis,.University of Western Ontario, 1.971. , ■ ‘ : n . and 3 ail" philosophy which’ looked back aI Nova Scoli^'s "Golden Age" of prosperity nnd cullviral f 1 owe ring. Theae interests .were aware of ' (and feared) ' any e c o n o m i c rcad.ixia iment 'that might oci:ur if Nova Scot \a were ■( 6 . beronte .part, of a continental Creation with her- hock' to the. aeo. This was. the laissez-faire men t a 1 i I y. where "good government" .was understood to mean "as .little government involveniont -as .possible".. . ■ ■ On the other hand, there were,pol it ic i ans wlio .flivoured more direct government invo1vement'in the affairs of s t a Ie .^ These w.ere' the, people who did not look to t, he '’past' for •greatness, rather they.saw t he i r ; . des I i ny'i n the future and that future was on industrial one,. These politicians' te.ndc.d to be young p r-d f ea s i o n O'l-s' like- Dr’. Tuppet of Amherst , • t ti e Conservât ivq leader, but it also included some- f, itrernla, includinV. hibteral leader Adams G. Archibald, a ),nwy Truro. The important questions of the day for.these men of t lie 'f u t u r e. • we r e thoae' concerning railways or education. The question o f C on fe derat ion its e lf and thrs a t t i tudes .expressed toward -it in the .province re'flected the divergent philosophy whichwas emerging in the I860's. Those couptics with some hope of on i n d u .3 t r- i a 1 future , .containing railways or coal fields or iron deposits or t ho.s c z"Positivists" as Muise called them, "Parties and Constituencies; Federal- Ejections in Nova Scotia, 1867-1896", Chnadiap Hiatorica.I Aasociation Papers, 1971, p. 186. ■ . ■ i38. wliich were urbanizing to ’aome extent tended -to be supporters of the- new industrial ph i 1 o s phy . Generally these were central and -northeastern counties (Halifax, Hants, Colchester, Ç um'b er 1 a n d , Pic ton and Cape Breton). Tn the P r o V j-nc i o 1 election of 1 863 Conservatives were elected in fifteen of the nineteen possible' s e a t s . ^ The old -mercant ile and commercial interests in the province had been challenged and fie feat e-d by' the indust.rinl philosophy 'which', after this «'lection, became associated with the Conservative Party: The trend set here, on the provincial scene, was one ' whicli „ p ' - Col clle-s 1 er- would fo 1 1 o o n the national level in el.ections to follow. In the politics of Colchester County there were two men who dominated, i n terms of -power and' influence, from’ the 1850’s to, th'e 1890’s.. These were Adams G. Archibald, and Archibald. W. McLelan. , They began their, long association in county politics as political enemies and concluded -as compatible compatriots. Each had a difficult' transformation ■ to make: Archibald from ■ Reformer to Conservative a.nd Me, I, elan fromA n t i-Co n f ode r a t é to Confederate. Each had strong local .loyalties but . each participated ably on the larger, national stage-. ' . , ' Adams G. Archibald was the consumate lawyer with all the credentials for political success.^ The Archibald name 3Op.Cit. , p. 187. :î9 and faniily ■ connec l ion 9- iiv (lie county, his P r e s b y t c t'i n ti religion, and hia education, inad'e him n formidhble opponent in any election.'’. It wa,.s clear e.arly in h is car-(^er t h a t h i ,s vision of 1 he future for Nova Sco'tia was to 'he nn i n d lys I ,r i ad, oTie,.’ Tn 1R51, in h i .s • f i r.s t .session' ns the Member of t h <.• House .of Assembly, Archibold part icipotcd in the d ch n t es concer-ning co n s t r u r l*i on of .a ■ trunk ra.il way Mirougli British North America. "T need ^m rd 1 y say, Mr. Chairman, " tie. said,' " t h Q I .1 belong to those w )i o . c ons i d e r' a rr a i 1 r- o n d communication with the ' neighbouring colonies nnd the adjo-indng. States, èssetiti.nl to our prosperity. 1 agree wilti the.Honourable Spcak'er thaf we in u s I have a ’railroad’ that we must eitdier be con t e n 1 to let all the world go nhefid of- us in the march of- improvement, or we must use the s nmc means which they do 'to keep abreast of.- ou'r ne i ghbout's . ” liai 1 way 3 certainly would be part of Novo .Scot i n ’-s future and the benefits to the province, he said, would lie. immeasurable. Tt would be possible’, lie muintnined, to control this means of transportât i on , to d i r- e c t the s t i - e a m of traffic' and. Nov.a Sc-otia would become an important link in ''Born ISid, Bible Hill, son of .'Samuel, ond Til.izobeth Archibn 1 d. Ulster ' Septa ' graridparents had settled in Truro and Ons low t.ownsh i ps , 1762. Educated Pictou Academy, articled law in Halifax,' 1'030 cal1cd to bar of Prince Edward Island, 1839 called to bar of Nova Scotia, 1851 first elected for Colchester as Reformer. ^Quoted in C. B. Fergusson, "Sir Adams G. Archibald", Codlec^U ons of the Nova Scotia Historical Society, Vol. 36, p. 12 40 ■ I he' communicat jon .between Europe and North America. He -wondered if Nova ,S CQt i a would.be "blind to ou r 'des t j ny " or • whether the province would meet the new challenge with "an . energy becoming our position".® For . any industrial future No.va Scotia’s coal reserves would be of vital importance. It was Archibald who led the opposition to I, he monopoly held by- the .General Mining .A.S s 0 r i a t i on- of the rich Nova Scotia coalfields..- Tn 1857 h'e was one. Of two delegates, sent by- the province to London to b r dak the mining . m o n o j) o 1 y. This v is it resulted in n, curtailing of I li e General Mining A ssociation's rights and assured ' Nova Scolia's greater prosperity based on her mineral re sources . . • ' On. the question, of education, Archibald had no . quijlins about supporting Premier.Tupper’s Free School Act in 1864. An opposition leader, looking to score political ' points, might not have, but the issue illu s tra te s the compatible, philosophies o.f two: Tuppe.r,' Conservât! y e ; -Archibald;-. Ileforme.r. Tupper became the embodiment - of the continen- , Inlist forces. Could Archibald long resist? The Confed--.- erntion issue, or "National .Question’’ as it came to be known, wiould be. the watershed between Archibald, the Refer nier', and Archibald the Conservative. A. W. McLelan w'as ' a formidable politician in his ®Op. Ci t '. ,' pp. 13 -14. ■11. own r i g h t . He had -an eduoa t ion, a -iuKury .n.o l ' ofTotdt'd wany of II i s fellow Col ch os I e r men, due lo somi^ modest p r o s i> e r i t y aclVl e'v.ed h y li'is father, - G. W. Mole I ai!’s .shjpjiioK lui.sines.s and store in Great,■ V il 1 .a;fe . A. W. attended M'o mit Alt I s on Wesleyan Acodeiny and by 18.G8, w'Ii e n his-- fniher rl i , d , lie had hod civ'per i eiiyre at son and in manai'intl the fami I y tiusim-as ‘al home . He was elected to the Nova Scot la II o' n s o of As.scmhl v i ii 1858-OS a Heformer, succeeding his fiither. His vision of prosperity lay senu’ard.- ' Hog i n n i n g in IHfid. he liegnri - ii ■ career as. a s Iri phii i Ider in G re a t Vi]]ap;e, often' in par-tncr- ship w. i t h h ,i s ,h ro 1 he r - i n 1 nw , J oji n M. H 1 a i k i c , The t wii (^O.ntinned to build into the e a r 1 y 1 880'' -S . H i- p r o s c r ed . By' d 8(-)7 -i t W03 a c k n o w 1 o d }'e ll that 'ju- was a weal t hy man.'* • So there are the iwo: A r e h i b a 1 d the la.lenled lawy.er who. .looked landwaj-d for- tlii' I'ututc of his., lount.y and Mcl.elan'' whose ex per i e n Ce ond I') i.i s i iies s - was .'seawnt-d. These two .Reforiners split on the Nat.ion'nl Oiie.s t -( on^. Aichi'hald was I tie C on f ede r-a t-e . McLelan the Anti. No. more h. i .1 I e t - u conles.i w a s ever conducted i.n the count'y, M c he t n.n was c t c< -1 e d in S ('() t e,inb e r of 1867 t.i u t his I a 1 e r <'on vers ] On , wjii.-n ('on f roi.i t. e d w i t h .'p o J ! 1 .i 0 a 1. re a 1 it y , w as significant.' The fusion of ''P. B. Waite, . "Mc.he.l an, At-çhibuld, Woodbury " , I) i (.1, i niiary (if .Canadian Biography, p. 572. ' • . ' ■ "P. B. Waite, Op: C.i t . , p. 5.72, 0':" ' ■ , ■12. McT, e lari’B views with tho'^e of t he \G on f e d e r a t e Archibald was .. ' / - ' . . ' symbolic of the reality of a f ii lure for a Colchester tied .to Canada.' T h e- lines in the battle o v e r 1 h e - Co n f e d er a t i on cj u e .s t i on h a d hf'cn dra,wn early. To Archibald; and to men who looked at the union 'of M r i t i. .s h North Ajner-ican Colonies os ,a means of promot ill g the greatest pros p e r i t y for Nova Scotia, this was an tin e.q u a 1 o d opportunity. Archibald was q,ne of the five. Nova' Scot ic) delegates to the Charlottetown Conference in S ft ]) t enil) e r-, 1861. -He wns also one of the delegates to the Quebec Conference the following month, Tire political and *■ economic horizons seemed limitless. ' . "Tlie'lime has. ar.rived," he'said, "when, we are about to assume the proportions of a great nation and such being the case we should not shrink from i t:s rcsponsibili ties. . . If we. are u_n i t e.d we shall become a great country, and the time is ' not far distant when a' colossal power growing, up oh this conlinen.l shall gland with one foo,t.„.on the Pacific, and the other on t tic Atlantic, and .shall present to the world,- even on this side of the Atlantic, the fact that. monarch i n 1' •institutions are n o t i n'con s i s t e n t with civil and religious liberty and the fiil 1 est measure of material ad v an c erne n t , " ^ , Prom 1 8 6 1 until 'the first federal election in ®C.B. Fergxisson, "Sir Adams G. -Archibald", Collections of Nova Scotia His torical Society, Vol. 36, p. 48. ■ ' 4:1 September 1967, Archibald wns one of the. moat > important 1 ntrepreters of whnt the proponed fodernl union would ' meap to’ Nova S CO t i n ..’1'5. , Joseph- [toive would o ^ ^ o n e him hut Archibald would not he swayed. ' O.u April, 10, 1R6R, Archibald seconded Tuppcr.'s long awaited resoiution i it I favour of Confederation. llei was part of lli<> delegnt ion to Lon d oil to coinp.lete the terms o f ■ C o n f c de r a t t o n and iu the Macdona.ld’s first Cabinet 'lie becaiiu.- SeCrt-lary of SI at h for th eProvinces. • ...... , A. W. McLelun tjud h is own (jpinions of the (iroposed union of British North American 'colonies and these wcie nowhere better expounded Ihnn in h is ad.dre.-33 t;'o t hi - Novii ■ " • Scotia House of Assembly on tlie 17 th of A i> r i I , 1865.'' - T h e 'arguments opposing C pn f c d d r n t i n set out then were ust-r.i . t,y McLelan until 1 869.- , I In that long spet-cli, ..enibc-1 1 i sherl with Victorian / • ' .r he t or i’c^i McLelan - made it plain J hut he was o p pos c d to Archibald’s .views. It grieved him to be in :such'-a [los'ition, he said,, and that "iio act of njy "little political life has given me, half the.prrj.n T feel in being (.-om pel led to take a ' °.See also Parliamentary Debates of Novg "Scot i a House of .Asaembly, il''^Aprd- b, .1865, for Archibald ’ s hopes for. Nova Scotia With regard to an integral part of the 'Confederntion plan", the construction of the ■ Intercolonial Hallway,' p. 266. ''Parliamentary Debates, Nova ScPtia House of Assembly, 17 Apri1, 1865, p. 249. This speech was later printed and circulated in pamphlet form. ' ■ / ' : ■ ■ "■ ■ .■ position in opposition to that honourable gentlemon.''z' He would. O ct. on his own " consc.i eh t i ou.s c on v.i c t. i on s " , he said, of what was right and wrong, "of what may be or may not be for the food of .my .country." There wns union already, he [> o i n t d o u t - w i t h B r i t o i n . ...We are citizens of- the same. Empire - subjects of the same Queen. The same flag that floats ’.over Buckingham Palace floats. oyer .our citadel and protects ttie inhabitants of these provinces' as well as those of London. .Under • that protection we enjoy every- blessing and privilege 1 hat .1 s known .in Ti .civilized and enlightened ■ society.- The fmpe.rial^ connection, was par amount; "I cannot understoii.d why people who enjoy all the privileges, rights and immunit i es of the British.' Empire should desire to f.o ^m any other connection in order that they may have greater room and scope."-'’ •Then', of course, there- was the -matter of inadequate représentât i on in t h'e p r op os ed , f ede r a 1 ,.. house. Nineteen seats out of a total of one hundred and ni net y-f our - would leave Nova'Scotia at the mercy of Canada, He,', could envision • - ' . ■ his . province completely subservient to Cunnda in the new conn try.’ ^ ■ . ' • mbid.' ■ . ’3Qp.Clt., p. 250. ' ’■’Qp.Cit, . p. 252. • ■ • . . ’SQp.Cit.. p. 254.- McLelan allegdrv included two hounds chained tçgether by the neck, the large powerful \>ne representing Canada, the smaller one. Nova Scotia. . \ . /| C) The fjrvanciol tçrjiis Iw.et'e Iti a do cj'iin t. e , (ou', for' the tx'cda of Nova Scot'i-e., nccot'dirig t. d McLelan. t( c' po i n t e.d , ovi.l I he debts of the UjiPo'r' pro\'iiiC('s and to thi- wc-aMh t.hat \vns N o v ti Scotia’s. . lie outlined- t h e lai.-k of I rade I h at existed between Nova'Sco.tia and ,'Cianada . T h e pr.oapt'Cta of cx p’n n d i n g 1,'omiJic r ce ' wpu'Ld be- n e, g 1 i g i b 1 e , he elainn'd. In.slea-d ' i.i f expand,in.g commerce and dev('1op i up; t h e nf.riural prn<1uei,s of Novo Scot in, he predicted that I i a'd-e won't d be erippli-d and costs,.of living W()ul,d increase. In return foi getting the I. n t e r c o ] pn i a 1 Rai Iway. built, h.c pointed out that- Nova S'eot i a would have to s ut-ren d (.> r li o rcoirs i t i I a t i on , t is); d i ,s h a r'lno n y among f e 1 low colonists, reduce'', local cxpi-n d i'l'u.res fhi- roads altd bridges , (or .use dii-.ect 'tnxntion to ,mal(c • up the df; f i c i ep cy ) ,-f-b c ■ s id.) j e c't. to (he annoynncr- of a .SI amp. . Ta .x surrender to'- Canada I he ijowcr to t'a.x, _ i-ui.d'hclp pay - the general exp en s^s of . ri central gov r; r irin en I. . He ended on a p.a\ r i o t ic note: . . ■ ■ ' ' ; . , -, ' s &' ' . . - : ■ , Let us -then .be content to gi; pii pro.spering as we have and at the same t ime cul t i vot ing the . t ies of tu'otherliood ' .wd'th the'other colonics, and above al l, Jet us not . take a I step that ivill tend to sever our connection with England. My strong desire is to sec this connect i on continued, that . through our lives we maydglory in the grandeur and gren't nes.s of the British' Empire, 'and leave behind us those who shall . -, inherit the same f e e l i ’ng s of loyal attachment to her Crown / and .Institutions, that the same sentiments may bind together the people of these colonies. Every heart, beal.ing iij unison ' . even as one great heart - when waked by the 8l,rnins of "Rule Dritlania" and "God Havç The Q u e e n " . ' ' ^epp.cit.. p. 261 f: 46.• ' • AJU l liu argument s of this' 1 8 6 5 speech would, echo bnd re-echo . ' t h r () u g'h I h e rlehote on t h rr National Question from,, on e e n d of (he p r ‘(.\v 1 I) t;e ^ to tire other', ' . . . The- An I j -Con fedo'.rirt t's wcre-'uuab 1 o stop the 'Confed ■ ■ oral ion .scheirte hut they were ce rl ai n 1 y. d e i r'ni 1 ti e d to win Die first 1 <'c I. i on.s held,.' u ri d rr r ' t Ire new a r'r a n gem eli t . For Col , . -ell es I or Iti i .s meant t hot two 1 e a d i ri g 'S [Jokes in en , f or t(ie op[)o.s i II g s i «.h's would f a c e f-ncli oilier for' the federal seat of Co I ('he's I e I" . ' ,5 ei('r-e t ,a r y of Flate,- ,A. C: Archibald) '■ f a c e d An I i C o n f e d e rat e A. W. Mc'he'lan. !': I e I" I ion d a y for' the. f i t's t federal election had been si'l f.o I I 8 Sept 0 )1 1 r , 1867. II. has h e e n said that most Nova .Scot iaris.iiad decided how .they would vote as early as 186.5, ■ and that , t he (.'inn p o .i j; ri ' o f 1'B67 wa s . a n t i C 1. i ma t i r . t '' Tliis #■ could.III.'. «Hid of I he.. C o 1 che.s't e’r seat, too, pe.rh'.aps but only lifter 5 . June, ,1 867, for '. t ha t,' was d he. date of the. great Con f ede rat ion debate held in T r u r o A . s a political -•meeting it' mu.sl -be' r.finlrcd os a classic , ' a di rec t c.onf r'on t-a t. i op 'of. ... t h'(;‘ best of t h-e two oppos i ng .fi i d es . ■ ' ' .. • •: ... 1' h e |)ri II Boom , 'J us t off K .1 n g S t re,e t . , was paçked'' with .f r o m 2 0 0 0 1 . 0 2500 jrèople’-^ ni 1 in their p 1 a ce A 'well '. h e f o tbr ' t hr- .?.! n.r ting' ' hour . of cl even n ,'mi ' .Charles Tupper 'and 'Adam.s ■ 'M. M. Beck, Pebd'ilum of Power, Prentice'-Hal]’,' 1968, p. 8. - ' ''*Nçw Glasgow Eastern ' Chronicle, 8 June. 1867. ; The Eastern Chronicl e wns one of thei Anti-.Confédéré,te papers.^ to report, the occasion;. The Halifax/Morning Chronicle was also Anti-Confederate. V. 1.7 . G. Archibald represented t he Confederates. Joseph Howe nnd 'A. W. M q I, e 1 a n represented the An t i Confederal es (or It ova Scotia Party). The .Halifax Morn.in>t Chron ici e ~h .i 1 1 ed this gathering as "probably the greatest political demonstrntion that has ever taken p l a c e ’ in the provi-nce out.side of the city':19 . ' ^ The reception .accorded the participants left no dont) I as to which .side t he majority of the ovidience favoured. When Hon. Mr. Howe, nccpmpnnied by '' Messrs . -Me Lei ah,. Chambers,- Morrison and Armand, en (e red the bui lding, there was, such a show of ncclnmn t i on sent up. by the. sturdy yeoma'nry of Colchester, ns made t h e b u i 1 d ing ■ r i n g for. meryl minutes. When ' Messrs. Tuppo.r and Arèh'i.bald entered n .few .minutes previously, not a solitary cheer- gr/ce t. ed (.hem,--" Archibald led off the debpte,- choo's.ing to di-scuss t h e charhc't'er . and career bf .loseph Howe for rnoAt of h i-s two'lio.nr Address and 'only touching C on f e de r a t i n. t, ow.n’rds the end r) f his speech. He did v.enture the obsérvotion t.hat, he expect 'ed to be sent to Ottawa by the elector.s of the county. "The ' t . ■ - e (hectors answered,-' .’NO!,' in t. he. ■ 1 o vi de s t. terms, but ■ Mr. Archibald 'said he kriew' 'more, about ..it ■ than mnny oT them # did. , . : . ^ . . A. W. M c . L e 1 an ' was scheduled'' to be the .second . spiinker i9.H.alifax Morning Ohronicle, 6 June 1867. 20New Glasgow Eastern Chronicle, 8 June 1867. Halifax Morning Chronicle, 6..June 1867. 48. • but he*' waived his position in the rrtater’in .order t.o allow .Joseph Howe t.o rebut A r cli i h al d ’ s comments. It was a two ond o n e - h.fl 1 f h o u r ■ r e b u t t a 1 ; ^ 2 Charles Tupper then addressed the moc.t ïng with a l'on g tirade 'of three- hours duration. On the Con fade rat, ion question "he was not g r e e t e d throughout by even the faintest ' t.tieor, although the a d v an t. age s of .the scheme were paraded in the most fanciful cos Iumc" .f^ ' ■ . ■'A. W. Mçhe.lnn was received with three cheers,as he rose to apeak. In an address which was punctuated frequently by . r a c:h e e r i n g . a u d i en c(ï he dealt with some of the asp.ects of the Con f edera t. i o 0 question: the financial inadequacy, of the terms, the 'extravagant salnrips for o f f ic ia ls , the small % . . - r e.I> r ps e.n t a t i o n i.n Comnioj)s and Senate, the loss of con s t i t u t i on n 1 rights,- and particu larly the ' lack of cor) a u 1 tat i on on the question.^'' . - '\^ Throe cheers, for the An t i'-C on f edern t e- c and i d a t os were given at, the close of the. nine hour marathon session'. ' Tli'e y call for three cheers, for 'Mr. Archibald was responded to by • "a few strugglin.g huzzas. t;ha I were drowned in 1) torrent, ;of groans -, and hisses'".2s It must have been obvious 'to ...... : c _ ' . ' . Fully reported in the Halifax Morning Chronicle, 7 June 1867. ^3Halifax Morning Chron icle, 6 June. 1867,. ‘^■’fu lly reported in the Halifax Morning Chronicle, 8 June,1867. ^^Halifax Citizen report. Reprinted in Eastern Chronicle. 8 June 1867. ' . " , ' - ■ ■ ■ 19, Archibald . I: hàl h i s . wo u 1 d ■ b e an uphill ati'uggle, i r reaper t i vo of his past s 11-on g showing in Colchester elections. T.here were dthe.r meetings throughout the county be two on Juno and polling day, S.ep tomber 1 R t h . ^ ^ • Tli e . c am p a i g n in the press, reiterated the usual arguments- Only -t h-fl' llnlift^^. - ' Reporte r , and. , Hal i f a x 0.r. ... ■ P.9,1 9d!.LH b p r o a <-n t o-d the pro- Con federal ion argumen t.s . ^ ^ The Halifax Chron icl-e like, • almost' all the -provincial newspapers., wa .9 dogged.- in ils condemn a I ion 6f the prop os ed u n i o n . There were some very local grievances directed ■ again.s! Archibald c o n <'e r n i n g bridges and roads but -most dealt with his ' .s I an d on Confederation. - ("Traitor" was a frequen'I.ly u.sed deacript ive term.) . - ZTMeeting at Stewiacke reported in the Ra.sterri Chronicle, 8 .1 une 1867, local candidates pl.us Archibald and Mchi'lah. Meeting a I New Annum reported in the .Kpstern Chronicle,' 30 June 1867, logul cand i da t,es plu.s McLelan. - , ' ■ , ^ ' See. Ha.l i fgx .B r i t i a h Co 1 on i a I,, 1 August 1 867 mentions benefits of union of,interest to farmers, of Rarltown and New Annand (sic) and 8 August 1867, where it is pointed out that "Confederation and the ICH are ■marching -hand in hand" and will be completed "before -the autumn leaves of 1869 strew the mountains and valleys of Cumber 1 a’nd and Colchester". Al^o, < 14 September 1867, -Confederate, letter -re nomination day. Sec' Halifax 'Reporter,' 3 September 1867, pro Archibald article and Confederate le tte r from Upper Stewiacke; I O' Sep I ember 1867, Pro-Archibald article. , ' , \ , ^^Helevent to Colchester see Hu 1 i fax Chron i cIc , 1 Auga.nt 1867,' Intercolonial Election Dodge article; .4 September 1867, Buying and Selling a Country article ridiculing Tapper and Arch'ibald’ 7 -Sep-1,cumber 1867, open letter to Archibald from A. N. Tupper , Upper Stewiacke; • Id September 1867, Nomination Day in Colchester-' Halifax Chronicle, 7 September 1867, open let.ter to Archibald. .50 Nomination Day ' was T-iVcly and , it did give the C o n f ft de r Q t es.' t h e opp'ortunity to make a, show of s t |~e n gt h » w i t h their -parade of about one hundred carriages from Great Village i. o the Prinee of Wales Hdtel^in 'T ruro.^o' The Morn .j n g Chronicle oh s é r vat j on- t h at." . t h.e meeting a p p e a r- e d I o be largely' Anti"' and tha.t the "Nova -Scotin candidates r ft p r ft .s e n t. I h.r-ee q uar t. er s of the property' of the counly"^’ is probably qiiite a'ccu'ralo though. . Thft. importance' of the election to Archibald, who was .after a ll’ a Cabin.ef M.inia(.cr in M a c: d o n n Id's first cabinet', i .s evidenced by the a.mounl of mon e.y he s b e n t conducting it. 'riribery was the accer>ted custom of the day and it, was later observed thot A r c h i b a'l d ’ s ob-pdnefits gave twenty ' pound.s .a vote and that' Archibald had spent "several 'thousand", being a "ru'ined man" in the aftermath of the e lection, The election r'<;sult overall i .s well-known. -Righl.cen of the nineteen federal seats were wo n'b y the' Antis. .Charles Tupper in Cumberlond was the only 'successful C o n f e d ft T a 1e candidate,. Archibald was the only, one '-of Macdonald’s entire 3 0 Halifax British Colonist, 14 September 1867. 3 1 Halifax Morning Chronicle, 14 September 1867. 3?Connolly t.o Langevin, 27 October ,1867,'.Chapais Collection A.P.Q. quoted in'G.iK. Pryke, Nova Scotia and Confederation. 1864-1870, Ph.D. Thea i.s, Duke University, 1962; Also Halifax. Chronicle, ,7 .September 1867, reprint from Eastern Chronicle. "The Confederate Candidates have plenty of rum and money at their disposal, but they will fa il to have the desired effect," '' . ' ' . ' 5 1 . c a b i n e.t t'-o u f f e r 'd e f e a L . A. j^lfince ni l h e e 1 e c t .i o n r'e t .u r n s ^ ■' i n d i r n t c s sti'onf< s.upporl for; Archibald in Truro .where the be ne fila of u . railway to- New Brunswick and the Upper Province's m i Kh't . be. appreciated but in . most n o n u r h n n dial riels 1 i )c e the Stewiackes and along the Cobequid, ( k c'ort oniy , Po r I a up i q tic , ' De'berl) McLelan was superior. This t own/c o u n I y . sp 1 i't ajjowa in the first federal election is one wb.ich is const an! ' throughout I he period under study, with no . exrcp t ions. - ■ . -Truro, -it aeenied, -was not adverse to the teinptnt i o n s which might , à w a i t' landwards. - T h e r e is a term used to describe an ole.r:! ion- in which ■ the basic -division of part.y loyalty- i .s 'not .se ri ou.si, y . distrubed but the influence of. short term forces on the vote / is such that it ' brings about the d e feat o'f. the mbjor-ity party.'-'’ '’. The term is "deviating" and this may b c a p p I i .e d to ■' the highly' emotional e 1 e c f i o ti ' o f 1867. C o 1 c h e .a t e r polit les,' over the course .of the five , years fo II owlng that f i r s t general- election, - would show • its ,pi;eference . . for- Confederation . - general 1 y ' .. and ; the - Con s er va t i ve ' party - specifically. ' It is doubtful if .loseph Il.owe -himself was more dedi- 33Toblc 1. (On following page) ' ' , - 34J. M. Beck, Pendulum of Power, Prentice Ball, 1968, p. 429. 52 . ;i.Table .1 Genern] Election 1867 Subdivisions A. G. Archibald A. W. McLelan Upper Truro , 251 157 . Lower Truro 6:^ ' 84 ■ ' , Lower Stewiacke 83 , 1:12 ’ ■ & Upper Stewiacke 108 ,219 North River 111 ' . 63 Lower Onslow - 86 ' Earl town • 110 ■ New Annan 62 105 • ■ 'Waughs River 77 89' Tat amagouche , 97,- 88 ' .DeberI 89 167. Fortapigue 72 ' 204 Economy ' 87 189 ■ Kemp t own . ■ 38 :1289, ' . . : ,1649 Majority ^ 360 ♦Unless otherwise stated, all election results are from Sessional Papers of-Canada. •' ' . . '• ■ \ ; 3 . '/ _cal('(J to fepoal llinn A. . Mo l.e 1 an . _ do ('1 o (| ii o a I 1 }■ Nova Scotia’s -case l> o f o i o t'lu-liamcnl in' Iho tat I s os s ion m . . ' of 1867..’’-' . Ho-at t o n'd o d tuid a d d nc\s s o i.l ■ i ('pi'a 1 moot ing.s, in llio c;ouji t J’.1 ; i l{ o ■ ( ti c , o L !i o-r A a I 1 - ;C on toil im a I ics It o oxpoo t od that d r i I a i it tit i g It t i it I .e f c.- o a e on N o it S col i a '.s li o li a 1 t. W It o it , I It i a wa s • d o it i c 1,1 , • in 1866, llto olioioos' woio limit,od: coiitiniio • lo aj'ilale for repeal or I. o - p n .s It ' tor tioMor to t turn fur 'N o 11 ' S c o I i it . ' Mo I, c 1 a It , 1 i k o d o wo , ' o it n.s o llto I a I I o r . As part . o f Mac don aid's "doiil” wil-h IKiwi- in IRtill, on I) I I 1er Idriits f.o r -No v a Soo! i a , - w o r o :t iiuiiibor of i.m I j I i on 1 .patronage a p |) o i n t iii o it I, s , iiioluiliiig n .seal in llto -St-tta I o . ’ o- Mo 1,0 1 an clt'ose t, o. b-oooine (,'ha’i rmait of llto lîniiwny (.’o iiiiir i n s 1 o n . ' ‘ 11 y 1 this was .denied him as long ns lie wns n Moiiibor. of llio Hotise o.'t C o III III o n .s . II c could linvo I 11 o a ppit in I mon I , liowovor, if' he was in lit c; . ,S e n a I. e •. ' Tttus A. W. McLc Ian, M . I’. , bi'i itiiio . .Senator A. W. Mcbclftn. dis ro.s i gnu t i o.n ns M ; I’. in 1866 svould.be It i s last dire c t. - i n v o 1 v e iii on I i it, bo I oti es I o r (lolit i o.s Lint.il .1881 . wh.L' It ' h e resigned his .Se.niilo s i-n I in nrdor lo . contest ttic Colchester b y - e be c t i on of 1881. '11 i .s indiroit . 35 A. W.. McLelan, House of Commons Debutes, 13 Novemtior 1 867'., ' . 3GColches 1er ■ Mi r ror _arnl __A d v(u "bbldLf i 8 I’obrunry .1868. . ■ Repeal meeting. " ' . ' . 3"^ He wag frequently reminded of his chungo of heurt.. .Sor h i s ex planai ion during budget speech, dou.se qf Commons, 30 March 188G, pp.5 6. 3 8g ,,K. Pryke, -Op'. Cit. . p. 244. - ' . 5 4 in'flueiicft inijst nol he u ri d e r e s I i m a t e d and was cfupdaJ. in the years i mm ed i a I, e 1 y .followinff his r e s i g n a I. i on ,t n 18B9. The • Colctiftstei- h ÿ - e 1 e c I ,j o n of 1869 is interesting con sidering the V a rM o n s ' far I i ons wit hi n t h oc o u n L y' I ti a t had to lie a d d tea s (T(t . Tliero w e r' e the A n I.-i-.C o n f ede r a t es wtio s n |) p o r t e d McLelan in 1867 and now 'found McLelan- ns a strong, • Con federn t e . There sve-re s o me A n t i,-C o n f ede'ra t e s who might - compromise and support - an independent. There was also Adams G. Arch ill a'l d wiro had decided that his • relir'ement from politics, which had 'been ' announced eni'lie.r, was premature and t. tint ho would I'e -of for for : the seat . - ^ 1-'i n a 1 - nominations •■-p1aced_ Adonis. G. Archibald, against Ma s .s t own 'mere liant and .s li i pb u i 1 d e i , F. M Pearson,. B o I ti sides engaged in wholesale, tiribery of I he electorate. ' .The result' was o victor; y for Archibald and the C o ri s e r v a t. i v e s . o . ». Note that resistance t- o , A r c li i b a 1, d was still s t r o n g I n 3 o ni-e f.o r ill e r, Mr L e 1 n n .strongholds like Economy and tlppe r ,S I c 1% n c k e . ' Archibald ' acknowledged that: oh 1 y about one' h u 11 d r- e d - and. f i f t y, votes were , b r o u g ti t over f r- o m the Con f ,e d c r- a t e .s b y ,M c L clan, m a inly t h r' o u g h b u s i n e s s -i' o n n e cl i o n s and r-e 1 a t X ves -’ As a constituency, though, Co'l cheater was 39See G. K. Pryke, Op. C it.', pp. 245-248: Algo interesting for details of political patronoge involved. Also, .see scathing article opposing Archibald in Halifax Morning Chronicle, 6 September 1869. ■’°See Table 2. - Halifax Morning Chronicle, 10 September 1869; AI Archibald t o Macdonald, 14 September ;1869, Macdonald , Papers CLXXXV-IT. ■ ■ ' , , Tab Je 2 ■Colchester By-electiou 1869 Subdiviai ons ArrrhiJ^j^ l_d llem-'àpti Triir'o ' 502 1.30 - Lower SIewi acke 115 . 98 Debert 91 154 For tapique 129 125 Tatamagouchc 139 .36 Waugli’s, Ri ver- . "91 58 Kc'Ciiomy .96 ' 125 North River- 134 38 Old Barns 74 74 KempIown' G. Tot als;. 1213 84 4 - , Pearson ' s majority at New Annan, 20; at Upper St, ewiocke, ,.51. Archibald’s majority at Earlt own, 100. Archibald’s total' majority about 400. ■ • . ' ' . • ■ - . 56 o r f i ci a ) ] y "on s,icje (i.e. tiie, 'C o n .s ç t;v a t i. v e , Macdonald aide). ' ■ Adonis A rcîi i. b u 1 d ’ s first si i n t, ns M.P.'for Col d i e s t or w a s o !>ri. cf one.’ Tn .1 870 ' h c was appointed as I, i e 11 t e n a n t - G o v e r- non of Mo ni t o b n thus p r e c i pi 1 n t i n g o n o t 1) e r elect ion i’n C o 1 h c s t e r', the t h .1 r-d .the elect.ors of t h c c o u n t y fni'i'd in four years. , . . ' As in the p r c ce d i n g ’elecl ion-, the year before; the old w o n II d a we r e r; e j o p e n e d ' .as Ant i Con fed e rales o|)p o s e d C o n f e d - 'em I es . F. M. I’-carspn wns cliosen a g a i n by A n t i . C on f e d c i'n t e .s . tin I. this lime he w a s s u iipo r I e d by Confederates like McLelan -nnd locals like Hiram .Hy.dc . Even Ant i -Con f c d e r a I, e M L A . for ■■ C() 1 rhe.s I er , Ï. F. Morrison, was helping P e a r ’so'n. Local ex I rent i s I Sf, -lik.e H o b e .r t Chamber.s the oilier M LA from Col-.-, ch OS I or who was e 1 eel ed a.s- an .Anti in .1867, lyere det.ermined 1,0 offer .voters ,n' c h o i c c however. Chainbo.rn 'oppoa'o.d Peorso.n on the an n e, X a I i o n'.t i ck e 1‘.^ Pearson was pledged lo .suppoil: the Mncdojin.l d government,. Chambers could not match him in , pe rs o n n 1 i t y ‘‘3 or organization. The electors gave Pearson a • h u g <.> m n j b p i I. y. . ■ ; ''='6. K. Pryke, 6p. Cit.: pp. 282-284: “spryke says of Chambers that he wtis'a' "rather ipleasant, old incjividualisl who refused to humble himself by asking any man'for, his vote". G-.. K. Pryke, Op. Cit. , p 284. '' '' Tahle 3.- Hal i fax Morning Chrdliic le , 11 November 1870. / • 5 7 Tnblr 3. Colclie.st er' By fCl cct :i on , 1870 Subdi vr a i oris R'-ÏUllâ'lll Chambers -Truro : 492 ' / 79 Upper Stewiacke 208 : u - i t.ower Stewiacke -56 ■ 23 North River 106 ■11 Rarltown 102 ' 18 • Kemptown ; 21 . 10 New Annan 89 II Tatamagouchp 5& Waughs River ■ 63 ■ 4 Onslow ' ■ 99 Upper Londonderr;y 211 Portapique 182 . Economy 147 old 'Barns ■ ' 54 19 Totals : 1886 268 ;/ . 18. y n ' w o 11 1 (1 o p p e a r t )rn t t )i c i; o a 1 i t i o ii o t .A n t i and ; o n ■ federal p was. now coinpleto-, , Pc r h aps )l was, as h os en .s uj/j^es ff.-d , Llie sLrong puîl of g o v e r'n m p a t, .pal rouage and .1 he 0 p p o r'1. an i l'i e.s open to an M.P, wh<> supporl.od the governing % p a r l y t.o Qp'poinf. and give grants, whi(;t) swayed the electors. Th(' old .fire and pa.ssio.n of 1867 wns no't I ho r e , a n .y in c-ir e . . Ü ti t w o t: n F . M . P e a r s o n ’.s j e c I j o li v i (' t ô r y i. n I. h e b y - ■ election o.f 1870 nnd the return to. net ive p o 1 i I i c- s by. A. ■ W . MrLielon in 1881, t It e re was 1 itlle evidence that C o 1 ch os I e r ' .s support for Macdonald and Canntln dind slip o d . Pears on wns r e - e 1 o c t: e .ri i n I h e g e nor' a 1 e 1 e c t, i n o f 1 872. . T o c li n i c a 1 1 y h e wn.s e l e c t '(,> government on almost every vote in 1871 and 1 8 7 2 . ' ’'^ 'Col c li o s I e'r ' s ' only new.s paper, the Sun, disliked PePrson though and gave unqualified support- -to .1. P. .11,1 un'c-ho rd .who was pro.inoted as. a government c and i d n te in the election of 1 872. . The choi.ce for voters- t en de ti to lie limited then only to [)C res o n a 1 i t-i e s . Both s upper t. ed the government. The voters gave Pears on' the m a j o r i t y . ' ’'^ . Tr-ad i I. i on n ! .support 'for Pearson along the Cobequid Shore (hondondciry, K c o n o m y, .■■'■’G. K. Pryke,, ,0p. .,Citp. 285. . = ' ;. ' ' ■ ®D. A. Muise, Elections and Constituencies: Federal Politics idj Novo Scotia, . ,1^7yd 8"^, Ph.D. Thesis, University of-Western Ontario, 1971 , p. Ï97. - ...... ' '^Toblc 4.' 59 . \ Table <1 Colchoater Election, 1B72 « V . / Subdivis ions . f e arson njnnchnr Truro 1G3 326 Clifton 70 - . ■ ' G5 Loiycr Stewin,ckc 124 (17 . Upper Stewiacke 171 125 Upper Onslow ' 85 • 92 T.ower- On.slow-' ' 74 36 Eorlt own - R2■‘ . 125 New Annan . 78 72 Waughs Riv.er ' ' 99 72 Tatamamgouche , - 78 105 Upper Londonderry ' ' 205 , 48 Lower Londonderry . 231 z, Economy & Five ,l.sland.s 175 ■ . 23 ' Kemptown - . 1 9 29 Totals: 1634 1209 I ...... ■ ' V .. . ■ 60. Fivr; islands) - remajn.ed: strong but town voC.er.s" prefc^rred !i ! ancharcl . ' . ■ Th geU u r a 1 ele.ction.of 1874, the Pacl.f.i'c Scandal Elec- L'i o n , saw the Conservai ives ousted from ' power in Oil , - Nov.a Scolip sent- only tliree conservatives back to Ottawa out ot a ' (A) s s i b le ' t wen t y--one. .and one' of Ih'e oa.s ua 11 ie s. . was 0 o I c.-h ea I e r ’ a F . M- Penr.son. ' Of course, the Colchester- ,Sun o|)|)Os,ed Pearson- A par 1 i ament ary correspondent- for the ■ Sun d u II, n g , t h cc 1873 sittin g of the House of- Commons , -- Thojnas ’ Mc.Kay., p'resented himself -as atU51 he r i ndependen t candi dat.e. ■ ! t- appears t h.e campai gn p id ted Pearsbii’s politi'cal nia^®Ln.e, who.se .s 1're 11. g t h .was -largely' rur'fil and .suppbr'ted by A. W • Me he 1 a n , against a new, young i d’ea 1 i 3 t i c'*^gr oup from 'rriiro.'’^. Tlie issue, as i ii all of Canadawas corruption in li i gh p.lYjces. McKay had virtue on his ’.side this time. flic res u It .s .show s o m e , s 1 i p p 'a g c of tdi e old .hold that Pears bn and ■ .Me h c .1 1) n -!i c 1 cl n Vo n g I h e B a y " ( K c o n o m y , ■ 'f o r ex' a m pie, .1 s -fairly .; (hi use) ' in pa s t ' c 1 e c t i o n.s , .The town vote was str.ong f o' r' '/A c- K n y 7 -1 . . ■ ' ‘ ' His fi.rst elect ion ••.in. 1 87 4 ' w ri.s' -a ' Co n t r o v.er t e d ■ on'e^ ° and', the re.sp.lt .was, that McKay’s election- wadec 1 .ared y'oid. ' In !i. b y ■ e 1 e t: I i 0 n ,h.e ,1 d i. n De-cembe r , .. -187 d , McKay defeated .Dr. A.' Ç . - Page by 1,918 vot-es to 915. .'He declared h i.ms e.l f ,. ■^«1)-' .A. Muise, Op. City, p. 248. , ' . ‘-’'^Some of Mçjtaybs’agents were accused of bribery.’ ■ _Ü_L ■ • ; Table 5 Colchesler Kl cet ion, J_87^ .Subdi visions Pearspjn McKay Truro ^ . , 177 34 % Cliftdn-,. , 5Q 76. Lôiyer Si cwlock e ■ ' 90 Upper .Stèwiacke .127 136 Upper Onuloiv . ■ ■ 5U ■ 1 15 .Lower Onslow ' 66 - 60 Earltown' - 5 5 ' - 94 New Annan # 66 . 78 Wpughs River . . ■ ' • 91 66 Tatamngouch.e 3 3 Upper Londonderry 156 ,■7.5 Lower-Londonderry 168- . 87 Economy , ' ,117 92 Kemptown - • ' . 26 ■ Ï313 1429 1 . . . .1 \ / 7 / ' : ' ' ' - . C2. - " f) Libéra], and will give the present go v c rnm en t • îi i a .support ■ in a]] sutr)) measures as 'meet bis ijjjpro.va] but the- central issue i n Lha ensuring debutes of .s es si on.s after 1874 dealt with "fr'.ei.- 'trade'' v e r s us ' p r o t eç t 1 o.n " and McKay would choos.e " !H'-o 1 ec t i ot) ” . Tn -I 877 lie cro.s.sed the floor of the’ Commons to support the policies of the opposition-. This i s S u e was-, after all, the one which would -return the Conservatives to . [JoWet i n 1 87 8 an d Ir e e p them there until 1896.V T li e p r <31 e c t i o n :i s t p o 1 i c'i e s of the Conservât i v e s a r e .. generally spo’ken of' as J. he National Policy and arc • associated with the general election of 1878.. The roots of this Naj.donal Po 1 i cy may b‘e traced to at least 1874 .and 1075 while Canada debated the virtues of .each i n ■ de.s pern t i on as. tire grout .dcprç-.ss i o n , which began iii- 1878, deepened. In C o 1 ch eater, the Sun accused ' the Liberals of .1 e I. t ing manufucIurers down on 'railway' development ' and openly advocated a policy of protection .'5 ^ . • There was -qnly one issue in the gener'al election ’ of 187 8.and it has been said that the election was decided long .before the ''campaign ever.- ■started.'’^ The issue was the ■ d c p r e 3 ^ i 6 n - and jthc solution-s to it.'. The Conservé ti ves ' .^^Parliamentary guide of Canada, 1874, p. 217. szColchcster Sun,.3 March 1875, and 28 April.1 8 7 5 in Pryke,- Op. Cit . , p. 301. ' . . ■ ■ S3J. M. Beck, Op. Cit. , p.. 30.. t . , ' G 2 . "pdvoçalçd pro l ec L i on . The Lihei'als advo.cnied fr„oe- t rod i foixrteeii of Nqvb Sco II b’ s l won t y - one fcdornl r ons l i t urnO i rs r c turned Conservatives. Colchester was among them, Th’om n a McKay was elected ns n C o.n s e r v a t i v e, this lime, d e f e a I ing Truro doctor, A. C. Page, , .again , w i t ti ti tie a l.t li y jnnjoriiy' of 376.^'' As us u li 1 the town vote was s t I'o n g 1 y C on s e r v n t i v e \ as was, notatily, any t y ' o fea whicli mi.glil tiênefit ' f r om industry or railroad. !l r noh t i e 1 d wns on the 1 t: H . It vol ed strongly for ‘ M<'K'ay. ' ‘ I, o n d ô-iid e r r ÿ Village nnd Lower Londonderry still h a d the ..strengt.h • to res i.si t tie Conservative pull hut Londondcrty '.Mines, tlie only county area outside Truro to tipve any hint of indu.sirial cievefop m e h i , voted for McK a y . a n d ■ p r o t e c t t o no ' . ■ ■ •The ' polit-ica'l stage ' m i g ti t h^ve tu'en crowded wi.t.h ne'wcomer-s after 1878 but it was not in' C o 1 cti e.s t e r . [futiiet', it.waa marlced by I tic return . of two aging ve t e r nns , A. ' W. McLelan and Adams G . . A r c.ti i b o 1 d . M.t'. , Tliomas -McKay liecnme fv- y - ' ' - Senator- McKay in 1881 whicli, opened Colchester _ to' a -' :ç . ; - ' _ by-pLection, allowing'' -'iA . W.MçLelan to return to ti i ,s old c oii'S.t .1. t u e n c y . tie . resigned ti i a Serial..e- soot, nnri was ele(-tr- . ■ . 54Table 6. . - ' ■ - ■ sssenator A. W. McLelan's long letter addressed .to tlio e I ec.t o r - . s of Colchester which appeared in tlie Colchester .Sun, 11 September 1870, outlines the folly Of Liberal reciprocity. Even Adam and Eve, "Ir'ft, in the garden without protection” were at tlie mercy of Satan who "entered into competit-ion and soon, put them into bankruptcy''- Also, see strong, protectionist .articles in'the Sun, 3 July, JO July, 14 August, .1870. 61 Table 6 Election, 1878 . V Subdivi s i ons . McKay Page Truro 'East 101 ■ 19 Truro Wes T 122 ' 60 Clifton 96 - 60 Fîrookfield 101 17 Slcwiuckc Lower ' . 96 I l f Stewiacke Middle- ■ 55 s L Stewiacke Upper West ■ 16 . 66 Stewi'àcke Upper East 82 ■4f 'Salmon River 100 . 88 Kemptown . - ' .10 11 Earl town '•151 . ^3 *' Waughs River 98 109 Totamagouche 121 76 .New Annan - 69 ' 81 North River 181 - 59 Onslow Lower 67 69 Debert ■ 81 97 Londonderry Village 62 80 Londonderry.Mi nes - 61 29 . Londonderry Lower . 51 ■ 88 -Economy 18' 108 Five Islands 25 65 Totals ; 1829 1153 • 6^ . by p majority of 4,28.^® In the general election of 1882 McLelan was -re-elected for 'another term. Thp old master repeated his .victory in the.general election of' •10^7, h is .major! ty inprensing t O' .62^. By this time Mcl.elah was a prominent member of Macdonald's C at) i n el . He had been' Minister of F i s h e r-i c s and Marine in 1882. From December, 1805 ,■ to .ta'nunry, 1887, .he wns Fi nation Minister and f o 1 1 o w i n g • I h n I ,, Pos t ttia.s t <'r Cieriernl for a y par and a hnlf.®'^' In July., 1888, , he accepted the position of Lieutenant- .Governor of No'vn' .Scotia. Th c, by-election to- fi.ll t tie. vacancy thus 7 crentpd by McLelan,’s .resignation was cun I: cs t ed and won by fo t' \ ‘ ■ ' ' ■ ■ . m e r I, i e u t e n__a n t. - G o v e r n o'r .of Nova .Scotia .( 1873-1 883), ' ' , ' \ ' Adams G . Archibald. tl h e lime of g r c a t c .s t • ' i n f 1 p, sGAn intelligent choice'nccorc.ii ng , t o thd Sun , 22 June 1881 . See-also, report "of political^meeting featuring opponents A.' W. McLelan and Charles Cummings in \h e Halifax Morning Chronicle, 13. June -1881. The Chroni cle aoç.us^-McLelan of, promoting hi.s ' own '"selfish career", Halifax Chronicle, 17 Juhe 1881, condemns the politial deal which put McKay in the Senate. , B. Waite, ".A. W. • Me be Ian", Dict.ionnry of- Canadian Biography, p. 573. • ' \ ®^"He felt it. his duty Lo accede", to a "unanimous request" by tlie Liberal Conservatives of 'Colchester "though he had stated to some friends that nothing would induce him to again enter political life"Colchester Sun, 0 August 1888. Tlie question of unrestricted reciprocity was the chief subject of his address. The Halifeix Morning Chronicle speculated .on the electiop, 9' August, 11 August, 13 August, 16 August, 1888, and suggested .that there were factors in the election which would prevent the "real voice of the people" from being heard. For exemple, the "short line railways are under construction and Truro is flooded wi tli employees-of, the IÇR, directly under the control of the government and that there are pampered industries in the county, such as the Acadia Mines which are under'obiigat ions to the. government ‘or think they are". . 66. ence for both the -ngixig politician.a was . past, however. McLcJnn <1 i cd ' i w office at Province House in ,June 'Pf 18,90. The b y - e 1 e (’ t i o n wa.s ” L h e 1 a.s t fo r Arch i t: aid. He d i çd n q I reroffer for the ' general election .of 1891 .and he died' at. home, in Truro, in HecembcT, 1892. The C ons ft.r V Q t i ve hold on the county continued through the election of', 1891. Former M. L . A . 'W. A. Patterson, of T f! t a m a g o u c h e , was ,ç 1 e c t e d with a large majority. T his ' w a s the "loyalty electionand the Colchester Sun wa's proud to pfocloim the bottle cry .of t.he Liberal Con s e.r va t i ves - "Home Hu le! n o t . Ye n k e e Rule - for C.anado ! ° Fly 1 896 the f ede.ro 1 Conservât .ive party was ,in shambles. T tic y lost the e 1 e c I. ion of that year to L a u r i e r ’ s Liberals. In Colchester the Conservaij ve candidate, Truro News e d i t o r , W. D. Ditriock, was elected but' with a reduced majo.rity oyer 'the preceding election.®’ This election w s declared void. Di'niock did no t r e - of f e r fo f the by-election, the party ' s .colors being carried by Dr. .D.' H. Muir of -Truro. The Liberal- M. Beck, Pendulum of Power, p. 68. ®°Col'che3ter Sun.- 6 March 1891. See also, R.M..F. Deering, The. Federal. .Election of -1891,' in N'ova Scotia, M.A. Thesis, Dolhousie University, 1967. ■ Deering. notes ' that '"counties with the highest investments in industrial establishments were consistently, solid Conservative constituencies"; . ®’One explanation was that "good Tories in/every polling booth' in Colchester temporarily left their party «to - support the Liberal', which was the Protestant side of the school 'question, ' even though' Laurier himself was a Roman Catholic", . FI. Putnam, Interesting Political Happenings of Past 50 Years Recalled, Truro Daily Hews Jubilee, -1941., 'G7 .‘ca n d i eta I e was . F'. J. McCl'ufc wjio won by a voiy-slini mnjoi-ily ÎD January, 1897,^2 .. . The (/cn’crnl. elect ion of 1 900^ gave I tic .scat .lia,cl< t ci t tic Conservatives. td cOl ar c ’s _ hold on % I h,'. 'seat .was ' t en u o us and Conservai i v t; .Seymour Gourtcy iiuin.ngcil I o .di'feni him liy n m ajority of' 279. ■ Gourley _ wa.s one o F onty five Conservatives elect <'d out of Nova Scot ia’s 1 wen I y seats in (lie 'House of Commons.. The'.190d general (-lection was I lie la.st l.ilx-i nl v.jclory in Col chest et- uiiti 1 1921. S. li . Oolit'lcy i-eoffer'cd for t hi- seat, lie being opposed by 'ft'uro . 1 awyer a nd l o n g ' l inn- M.J/.A. , F. A. ■ I,aur('-hce . l,aurctrce tiad l)oen first (- 1 <-c t çd to the Nova S c o t; i a ‘ Ho.us e ■ of Assemhdy in 1HH6 and Ire ' was n populijr meinhei'., serving thr'ep terms . as Speaker of . t li e ' H ou s (-. H i s a t t root i venea.a as a cand idnt e is i n d i a I c d ■! n I Ire p(it l.s_ t>y the closeness of the vote in Truro.The old a I leg.ianee.s . d i e jiorct though. Traditional. Conservât i v(- ptrl I s .like Af.nd.ia. ' Mines and Ear.I town remaitied loyal. Tr'ad i't i ona I 1, jhcrol polls like ,L(;ndonderr.y and Economy/Five Islands also he I'd . . Tire appointment of F , A, Lauren c'e to the .Suptarme Court of Nova, Scotia i ti 1 907 forced' a hy-el(*ciion in thi- c.oiinty 'Table 7 - Truro Daily News, 22 January 1897-. - . ÇOTruro Daily News. 1 November. 1900,' issues (.iiscus.sed try (;andidn.te.s McCIuré and Gourley orr Nomination Day.' ' " . ■ «"Table-8 ' ■> ' ■, i. . ' ' 68. ■ ■ ■ Table 7 Colcheatfir By-Rleel ion, }897 Subdivis 1 ons I McClure ■ Mui_r Truro A , , . 92 .131 Truro IT 51 107 Truro C ■ . A4 142 Truro D 99 116 Truro l( 61 69 Cli.fton • 85 93 Brookfield "■87- 98 Lower 'Stewiacke North 98 69 \ Mi ddle S t ewi aeke 54 54 \ ■ \Upper .Stewiacke West 64 39 ''s. ' StOmoT) ,R iver ■ 108 Kenipkown 24 45 Earl town 73 . 130. Waughs River North ,81 . 49 Waughs River .South 82 40 Totaniagouche East 62 New Annan ' .115 60 North River 98 . 136 T.ower Onslow 104 . 91 ' tipper Londonderry 96 ' 119 Middle ■Londonderry 127 61 . Lower Londonderry 122 65 Economy i.oi 8 k Five Jslands - 94 41 Upper St.ewiacke East ^ 8 6 64 Acadia Mines 52 ■ 160 . . Tatamagouche West ■ 4 6 Lower Stewiacke South ■ 72 ' . 55 Totals : 2324 2312 (in. Table 8 Colchetiler Elect i an, 1904 Subdi visions Gourle^' Ltiurai); Truro- 1 ■dR 53 Truro 2 83 ■ 84 ■Truro 3 ■ • 1 22 ■ ' ■ . 85 Truro. 4 - 137 ' . . 91 Truro 5 . ■ 77 87 Truro G SB 52 Truro 7 -• ,.7fi 95 .Clifton . 97 81 l.lruok field ; lOH - . 85 St.ewiacke Lower 81 ' . 95 St.ewincifc Middle 81 dll Stewiacke Upper- 38 \ 58 Salmon,River 3f). 114 Salmon River' ’ ' 50 - .57 Salmon River ' 22 . 44 Kemptow]! ■ 3G - 2Ç Earl town .117 72 Waughs River North d7 ■ . 86 Vtfaughs River'South . . , '14 • ■ 87 Talamagouohe G1 78 Tatamagouche West ■ . • '40 ' ■ 74 New Annan , 6G . : - 119 North River . : ..' -95 127 Onslow Lower 114 83 Londonderry Upper, 117 95 Londonderry Middle . ■ , 52 120 Londonderry Lower 83 . . ' 130 Economy ’ 74 101 Five Islands '73 . ■ 89 Stewiacke Upper East '54 • '80' Acadia Mines 71 31 Acadia Mines 88' 37 Gays River ' ... 64 ‘ .. 7? . . Totals :. 2419 ' 2G10 70.. oiid allowed the entraace of a political . figur'e wh o would d o milt a t e I. Jie fc'dernl ■ scene for ten. years. ■ This .was ■ i n d 1.1 s t r i a list Jol)n S I a n T i e 1 d , In 1.907 he d e T ea 1. ed hiher-al ■ Charles Hill.' In 1 908 t.he (wo faced each, othei' again with/ a ■ s t mi i a r r e.s-u 1 I _ ' ' . - The genera I e 1 e c1 j o n-' 0 f ,1911 is c o n ,s ii,d é re d . h y ni'any to have been ,a nation a. 1 re f crendunr ' on ... t h e r e r i p r 'OiV i ( y . ‘ John S t a n f i e 1 d <.; ti t' r i c d the C o n s e r- v a t i v e ■. ■ . ■■ ■ . ' ' ■ ; banner once mor'e. .The L i'b e r a 1 s wer-e represent, e d by S. D . M(' l,e 1 1 ah'. Mvhos c .nr gum en is i n favor of rc-c i )_>,roc i t y, were. r (Mil i n'j s (\eti t 6f past rhetoric on the inc'r i t s . o f the "Çolden '. Age'of • Novn Scot in". ■ To the crowd « f 120.0 gather e d - a t H p I't a|) i, q u e , h e remarked; • T have sat Tor . hours, -watch i ng the white; .sails of Mar i t.inie-, commerce -speed t h e hulls which -Nova .Scot in built and -. m'nnned and. f i l l e d With the ha^i-vests of our fields and wooded lands, and mines,and they came and went filled and to be filled all day long .up and down t'h i s beautiful boy wl) i (.rJi ■ 1.1 e.s -in 'front, of r,is . ' This was not so many years ago. ' , ' , Today T may .watch' for" hours- .and not a ship, riot a soil, not a man, not a. stick, not a ' root, o blossom is borne- out upon the tide. And why? Because.man stepped in and put a hand against it. Our neighbours to,the south fought with nature and with God when they put a -barr'ier against ••t.'r.ade between t h es e p r o v i n c e s and., the-.Stnt.es which lie across that shimmering sea. P.- M. Lnuriery- spoke' to a .large crowd of 6000 in .Truro M. Beck, Rendu 1 urn ôf PoweT, p. .120. ^*^The New Era, 1 September 1911 i . ' 7 ] . ■ and altho'U((h the n ews p ape r . I^ew K rjl noted ttint. t. heie’ were ' many- Con's er va I i V eS .in the crowd an d p r e'd ,i c t c.d Ihiil "the Slarifield reign is about over" , the C on.s e r va t, i v e s . wo n I lie elect i.on with 'a la r ge majority ( G 4 d ) ^ " John Stanfield did not re-offer for, the ge'nernl' election of 1917 but the c.ouiity Conservai ive.s had no nee-d to be disheartened. Their candidate was r o u n I y - b o r ii ' f i n n n c i e r 1'' . B- McCurdy. ^ a Th e L ( ti c r al s did not fiel d , n . c and i d n. I e . McCurdy became .'.Colchester’s first M . .P . e 1 << c I e d 'by acc'J nmat 1 on. . . . ' In July', 1920, McCurdy was nppo i n t od ' M i n i s t r- o f Pnbl ic works and, as • was the custom_ of the day, 't h i's occus i oncd a by-election in . Colchester. The l.il>efal cand i da I e , H. A. Dickson, w'as no match for McCurdy. County voters gave the Conservative candidate a major! t-y of l,4dd. It. app e n red ; on the surf.ace anyway.., that this copn t. y . h ad only confirmed' .its allegiance - t. o 'the governing party but t h e r c was .some evidence that the elect oho te wa.s becoming more unpr-od je table. The -two A cad i n Mines polls, for example', . gave a total of 190 votes to Dickson and 178 to McCurdy- This 6-7 Ibid: ■' ®BUsual town vote in favour of the Conservative cundidute but unusually large this time: Stanfield - 1237, ‘McLellan - 431, for the s'even Truro polls.' ■ ■ . ' ' , ®^President .F. -B. McCurdy and Co. , brokerage firm •.elected 1911 M.P. for Halifax. . ■ . - ■72 m^arked the f i rs't i me Acadia Mirjes ever gave a Liberal the majority. ' In 1920 then, the Conservative ho.ld on t h'e county would ' ' I ' ■ - . appear to be iront) o'u n d . Thé re were -111000 changes in the of Ting, howeve,r, these being part of the ^regional protest ' movement, of the 1 920 ' s wh ich have come to' be known a,s the Marit.vme Rights .Movement.'^" For this county it. meant chnngi.ng allegiances f r o ni ’ C on s e r va 11 v e to Liberal 'and t h e h a, ■return to the trnditional po1 it i ca1 fold. The , roots of the anger which was expressed in the. Maritime Rights Movement began at t-he turn of thé century with the frustration over- the declining political i n f 1 u e n c e ■ ■of the region,''' the inability to protect Maritime economic interests"''' and the emergence of a' Canada which seemed . to exrlude th.é Marit imes. '3. Tt was the economic dislocation' which became evident aftelr the Great. .War that -chon ne lied thi'3 frustration into political, action. The recession began in the spring and summer of 19,20^'' -and affected .every "'°E. R. Forbes, Maritime Rights. " ' Loss of 16 seat s 'in the House of Commons be tween 1892 and 1924. . 2 Loss of control of the I.C.R., .‘1917.-1923. ■'^Creation of pew provinces, Saskatchewan and Alberta, in 1906, with high’ federal subsidies and in 1912 expansion of provinces of. M.anitoba, Ontario and Quebec, with no financial compensation for, the . ■Maritimes. , . • ' '"’K. R. Forbes, Op. Ci t, , p. 54. 73 . sector of the Maritime economy. Forty-'lwo pc r e'en t of the job.s in mn.n ii fact n r i n K tli s n p pe a reci in the- region in .^tlie yea ra from 1920 ,;to . 1 92fi and i t,. Ims been estimnted that fifteen to i;wenty percent, o f ’ t It e _ p.o pa 1 a t 1 o n left the. re.giôn during the decade.'^'’ The t. p t a 1 labour force employed i. tt .. ntn vt u f nc t u r i n g in Iho tila r i t i mes . dec 1 i n e d from d li , 004 i it 1919 tn 27,855 in 192.1.'® In Tpii'rô I. b e tiumbers employed in m an u fact a r i'n g decl ined from 1,080 in 1 920 Ip 778 .in ' 1920.-''' ' 11 was the L.iberal p arty which . (' a p i t a 1 i z c d on the emerging f ruÆ I t^n t, i o'n .and anger and wh i ch ' p r o rl a i mod itself lo be I he party of M?tr i I i me- t'j gh I s in the' federal# e 1 c <'t ion of 19 21'..' 11 was they who p romi a e d I, o re d r e s s t h c Marti i m e grievances fpn tj - respond t. o < the ..rcgioiml .(.omp'l mints. Th e st unning resul.t. -, of. t.he 1921' el-e.ction 'la e.yidi'.pcc of 1-he ' ' , ■ , - ‘ ■ 'j depth of feé]..i,.ng as a o ci q t ed ■ w i t h I he aensd o f"'g r i.ç^y a a c e . 1 n- Nova Scotia the I,, i b e r ’fl 1 s wop .all sixfe e n s' e a t s . 1 n Colchester, F.D. fMcCurdy -Wa's' defeated by a . P ewcom e r', 1, i b e r a 1 Harold .Putnam. , Tba I.’ .gren t McCurdy maj.ori'ly of only 6'ne year earlier had evaporated.''® The town vote, as ii.sanl., was. , ''®E. R.. Forbes, , Aspects of Mari time Regionalism, Cunadiun Hi.s- torical Association, -Hi î^l.oriçal -Hooklet .No. 36, O'ttawti,. 1983, p. 18. ' ''®B. R. Forbes, Maritime Rights, p.. 63. .. , ■ ’ • ■'■'E. R. Forbes, Op. ,Clt. . P- 209. C, , . ' ■ ; ■ . .■'^Forbes cites' 'McCurdy’’s' inability to represent the p rpy i ' s 'interests in the government, as being the major, cause of defeat , ,!?..;’ R, Forbes, Op. Ci'b. , p. 130. . ■ , . ■ . ■ , 74 . ■ C o nfj .et'V !) t .1 V e bu (. Ihot final t, a 1J y ^ave Pu t.nam a majo'rity o f. . _ ’■ f’u t. ï) lut! -'wati p n e o.f ! wen i y ■-f i v e, L;ibérn4s to wfii, oui, ' of , . ■ .the : f h ; f I. y-o in; M'at.iliiiie sçais.: 'T'hei r hopes of ' .achieving' ■ " H p m e t h i n g for' t. h o M.n i'i t ,1 m e r .s wus u n f çi r l un a t e 1 y dimmed by ° aiipLhef p o ] i l i c a ] réélit, y:' the Ne,w .'Libéra] 'g'o y e r n men 1 . in ' ^ ' ; Ol.lawu’ d C p b b d c tL on a much .larger block of Progressives'^-^ ■p , ■ clecled^ i tt; On t a r i o and I. lie Ppa i r-:i e.s . ■ , ■ . . A H, t he Ma t i t i me ecoiiomy ' continued , lo collapse around • ■ - . ! ■ . ■ ' T ' . |i . . ■ - . ' t hem and ‘the federal government' stood unable o.r iinvti 1/ling' to ■ d o n n y t h- i n g t o r e tit e d y_.. the s i t not :i dfi , the .-Li b e r al s 1 o a t pub! ic support. H y 1 925 the Conservatives had 'become tlie - ; . . f ■ ■ ■ • . '.party of Mar i t i me r'ights. ■ In -ttie general el e c 11 oti of that year ttiey swept ,t p the widest 'margin of victory ever, taking " ■ ■ • '* "• Iwj'n j y> t.hroc of . the „l virent y •■■n fn'^ Maritime sea„ts. . In Nova ,. . , Scoti'n the C o n s e r Va t-i vp.s took e 1 even' b f - t,h e. f o u r t pen seats,' .including Co I'ch es',t e r.. Conservative -G . T. MacNutt-ys majority over M . b . . Arolrib.a.ld was . a s t agge r.in g 3 ; 0 11 , the greatest .- ever recorded ‘ itf- a' Co.lches fer .election up to this -lime.C-s ■ ' ' ' ' Mac Nut t lie Id -the seat, a'go’in, .in' .1.6' a 1 t'ho u gh h is majority, # . .. . ', , " -, .. ' '/ j' '- was reduced to 2 , 0.1 ft-. \t /- ' .. ■ ' ' ' , ‘ ..County ,voters, 'it ap pearedw on'Id not • be. so quickly V • 'sw'nyed by.promises "made by pod it i ci ans ' o f ■ e i t h e r ;,,s t r i, p è . ... . • 3’hèy would wait • and see'.bèf ore further ' ch.anges . were, .-s made . ' ■ See Table 9 for cornerison of 1921 and 1925 vot ing pattern. ■> 7 5 Table 9 Comparison: 'Colchester élections, 1921 and 1925 1921 1926 •Subdivisions McCurdy, fki tpmm MncNi! ' ’Arcli i bn 1 '<» ' . . . ■ '■/ Truro, . ■ • 1568 '- ■ 2444 .■ (#5. Clifton' ^ 21B 165 - 198 123' Brookfield ■ . .218 ' 174 : ' 202. 129 Lowj?.r Stewia.cke • . 77. ‘ 150 ' ' , 99 54 .' Middle .SLdwi^cke - ■ 83 " -10.3- i n 7'!. Upper■Stewiacke . 85 - 134 . . '87 : ' 80 ' Salmon -River '352 434 ■ 450 ; . 256 Kemptown '6 0 . .3 k- - . 48 39 ' Earltown 134' 157 • - ■ .168 ' 103 ' Waughs River - 63 164 - -109 ■ 84 Tatamagouche ' 122 183' . 160 - - 132 New Annan ' ' OQ 1&6 .123.. 125" : V North River . ' ' 218 . 193.; 207 130 Lower Onslow • ■ "■ 154 256 1% \l25 Upper , Londpnder_py . ' . 95 ' .' 17&.^ / 232 86 - Middle .Londonderry 180 ' 259 ■ 204 ■ 210'.. Lower Londonderry '■ < 295 211 . 22;. Economy- , ' - . n o ■ 220 . - - ' . 137 140 Five Islands . . ,105 115. ■ 104 ' ;/ 89 J Upper St ewi a eke Ea.st ’ 85 ' 153 ' 105 ^85 Londonderry “• .169 ■ - — - — ^ -Acadia Mines — ■ . 1 ^ ' 48" Tatamagouche. West. 1Ù3 '122... - " 113 ' ]Q9_ .Gays River "113 Ï27 145. - - 58 B.rule .' , . ^ ^ ’ 99. ., /-148' 133 109 Stewiacke . ■' 180 , 166 . ' 220 . 88' Totals: ’ .. ' : 5562 ■ ' .*585.8 6405 3 394 . * Sessional Papers give'total Pulnaig as 59g8 wbiqh is typograpbical .'error. . ' ' ' , : . ", , ■ : I 7 6 . ■ Tn ’aiinimary then, .11 3 fair lo ë-py that I lie great ,i 3 siiea" co.ri f r on t 3 n'g county voters on the.federal level during the sixty years in question were Confederation,' the National ■ J'olicy and -the regional ‘protest Ifnown as -t.he ■Maritime Rights Movement. 'As has been shown, the emo t i.oha 1 'nature of 1 1 867 elect ion soon gave way to prnclical economics as' Anti -Confederates and Independents were "enve loped, by the Conservativc party. ' This adherence to the’ Conservative, pai'ty qnd to the 'principle .which kepi it in power, the National Policy, w a s almost without. except ion I .h r o n, gh the history, 'of elect.ion.s in Colchester. The county also shared in .the .politi.cnl upheaval brought on by 'the 'anger ’and frustration w h i (3 h p no duced 't he-lyia ri't i me .Right's ni o v erne n t . ° ' V, ; GO Tab le i 0. Compiled fpo'm Sessional Papers of .Canada, Pari i amentary. ' Guide, Halifax Morning Chrohide - 10 September, _ 1869; 11 November, V 1870; 21 December, iSyd; 19 June,, 1881; 16 August, 1881.; and Truro Daiïy News - 22 April. .1897. . ' y' . 1. % ' / " If r .7 7. Tal,le 10 . Fcdoral ' El net ions: -Colchest nr, 1867 1925 Defeated Year ■ Elected ' Paily . Ma.jor i t y • Candidate 1867 ■A.W. Mcl.elfin ’XrTi'Con PfMlerat 0 '. 260 A.G. Arch i ha 1d 1869 A.'G. Archibald Conservât i ve 269 F.M. Peiu'son (By flection) 1070 F.M. Pearson ■ . Indepenclcnt 1618 P. Chnmhe.rs (By Election) ' 1872 F.M.. Pearson. Indepejident 425 ■J.F.. B 1 au( hard 1874 • T. McKay . 1ndpenden t I'lC ■ F.M. Peur.aon ■1874 T. McKay . Independent 208 A . C . Pa|(e (By Election) 187R T. .McKay Conservaii ve 276 A.C. Pa|;e' .1881 ■ A. W. Mcl.elan' Conservative 428 ' C. Cumming.s -(By El cr.tion) 1882 '..A.W. Mcte'l an Conservaiive. , 4 25 F.A. I.aurenre 'l€87 . A . W: ■ McLel ai) Conservai i ve 627 ■ .5 . b . M' Le 1 Ian 1887 \ A.W, Mcl(» 1 an Conse.rvati ve G26 . .S.D. Mete ( I an (By El eCtiori) » 1888 . A.G. A r drib a 1.(1 Conservative 528 C. Eat on, -. ^ (By Elect!on) } .E. Pu 1t on 1891 . W.A., Patterson Conservât i vr- ; 802 ■P.M. A.G. .A.rch i bal d , A.B. .Flet cher 1896 W. D . D.iiiiock ■ Conservative .177- F. McCliu'c 1897 F.J.' McClure 'Liberal 12 , D.,11. -Muir. (By Election) 1900 S.E. Gourley, Con.se.rval i ve . 279 F. -McC1u re , . 7' .■ 19P4 '' F. *A . Laurence Liberal ■ , . 191 .' ,S . E . Gourley ’ ' /■ 19()7 J. Stanfield ConservaiiVC 22*1 ■ C. Hill (Bj Election) | ; ,1908 ■J; Stanfield j Conservative. ■ ■ ■ , 115-' '' C..Hill .1911 J. Stanfield ■ Conservai i ve . 644 .S, D, MMvllan • '(:5. ' , • 1917 ' F.B. McCurdy Conservative, ■'Accl ama't. i on '' . .1920 F.b( McCurdy ' 'Conservative ■ 1444 H.A. Dickson. ), (By Election)” ; 1921 , H. Putnam Liberal. 296 F.B. McCurdy I ■ ^ 1925 G.T. MacNutt ' Conservât i ve . .. 3on : M.B. Archibald ♦Note two controverted. elections, .1874 'and .887., because : of bribery', Each incumbent wasr re- elected, McKay in .1874 and A.W. Meleion in..1887, \ . ■ " . . 78. Chapter III "Not WorH-e Off Than Other People": Po 1 i tics and Politic ia ns in Colchester,. 1867-1 925 The pattern of n 1't achinen t to. the Conservative party' and Canada wtiich emerged at the -.federol level in Colchester is not so eo.sily' discernible at the provincial level. The preceding section' was - organized . on the basis of three, t hcmc.s : t.he National Quest i on, the Nat ional Policy, and Maritime Rights. ■ This is.a muc;h more difficult undertaking ■fit th(; p r o V i n c i a 1 level because of n lack of any geniii.ne p h-i 1 o s 0 p h i c a 1 differences- between the political parties".’ Tlie Con f e de r a I i o n issue was, hbwev.cr, c r p c i a 1 for both parties in the. province. The- way in. -which this, issue unfolded and the way in'which it interacted.with the federal ^scene de t e-rm j tied rth'a t Nova Scotia woul.d be, dom i n et e d, by-' on e par.t y for ,mos, t o f . the s i \ t y yy enr.s' o f this . s t.jidy . ■ '^i l l ac t i on on the ipolitîÇh.1 stage was. played a.gains.t a backdrop of h i ,h e r n 1 1 s. m , 1 th Ç, 0 P 1. y u h u s u a 1 wr i n k 1 e 1' n J f h e fabric bèing t h e general .elect-ion . of ■-19'2 0 h',wh en el emen t s of c'.l-ass played .an i.mpo r I an.t... p'a r t, i n the result, .not only in Colchester., but in 't hebpr.o vilnce d.s. a who Ip . . ' - - . , r .; i ’ , ' . ’See.J. M! Béçh, Government of Nova Scotia, llniver.Si ty..of for.qnto 'Press, Toronto., .1957, . p. I'fG, . , ' i ' ,. ' o: \\ '■ 7Hia home wa;l Folly Village, about five miles from McLelnn’s in 7 9 . ■ The emo t i on . 3 ui'r oiiiid i ng ttie ■ National Question nt- t-he federal ^evel-'in 1867 pervaded the provincial scene ns well and the vociferous nature- of the federal' cnmpalgn was matched blow ' for . blow by the locals. - Col cbe.s I cr h a il con t r ibu t ed an i n f 1 ii e n t i a 1 'feder-al. ' p o 1 i f j c i a n to' tlie ' ; ; ■ . ■ - An t i - C o n f ed era t i o n- movement in. the person of-A. W. Me he 1 a n ' ' ' ■ ^ ' ' ' McLe Ian’s equivalent at the provincial level was_ T.,^ F. _Morr.ison. Like M.cLelan,- he was a mariner. LI k-c McLc | an , his power base was along the C ob equ i d ‘ S h ti re . Like Mcl.elan’ he -had been a Member of the Legislative Assembly b e f.o re ■ Confederation. Like McLeJai), .he was .a powerful ' speaker.^ Li k c Mcl.elan, h i .s elect.ion in 1867 as M. 1.. A . for ' Co 1 t'h t'c I c r was a foregone corbel us i o n by ;the' I i me ■ L h e b a 1 I o t .s wc.re --cu-sl oh Se-pt ember 1 8 t h ^ , ■ . ■. f ■ ' Mgrr.ison' s .-runiiink mnft^ fdr ' t.h'e ; Ntivu. Scotka party in , ■ 1867 W9 «s .TruYo m e r c h a n. t è r t . Q hambp r s . Chajiibpr.s ■ by h i .3 . . own.,,.a dm i ss .i on ,i'■ ' . was n 0 1 b the ,f e r y en t . . 'p o ] i t i r fj 1 . b e i-ii g 1 hyi t ■: ^ . .. Y'. ' '■ ' ' ' i.Y Morrison was,-but ...he- was .tj'ppo'sed to the p r-o po s e-d. '''-f u n do m en tal changes which c p r ta in part.i.'cs have attempted to make ,in’ our ppn.stituti.on ivh-i.ch., •.■'.if- ho\t a,rres ted , ma.y . en't,h.i,l grept ev i 1 s . • upon us., .beyond our 'pbwcr to ame'n d . -. -, ; ' . ■•' ' '^Hls sf.yde of orat’Ory hhd. earned, him tlie nickname ','Rollirig B.i 11 ops '•’See his. open letter addressed f o t-tje ' el epi t'sris ' o f Colt.-'be.h.'tè.r-. . i.n ■ ■ the' New Glasgow Eastern Ghronrcfe; ■ 8 Jiine -1867. . ■ ; '.v • BO . The . C oil f ede rn t ea in .the' count, y ' were represented tiy ' .Samuel Ret.tie, -and William McKim,. ,1 t was their task to show t.he lienefit, 3 o f Con f ed e r n t i on . ■ ■ ' Since t.he nrgum.en ts for- and against Con f cd c r n t i o I'l were-,' .set out in the federal •section of this . p.aper, it would he rednndnnt -to rppent them here. tividence suggests tliat all federal arguments were eclioed liy the .local candidates tiefoi'e tlie (i.lect.jon in ,S ep I emls c r ,, 1867, and aft'ct.f' The .clect.ors of _t he county .eli-Mrted Morri. son and Chiimher's to. r e p p c s c n t thl^ in the local house'. They joined . ' ' I h j r t y ■ fo u r ol.hc.r A n t i - C o n f é d e r at ep in the thirty-eight seat II ous'e . ' Poll t).v poTl. result.s of Ih-is, election are not . - ' l/c , v' av a i 1 nt) 1 e'^ hut the f in a 1 t.ally s h owe d • c om f o r t ah 1 e leads fo r t li e. ,'\n t is. . - ' - ' ■ - ■ ■ ‘ • ■ . 'Mo r r i s on - 1630 ' C.h amber's - 1622 . ’ - ■ Ret tie'. ■ - 1311 ' ' • : ,•! ■ Mc.Ki-m . -, 11638 . ; ' ’ It may tie reasonably surmised that' t he. v o t i n g - ' pa I t e*r n.’ wa.s S'imilor' to that of the'federal' ele.cti.on; that' i-s,— ' the.: ' Town 6 f Truro, Con f ode rate; the rural ., c o u'n t y arcus , pa.rt.ic.u-- lari y the'Cpbequid shot'c, A n t.i-Çp n f e de r a t‘e ’ ■ v • ^S ee New .Glasgow Eastern’ .Chronicle, 8 .lune, 30 June, 1867, and Debates and Proceedings of Novn gcQtia House’ of Assembly for speeches by Moj-rison and- Chambers, 1868, pp. 66-75, pp. 96-99, pp. 109 110, pp. ■ 23& 143. . ' : . - ' ' "^Not at P.A.N.S. or given- in any newspaper. - ■ ' r-' - . ' ' - ' . ’^Halifax Morning Chronicle. 21-September 1867. ’ Repeal sentiment was st.rong a, t teas I in llie two. en gen M.'P.P. ’s from Colchester, tliere wei'P_ i nil ira t i on'n that sonic people were willing to give Confederation a chargee to wopk before condemning it. The' Min-or and Col Chester Conn tv Advertiser, 1 February 1.868, noted' the anxiety with whicti s om% people eyed the future,. and the predictions of future snfFering because of tlie union, Tt went on to say, thougti: It may,' or it, may not t) e . that I he 'im i on ■ ■ w'i tti Can-ndn wi.l 1 mal The issue of ' the same paper n wect( later' re eot-dcd the m.eeting -iiel-d nn, tlie Truro Court. 11 o u se 'on t lie 7 t ti .. o f ...Pet) r ua ry .where a "large numbe.r of inhabitants of t ti i s county" met t.o consider -the feasibility' of dissolviog th e union of No'vu Scot 1 a . w.i t. h the Canadas" . ^ " 'Ares o 1 u t ion -was .pirssed ' wh i cli instructed the " rep res e n t,a t i v e of I. tv*e . people of Novo Scotia" to Seek' repeal of the h . N. A . Act. ' ' ' 0Mirror.& Colchester County Advertiser, 1 February 1868. ^ ^°Mirror & Colchester County A-dvertis e r , 8 February 1:868. • ’ ‘ Ibid. ^ ' ' ’®See Debates. and Proceedings of Nova'Scot i a House of Assembly,. ,1868, pp. 67-74, 96-98, 108-110, 289-243. . -■ ' J " — --r- 82 An (,'d i t 0 r-, j n 1 in the same issued concluded: "Repeal Yea, if ihc peo'p'le cnji, we' say le.peal if the i>rovince wishes. But when Ihe question of disloyalty .comes up we- ■s !i ou t , ” No S u r r<'n der ! ! ’ • " - ^ • S pee oil s by- Morrison ' and ' Chambers -in the House of ' .As.semhly in 1868 were vitriolic^ ^ in L'heir condemnation of the- terms of pniori', its method .of , i mp 1 em eii t a I i on , and the .men w h o • nio d e ' i t, possible. Morri son was emphatic: Mr. Speaker, we n're oskinjf the Comm.ons of Engl and to- repeal t h Ts Act because ,i t has ' cTea t. ed , a feeling of distrust in the bretast of every Nova- , ■ .Scotian, -and by , repeoling-.it they , will show the . . wo I 1 d that they arc willing -to. do. just i co... L o ' the ' • meanest .subject .who : can show a ; cause ' of jvnst. ' complnint . If- our request -be .gran tod oui- people* will be- peaceâb l,e and c.ontunted. .. .1 f. is bè.càuse they wish to renia iti peaceable and contented within . the Br-itis-h Dominions that we,ask-for Repeal and we wil l cont.inue to ask until it is 'granted. 1 ' .want •to see every, man on these benches vijting for these Resolution's -- h'el ping to restore^ the. ' Cons t<-i t ut i on ^ " of this- country. , . T want efery' mair in this Assembly und every man' throughout thje length and breadth of Nova Scotia to feel - as warmly '.and e.nfneslly on tlie'. subject as 1 feel for d f 1 t e 11 - you that 'if I had a thousaivd- voice, . yea ten- thousand- voices and could’ raise them' all,' 1 would shout,. ■ Repeal: -Repeal!-!’ REPRALI!, now and .f o r e V (',r , Î *’ Chaii,iber.s was ' con f iden.t , too, that most,' Nova .S. C u t i ans ' 3 Adams G. Ai;chib»ld. in parlylcular was Morrison’s target. See Debates and Proceedings of Ndva"Scgtia House of Assembly, 1868, p.' 73. Colchester elèC.tors «'in their majesty ro^e to . Th wer’e opposed to iinir^n with Canada; . - Wherever . wè, To ok over I-ho fnOe of t li i s country, we see opposition to the union. Formei-a, fishermen,, mechanics ate a i i opposed to it, ,nml demand f e p e a 1 . The majority 'of the tmnkers and capitalists' also entertain the same opinioiv«l This 1 feeling' .originated am.png tlie people themselves and ' has not been si i m u 1 a t c d b y polilicans as certain , .gentlemen would have ua believe. 1 l i s the duty of-every i>ntr-ioti. c No'va ■ Sco’t’ian to oppose this union.'s. ' ■ There was onP i s s u e which was raised hv ChomhcM's which ■would eventually split' the An t .i " Con federo t es as i I , d i d . ‘Ihe political alignment between himself -and Morrison. ' The divisive' issue c otic er rued' the. be'st way to ochievn t hen r goal of rep pa 1 .. If const i tut ionnl moans , w a s t o be t ho mo a ms of , pro'tesbsj how f a r c o u 1 d it be c n r r i e d ^ Of course,' all of this o ecu rod hoforo' the imjirncticnl .ity of' -repeal had been d emq n .s t r a t ed by rdf usai of the . ..Imperial government to reverse its d ec i s i o n : ' ,11 «whs in ■ the- winter of 1869 when the leading fcde.ralA n t i - C o n f c do r o t. e s .'■Howe and A. W . Me h e 1 an mode.the deal f o r I.) <; t t e r ■ t « r tins for- Nova Scotia ( an d .themselves, it was said). when .it becnnio- oh v i oil s . t h a t repeal could not be achieved .then the dbjcclive • of all the An t i-Con federa I, e's -w as to stay in office l>y any means p o s's i b 1 e . ' This 'occasioned a ftilling ‘ 'out betvyocn' Chambers in Debates and Proceedings,,1868, p. 110 ' ' G Chambers in Debatea and Proceedi'nga, 1868, p. 243. ,■ ' J . M. Beck, Government, o f Nova Sçptia, p. 154. 84 . the two C olchester hiçmbers. In a .public' foru,m, the 'Legislative Assembly, 'Chambers accused Morrison of political, c o ] 1 ab o ro t i o.n with A..W. M c L e 1 u n and other Confederates in Colchester/:'^ Ch nrnb er s ,,h i ms e 1 f remained a staunch repeal err lie even contest.ed the federal by-elccti on' in Colchester .in 1 870 on ■ (he anne'xation ticket , opp os f a g. ..the designated c-nTididate and choice, of Antis and- Confederates, ' F. M, Pearson.'® f^ears on p'o. 1 1 ed 187-2 votes; Cti amber's poll c.d 288 . The next year Chambers could say: • ■ ' [ hove no more favourable opinion of Confed- 'oration than, formei.'ly; but -now that the ,gover'n- ment, the le 'o d e r s of the party and a great many of . the people of Cohchester .have oc.cepted the situ- ■ at ion, 1. consider .that 1 'may as well for'cgo the old principles and go .up'on expediency.^® 'Principles' or expediency, notwithstanding,' Chambers did not contest the provincial general election of 1871. This time the compromises were mad.e and agreed upon before 'elec tion day. There' was. no ejection in Colchester. . The two 'G After an impassioned speech by Morrison denouncing the- injustice of Confederation and unpatriotic Nova' Scotians who caused the death Of Nova Scotia, Morrison maintained he was the mos.t rabid of all Antis and urged Nova Scotians', never to ■ accept -the situation. Debates -and Proceedings, 16 March 1871, pp. 218-226. ' - ' '®See G. K. Pryke, Nova Scotia and Confederation, 1864-1870, Ph.D. Thesis, Duke tJniversity, 1962, p. 284. °Chambers,- .Debates and Proceediiigs, 16 March ,1871; p, 224. r ^ :■. k 85 . candidates were elected by acclamation; T. F. Moi r i a on and S a m u e ] R e t (, i O' ■ " ^ ■ As has been obser&cd 'al the. fedeinl level, Ihe fire ,nnd - \ _ . passion surrounding tire National Questijon d i'a s i po ( e'd • f u i r 1 y rapidly as the county voters "ncccpled the situ n 1 i. o n " . The •effect of, the 1871 election o.n tlie Anti C 0 n r e d e rn t c s i n t h e ■ p-r-QVin'ce was to clini^hate five of I be s e V en e x I r e lii i s I s ^ An even mure significant change in the . An t i C o n f e d e r oIe movement in Nova. Scotia occured as a result '6f t h.e ch'ange of government- in Ottawa in ,1873. Unlike llie Con f ede r'a t es whii . . . . ' immediately became -a provincial ■ cxtcn.sion ,o.f ■ I he f e d e r a 1 Conservatives,, the A n t i -Co n f e d e r.e t e sIi u’d no such ojrfjor I un i t y ,' t O share i'n the v i c t or'i e-S’ o r- promises of su c c 'e ss and put. rou age. . This -opportunity p re's en te d itse lf -when Mn ('K e n-z i e ’ s t.ilic.rals’ f n rm c d the governnienl. and won the sutjsequeni’ election. After this, the A n I'i - Con'f ede rn t crs 'could be.co-me ><, the provincial wing of the federal party. Tlu s '>■(0 3 an Important change- and some ' be! ieve - i I w'as a - ma.jor step 1 own r d the accept a n c e of C o n f e d p )' a t ion, ti y Nova 8 c o t i a . ’ ^ ^ The Morhison-Rettie Compromi se was given scathing criticism -by tire H alifax Morning Chronicl’d, 6 May' 1871, and tlie Acadian Recorder;, 8 May 1871. See also Morri.son ' s explanation in Dcbal cs arid Urocecd ings , 21 March 1872, p. 136. • , ' ' J..M. .Beck, Government oi' Nova Scotia, p. 151. . Howé 11, Repeal, Reciprpci ty arid Commercial Union in Novo Scotian Politics, 1886 1887, M.'-A. Thesis, Dallunisic tin i vers ity, 1967., p. 6. ' ' ' ' ■ - , : 86'. ■ This fina) a'uh merge nee was s ig n ific a n t, too, - 'in, the sense I hat it meant an end to. the one big issue that divided the . c' Confederates and the. Anti.g. By' J 876 the Acadian .'Recorder ' could remarh c n n d i d1 y : . , ' ■ inhere ..is not, nor cun there be, any policy . ' dividing' the 'people as far as local mat t er.s o re c o n ,c n e d . The. policy of the opposition, will be to struggle by • every means. . . .to. reach ’tlie .. Treasure ry ' benches, and .the policy of the government wi.l 1 be to checkmate them, and re ta in - . ' .' thé pluce and power .they- hold. ' A change 'of . government in Nova Scotia, nowadays, would only inenn changing the officialsin. so me -f our. or d'ive- heads of department s....Hereafter the local elections will 'turn -on purely local mutters.^'’ Colc'hester ç le c to rs showed A decided Conservative bias ' --- - 'in ctliR provicial elec tio n of 1 874.2 5 T he Conservatives ' d i d 'f ie ld two strong, candidates in -W. A . .P a 11 er s on ( f a rmer .and lumtier merchunt from Tatamagouche) a'nd -1. -B. Dickie (manager' o f \ t h e Me.rchant.s Bank of Halifax in T ruro).' Pat.t-erson and Dickie gornered votes in' areas of. the c.ounty where . .support might be', ques t i o n ab 1 é . ^ o Truro $ Uppo r t was massive). ’Sup- ■ port in the Stewiackes was unusually good. Tho; Conservative • ^ Acad i an Recorder , 9 May'1876,' quoted in J. M. B e c k Government of Nova Scot i o , p. 156. . ' i ' . ■ ' . , \ 251874 was one of those rare years when federal and provincial elections-occured in the same year. Federally the nominally independent T. McKay was elected for Colchester. He supported the Conservatives in fo^t. ^ ' ' / ' . - ' . ' ' %/. - ' ' . . . See Table 1 , - ^ on, 1874. Halifax Morning Chronicle, 21 December 18,74.. ‘ ■ ' - , . . 87 Table I ‘ Provincial Election,' Colchester 1874 Pat t or-son Di ckie Üüllitlïï Mo'rr'i s( Truro...... 408 270 • 153' ,96 CTifloU - . . . ■...... 60 ■ • 76 57 4 7 Lov?er S1 ewi acke...... 97 08 . 70. 67 Upper Stewiacke...... 127 . • 1 23 ' 79 ' 73' North Ri ver ...... • i ...... 1.23 55 ■ • - 4 6 Lower Onsl ow...... ■. . 47 52 ' 80-'. 58 Karl I own...... t ...... 194 142 22 . 4 2 New Annan...... 100 83 35 ' 53 Waughs River ...... 112 . 104 71 77 Totamago.uche...... 157 . 147 36 45 DeherI ■...... ■ .. 107 102 445 135 For topi que...... E# - ^ 101 ■ 131 4 36 Economy...... '. . . 47 , .•Bl . ' 65 70 ' Kemp town...... ■ . '30. ' 31 .15 ■ -. 1. Fi ve -.1.5.lands ...... 32 36 36 / . ■' Middle Stewiacke...... • : . 42 . . "To tal: , 1718 ■" 4688 1126 ' • ‘ V ' - ' : ■ ; 'W i . V ■ ■ ’ ' i 4 - • ■ ' ! Ï. \ HR \ ' . .. - - majority i a Uppor Stewincko is s a r'p rising ronai cter i î^g t tie ('ons i s ( on t An t i - C O nsyi"; r va t 1 V o vote f P (*1 r r n 1 ) y in t h ,i s nr'vn. ■ . Dickie may have hofl rcJol ivvi> by mo f r i a fi e h <■ r (>. II i s I'irst B- ' ' wife was a fa I nn-m- F r o m S I I'w i a apeas of tlie county would r e f I e of (lie po |>a 1 a r i I. y of PnlLerson in his ,hotiie d i s t r i c I V b a y 1 I owil - w a s sd i on i( C 6 a s e f V a 1 i ve anyway but I. h e ' vOlo wns o v i'rwh iH m i a . New' 'Annan-anti ,Ta I am a go ii c li e ' we f e ,.s I i'on ji I'nllerrttin and h i < it i <• ’ s '/' Waaglis River less s o ’.' The Cohoiiuiii R h'o r e of Ihe ’eoun I y sJiowed Ui t; stienglh of pas I Libéral v f\t't-o i i e s . Dtdierl , P o r L a p'i q u e ' and Ei'.onomy remained 1 o y a 1 , 1, i b't^ r a I Mor r i .son p'icifing iij) h is g r e a t e .s 1 .^.support in his. home ' d i s I riel 'of . ■ ■ * . ‘ ■ Port.npiqup. - T h e r'e.s'nit overall menai. I he t-nd (if Mo r r i a o n ’ f)ol'itical_ c-a irGar-01-i.s .an e 1 e t' I e d po I i I 'fcan.'''^ r '--.rThe provincial election of -1 878 wa.s i m'î) o r I n n I from Mu'- p o\ i n("j i j f Vic'w that it ' was ^ one of -, the feiv oep.as ' i ons. in . ■ t 'h e . , history of. Nova Scol i a when I h «i- Çtm.servat ivt's were e 1 e r I e d wit h a m a j 0 i^i I y . This was I he Tt n I y I imc frotii,' 1 Rf>7 I f> 1928 that. I h'e Nova S'colia e .1. e ;■ I i.i r a I e w’as wi II ing lo I ms! I he -, G o ns e r vn t i_v e-s , the reason no do uh I. ' h e i lyg the t'fonomi.r t r i s i a caused by -the world d e iVr c s a i bn' a.-iid by the i m po v e r i s h mf n I of ' t..he provincial Treusury'. This Conservai i v<- '-victory in I 87 8 ^'.'Rot li'ng Billows" Morrison was aprvri n fed ' I o the Legi ts 1 nl i ve Council in 1876 and remained a 'member un t j 1 his doalh. He was appni nletl t o the Kkecutive Council in 1882 and was' a inembef until hi.s'death. He died in 1886. \' • . . . . 89 . ' ' w '■ WHO a one y term go ^e r nmen^l . Colchester’s elected M . h . A . ’ .“j , ■ W. A. Pn I I et son and Wm. Bl.nir 20 wore on t he gove rnmen t s.i-de 0 f t h e II oua e , n t 1 c Q s I . ■ ^ ^ The- 'pro V i ne 1(1,1 ' hi ber al sWere r'oinrned in .1882'\ Potierson n n d BloiT werere-elect.ed Tor . C o 1 c lies t e r , ■de Tea (ing h i h C r a 1 s S.I). MacL'ol Inn ■ and W, H. TKi i 1 d , wi t,h 1 c s s e o n v 1 n c 1 n g m a’j o t i l i r- s . B 1 a 1 r polled 1 d 8 d ,. , Patte r s o n l'IÛd, Ma ('!,(' 1^ 1 an, l;!77, and Guild J23d. An 1 ndCpendcn t irt the person of S. Heltie^'^ also contested this d e c Li-on, ■ drawing . ■ « ■Td H V' o I ('s . ' ' Th I- provini'ial clei'tion of 1886 has. been colled thé ."Repeal I': 1 c.c-t i on " . i n Novn.Scotia, hibe'rti,! Premier W. . S Kidding used the élection of •that year to try. and gc L some ' ■ ' ' ‘ \ new financial arrangements with I he ' f e d ft r r V g‘o v e rnmen t , the so-called "better terms" of C o n f ('do r a t i on . dAll the old arguments of the Con fédéral, i o n debates we r ep r e s en I: e d to the Nova S e o t in c 1 e c t o r a t. e in a sh'ort campaign (the Legislature was dissolved on. May 21st; the election day was June 15th)'. I 20 J. B. Bicln'e-did not ne^offer. Win. 'Blair wds a popular farmer, J. r. njriclTJo’l: of the 78th highlanders. ' See'^fjlso Colchester Sun, , 11 -S^pt nitifiep - 1878, "Nomination . Day in Trurq" s^çches by federal and provincial candidates for election. Also, Col chea.tW Sun, 18 Sept enjbcT, 1878, "Victory", ' " ' _• ' ^ 2^Colchester M.h.A., ,1871-187d, • ,■ 2oggg Colin HoWell, Repeal, Reciprocity and Commercial Union in Nova Scotian Politics, 1886-1887, M.A. Thesis, Dalhouaie University, 1967. • ^Iso, Phyllis .Blakeley, , "I'he Repeal Election qf 1886", ,\ Col le c ttons of the Nova Scotia Historical Society, Vol.> 26, 1945. 90 . The.'‘two An I i-C on f e d o r a t,;j on e 1er Mona qT 1867 and 1RH6 mu a I be seen ns being alii^hl, ly d i J! f e r e n I , I hough: Seee^ision C no m Canada was n real .poa's i b i 1 id y in Ihe, ear,-I.i er one. ' By ' I 886 charices o f access i on were I'epto ( e . ' - Repealw a s the s, ta led hi hern 1 i n I en I ion us the eonipaign progrfessed'. T h e C on s e r v n _t i vc s deCr'nded Confedei-rrl ion and i he National Policy. ' ; \. \ ' Tn Colchester, W. A. Fnt.t, erèon ro' ofT'errci f e r Mu' Con ' vS e r V a t-i ves . fl i s running matewas Truro' lawyer S . K. . " ■' ' / . ■ . Gourley. The Libérais oPfered a sd mi t n r loirm. One was. merchqnl .George Clarke . who, like Patterson, was frdm Tatamagouche. The .second 'Liberal c'nndirlntc ' wn s I' . A. Laurence^^- ■ who was, like Con r 1 ey , n p rum i n e n I Truro lawyer,. ■ Clarke a n d ,.L a u r on C'C were am o rig the L I be I'd I s elecied in t he t we 1 1 1 y ~e i gh t seat sweep of the p r-c'j.v.j n cf; . Por . Col Chester', the a t t r' a c I ion ' o f rcfieal seetticd p H.S the 1 8 6 7 .c'ompnign. - ■ A comp a r i s on . o ,f the re.siwlts of the 1 882 e lArr-1 i o n a.n d ■ thé r-epeal election of ' 1 8 86 is useful to show where t h e ■ ' . . ■ ■'■■■■ '■ ■■ ' ■ . t . . repeal strength in the coud ly lay ( 'Tab 1 e 2 ) ^ -‘be. Howell, Op. Cit: ■■ . p. 10. ' ’ i'zA Repealer from earlier times. He wns Secretary of the Repeal Meeting, held -in Truro and reported -in the Mj,rrpr & Co I cheater County Advertiser, 8 February 1B68. ' . 3-’Tab le 2 - Contpiled f rom . Hal i fax M o rn i C b r o n i cle , 22 J u n e 1882, and Jour/als of Nova Scotia House of Assembly, 1887.- the 1886 election was the I first provincial election in which official results were pübl ish(/d in the Journals. - ■ i-W 91.. Table 2 ; ■ ' , Comj>ürison: Colchealer Rlëclions, 1QÔ2 tijid 1886 1882 1886 X \ : ; ; ; 11 p ; M G R : c LPG ^ ‘ 1 : ■ a : a ij e ; 1 1 a a 1 o a t 1 ■ c. i t. : : a u t n i t : I.. 1 t : : r r t : r ■ ■ ■ r : c : e d i : ■ k .c O' : .J . r- : 1 e II e n r . 1 e . a : 1 c s ■ : y ■ 0 n e o n ! n ■ ' n ' . . Truro Pol Is 199 : 190 ; 106 64 57 : : 145 166 280 : 286 Cl i rt on ! 72' : 68 : 64' ' 41 40 :1 ■ 85 97 . 84 : 82 Drookf.ield . : 70 .: 65 ; 44 ■ 48 73 . 80 85 : 97 Lr. Slewiacke 1 60 ; 63 : 90 '135 8 ,/ : 121 122 88 ; 85 Mid. Stewiacke 1 : 42 : 51 55 : J 54 56 59 : ' 44 ; ;■ Up. Stewiacke J - ! ' (East West.) : 38 : ■ 40 : 116 100 < 9 8 t: 163 178 .05 : 101 • Salmon River 1 62 ■ : 61 :. 50 36 43 : ; 76 '. 81. .75 : 73 Kemptown 1 26^ 20 : 12 11 .15 : : ■21 18 42 ; 40' Earltown ■ ! 94. : 102 : 38 • 43 - 27 ; ; 106 .81 93 : ■•84 Wanxha River 1 91 : 115 : 69 . 77 8 : : 170 123 93 !• 68 Tatamoftduche 06 ; ■115 ; 59 50 12 : ;; 161 102 ' 101 : ■ ‘69 New Annan ’ ' 1 48 ; - 63 1 ' 73. 70 . 18 ; ; 146 126 4.7 *•: 34 ■ North River - I ■164 1 123 : 43 32 25 : : 108 113 . 110. ■; 105 Onslow 1 78 : ■ 7$ : 61. 4à ■ 37 : ; 89 ' 90 67 : 58 Up. Londonderry Î 73 : 76 70 :2i : : 105 105 ■ 82 : 78 Great Villaftc : 48 ; 44. ; ilo 85 -----' ----° -- Mid. Londonderry 1 ---■ -- — 120 111 87 : 4^2 Lr. Ldndondefry : -44' 1 41 : 100. 91 .. 8 : ; 103 96 49 ; 61 Economy 49 ; 48 ; 93 80 . 3 : ; 79 76 , 60 : 61 Five Islands 1 33 ; ■ 30 1 73 65 7 1: 73 69 35 i 38 Acadia Mines 101. ■;,104 ; - 49 38 ■ 6 : : 55 48 150 ; .154 ■ Totals'. 1484 ;1494 ; 1377 1234 448 ; ; 2053 1938 1782 ; 1700 9.2 As could be expected, l.he 188G poTls fnvout in^ Con«(‘r ■ vaiive protectionism are. those \v’i t li manu Far l^n ring or indus ■tt'.i.al interests,:. Truro and,Acadia Mi-ue.s. The S't (>w i.ai'k cA revealed their ■ A n t i • C o n s e r- v a t i v p n a I ii r c v e. r y well, p a r licu|arTy Upper Stewiacke.. Earl town voters favoured the northern c n u n t Y c a 11 d i d a t es Çlarke and Eat I e I's (Ui\ - h u t I lie Waughs River voters^ gave their supi>.orf to Itip trvo • ^ihei a Is , Tfitmagouche voters gave villager Clar'ke t lire g re a trust tally, wi'tli the other, .local can'd i. dale Pat,,terson receiving only one vote less, t, ha I) sefond ■ p i ace Laurence. - ' The str'engtli o f . ' ' t lie Re pen 1er.s .show .s'ti’ongly. when the.Cobequid • Strore poll.s nie examined. The Lib e r a 1 s' did well fi'cun- On.slow to F I v'e 'Islands. . • The voters t. h.o t cho.se the l.-ihprals nn provincial election of 1886 were just as decisive the next year federally. In T887 A. W .• Me he Ian was . (■ 1 cc; t. cd in C o l c h e s t e r . , The Conservative mojoi'ity in t.lie province, as a result of A hat .federal- ejection, Ay as the excuse u.sed by ■'->_fremier FixTl ding for not -acting on tire R e p e a 1 re.s o I u f i ons . The vol. ers, he said, ■ ha d cltonged their minds on llepr-pl. The 1886 election was the beginning of a t we'ir t y-y e n i- reiglr for' county Liberals. Clarke and Lau'rence were rr-. c I e c t'e d • in. 1890, . defeating long-time ^candidate W.. A. Ratlersorr and ^'’Elected twice, In fact. The first' election was controverted (bribery). A second elect ion confirmed McLelan’s election. 93 . Tsi'ho! 1, o ri }^wo r I h , p ro j« i ii en ( }atvycr nnrj f qrmQr . 1'ru r o mnyo r . ^— ^ T ri 1894, F. A, Laurence u{fa i n ‘ represe.n1. ed the T. ibernls, ■ with Stow in eke lum()et' ■ b'nr-on Alft'ed Dickie. The Conservatives fielded Tarael Lon[{wOr1.h again' and popul.ar- Truro new,spaper. editor (Truro Doily News and Truro Weekly) . W . I) . n i HI o c k. (, a u r e n 'c c and D i mock w e r e e 1 e c t. e d . D i ro o c k ' s elect ion -was the first victory for t'he count k Conservatives since lft82 buL i t was tainted somewhat. ft was Controverted aiut^ re tun in 1895. Diiiiock was cop f i pmed but his stay 'in pruvi'c.ial pol it i'es w as ' s h o r t\. He resigned in' 1896 to run a •s u c _s fa 1 ■ federal cnmpaign.^G T n the provincial b-y’clect ion whii'h t e s I'l 1 I e ri , Li b era 1 Fi rroan McClure defeated TpUro mayor, R.J. Turner. _ . ■ ' , In the provincial election of 18.97 the liberals were represented by incumbent F. A. Laur4nce and Alfred Dickie who had run u n s ul.'c es s f u 1 1 y in . 1894. . W. I). Diinock ran p r6 V i n_c i a 1 1 y again along witli, ,C-olchester "Lumber King" and e n i e r p r i's i n g entrepreneur, T. G. Mckfullen. The' town favoured Dimock and McMullen (Dickie ■’ 287,' Diniock - 511, Laurence - 350,- ' McMullen - 570) as - di d .Acadia Mines (Dickie - 53, • — L:------^ . ' / ' ^^Conservative newspaper CoJcheater Sun, 7 fday 1890, decried the Liberal mismapagèment of the economy, misuse of money, etc. and urged voters to throw Fielding out of office. • ' 3®Dimock’s. federal electin in 1896 was Controverted, too. He did not re offer ' for the by-election in 1897,- the party’s colors^ beidg . carried by Truro Doctor D. H. Muir. The federal by-election was won by. Liberal farmer McClure, by twelve votes. ' ( ' ; . ■■ t Dimoc'k - ] 62 , Laurence -•'65, McMullen ,153), but ^ 'county arens (like Ecoponiy, for exfimplç; D i cV i e 104, D i mock 63, Laurence . 102, -McMullen ^ 58) offset most of ' I he Conservât i'v e advantage. 'Final t-allies gave- mn J or i t i eU t o T.' ' Î5>' . ' , . Ç. McMullen and .F. A. Laurence. . I , ' - ‘ • ■ ' .There was n new elemen-t Inlrtuluced Into county pel it i'es for the provincial ' .election of 19Ô1 in that h n t h p n r t ins fielded czand i da t es that could be considered ô u ts i ,d e r a " to county politics. P. A. Laureiice re-offered for the I, i hero 1 .s' Ifut he was. .joined by i n d u s t r i a 1 i a t - p r o m o t e r -1 n w y r , H. I;'. Pears on It is- t r'u e . Pea r s o n hnd a county connection [he was bôrn at Moss I own, son of merchant and former Col ch es t f M . P . (1870 1874), F. M. Pearson} but by this time he wus un industrialist, known far- beyond the borders of C o'l c h e star. '' The Cpn.se r va live a 1 a ,t e offered newcomer Truro merchant A. .S. lilack and, from Halifax, .1 . F. Stall's. In h i .s Co r|)o in I e - accomplishment S t a 1rs conipti red fa vou rah 1 y wi t h B. F, Peu rs on but he was described bv the T n/ro llajly ’ Npws s imply as ^.'^Borp- in Mass town, 1855; educated Pictoii Academy and Dalhousic; lawyer in Halifax (Peaf-SoVi , & Covert) ; Cily Alderman 1884-1890 ; . organized Nova iscotia Telephone Co., 1887, with H.-M. Whi tncy;- Organ i %ed Dominion Coal Co.,. 1893; organized Halifax Electric T.ram Co.’, 1895; promoter and director of ^Midland Railway Co., • 1898; organized Nc-w Brunswick , Petroleum Co.-,, ■ 1899; organized West Indies Electric Co., Trinidad, Electric Co., Demerara Electric Co.', Sao Paulo Light and Power, Mexican Northern Power Co., 1899; -organized 'Cape .Breton Electric Co., 190.2; later director of Dominion Atlantic- Railway Co. and Canadian Atlantic Steamship Co. See Truro Daily News . ' 26 December 1906, and 1 February 1912, and The '-First 200 Years - History of Erskine United Church Congregation,- Glenhome, Lancelot-Press , 1974 - • 95 " c a p i t a 1 i 3 t-" .'3 n The election was' close with the tradi- t.ionftl pattern - Con's e ryo L ive , Truro, Acadia Mines and sojdc smaller tenclaven like Karl town,' Kemptown and Brookfield; the rest of the county 1, i b e r a 1 . L a u r e n c e hnd a majority of t h i i’-.t y-'f our , Pearson' a ' nia j or i t y . o f eighteen. Tn 1904.P.'A. Laurence resigned bis seat in the Nova . Scotia House in order to run federally. This was a success fill leap into federal politics for- him^^ but . one wliich precipitated a by-election in Col chest e r. On the local scene, H. T. Laurence » brother of F. A. and then serving as T r u r o' -s mayor, c o h t e .s t e d the seat for the Liberals. ' The Conservative candidate was Truro merchant John .Suckling. H.. T. Laurence was, elected with a majority , of 187 over Suckling. Truro party nlleginnce to- the Conservatives was m.ain- ■ t a i n e d n a , S u c k 1 i n g polled 415 t o t h e mayor’s 3 2 5 , T . ' H . ' Luurence served, os MI, A f or'Col ches.t er until the, next pro- 3G Truro Daily News, ' 6 September 1901. See also, 26 September 1901, "Nomination Day in Truro". ' 39p. A. Laurence was Colchester M.P. from 1904-1907. In 1907 be was appointed tp the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, bfter.a distinguished polit leal career - ' M.L.A. Colchester, 1886-1904; M.P. for Colchester,> 1904-1907. He was never defeated at the polls. '”^lÉc^ 1 issues were discussed by both candidates on Nomination Hay. See Truro Daily News, 9 ■December 1904. Also, the genial nature of the contest in an election "practically free from corruption",, see Truro Daily News, 21 Hecembef'1904. ' : V. 96 . vincial election which was held in 1906. He wan n'o I oaked ' : . \ ■ to re-offer. t \ The genera 1 election o'f 1906 was another double \\irtory for the county Liberals. B. F. f’eni-.son o f f e r ed a g a i n . \ His running mate was' a C.ounty Councillor, Onslow f a rme r\ W. Davison Hill. John Suckling was one of' the Conser'vnt I'.ye rnndidal.es. II i s partner was .Stewint'ke f n r mo r . .1. II, • - ' ’ ' . . \ ■ McCleave.''’ Thi$ was an in 1er es ling elect ioti in 1 h a I it w a s \ the- ■ ■ only ■ ■ on'e ■ ( 1867-1925) r i :n which . Truro gave . the hihorala a \ \ ■ majority. ' . 11 i ,1 1 led the ' polls in Truro wit hi 557', ' Pea r's o 'n \- followed with 5 39, .McC leave wan next with 4 6'9 and 'I'ruro X candidate Suckling trailed with 44 0, . Acadia Mine.s maintained its Conservative' tradition (Hill 94, • .Mc'Clenve 1 5 8 , , P e.a r s on 103, . Suckling ,144) -but ■ the margin of victory . -wa-s down from previous ‘elections. Over.nll it w h s a . c.omf o r't nb 1 e- margin of'.victory .for Vl i 1 1 ( 390). and Pearson .. (209)/ - ; - ' ' - . ' ' ' The 1911 prov,inc:ial (flection marked the return of t li e county to the '.Conservative fold. 1 t also marked ■ the - entrance of Frank Stanfield into active (>olitic.a, on the j - ... -Kf provincial ' level . Brojher John had been elected to ,t Ire federal hou.se in a 1907 by-election a ml was re eler.'t. ed 'in 1 908 and 1911,. F r a n k . S t an f i e 1 d with his business i n t. e r e s t .s '"See Truro Daily News, 14 June 1906, speeches by all candidates except Hill who was ill. ; 9 7 . in Town of Truro r e -e s t a() 1 i. s hed I he Conservai i ve- doniinan're in ' I own'. .'R. H. Kennedy. County Warden, was » • , . j. .S i a. n Field's “rufining mare. The Liheral candidates fn 191) ■ , ' ' were t)>e i'ncumhents B.F. Pearson and W. P. Hill. . ' Poll . results for Trur'o and Acadi a Mines i 1 ) ri,k 1 r ule the vengence. w i t d) w h i ell I he' Conservatives r e a s s e r t e dt h ein s e 1 v es ('T%h 1 e 3).4?' Overall, Stanfield’s majority was M3. The majority ... "■ . ■ - . ■ . \ for Kennedy wji s 73. - , f . •Table 3 ■ ; 1911 Colchiister Election V , . \ Hill Kennedy Pear.son Stunfie1d Truro (All polls).: .:....___.... 51#' . 693 471 - 747 Acadia Mines...... '45 156 57 . . 173 The- Conservative M'. T\ A . ’.s , Stanfield and Kennedy, . ' - . - .repented their victory in the, general election of- 1916, defeating ■ F'. B. Schurman and G. H. -Vernôp wifh'. large - ' ■ ' . ’ - - ■ ■ majorities; 533 for Stanfield ' and 453 '. for 'Kennedy.,-' The county seemed to be firmly held in the Conservative’s grip but. .the nex t pro V ic i a 1 election changed all such thoughts of complacent security. Traditional political parties in Nova Scot in were fa.ced '^Journals of Nova Scotia House of Assembly, 1912. 98 with n new' phenomenon in .the . provjncinl election , of • 1920. With ; I h e " exception of the hrie'f ' Anti ■ Ç on f eO <'r n I r yeat'S, Nova Scotians were willing to u tilise e i the c .p n e of. I h è two existingpol it leal . par t i t;s t <' achieyc their ' , political ambitions. Tn 1 920 a thifd party emer-gcd, which, ■ To r one e1ec t i o n at, 1o a s t , p1 aye d havoc with t r adit ionnl voting p a t t e r n s . ' The - C on .s e r v a t i ve s , in pa r t i ('a I a i-^ ' wete ' f . - • -X. • . affected by .the • eiil è r g e r; c e of this f a r lit P tab our Alliance. Pr-ovince wTlie, the. C o n s e r vHi I .i v c s won only thr'cc of the- forty-three seats in the 1920 el'ec.’t ion. 'l\ e Farmer hah o u r ■ party won eleven. The h i b e r à 1 s ,wo n t wen I y n i ne , many of ’ t h e’s e b «cause o f ‘ t h e' split, i n t li o' n p p o s i t inn v o t e . ^ Colchester^ hardly seem.s a Mikely place for political- r ad i ca 1 i .s III. The county did elect, two Farmer- Party .ca n d i d n t i^s', though, in that , 1 92 0 elect ion. .. It was an - * . interesting election., in 'I?) at . it; involved e lass , i -s s u.es _ a s ../well as traditional politics.," .Some county d istricts 'broke their traditional pattern 'and voted.-along class 1 ines. The solid T pu r o urban Conservative v o t’e was never ,ni(,>re, .shui'ply outlined than i n t h i s contest.'''' ■ . The United Farmers d*f Nova .Scot i.a was .founded in 1920' in part as a response to rural anger over rural d e p o p u dation 43J. M. Beck, Government of Nova Scot in, p. 162. 44'i'ruro polls show Conservative Dunbar MQ.8, Conservative Kennhdy 1291, Farmer Party Smith 355, Farmer. Party Taggart 262 -, . ■ 99. (\nd Lbe docli'ne i n ( b e importance of farming as an industry \ nnd vocation."^ '^Another reason suggested is that the war years were regarrlcd as prosperous ones and the post - w^r t ■ ■ ' 4 ' . . ■ depress i on did not, affect the. agricultural industry in Nova Scotia until 1920.''° Colc'hèster farmer H. L. Taggart was the first. F’residenl, of the United Formers of Nova Scotia. II c nnd another c o u n t y farmer, R . tl. Smith, conte, steel- the ,7ii.ly election, facing Conservatives - R. If. Kennedy and Wm. IÎ. 0 u n I) a r . . T n t e r <ï 3 t i n g 1 y e n o u gli , Frank Stanfield did not r e - o r f(! r in' 1 92 0.'’'-' , The I.i lierais did not fie.Id a c n n d i d 0 t e . ° ' . . • ■ ' . . % - / ' , . . . . . -Tohlc d slioWs -the voting pattern of t h c 1 9 2 0 . p r o v i n c i’a 1 ■ - 7 . ' ■ felo'ctio’Ti in Colchester. ' Basically it followed' the • t r nd i t i on a 1 iMiral versus urban pattern os obs'erved in p r e V i o tl s . elections. For a small district 1 .i k e ' E a r 11 o w n , it meant . complété rejection .of tradition flu? ugh .in their choice of.Fa.rmer eandidnte over traditional C on s e r v a td v e . For the Farmer Party, . t h 'e, heady days of victory were '. ''^A. A. MacKcnzie, The Rise apd Fall of the. Farmei—Labour'^ Party __ N9.va_.Sc0t ia , M.A. Thés is , Balhousie University-, ■ 1969,• p. v.' ■'°A. A. MacKenz'ie, Op. CjI.. , p. 10. . . "7 "Temporarily retired in 1920 due to bxisiness conditions’' was the .way his obituary in the Halifax Herald Mail put it; 25 .September'1931. f°Some recollections of the time recalling the election assert that people voted for' the Farmer candidates because they were liberal. Quoted in A. A. Mackenzie, Qp^_Cjt^, p. 113. '' TOO. short-lived in Colçhester. They cho s e ■ t o - co n t V-s i a federal by--el ect. i on i n Septemher of the same year .and c;oiiiUy. vo l.pra- gave, Cons er va L ) V e' F. B. McCurdy an 'overwhelm! n g majorijy. ,Tt was apparent the county’s .loyalty to the t h .1 r d ^ p a r t'y was very fleetiag indeed. ‘ ■ I’erhaps ' I.he Co 1 che.s t e r f eder al . h y-e 1 ec t .i on wn_s s ymho I i c of the eventual fate 'of the wliole Fa-rmei' Party nio'vcment . hy 1921 the pol itical wing of t he Fa rme r ’ s Movement was a 'nioie shadow-"of Its former .self.'C'-^ By 1922 membership had dr-oppcd from 2500 to 26 4 . ^ ° By the .1 925 ,p r n.v i n r i a 1 .eli'clion o it I y • , hot one of the-se.j ■ . . - The choldc facing- voters in the provincial elect ion of 1925 was a straight two party -c’onte.st . Economic condjt ion g in" the province by 1 925 were sufficiently bad'’' to . f i n n 1 1 y ^ f' ^ loosen the Liberal grip on'- the province and, for only ' the second time s i n c e C on'f e dc r h I, i o n , the vo.'ter.s g %'v t' the C'onse.r vatives’-Q majority. In. Co 1 cheater q re,j u vena t. ed C o a a e r- v a t i.v e Party- ran rough shpd over the L i.^i e r-a 1 .s . Frank .S t a n f i t-1 d _ was back,.in an active role as a strong Conservative c a n d i d a t ç. His running mate was lawyer W. B. Armstrong. The Liberal,' ca n d i,.d a t es ,' M. B ., Aich'ibald and Fr’ank 4 SR. R.. Forbes,-The Marit ime Rights Mdvenient, p. 50. 50J M. Beck, Government of N.ovn'Scot i a , p. 168.' .5 ISee E. R. Forbes, The Mari t ime Rights Movement, pp. ^4-72. ■J 0.1 boyno I ds , (i i d not evTMT hold the support.of thé tradit.iono.1 Libéral county d istricts like Economy/Fi ve Islands or Upper . 5 t.(iwi acko.5 2. ' ' ' : Ovef the s.ixtyyycar period under study lierc^^ the -voters of C o 1 c h e t e r followed o n 1 y -s 1 i g h t 1 y the pattern as. ■o.hserved at t Ii e federal level. The Confederation issue wa3 drama I i c and emotional hut, as happened f.ederally, Colchester ease d into the C o n s e r v at 1 v e r a n k s n.s.^the reality of the political situation emerged. In the Repeal Election of 1B86, echoes o'f the 1867 cnmpaign.s were loud enough ' to bring C o 1 c he .s t e r to t.he gove.rnm'ent .side p r o v i n c i a 1 1 y , hut ..the count, y sfill mai n t a in ed i t s Conserva t'i ve ties federally, rhe emergence . on .the • poll tical scene of the .Stanfield tiro t her-s, John and Frank i'" h.od important r c s 1 t s .federally (John elected 190 7 ) ‘an d ,p r q v 1 n c i a 11 y ,( Fr an k elected .1911) . ' The' nfierration in th.c •trnditiOnal pat fern of Colche.stei' poli tics which -o ecu red in the 1920 elect i o n ; wps of short duration, as the Conservatives re-asserted their ' contro1 ' in 1925. - \ . Ç ' Overall, from 1 867-1925, it is possible' to .show an II r h n n/r u ra 1 sp lit, which has few except ipp.s through ' the , , ■ 52See Table <1. , ■ .“ - -^Table's Compiled from Beck, J.M. Government of Nova Scotia, Univeriatÿ of Toronto Phess, 1957; Parliamentary Guide, Journals of Nova Scotia House of Assembly. , • ' , ' 102. enl.Xce i>eriod. • T r u r « , the shine town of the counlj', was- d e c i d e d I y C o n s e r- v n I i v (' , its, p t- n s pe i I y I ted I a., m n n \t T n c I u i t n % ' and to f-aj-l'vay' .i n L 6 r es t s . The i.'esl’ol' . (he- enunty .seldom swayed from t.he Libernl trend wtlicti dc-yeloped out ' o (' I h debates .surroundi.ng the National Question in I BR7 . , It would be the rurnt county voter.s why would I) e 1 eus t 1 i li ('I y I o, agree with t’hal 1 808 editorial in the tl.lti ' C O..U n t ,'Y A d y e r t, i s & r that " wi- u.>c i-t'ctainly no I w.or'se. o f f Ihnn o t h e r p e o p 1 e " . 5 ■ ■ . , ’ ^^Mirror & Col Chester County Advertiser, 1 Februury •«! 868. 1 03 \ , Tab1(i 1' ' ' ■ Ç i l l 1920 and 1925 1882 188G : D K : S' . T : A : A R ■ S : u C: ! ni a : t . : r- c t - ‘ : n , n : i- g : c : ni y a' : W n : t k : h : s n ■■ n : a o - : 1, a .' i : t 0 r : I d r ; b : r ] i y . ! • : . a o d e ’l . : n . a 1 .' d : g d Truro ■ • : 1408 1291 ; 3.55 262 : 503 :2425 440 2379 Cl if(on : 124 124 1 163 172 : 114 : 230 103 219 llrookf i.el d 122 145 ,; 144 128..: ' 95 : 256 80 2-11 Lr: Stewiacke : 26 ' ■ 25 : 155 . 157 : 69 : 112 • 59 105 Mid. Stewiacke : 21 21 ; 119 1.125 : 56 : .130 57 125 Op. Stewiacke (K & w) 83 91 : 257 260 ; 129 : 212 171 215 Salmon ki ver : 114 106 : 74 64 ; 111 ; 43f 93 394 Kempt own . ; 38 38 : 28 23 : 36 51 . 24 . 44 Karl town . : 79 82 186 188 •: 102 : 163 102 153 Wnutfhs River 29 28 : 168 166 : 87 : 112 85 108 Tatanliaifhouche (E & W) 1 109. 114 : 200 202 : ^24 : -248 212. 247 New.Annan ■ : 31 36 : 194 194 : 95 : 131 102 135 North River : 98 102 : .147 , 137 : 115 : 290 82 252 l.r. Onslow . ■ : 62 40 : 204 " 225 : ■ 99 : 244 95 J16 Up, Londonderrv . ' : 123 129 : 151 156 : . 43 : 238 . 43 239 Hid. Londonderry : 125 118 : 163 ■•145 : 148- : 222 149 208 Lr., Londonderry : 163 158 : 139 .149 : 158 : 224 154 213 Economy ' . : 63 .61 : 151 142 : 108 : 175 - 100 ■ 171 Five Islands ;■ .74 71 : . 68 - 60 : 78 : 128 66 128 Acadia Mines : 119 114 101 101 ■: 44 : 185 40 "176 Gays River ' . : 46 46 ;. 109 ■107 : ■ 50 : 155 - 45 159 Brule 53 .. 55 157 • 158 83 : 139 ' 80 131 Stewiacke Town . ' : 86 '■ 78 ; 55 55 87 : 226- 80 . 212 ■ Totals: :3213 3086 :3533 '3420 ; 2634 :6733, 2461 6439 104: Tat, le r, ; V M.S. As4e.iiil>,l Col rhiusi er Count Victorious ■ ;Provi n('i al cseals leur: Party ^ Litll' Lib : Ot hei' Con . :. ' Lib. .: ttF/L : . :Chambe»'s/ : 1867: Lib. , 2 36 : IMorrfaqn : 1 C , 1871: . . _ _25_._: .; Re 11 . :Morr i sun ; Patterson/ 1 8 7 1 Lib . 14 24 :• • • IP i ek.i e ; . ; Patterson/ 18781 __ Cpji . 30 . .0 : - - - :Blnir : Patierson/: 1882: Lib. _14 24 : p : Blair i Î ! ...... ' ! 1 ÿClnrk/' ' ' 1886: ___Lib.____ 8 1 1 :...Y______:'F, A. liaurcnre : '.:ciark.L : 1890:__,/..Lj b^_^_ 2. 1Q__ 28 : Y: __ — ,— — "— - - - __: F. A. Laurcuiy.'i 1894 : . Lib. 13 25 : --- :_W 1P ,P_ 111199.1... I F. A / Jit'u.FFP' : 1M9G: * F..J.McClui-(,' ... \ 1897j Ut)'. 35_:_. ■ .T ■ _ L•- • ,U.9n_ J 1 .1, Lnurcri<;f : . :p.A: Lnufeiicc/ 1901J L 1 h) . . 36 1 : ______: R . F. F.çurgon : 1904 : :*T. 11. Laurence : . - : 1 11 11/ : 1 906 : 32 : • ; n . F. ■ Peor.aon : : F. Stanfield/ : T.il). IL 27 : R. H.' Kennedy : : F. Stanfield/ : 1,916.: Ljb, .1.1 30 : :R.F. Kennedy .: :R. Il: Smitli/ 1920 : .111, 3 ;W.B. -Ar'nvsi rong/: 1925: C o n . 40 : F.' Stanfield : ;W.A. Flemming/ 1928: to n . 23 20 : — - : F. Stanfield : * Dy-êl ecl, j ons : ' August 1896., F. J. McClure, 1,1 ber al ; 1904,. T. H. .Laur cnce , ' Liberal . ' . , * * Farmer/Labour Par ty'. 105 • : , > Chapter IV . , "■A a Dead A a C h e 1 a e b " : The Fate of Cole he s t er ShipbuiI ding Centers Folly Vil lage - There is not much' news to write. About the only excitment last we'èh wns the sailing of a schooner into qur river. S'uch a thing has not -happened in twenty li e a r s or more, and of ter .r.eadjng the interesting story of ,the pirate schooner'in your.paper we were almost induc<î;d t'o think she -was coming with hostile intent, but,' . aft et' discharging h (î r cargo of ptioBphnfe, she quietly sailed away.Many years ago it was nothing strange to see barques and t? r i gs loading with dpals !; u t since the Intercolonial Railway commencd ■ to run, trade has. f'fuiii d 0 1 h e r c-hannels and business in our vi-llage, instead of i ncreas i ng , has,-cli m i n i s h ed . They used t (f say in Boston, ' i ‘n speaking of anyplace not b e i n g 1 i ve 1 y , that "it was dead as - -Chelsea" . The same might' be said of our village, but yet ■ when our f I' i ends go away they are always glad to get back'. . ' ' ■ The am a z erne n I of the newspaper c or r e.s pen d en t i n 1893 at the arrival of a schooner at Folly V i 1 ].. a g e i 1.1 us t r- a t e s the do’grce- to which the bay.s and \>’hnrve's of Colchester were,, by this time, enipty. That is not to say that shipping an'd shipbuilding were de.ad in the county. The co r r es on d en t F would k now ab out local yards s t i 11 - producing. One of. the great Colchester ships, the Juqlin M .. B 1 a i k i e , was launched at Great Village i t; ' 1 885 t her e were s till Colchester mariners, like Captain Leand.er Yu i 11. who arrived back' in jTruro Daily News, 26 May 1893. Truro Daily' News, 22 October 1900. 1 0.6. . Truro in March of' 1892 after an'abseiK'c of five and one linlf • / f ' ' ■ . - . ■ ( years. f! i s ship, S t 0 , had l.nken him to ! Zan?.i.bar, Capetown, Ne'wcastle ( A u ,s ( r a 1 i a ) ; San Franciaco, ■We.st Coast of South America, Dunhirk, Curdi^f and India.-'' But the great days w.eCe long past an d , for the most 'part, he fore the embrace of the Canadian C (uif e do r a 1 i on .-. •‘t - . ' . f n its prigi.n a nd ., de y e 1 opme ii I , 'the . s h i [)1) u i 1 d i a g .industry of Colchester C'c>.un t y was not unlike o I e r Maril ime C0u.ntie.s. De.mand for local transport was enrly '.evident . . The first- ship .to be built on the Fun d y S li o re of 'I Ip' -rotin I y , the schooner Çjha_rjejï , was launched in 1787.4 -The first ship ' - to bp 'built on the North Shore* of .the county ( N o r I h uijih e r 1 a nd Strait)' was the .schooner 1 y , built at' Waughs River in 1 790,-’ by Thomns Alexander and Well wood Wouglr. . Beyond the ; 1 oca 1 market the -shipyards of -the ' c ou tit.y built mostly- «for the British and Newfoundland market. nis'torion Patterison notes the shift, ,i n the 183^’a, (at •___ i__j______ ^ Truro Daily News, 1 March'. 1892i After the mid .I860, a Canadian ocean going vessels .operated .mainly in the North Atlantic but concentrated in cargoes of American staples like grain,tobacco, oil nnd cotton. . They coul^d be found world wide. • See É. Sager and h. d'i st’her, "Atlantic Canada ^nd the Age of Sail, Revisited",.Canadi an Hi storj col Review, .Vol. 1X11,1, No, 2, .June 1982, pp. 133-134. ■ 4R, Harrison and . M. -E, Wright, History of Shipbuilding in - Col chester .County, /Colchester Historical Muiseum, p. 4. ; 5.F; H./ Patterson, Days of the Ships, Totamagouche,'. Nova Scot i a , Truro/ 1970, pi 23. . ‘ ’ ' 107 lea.sl in ttie To t, aningouche .yards) away from the smaller cfaft into ships' barques and hrigs'.for .the English mark'et, - On L lie F.undy Shore, of the .county by 105 0 ships had been bu.ilt at- .On.slow ( 17 07),,' Great Village (1817), Pr in ce port, ( 102 8),' F i V (i Inlands (18411, Folly Village ( 1845 )., bower Debert ( 1 848), and Mas si own ( 1 84 9).''’ .By the 1 87 0 ' s these commun i t i c s ■ os well as Tr-uro, Basas Hiver, Upper Economy, Cent r a 1 Economy and bow e r Economy, were, centers for at least fi fteen sh I p.yahds ' , ’ . C r c a I V'i 1 1 a g e alone p r od ü c c.d over forty scjuore -rigged ■vessels i rv a,ddition to a '.large- number of schooners. The ■ ycMirs of peak ; p r' o d u cl i o n were between 1864 • and 1866 ' when - ■ r ' . fi\'e Ijarqaes, I wq brigs .and at least, six schooners ' weoe (.•omp 1 c t ed . 1 1 was from the Great. V.illage yard ,s t h a t h e J (2h,n M . B 1 a i k i e , the fii'st- f o u r-mas t. e d barxjue to t;i e built ■ Gpatlerson, Op'. Git., p. 48. Tatamagouche trade for the export market, the.so called "t.ran.sfe.r trade" is not ed in Hosemary .Onmier, "Anl i cipat i ng'the Trend; , the Pictbu .Ship Reigster, 1840-1889", Acadiens is , ' Vol . 10, No. 1, Autumn 1980, pp. 73-74. Activity.in 'tliis direct iorj .oocured steadily from 1010 onward. - . ■ Patterson’s observât i on of the.move to the lafgor ships by the builders at Tatamagouche \ • /'Harrison and Wright.,-.Op. Cit. , p. 4. npp. Cit;, p. 5. ' ^S. Sp'icer, Masters of Sail / Ryerson, Toronto, 1968, p. 65. 1 OR. Tv in Canada,, was lonnchetl in 1885. Tli i s village also contributed many men who went' to’ sea, and a! least tort y of ,t I) eni became master mariners. Along the -North .Shore of the county, Ta t hiiiagouche was the center of the ' industry.. 1! is e.stimoted I im t three hundred and ten yes.sels . ( schooners , h ri g a n t i n s , rigs, b a r q u a n t i n e s an d b a r q ii es ) we te built there he t w e n 1790 a n d , 1917.] \ V ■ One- family, the 'Campbells, dominnti'd I he indust.ry . at Tatamagouche. Alexander Campbell, h is t; r o !. h e r .s William and James, and Alexander's sons,, Dave nnd Arch, b<^ tween them built perhops/one . hundred .and fifty .s hi p s from the 1820' .a to the 1880 n n t wh a f^ the nature of dctai 1 .work , that the count ysh i P'S pet^fhrmedC In t-he early da yd 'and |)C r h a p.s up I o'. the early' ■ 187 / 0's ‘ there would be a s ' ub s t nut ■ .ini nmounl .of coast a 1 It'ade -a.s i'\-c o 1 1 .e'c t O d by one Col chest et' r e .s i d e n t .. in 1Ù17: . . ' . • ■ The chief trade was with. Boston; pract i i.-tt I 1 y ' n J 1 of the merchandise handled' in Col t.' h es t e r' c ame ' f r o m that city. There was 'no Intercolonial Railway in those days and the ' f n r m e r's ' ' produce, i t^p 1 u d i n g potatoes; tut''nips, etc. -, were marketed it# Btrston 'ojbid. ]]Patterson, Op. Cit., ‘Preface, izpatterson, Op. Cit., p. 48. . / • ' : ' v 109. by means- of the numerous small coasters, which were Nova Scotia owned ànd manned., and for return cargoes, brought ‘ |v^l our', ^ anthracite, cbrnmeal, indeed every bloss of merchandise. There were not ' - high tariffs in those days,- no ne'ar Canadian \ iii!\nufoc'turercs to draw upon, nnd the coasters - did . a tliriving business. 1 recall such busy and ' ■ ’. t w% 1 1 - k nown ve.ssels as the A 1 gon a , the Jess i e , the Paddy B1dke, and many others and among the commanders were the late Cap t . Charles.,. Allio and - Sammy Vance, all highly r.espected Mass town men who well serv.ed their day. and ' generation in -the ' coast ing business. The arri val ofa coasting • • s c h o on er at the Mass town Creek in t h o s'e days attracted more interest and attention’ than ■ the. docking of the Ojlympjij: would today at Half fax. Tlie • c oaa t ers brought much needed supplies for ' the .people nnd enabled them to market their surplus farm produce at profi table figur.es. 1 ^ - . • . . The ships of the last quur-ter o'f the n.i-neteenth century would no t ■ 'eXper i ence t,he drudgery of the local traffic, even 1 h e New England trade. Th.ey were built for g)'cater seas and greater profits' (and greater risks) . '. The John M. B 1 a i k i e from G rent Village might -leave Colchester in 1 885 loaded 'with deals but she. would not return. From then on it ' was- siignr from Manila to M.ontrea.l or coal from Cardiff , to Capetown., She was lost in H.lie 'Strait of Sunda. between Java and Sumati'a nfl'er only four yehrs at sea. . S tie had ' paid for herself , and had made t we n t y -f i v e thousand dollars for her ■ owne r , Joh.n B 1 a i k i e . ’ ■ .- '^Loran MacNutt, ''Good Old Days in Colchester", Halifax Morning Chronic le", 15 May 1917. . • . ' ' " Truro Daily News, 22 October 1900., ' , n o J f can not !>e disputed that shiphiilding was a iiiajoi- force in the industrial .li,Te of the coiniiiun i t i es in whi<-h !!u' yards were located. The'ynrd of Mcï.e.î an ,nnd !1 I a i k i e in G r e.a t village (jniployed from eighty .to one hundred men' ("equal t ù a small G Xas'gow " ) . ' ^ Alexander- C am pi; 1 1 tîiiiployt'd two hundred Tatamagouche 'men by the 1840’s.''*’ -L'ike Alexander- Campbell, builders w<.we o f I e n expo r I r .s' of lumber and importers and t raders in general mereh'andise. . . For those days when the yards were opera! ing, 1 i t e the early 1 850’s for, Alexander- Campbell , "it mnde Tut umagouche a busy hive of industry. Fro m s u n, r- i s o I, o d u .s k t I) e s h.0 )' e s f r o m Campbell ’.s to ho (.-k e r b i e ’ s heard the music: of the s'ingitrg saws- and the '.coiilnual .din of- 'hammer,' axe- nnd adze.'. In the evenings, the small villng'e. present, ed' a busy sç.-ene,. mp n in groups gathered i ri t h e stcjres, ^ o r ' u 1 o u'g the. strc'c-ls, rninglii-ig with .sailors from '.the ships, nr fiirmers 'from .A. h o s u r r ound i ng • d i 3 L.r i c t - " ' s - • The general assumption about, tire s h i pb u.i 1 d i ng industry is that it produced great wealth for the b u i 1 d e r .s .' It’ was a '5 Ibid. 6Fat t erson , Histo ry of Tnt amngpuche, p. 61. '^Patterson, Days of the Ships, p. 4ft. ■ • '■ Fattersqn, History of Tatainagouche, p\ 101 .- / \' 1 1 ] . î _ , ' • rialty business', ]i o we v è r , . an d few acçiimu 1 a t ed mu cü capit.fil. - Again, Alexnnder CnmpbelJ is a prime example of ' what the successful builder v-ras supposed ,^ 0 hove.been. ■ He had come In Tuthmagouche as a clerk for ' the Pictou company • of Mortimer & Snnt. in the 1820's, his' first house a log cnl)in. By the time he died,- in 1861, he was considered to he a man of w e a 1 11) . .His house-^f* was f i n e ) y f u r n i s hed . 'H e WHS a ecusY omed to the feel of carpet underfoot and to the touch of silver and fine china. He was a leader in the Ctiv!rch• ■ , an ' ' off i cer in t he Mi 1 i t i a , Gustos of the Court of . Sessi()n, an a gen t. of .the D e s B a r r e .s ' estate, a Member of the he g i s'l a t I V e Co une;-il,’ rt man of great political andsocial " i.n f 1 u e'n cC . 1 ' His e.sts\te, however, was insolvent., ' ■ I The building of'ships re'cjuire'd capital, and for this Campbell had to rely on financing in England or by Halifax fiie'rchan I s . ^ ^ Hulls' could be made in Tatamagouche but sails, cordage, anchors, etc.. had to .be secured- in Halifax or in England. This could mean expensive ' i nt eres t charges. And of course, the \ market -for the final product could he un’f «V bur ab 1 e . It was not unknown to have the cost of-strips '*0P. Cit.. p. 59: . . .- ^^Still standing today in Tatamagouche, on grounds of ACTC. Patterson, .Days of the Ships, p. ,60. ' . ^ Op^ Ci t . , p. 61. y , , • 112.. exceed t'hc sale price.^J . - There were sow mills, of course , and extensive tforl.s o f -I i mb e r 1 a n d in 1 he., estate' of. Alexnnder Camp he IT ufter 1854. His son.g, Dove nnd Arch, cat'ried on t hP s h i pti a i 1 d i n g aiid lamber bus i n es s ant 11 (l\eir- deaths in 1887 and 1891. The latt.er’s o.state was declared insolvent. a a d ' t.he . . f . timber lands were sold at aaction.^'’ The ,j utfgcmen t of one village wag was that nlt,,ho'ugh the Ç o)ii pb e 1 1 s ' m a d e no mon e y , "they. got. a damn good living oiit, of” I heir baa i ne.ss . The mas t extensive atady on ' C.o 1 ch e .s 1. é i: b a I 1 I ship.s was ^ done by Frank H. Ratteraon who, 1) y .searching shipping - \ r e,.gi s I, r 1 es compiled n goo d record of To I am a g o a c h ti a i 1 t ships.This list appears in .thb 1 970 pub 1 i (.-a t i on, Days of the .Ships , a pr'ivntcly published manuscript. ' By charting the Patterson informât ion (see graph) and n.s.saming that . ttve fa t ama goa che yards are typical of the cropn'ty prodaction, it can be shown that peak product. iV>n years in this t a d a s t r y ■ ■ ■ ■ . ; , ■ '.. ' ' ' . , were ' from ' about 183 8 to- about 1866,. This would co i nc i do with the so ..colled "Go 1 den.. Age ” of Mari t. i m e - shiptjing.^' —— ^^ — . - : 2 3 Patters on. Days of the Ships, p. 81. ,■ 24Qp. Cit., p. 77. ■ ■ ■ . . ■ 25Qp. Cit., p. 79. - . • ■ • ZGAdvice of Charles Armour, .Archivist, Dalhoasie. " ' ■ I . . f C. Armour and T,.Lackey, Sailing Shi pa o f the Mnr i t iiriea, McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1975, p. 48. ' ' -b /r • ■M-- ■< -j~-. r r Vi o l i IT-., ^ J .s. fp> ^ - y J . W g V _ |S |T .'» -X ■ . 2 - ■''^ ': a ■f n 3. The'r.e whh sti},l sonie activ.ity unljl about- ] 8 7 6- but "the . i ndust ry was Toll,erinf( and production tiecamc 'spor-hdic. - , ' Rxpl nna t i ons for t.he ■decline of the in.dust'ry usually cite thp dc ve 1 op-inen t of st. eel-hulled ships 'and the.' use ! of'- % \,t (Uim. powe r . ' .There is evidence t h u t s ojiie ' b u i 1 d er.s were prep II r-ed ' t o purchase ' ( b u. t not build) s.t cc 1 - liu 1 led. vessels but most Were' not able to make the tran.sition frdm '.wood to steel'. Jo'hu M. B1 a i k i e , fo r e.Komp 1 e , as note d in 1893, daily to he seen, i n . o u r midst. H i s s h i j> y a rd is idle n o W , Ij.ul he i .s I n t. e r-es t. e d heavVly, in .some of- the finest ships aflo'nt) -bujilt .on Scotland’s renowned river., t,he Clyde. One .of -them, -1 lie Queen Mnrgnret a beaut iful four mas t ed , steel s li i p , commanded by Cap’t. T) ..F. Fa u 1 k e n e r , 2 o . i g now o'n her y way to Philndelphiu to land cnse oil for Col c.U 11 a . " ^ o ' ' The .general world depressi.o'n from 1 873 to 1896 was no, doubt , a f actor .as w ell. . ' . , ' . . . ;. -T h e N dw f o u n d 1 a n d, m a r k è t 'fp r .#. s h in g vessels fai led .too, and Pat t e r s o n ■■points out- that by the eighties no ship.s -were built at Tatamagouche' for the foreign m.arkêt-3’ '. . ' . 2 0 Armour- and Lackey, ■ Op. Cit.', p. 98; ' Spicer, Pp.. C.it. , p. 230; Uarrison and Wright, Op. Ci't ■ , p. 3; -Pat.tens oh, -paya of the .Ships, p. 1, 67; -Patterson, Hist^ry^of TàtuïTnagguche, p'. 119. ' *■ .: 2 9Capt ; D. P.. Faulkner of Folly Village, Colchester County. ■ soHote.s of Mrs. David Lundie, August 1983, inGreat Village History, 1820^1960, Womens Institute., .1960. 3 3 Patterson, History of Tatamagouche, p . 119.' , , ■ . ■ ' 4 ' I I <1 . 01 tier scholars tiave spéculât e d ttiat t.he e;i I r e p r en e u r i u 1 ..sp.iril of the. youViger generat i pn was' not, ns great as tJurl generatio.n of raid-cenlury lui i 1 ders . ^ i' Recent' s c h o ln rsh ip ■ has tended t o . cOi a 1 1 o n g e t tie t i.a diL.ione] view; that, is, the i n e v i t a!) i-1 i i y. of d e c lin e of- I h i' jndual r-y due. to. I he t c ch n o 1 o g.y of iron and at eaiii. , I I i ,s suggested that iicY'haps the er .i t ical factor- i n the .dci-l ine <) f' the .indn-stry was the existenr'c o f ' i ii V <'s I m e n t o p.o i t n a i I Lc.s i n the pot-l cil.ie.s of 'A tla n tic Canada a n d e 1 s I'udw.: t-e . ’ 'fhe Colchester- expc r i (' n c e , at least that of I li e N o t'I li S h o r i- , does not seem, to s u ]' p o r t I h é view t.hüt the s h i pli u i !'d e rs .arid Owners in the county were invest i n p, e 1 -s ewh e r r- . few - i n ■ I h e .county survived the financial pi t falls of thr* indus'try.. Of the North Shoi'e , b n i 1 cl c i-s only Roliert 'I'nrves, wh o dieci . i n 1872,- had* an y iiiohey I h a t , hi i gh I. he in v ested , t'- There., -is n'othing - to suggest that it wfrs. Of the builders gn I he , Fundy S h o : c , pertinp.s John M. "2 Armour and Lac-key, Op.' Cd\ . , p_ 99.. ' - ■ R. Sager, F.. L. Fi.scher , and It. OminCi-, " t.unclwur-d u ncl Scynwiird Opportunities in Canada’s Age of Saji”, .Merchant .fihipp.ing and Ecgnpinic Developmént i.n ..Atlantic Canada, Atlantic Crnia'cla Shipping;, fro.ject., Memorial University, 1982, ■’ ' ,, See . K. Sager and Li Fischer, "Fat t ej'us of I nves t men t. iii I he shipping Industries of Atlariti c .Canada,. 1 820 -1 900” , Ac.adicnsia , Vol. IX, No. 1, Autumn 1979; and E. Sager and L. Fischer, ''Atltuil ic Canridq and the Age of Sail Revised'', Canadian Historical Review, 'Vol . LXIT'l , No. 2, lu.ne 1982 . ' . ’ . ' ■ ' 35pgttefson, History of Tatamagpuche, p. 73.' , r " f filaikie ( 1 837- 1 927 ) ■ wou 1 nut'ed, nl I cast .some o„f this was s t i l l invested "seaward". H i .3 est at e .was d'isl)iirsed among members of a large family at. h i s ileatti. ' . ' The. wealth of some Fund y bu ild ers, like Ft 1 a i Ic i e ' s htjs I ness part,iu;i- (and h r o t ti e r-.i n - ] a w ) A. W. McLelan of Great Village or F. .M. Pearson 6 'f Masstowr)', was used to laiinc;Ji !>o I i t ) cn 1 ' ( 0 r ee t's . 'As a fal't.’oï- in t.h'e ■ ' dce.t in,!- of the .shipbuilding in Co 1 c-he.s t e'r , ■ the railway, (liât manifestation of- nineteenth o(;ntury [ir ogress 4 must present itself as, being relatively impcirt ant hu't it- must, be r cmeml) e r c d' that: tlie '' great years" hnf.l passed by the opening of ’ t.lie 1 n t. er e o 1 on i a 1 Railway in 1876'. Palterson does n o t.e .the hastening decline of the North shore ue.livit. y a f te r t. he op en i n g of the S h o r t Line from Oxford t 0 Pi Gt on ..i n 1 890.^® . The decline of ■. the shipbuilding industry had a ( • u 111 u 1 a t i e effect on the small communities where the yards were loc ted. Pirrhaps t.he,y, did become "us' dead as Chdlsea' Men for the first time found that they were- unable to find remunerative emp'1 o yme n t'. Numbers at once "'®Conve'rsnt ions with Great Village resident. Harry Nelson. 37*. W. McLe.l an, M. P. p. , Senator, M.P., Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia; F. M. Penrsoo, M.P.P., 1870-1874. . 3 3 Pa tiers on, tlnyg of the Ships, p. 83. 1 1 fi left i-o' obtain work in ttie United States and «'I so where.• Others, mostly those who were older and who could not: ' leave, returned to farming.. From this they ivere at) I'e to ' m n k e l)_u I n poor 1 iving. The farms had "rim out" an-d while there was as 'yet no home market f o r ’ farm produce , (he Ann'rirnti market w n a c 1 o s e d ti y a , h i g t ni'i ff. The lumber, business a I s o d e‘r I i n (uk’” .n.s \>o.-1 ] n.s loon I - j ndu.s Î r-i (is a s s.o p i at e d with. tl)e S('n I radies' (like . the Henderson Pa i n t, ’ Fa c t o r y' a n d . B r o d (^ r i ('k s '!ilo<;k FnCtijry in l'’iv(' 1 s ] an ds'} . . . ■ Colrhe.ster viltngi'S wh o.s e • f'u t u r(> s tv e i e ( o t> e linkeil so closely to the sea deelineti ..as, that hriglil vi.sioii ■ faded. Progress and prosperity ■ .si;em'e in the 1.87 0 ' s and 1880 ' s'. Cold steel rails from the West beckoned invitingly, .and '■ t, hvillage of Truro beminu-' a brash', aggressive town. - . ' 3 9 Pat t eraon , History of Tat, artiogouehe , p. 119. 9 Harr i sop and \ÿiright , Op. Cit. , p, 6. ■ 9.PSager, Fischer and Ommer, Op.' Cit. , p. 27. , ^ , .1 ■ • : . Chapter V Hit i-Lliilg I]u.b : T r u r o a n d T r » r o J n dn a t. r y , 1 ■ T)ic sixty years encompassed by this .?ludy are enough to ' • i 1 1 u s t r a I e . s orné of- the'.basic re alities of the history of .many Mni itime towti.s. In this ' br.ief span it is pos.s^ible to obscr’ve a remurkable transformation of a small murlcet ■'town into a manufacturing cen'ter with natioiial anibi-tions. Truro lind, .at least for n I i m e , an excee'dingly congenial mix of geogrnpt>ic. , odvon t age.s ; of railway c'onnec t: i ons and • of aggressive capitalists. .This cômbinntion of factors enabled tlie t o w n ■ t o ■ g r o w i n ■ r e s |i b n .s e to the . o p p o r t u n i t i e .s p r e s ente ti to it by i t.s connection to Ontario 'a n d 0 u c t) n.c in the 1070’s and l’on O'.s’* and westward from there as the Dominion grew .ni>'nce'. As the c< oiiomy of the' Maritimes was integrated ■ into til at o. f Central Canada (by about . 1910)^ Truro e'nterpri-se \->ithercd to some extent and the town moved into a -period of rather,modest prosperity compared to ' the heady days - of 'th e 1880’s. Kven the, depress ibn in the Maritimes which followed World War 1 was wu'ather'ed re 1 a t i v e 1 y 'we 1 1 by- the town .' Its plnc'e ns geographic center of the. proviticq.' ensured its role *_See T. W, Acheson, "Thé .National Policy and The- Industrial - i/.at ion of the Maritimes", Acadiens is , Vol. 1, No. 2, 1972. ' . r V ' "See T. .W. Acheson, "The Maritimes and Empire Canada", in D. Dercuson (ed.), Canada and the Burden of Unity-, MacMillan, Toronto, 1977. ' ’ .' ' , , - . ■m i'8 as a regional d i s L r ib u.t i on -center and, .1 n the w'orda cf. a commercial trade magazine, Truro beCnmc a plnre”' where times are never very bad".^, ' T he’ bucolic not uf e '' ' o T t h e C o t) e q u i d d i s t r i c t w a s changed irreparably by -the désignation of. Trnto as the northern terminus of the Nova Scot in Government It a i 1 w n y . The railwaj^ to Halifax ope-ned in, 185 8. -Now the age of s'I earn -and iron had broached the. forest ha i t tors to Hntifax'c and some' Colchester peop le were determined to 'u .s e the , ngr .i cul t ur a 1 resources' of the count, y to good advantage.'' , Farmer W . M . Blair ( 1 a t e r " M . P . P . ) was one of t li e people , i n t c^r e d L e cl in "making -milk for the Hnli.fax ma rk ct • 'fhe '^Maritime Merchant, 19 January 1922, p. 2b. '■For a description of Truro, 1.860see Israel Longworlh, [li s't.ory of Cobequid, Microfilm, C,glches1er Historical Museum, Truro. Or,.see Eliza Frame, Descriptive Sketches of Nova .Scotia i n Pro.se arid Ver-se, P. A'.N.S. , pitblished 1865. A description of Truro is' i-c;pi-int cd ' in Colchester Historical) - Society Proceedings, Rep o rj. s and Jtr o gram Sumamries, 1954-1957, pp. 108-112. ' ' . ' ' ^The ■ reluctance of Colchester farmers to go -t o Halifax i .s illu strated early by, art id e.g promoting the railway in the. NojyaEcot i an, 7 October 1835. - . , ^Industries based on agriculture seem natural enough for n fairly prosperous farming district. Generally though, thorxi were aeverr.i.] predictions at this period that an industrial and manufacturing frrture awaited Nova gcotia. See Joseph Outram, Nova Scotia, Its Condition and Resources, Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh, . 1850; Abraham Gesner, The Industrial Resources of Nova Scotia, MacKinley, Halifax,' IB'19; R. G. Hali'burton, - The' Past and Future, of Nova Scotia, J. B. Strong, Hal.i fax, 1862; A. L. Spedon, Rambles Among- the Bluenoses, John Lowell, Montreal, ]8 6 3 . . ' . ' ' ''.Recalled in a - le tte r to the ' Colchester Sun, 27 December 1911. 119 ..idea of carrying mille six L y miles by rail was gr.ee Led tvilh s c e p I. i c 1 sni ■ b y ■ r a i 1 wa y o f f 1 c i n 1 .s bvit Ihe farmers’ persistence paid off. A good rote was set. Two cons were taken on that first trip in 1859. By- 1083 an average of over 300 cans we,re sent to the city daily from stations ' along the line trotwçen Truro and Hal if ax. A. • In the'early 1 860’s Ons-1 ow. and bo we r Truro farmers did "a good business" in raising potatoes' for the New Engl-and market.-’ '1'he.s‘e were shipped by sea from Clif.ton and Fort II e 1 c her-. In 1 $66 t h e H ee i p^; o c i I y Tr.èaty. in natural -products was cancelled by the Americans and the .county farmers looked for alternatives.' W. M. Blair- travelled to Portland, Maine, t: o \i n V os't i ga t e the' growing o f ^ p o t a t o e's for a .starch industry and to Par-adise, An n apo 1 i .s ' C.otinty, to investigate, a cheese making opera-lion. The die e’s emak i n g was deemed to be the • most practical for Co.lchester and a. company was forine.d., The growth of the dairy industry for the mi Ik. trade to 11 a 1 i fax and for the cheese p 1 ant -was essential for the-, • ■ ... ' . I. establishment of one of . Truro’s f i r .s t.m a n u f a c t u ring industries 'whi’ch operated on a national scale. - This was the Trur-o Condensed M i Ik and.Canning f actor y , which began in 1883, the first .of its kind in Canada. . (’Colchester Sun, 19 September- 1883. 9 Ibid. ■ 120 The railwai' was of immense importance to tlie develop men I of the town.This foci ran not lieundci'est imated. Industrial ' d eve 1 opmen t bejfan soon aftor- ttiat first rai ! 1 ink to Halifax in 1858. . In 1882 C a f f r e y and 'Sibley founded f he Tr'uro Iron Foundry' and Machine Co. . Jolin . i,ewi.s mo.vcd b is 1 as t - inal( i n g operation to Truro from liconomy in order .to be \ at a "good" shi'ppin.g point”’'’ on tlie line to Halifax in y 1865. , By 1867-, Trui'o was in the midst of a i a t Iway boom a.s the Government H a i 1 w a y pushed eastward to Pii.ton.’’ . In 1868, Stanfield and 6 r a i g ' s Factory was piodui iiig soft /ell hats near the railway line. Rai Iwu.ys were p i- o m i s e d' as part, of the Goiifederat i on "(lackag.e" and by .1868 the ben'ef.ils ...of Llie rai 1 Conner t ion were obvious. The editorial in the Mirror and Co 1 c ties I. c r County Advertise r - left no doubt. . '• ■ ■ We feel certain the work wilt grent, ly in crease the", wealth and size of our town onti neighbourhood., and - we trust our fellow citizens • ■ .will look af t.e r their own interest and be prepared w i t h . s upp 1 : e’s cqunl to .the .demand . A hint i a .sufficient to a wise m a n . ’ j- . ' . . In 1872 the Novfi- Scotia Railway tiecnnie part of -the' Intercolonial Railway and the first run was completed, to ' oÇolchester Sun.' 29 Angust T883 . ■ 1’See-David Stephens, . Truro: A Ra'i'lway Town', • t,ancelot Pres-s,. p. 39. 'Kflstern Extension of Nova Scotia Railway. . ’ ^Mirror and Colchester County Advertiser,, 25 January 1868. 121 ■S.t . John', Now fi t'u'n 3 w i c l( , .in November.,. . Thé I-.C.R. link to Mont re nl wns comp 1 el. e d !jy 1 J il 1 y 1 876 . ' : J I) respon.se to the increase in populati'on and cotiimer- (.ill! nclivily, Die .(own ;was ’ i hcorporn t ed in 187 5 - ^ and- ll app'i^aced to be a tpwn w i t li definite amb j t i'pn-S-. An editorial in Die Sj.m of 5 Ocloli'er .1875 reveals' mucli ntioiit .the , siiii i t . - ' and oj) 1 imism of .the time: ■ ' ; ' ' 1.1 c a n .3 c a r c- e 1 y . li e denied that o f all (he towns Htid villages .in our ‘province, Truro^is * in the van, 0 3 regards all- kinds of , manufacturing ■i n 1 e’r^s t s f cfr'() u r ’. population we" con proudly bons 1' that we ar.e more exte.nsively engaged, in all sor-l.s '. of ; 11)0 n'n fa Cit p r i e s .(ftic) 11) an' any ' other 'community i i/ this, land of the inay.f l.oWer . 11 is but a few y éa rs' since. 'Truro assuriie'd any proportions a s a town and it is within t.he memory of mtin-y npw living, when the- waving pine and sprui'c and the r us 11 i n g ■ p op 1 a r, . with thei'r deep forest s.hudes, covered our streets. A few years ll u s produCud , a. won do' f u 1 me t amp r ph us i s a.n d wliet'c - the sounds of the brute .creation wefc iiigtitly' ■li.orne on the .air-, ive are, startled by the din of s I e a nr 'ejr gi nes , and huge mm chi per; y wo r.k i n g an.d (■ r e all ill g at t b c b id of o u r f e 1 1 ow men . Turning I lie future, the wr it er-' notes the "inland Si t rint ion'' (if the town:. We o a n never' 'ga i n the weal t h of a Y a r m o u t. li, a .Windsor, : nor a Maitland by building 'ships- or i n vest ing therein, though some of our enterprising merchants, apaipt from our i U 1 and, poa i lion , ha.ve largely and boldVy : ventured intp this bran-ch of . busin'ess arid . we, hope with great profit to' themselves. . ' ’ spopulation of Truro, 1871, -was 2,114. ''’ "Truro as a Manufacturing Town " i Colchester Sun, 6 October 1875,. ! 2/ (As a . people ,'we were obliged . tp '' turn oiir nt lent ion ond our meuiis in some other direct ion. , We eould furnish 'no sliipyards to emfiloy hundreds .of our y oun g nien a n d i ncr e use; o vi r p ap n 1 p t i on y inducing .scores to come from other places, .so we had. to be content with less daring ' e n t e r p r i se s, and we s ub s t i tut e.d our great. sour c e d f we a 1 I li tod-ay, roan u’f a c t o r i es . ' Our iron f oundry_,_/ .steam- sawmill, hat factory, last and. peg factory, etc. e t c -. have gone beyond' what we could re a s on at) I y .-expect and have been tlie me airs of giving-Truio the prestige it p ow holds abroad and have i ncreased in a most 'surpr’ising ratio our population', wealth, and influence at , liome . . . C a p i t o 1 is a ll that we '' want -to make, us the m an u f a c I u r'i n g ■ c.entei- of the whole Dominion. . . .What is - to . prevent. us from becoming the She f f i e 1 d of the 'D o.m i n i o n The 1870’s did show that Truro had the promise to-be an industrial town.- T r-u ro. Mon u fa c t. u'r-i n g Company began the manufacture of f u r n i t u be in 1 87 0 with ma r k e t s fo the ' ■ - products i-n the "lower provinces" and as far .wes.I as Coburg., .Whitb.y and.London,- Ontario.’"^ In 187 1 -the Me r eh an I a ■!) n n k of Halifax opened a branch in Truro. . Local e n I r e p i-e n eu r- T. G. . McMullen .started his steam ' lumber- mill on ■ Upper- I’r-.inee Street close to tire railway litre. 1 tr - 1 874 the Halifax .,'Bariking Company opened a branch In T r u r oC™" In 1875, .John Lewis expanded his- last .bus i ness to include p c g.s u.sed i tr s h o emak ing, clothes pins and' wooden bottle stoppers,, selling into Quebec,''' Ne w f o u n d 1 a n d , thé, Lôwer Provinces -and also to !^Ibid. • ■ - ® Informât i on from ,vario5 us sources, pt i ncipal 1 y ii serrés ' of articles from the Colchester Sun, ■ 1801 • and 1883, inj the ' ' Uoane .Scrapbooks, Colchester Museum. - . ]23_ Ruropo. Tn 1077, . Graig, Stanfield and Webster opened' anolher hot factory, ' "a mo.s I convenient situation close to the line'of the railway". Production employed .thirty-two w 0 r t( e r H ,. importation of wool from South A ni erica and rabbit , . fur' from England to produce twenty-four dozen soft, hats and - t wen I y -1 w6 dozen hard hats daily, to I) e ' sold in Montreal, Halifax, St- John.and smaller. towns. A bottling plant for "aerated waters", the factory of Bigelow and Hood, opened in 1 87 8 and the map of the t, own^ s for that year shows two carriage factories. A large steam grist mill was opened on IJ[)per' Prince Street in 1079, .owned by T. G .' McMu 11 en . There were some 'important- developments in the 1 880's, as well.' Charles Stanfield^®' opened a t e x t i 1 e m i 11 . in the town on the ban.k,.s of the Salmon Hiver in 1882. In the same year the Gates Organ and ■ Piano Co.' began production from Stanfield'and Craig’s first operation "seccumbed io the general trade depression which .existed between 1874 and 1876" according to the .Sun, 25 July 1883. '• ' . , - ' "Map at Colchester Historical Museum. '^Charles Stanfield-tried ■ his hand in different manufacturing ventures since his arrival in North America in 1855. In 1856 he started a woolen mill at Tryon, P.E.I:, sold out and moved l;o Truro in 1867 in order to have 'the better transportation fa c ilitie s with the proposed Intercolonial . In'Truro, he was involved in the manufacture of hats. He sold his intcrests and moved to St. Croix, . Hants' County; where he operated a textile mill for a short time. He left St,' Croix and moved back to Truro, operating the woolen mill about two miles from town, at Earnhum Road. ■ In 1882 his, textile, plant in Truro was opened with nineteen eniployees. 21 .their location on the Common.In .1 883 Ihe T ru.ro. Con d en à e d Milk Company open eel, the fir--sl. factory of its- kind in t he Dominion. It was expected that the greatest mnrket for ■ the' condensed milk would bo the Northwest^'' but t hcre we r o a om c hopes of i n t r o'duc i ng t }\o product for us.e on ocean .s t earners and sailing sh.ips os well ns to American cilitîs.. Initially, the work force i n v o 1 r» e d - thirteen people with a posa iiri I i I y . f ) :f p X p a n s i o n to about thirty. By 1881, the town' boasted nineteen i n d u s t r-i s , o I g h I of which were started since 1878.2% Two I'ui n d r-e d • an d .sev(;tity- j. wo people were employed in m o n u f a c t u r i n g . ^ Undoubtedly, one of thé rea.sons fdr the choi<'c of .Truro- as « ,,locati'on - wots 'the compliant npturc <> f T ruro ’ r. Town Council when it came to requests' for either the, free use o f locates had operated in western Nova Scotia but. the Sun article, 18 July 1883, says t hey moved to Truro because I he town "posses.scd facilities both for labour ond .shipping superior to the first 1ocat ion". . This operntion moved into a recently vacated failed business, TrurO Boot and Shoe. , . ' Other opinions express fhe import nnce-of th<' western .buajnea.s,, "Their market is from ocean to .ocean; cut off. from the Northwest and British Columbia.and this industry is crippled beypnd recovery", says J. , F. Blanchard in McC'ulloch Jubilee, publi.shed by „ the Colchester Sun in-' 1889. ' ; r#' ■ of Edward Willis on The Manufacturing. Industries of Certain Sections of the Maritime Provinces"! Str3sionaT_.P?P,Ç.C®_J'Tf--.Ç[iD.sih > ' No; 37, 1805, p; 72. ^ ' ' . ' ' 23By comparison, Londonderry, Colchester County, growing on the mining and smelting of local iron , ore, employed six hundred - and twenty-five in one industry, according to the Willis lieport, 1885, Op. Cit., p. 72, '- , ■ ^ ■ . , (/ 125 water from tli e L o wn. 3 y 3 t cm or for exemption from town taxes. Mayors one! Councillors^-'’ werfe e i t b r me r clian t..3 or prof ega .i'ona ) s and, as such, had an interest in the’ .development 'and expansion of industry in the town. The fir.sl request came to . Council ' on 1 April 18792^ '.when o V c- r t u r e s were made concerning the p o s s i b i 1 i I. y; of 'establishing a t<"xtile mill in Truro. Thé- request, for ' free water and taxes wns -granted Imi I it was decided that policy .should lie act by. Council on .such matt^er.s,'. 'The policy was sc t \vi t h in t.he week. Tlie town would supp.-ly free water ' for ten years and. exempt a company fr.om taxes for ten years, but - ■ - . ' - there were some stipulat ions: the new 'business was to be (1 i f fi'.r-c n t from any.then exi.sting in the t.Qwn, it was to have at -li'ust t <'ll . t h o U.S an d "d o 1 1 n r a invested in the build-ing and .machinery and it was to employ at least ten employees.^'’’ . Ik . Pol icy. or no policy, there were some exceptions. ' T. G. M('Mullen'.g reqqeat for tax exemption for his’ grist, mill was allowed on 'condition that five tnousnnd dollars- be invested in the e n t erp r i s e . ^The po. 9 3 ibili.ty that the Hal i f a x and C a p0 Breton Rn i Iway G omp an y s h o 111 d locate t h.e i r workshops in ■^■’Council consisted of Mayor and two Counci II ors .from each of three wards. ■ % 2 -1Town Counci I Minutes, 1 A.pril 1879, 'Truro Town Office. ^ ^ T own Couricil Minutes, 7 April 1879. -, \ ^ Op. C i t . , 14 October 1879. ' . ' ,126. - ' Truro p.r^oinpted Couucil to o f f e r'■ a f won t y--'yenf and w.nir'f holiday, zn Stanfield, a a k i; d for twenty y ear-a in his feMut'sl of' 1882 concerning his pr(i>posed new mill' as d id llie pre3ide.nt of the Truro ‘Con.dcns'od M i. 1 l< fnc t o I'y-. ?- Between 187 9 and 1886 all tin; lending nin ti u fa c t u r i n r int.ere.sts in ,ttrc town wei e i cgis t o 'c d for- Tren wnti-r, fine l.o X e s or b O t h . 3 o > ^ .l.ittle interest wns shown by Council,, a I this t i inr; , in actively pursuing industry. At. the <1 Oclolrcr 1881 moot ing of Council, Council Tor Craig spoiro ol>ont.- the "imp ,i r-1 n n re o, f taking some mea.gures , l^o \ .socur.e the introduction . a n'd f.enance' of manufacturing' enterprisr>s in the town nnrl • expressed the- desire thatsomoAh'tng. should be dorwr i rt this 111 a I, t e r . ^ ’ ■■ '• . ' Thé question of , the town .[providing u bonus ■ for iudiistr.ies- locating within tlie town was nppnri^ntly one which evoked cant rovet's y . ,f n .November, 1881 , Counr.-i I moved in '.response to a pub 1 i C' meeting calling for- on act to b e drawn up for presentation to the législut.ùre enabl ing Tr u r 6 to offer a bonus, to industry. ■ Thd mayor wns oppo,sed and. hia 2GQp. Cit., 8 October 1880, . . - ' , ■ ^°0p . 8 September 1.882 and 6 November 1882. ' '■/ ^°See Table 1, from Town of Truro Annual Report for Year Rnding 1EI88.. ' ' ' ' ' , , . . ■ 3.1 Ibid. ■ . ■ ' '' 127 . . ' ' ' _ Table 1 . . , Exempt j ons From Taxes and- Water Charités ' Factory ' . ■ Date Granted • No. Years ■ Tax^ ' Water SM apfield &■ Go, Hat 'Factory. . . . ’9 July 1879 , 10 . - ' Water T.e. MçM\,illeii St.cam Grist Mill. 20" Oct. 1879 10 .Taxe.s Water . ,S . G . W. ■ Arch.ilial f1 T a n n e r y 28 Feb. 1 881 10 ■ Taxes Water ■Gates Orgiin &’ Pi'ano Factory.... 25 Oct . 1881 ■ .10 Taxes . Water ■ Cli.sli ^ Crowe Iron Foundry...... 1 Jan. 1882 10 Water T G, McMullen Steam Grist Mill.- 1 Sept. 188.2 10 • Water J.ohn T.ewis & Sons Last and y . ' ■ . 'Peg Fact Dry...., ...... ISCpt. 1882 . 10 ------■:---- - Water C.R.' Stanfield. Woolen,GDods ■■ ' ' ■ ■ Factory. ■ ...... ; 8 Sept . 1882 10' Taxes ■. - - : . - / , Truro.Milk Condensing.& ' - Canning Co....-./..'.,!.'-...... 6 Nov. -1882 . 10 Taxes Water '.W.S. Cox Tannery....,..- y 2' .Jan. 1883 10 -Taxes, ----;. . C.-E. Slnnfie,,ld Woollen Goods. . ■ - - Fnctpry...... 2 Apr. 1883 . 10, - , ' Water Craig & Webster Hat Factory-. . .,. 3 Apr.. 1884 . 10 -Taxés Water Spencer liros. & Turner ' ■ ' - - Furnitur'e Factory...... 22 Apr. 1884 ' 10. -Taxes Wat.e.r Ti. Hopper & Sons Last. Factory. . . 7 .July- 1885 .. . -It) \ Taxes ; Water Truro Electric Co, Ltd.,...... ,1 0 Dec. - 1886 , - 10 - Taxes Water . CliatnberS) Turner &-Layton . r , • ' • Furni ture F a c to r y 10 Dec. 1886 10" ' Taxés Water - ' 1 2 H ,p;ro t es was noLed in the .winul.'cs.^? Boimses Were roques t er! al l h e next niect.ing .of Counc'il f-oi- a p r o pos <>d '-q (■] l t o n ■ mil 1 and for- the Uni o n Mo n ü f a c L ly*.! n Company. A pétition by lïev. ; Kb e n ge-r ' R 03 a, and ol.ho'rs' was -rend al l Iuî mep.t i n g "lu'aying Council not .to ask the legislature for any- .a(,-t“ I o’ legal i y. e the i p a u e of hdtius debentures". . Çounci 1 ■proceeded in s.ji i't e o f . L bi^s ■ o ppos i t n and an act wns p lepn r'('d I o "ennhlr the Town of Truro t. o gr ant. subsidies f o r t h e ^ i-lu'iJU ! a genren I of ni an Ü f a cl. u r i n g ent er pt: i_s es ,nnd' to borrow rao.ney'-'. ' ' Thct'e is no evidence that the ln>nus was o ''f a c I or in. town • p o 1 i t i cs .until the controvcrs.ial bonus paid Io t.he Midland Railway in 189%; ' - . ' To the irrnnuf.ac t nr ers oT C o 1 c li e .s I tpr- nl I li i .s . I i riVe , the a I: tract pon of a- >'“p r o t'ec t i vc ' t a r i ff p'r o p o s e (I by' the federal Cons er vat i v e . p.a r t y . after 1 875 was ■ i r r es i .s. t nb 1 cw They fejoyced 'in ■'the C o n s e r va t i'v e y i. c t o r y federal I y in 1 87 H n n.d relished the prospect of l.he proposed Nal ional Policy. The Colches1er Sun’s 'editoriol of 23 October 1878 ■pointed_out p-^.Town Council. Minutes, * 14 ..November^ 1881.. . . . . 3 3Qp ■ Cit.. , 20 December, ' .1881. , -. 3"The .Colchester Sun favoured it' though'. See "Building Up Towns’-' in the Sun, . 10 April 1888, .in which 1 hp policy of bonuses .was a-why of •life for towns in Ontario and, the U.ni ted States. tocaI'ly, attention was drawn to .the "pushipg town" of New Glasgow and its success, with bonusing. Truro "city fathers" were urged to ' cdris ider the benefits' of such a policy .to attract indh-stry or to encouraging existing industry to expand. ’ , , :! 0 consequence of- llie National -l’olicy with expansion of tin' plant- and work force . ' _ ' Dr. Mc.Robert -of W. K. McKobi.ri't & Sons furnilnre expressed ■ cOn f i deji ce .in his predict ion that the: Naliona! Policy would give bu.sinessès 1 ike his' Ihe tiii-ans to d i i v e Ontario products, from the Mori t i ni c s and to catch and .9 u r p ns .s , the upper province i n man u f a c t u r i n g . Por (.'h.arlo.s S Inn f i e I d , the National PoJ icy meant the d i f f erioicc between a ■ Î' ’ successful hat factor y and on unsucces.s f u 1 one. II i s first hat factory could' not conip'ete with iinported Anict jenn and ling.1. ish stock and it was forced to close. After' I li e Nat ional Policy created a home iiiaïkel Mr. .Stanfield opened a new factory' ekipl oy i ng’.doub 1 e the workers and d <') i n g tlirç^c - limes the busines.s than liefore, s e 1'1 i n g ]-argely into the • Montreal market. ' ' The 1884 repu'r t • by .Edward . Wi 1 1 i 3 ini (i. ma n u I ii c t u ring '' garnered similar opinions from . the Truro inn n u f a c't u r-e r .s . . David Linton's c a r r i a g e nrj.d sleigh faclorj' c I a I iiied to- have made' coiis i derab l.e progre.ss .9 i n c li 1878 and was ■ undi.-rgo i ng an- ' "Report of Edward Willis on the Manufacturing -Industries of -Certain Sect. ions of the Maritime Provinces", Sessional Paperhof C.niu'dn, 1885 (No. 37) , p. 35. This was a government report comparing the. manufacturing situation (work ' force wages, '\ invested cap i t n l, unnun 1 output,' number of industries 1878 and 1884. A[>pendix No.' 1 contains general not.es and the views of manufacturers on' cuml i t i on.s of tmsiness and the National Policy..Information on Linton's 'Carriage factory, Truro., Condensed Milk Co. , Craig.and Webster Hats, Fennfield (must be Stanfield) Khi tt ing Factory, Hopper l.nsL Factory, J. Lewi.9 and Sons, Gates Organ and Piano, T: G, McMullen Mills, Union Woolen Mill. expansion of the- factory and ;work ■ force. Craig' ' and ■ Web'a I c r ' 3 hat; f a c I. o r y ., ■ s o 1 d its products chiefly' it) I. he Montreal and Ouet)cc markets and 'the proprietors reported ■ t h n't "wiI.hotJt the National Policy we couldn’t run oiir iju'sine^ at all, s' i m p 1 y because the. Americans would slaughter their good's in our tet'ritory. The Notio'nal Policy .sBve-s u$ from being c m s he d . o u 1 . " 3 Q ' , Th e u nb 0 ti n (I ed optimism of the 1 8 80’s, as illustrated by the Ilia n u f ac t u r e r ,s of the town, was a 1 so evident - in the Annual Repo'rts of the Town which began to be issued in 1806. X ■ ■ ■ ' . . ■ ■ . ■ " Mayors of t-he time empohsized the good health of the' towns- ’r>eople, the prosperity, the increase in pr-operty aaaessmeiit value, the s u c c 'e s B of manufacturing industries in the to w n , I h e i II t r o d u c t. i on of m ode r n . convenience .s 1 i k e _ electric lights and te l.e phones, and' the new i).ui 1 d i n'gs . e r ec t c d . Mayor, D. H. Mu.ir, in 1 890, cited t hree , reasons for believing, that Truro hnd a gr'eat future:' firstly, i t s ' geogr oph i ca I loca- t ton at the cCnter o.f the province; secondly, its position as a key local ion in the -railway network of the province -and thirdly, its position as the center of a fine agricultural ^"Op. Cl t , I p. 121. . ' ' . . ^^ Town of Truro Annual Reports, 1886-1890, Truro Town Office. ' See also, Colchester Sun, 2 May 1888, boasting of material progress of the t. own.. . , . . 1 3 2'. district.''^ This yea r 1890, is the 1 ns ( y^Nir-nnd i-rpoi't in which Einy hin.t of opt i m ism i s apparent, ■ St i 1 1 , the; town seem.ed secure in , i't s proapi'ii ty as . i t . e.ntered tlie decade o‘f the 18 90’s, The various .dencripl ions of Truro''1 at this time invnrial.i.ly note its posit ion as tlie railway center of' the .province. The Hoard of Trade (formed 1-889) report to the . Tr'uro Daily üf.ws''" cited f o nr t c e n ' - , - man u f a ct o r i'es " , , fhirti'en wholesale es t ah 1 i shmiMi I s , four weekly and one daily newspapers, nine hot-els, eij/ht churches, Ihree bnnks, good wati'r sujiply,' fii'c si'rviri', handsome streets and squares, public |.u\r-k and exc-rlle'nl school - system as feature.s that . made 'fruro a ' Jively, progressive town, w i. t h 'the wh e I'ow i t h o 1 d ■ to bec.omc ''"a Lowe 1 1 " - ^ , The formation .of a Board of Trnch; in 1 889 i s p'e t h aps . a n indication that .industry' was n o t natural ly choos i ng. Tr.uro a.s a situ'otlon for ina n u f a c t u r i n g and that, some n’c ( ive induce- me'nt might . lie necessar'y, . After their o r g an i z-a t i o n , the bus i n cs s men of t h.e Bonrd actively encouraged < a;)i t iil i at. s and to Op. Cit., year ending 1890. ' , ■ . . '’^See descriptions "Pretty Town of' Truro" in Colche.s ter .Sun, -G August 1890; "Railway Center", Truro Tlaily News, 12 May 1891; "As Others See Us", Truro Pail.y News, 16 June 1899; and "The Town of Truro",. Truro Daily News, 3 February 1900.' • • . . Truro Daily News, 29 March' 1895. . * '‘^Colchester Sun, 6 August, 1890. i , ' 13 3'. lobbied I tie T ow n’ C o u.n c i 1 on behalf of establ-ished iridust. ri es or i n d 11.1 I ricK in( ending to lo cale.'’-in Ti'Uro.^,'' Truro 'did hove to c.onipete with other towns. Conipanie.s wo^çe noi ud V et's e . ( o' playing ’one town ngoi.nst. ' an other. Town Council hhd o lettei- from -.Craig & Mahoney Hat Cqmpan'y in 1 R9fi saying they had on off er from a ' Oueboc t.own and 'wondered if T rai r o %votil(l miitch the offer o.f free I. axes , water and h li i 1 d i n g . In 1 899 it was fe. ared Tryir.o might lose MocLood brothers wire matlreSs factory,' to un offer from AmheVst. • Rumor had it thut Stella rd on hnd made nn.'offcr t.,o .Stanfield’s to i ii d u c e t h e T r u r o f i r- m I. o m o v e t h e r e ’."’® T h e n.'l.iJy. News atnl cd the situai ion clear.ly: . . These .• manu f act. u re r s have to gre.atly enlarge t li e i r p r e s c n t capacity f o r ni a n u f a c I u ring" i n the early spiing; it is only a matter of a good site and the- greatest pr i v i'"(^ges with . them, ond they will build accordingly.'’® ' .. ^ ■The .of'Ficial handling of Ihe in.t.er-lown rivalry wa.s cjuite g e n t 1 e man 1 ,y . Truro -Town Council was interested in t.he PO.S.S i.b i.l i I y of having the Novo Sco'tia Carriage Company ‘’"’Tn 1895, ,1902 and 1906, the Board sought and encouraged .carriage companies to locate in Truro without success. 'In 1906, they appeared before Town Council to plead the case for exemptions for Stanfields in tb.eir expansion. ■ ■ ' ' ' " Town Counci I Minutes, 4 June 1896. : , ®Truro Daily Nows, 27 October 1899. ■ . 134 . relocated from Ken t. ville to' Truro in 1 902 bu! T i u r o would mnlfe n bid for jl only .if the inove from Keiitvi lie wns definite. In the woi'ds of 'Mayor Dliick, "1 niir sure tlie, / people pf -Truro have -no -disposition to bid' with K en t V i 11 b ” . ^ ' - For local businessmen, thé dec.iuli' of t-he . 1 A90'' s appeared to b e g i,n - w e 11 . ' TheT r u t o . G o, 1 d M i n i n g Company. vins i nçorpq'rn ted i'.n • -1B92 nnd the Trur-o Çonl Mini ii g Comimny opened a m i, n e ‘ eleven miles from t o w n on I lie Tn t niiin gone he Rond the same year. In 1896 Charles .Stanfield sold his h us i n es s , ' T ru r'o- K.n'itting Mills, 't p ’ .s (tn s .Tohn - niid Kri.iiik. Under the guidniice of the younger St an fields thé business wo-s about, to become very aggressive in ihe Cnnnd i an , market - ® The i r mill was expanded in 1 900 and again ' in 19:03-, Tl/e - MacLeo.d- Brothers - wire ninttr'e.ss -company -wn-s' operating 'by iii i d-d-c c a d e and in 1 89 8 the. Mari t i in e C a p Com(>nny 'opened on the -corner of Prince and Commercial- T own Coun.ci'l had continued the pol i cy of ‘t n.x exempt ions- .- and free w » t e r which had existed in earlier d e c a d c .s hut Councillors were always carefulto have their act. ion.s 0 T own Council Mi nut es , 18 November- 1902 , . . ' ‘'^Good luck'played 'a role here, as .well 'es the hard work of the Stanfield Brothers. Local legend has it that th.e reputation of the ■" ■ Stanfiel.d underwear was mode by the good name It got from miner’s dur ing, the Klondike^Gold rush after 1898. . ■ ' . .X' 13 5. opp.rovcd by pubTic meetings of ratepayers . ''O Council did hayt; ’ pa r t i cu 1 or objc(;M.ons to paying a bonus, to i.ndustry, a ce'l <*b r a t e d example being the sum of thdrty I hb.u.g and do Liars !,\u t hor i zed to be [>p i d t. o t h e Midi a n d Railway Company . ’>■’ The Ijonu.s was a p. p roved . 1; y t'hc us u el .public nn^etdng and Council eventually approved paymept. but nindo known its contention that " the '.sysleni of bonusitig is not only wrong in principle but i s injirr ! otis , jUM'U i c-i o u s . a n d c o r-r u p t i v e " . ’ ■ The Lewis family, as noted, tind a long association with I n d u s t. r' y i n t h e I ,o w n of T r u r p - The i i' p e g n n d last business which was .begun in the townin ] 865 was decimated b y two major fire.s in the 1890’.s, one -ip 1892 and another -in ' 1898. In 1899 ,thi‘ business was removed to Lewiston, near Sheet Harbour, Hal i fax County, ' inoi'der to be near s upp 1 i es of II n r d 'V o o d a n d in order» t. ouse the s h i p ping f a c i 1 i t i o s available by hen from Sheet Harbour. The Lewis connection with the town, was not severed for' long,- however. George Lewis and ' other . invest o.r s . formed a' company for. l.he manufacture of hats.- E a a tern Hat and'Cap was incorporated .in 1904. This Lewis enterprise was one which pr'ov'ed to be sopor Example, see Truro Daily News, 8 December 1899, ^ ' Town. Counci I Minutes, 2 May, 12 May,' 7 June, 5 Ju ly ,-.21 July, 1898.- An act was introduced in the legislature enabling Truro to borrow the money by Colchester M..-L.A., T. G. 'McMullen, who was incidentol.ly a iiinjor s'tiareholder in the rni 1 way company. " - ’ 5:Town Coimcil Minutes, 7 Jiuie 1898. 1 3 G-, nve o^f the mairjstays of Trtifo industry for the next fifty years. W i I li associated comp an les (hast é r n S'li iris, 1910) I lie Lewis work force it! .I.lie ' town ai>proaclied t. t\ tee hundred !'>' 1915,' 'the produ’ctS; renching the Canndiiin market ' and Newfoundland.. ■ " , : ’..(inolher niojor. undertaking . b t llie [leri.od- was the re s t r u c t u r i n g of I h e S L'a'a field T r u r o K n i t, .1 i n g Mill in 1 9 0 G . As -with the I. ewi.s - f a c t n r y the G I an fii. tils 'had a loifg a.S5ociatitr with. the .town. ‘Truro Kiii t f i ng ' Mill ■heeanie ■Stanfields' Lt d . - and >iproce eded- to make an agg r<'s.s i ve assault on the Canadian raa-rket. There -were exiiansion.s of' the mill in 1 9 0 R . - a n d 1913. Thi‘ comfiany hough I the Hews o h Mill in Ainhei'st in 1910 and moved into t h e ' we s t a r n C a ii a d i a n market with sales représentai ives in 1910, 1911 a n d 1912 . ‘1 j By 1915 tlie' worit f o r c e numbered Over two 'hundred.®^ There' were other fact.'orie's inl.he town'hul kiist ei n II a t ■ and Cap and t a n f i e 1 d .s Lid. were the only two to employ puch large work forces. George Lewis an i| Frank G I aiif I e I d holh had other fin an c ial iiiterests it) .t.he 'town, as well. Lewis ^^Jonn and Frank'.Stànfi el d were the prime movers and local cnpi ta lists like T. G.McMullen wel~e included but also;'. inrUided were .J.,F. Payzant, President of the Bank of Nova Scoti'a and G. S.' Campbpil and J. W. Allison, Director's - of the Bank' of Nova Scotia. See Mari t ime Merchant, 25 .January 1906; Truro Pai. 1 y New's ,15-18 januar y 1906. ^'’T. Stan.fi eld, Bis tory of Stanfie lds, 1966. •55 j„ 1896, when the Stanfield Brother.s took over fr-om their- futhe)-, the work force totaled seventeen. ■ , - 137 had a a hare of Mark land Wa L e r p ro o f s , ® a company es t ab 1 is he'd ' •jn 1 91 3 ■■ to 'make .oil cloths and denim, . d rill, and duck , overalls. .Stanfield wa.s one of the - organizers of ,S I n n f i 1 d - S m i t ll Company i n Truro, wholesale .stationers., T n ' Ÿ 1910 he ’'organized and. controlled" the Truro Condensed Milk C om |) nn y will ch was sold two. years later to Bordens' of' New Yoffk. 1 1911 he "organized" Truro Foundi'y and Machine Company and, of course, he had an active political aide. In 1911 li c. was cl e c t. e d M . 1, . A . for C o 1 c h e s i. c !' . . Other C o 1 c h c st. cl- ent rep r c n e u r .a did not have, the lasting influence . I Ft a I t h e s e t w o h a d . ® •Some smaller' industries established p r'i or to World War 1 were Ihe Dutkee Shoe Company in 1911 (relocated .from' Yarmouth) and three others in, the clothing line - McMu 1 1 e.n , Wilson and Adams -(coats and skirts), in 1910, the. Canada Cap = Company in. 1912, and Markland Waterproofs in 1913. There wns a feature that Truro possessed which gave it nn advantage over o t h e.r Nova Scotia locations and which . did . not depend on the generosity of the Town Council-to grant tax exemptions or free water' from the town’s water m a i n s'. Being, the geogf'aph i, ça 1 ceTiter of the province,, was an advan- '^Mar-itim^ Merchant,. 29 January 1914, p. 28. . Ha 1 j feu^ ^ rald Ma 11, 25. September 1931, obituary, Acadia Trust est .- 1920, was a Staltfield company. . s*5^T. G. ^cMiillen, for example, ' ' - 48 . ' : ' ' .... I 3 R . I age seized upon • by businessmen vet-y enrly on nrid the .benefits o f ' geogr aph i cn 1 location accrued Io the town as Ihe, twentieth century .began..- Var; iou.s ot'counts not ..-.Ibis po.int.^^ Ntiie fir-nis*’° a lis led in I he town [> u b 1 i < ■ a t i o a Truro, 'Nova Scotia, Hub of the Province, as I a l( i n g a (I van I aye cjf t he. town’s position as n " n n I vi i' a I " dial r i ti u I ing c e n t.e r . It noted that with Truro as ceni et", rn ilruafl mi long e Io any P o i n t .in the p r o v i n c e is [> r n c t, i cn I 1 y reduced in lin I f . ^ ' Duringt he year .s of the Great Wnr the" level 'of hii.hinc.s's . .a c t i V i t y in .the.town ’ r cm a l n c d brisk. ' W h od es n I era benefitted from thes t i.niu 1 a 1. i o n of. war given Io tlu- indus.l'rinl towns of Piclou Co-unty and !nci;\l f a<-t.or i.es. were no t much inconvenienced by a .short age (j f .1 nh ou r o'l' mat cr ini . Prosperity’' for thé- town, \yas 1 i'nked to the p r o.s pe r i I y of the county agricultural districts surrounding it. The high r é t !.! r‘ n s for a g r i c u 1 f u r a 1 pro d u c I. s ,r a c e i e d by' o u n 1 y f a r m c r s enabled town ' merchants I o , \ i n one opinion, " c x |i e r i e n c e n greater measure of prosperity 'since the war begun .than at. 2®For exàmp.le, "Pretty Town. of Truro", Col chest en Sun , G August . 1890, or Truro Dally News, 1902, or 'frurg., Noyii. Scot the Province, Town Publication, 1915.' ®°McCulloch, Creelman ■ and Hrquhnrt, T- 9, . Pat illo, J. J. .Snook, Truro ' Market, C. E. Bentley, G. W. Reid, 'Blight and Priru.'e., ”Mn.s«ey Harris, Frost, and Wood. . -- ' -, , ’ ,. I Town o f Truro, Truro, Novo Scot in. Hub of the Provi nce, 191.1, p. 61. : ^ ' ' 62See Maritime Merchant, 27 January 1916, 23 January 1919, p. 27. 139. any, pr'evioua period in its ,i s t o ry " . ^ 3 Railway wages had' been i ncrena..ed° too. and these were .spent loca.11 y -which added to the merchant, s ’ good fortune.. 'fj)e years immediately, following the First World War were t h ose in which th.e realities of the Canadian economic aysfembegnn to reveal thenrs elves to .the people of ■ the M a r i t i III e s . With" t h c s' t- i m u 1 a t i o n o/'the wartime economy .gone, Mnri timers e .x p c r i e n ce d the (Mi n s o 1.1 d f\ t i o n of economic and political power in Central Canada.'-’^ A depress.! on liegan in the spring nnd summer of 1920 and the next h a l f decade . ■ w o u 1 d see all thé in dust ri es of. the Maritimes affected. There wns n 1 .s o a massive exodus of' p c o p 1 c in .response, tteavily i nd us t r i a 1 i t; e d towns like Amherst and.New Glasgow suffered a sharp, decline in their -manufacturihg work forces.'’'’ ■ • ■ As the economic disorder enveloped the. r'eg ion it would be difficult for Truro to escape unscathed'entirely but the 33Truro Daily News" editor W. D. Dimock in Maritime Merchant, 23 .Tàminry 1919, p. 27. ' . • ■ " - G"Ibid. . K. Jl.. Forbes, The Maritime Rights Movement, 1919-1927: . ,A Study in Canadian Regionalism, McGi11-Queen University Press, 1979, p. 5d; L. D,. McCann, "The’ Mercantile-Industrial Transition in the Metal Towns of Pictou County", 1857-1931, Acadiensis, Spring 1981, p. 29; N. ■lleilly, "The General Strike in Amherst, Nova Scotia, 1919", Acadi ensis. Spring 1980, p..-56; T. Acheson, "The Maritimes and Empire Canada’', in Ü. B-ercuson, ’Canada and he Burden of Unity, MacMillan', '1977, p. 98, '’'^Forbes, Op. Cit.-, p. 209. , ‘ MO. fate that t).c f e .1 1 mnny losviia in t li i a on 1 am i I ou« decade was no!, shared to" the', same ' ex I end by I. tie Colohea. tet- 'S h i r e t o w n . , . • "The number "of m a n u fa c I, u r i ïi j( c.s I abl i .shmen I s in Truro de ÿ d in e d as did tlje in.umber of emp.l oyces it) m tt n u f at" I u r i a g . 1 ' ' . " Populat ion figures for thy town .show I lint populnt ion actual 1-l^i i ncréa-sed (1911 - B',1 07, 1 92 1 7,r,G2. 19.11 7,901). This . ii)oy. indicate t h’e ex is t ear eof b i tt nth businesses in thi| town .engaged i n wh o I t.os a ! t; nnd retail trading,1 i h o the Cnnndn Creosote Company .which oi'cncd i n 1 92 4 or the Truro b ran c h ot. fltc Woolworth chnin which opened ' the same yunr'.^^ InduStrie.s ! ihe carriage mak.ing were tv el ], on t.h"C'ir way to oxtitiction by t-he 1920’s. bt'ing r e p la c e d by tire automobile, a commodity ‘iii h n u f a c I u i c d on I si de t lit." I oivn '. and regiqn, A ser"vice A ndus tty fot" centr-a.I C i;i n n.d j n n manurnc t u(" i ng r.ep 1 need a home ninii u tn (" I u r i n g i n d n.s t r y . T1te-, ) optimism evident in" t he me t"ph an t opinions o f • 1 9 1 9 ■_ '■ ' '^'^See table 2 (on following page) . 'Manufacturing Jndu'alries of I he Marft ime.,-Provi nces , Canada Depar tiiient of Trade and Commerce Burcuvt of Statistics; P.A.N.s. ' ' ,■ > '’'’Sec L' .Ü. McCann^ "llrnncb Businesses in , the Maritimes, 1881 ''1931", "Acadiensis, .Fall 1983, p. 112. Also, "Truro as Distributing , Centre", speech'by .S: W. ' " McÇu.l looh-o f McCullough, Creel man Who I e.sol ers ..in Colchester Sun, -17 April 1924.' ' . , ' ' - ■ f'^Cplchester Sun, 28■ February, 1924 . ; ■ , , ''"Foster Blajltie opened Truro’s, first ga("age in 1912. Christie Motors opened as a Ford dealership in town in 1922 with (went.'y employees. ■ ■ ■ " ' ■j,.' 141 Table'2 ■ Iiulualri al • StEiti s iic s - Truro Year : Rg tnbl i slunents Empl oy.ees : Value of Products 1917 : 39 : 1,067 ’ #,167,625 ■ • 1918 : . .44 ’ : 1X%I9 : . .$3,841J29 ■1919 : ... .63 : .. 928 ; . $3^#2J65 1920 : .Not, iagued 1» 1920. 1 . . , . 1921 : > ■ Not issued .in 1921. Figures used afford no comparison 1922 ; earlier year. ■ . ■ ■ ■. " : .1923': 22 :. 734 $3,170,895 1924 : 25 ■ , . ' 659 d $2,792,519 1925 : 24 •■■ : 662 $3,060,869- .■ .1926 : ■ 27 . ': 778 : " $3,132,371 ■ 1927 ; 25 , 1 . 795 . : . $3,117,496 1928 : 24.' : .843 . $3,520,01.3 • . 1929 : ■ 29 : ■■ ■■ ■■955 \ ^3^W5J.24 ■1 2 .pers j s t eel In ,1920.'''’ Editof 1) i mo rk,. o f . I h.t' Trut'o Dally Ni.'ws reported conditions in Trui'o I » bo ” o I I c n f" ,■ 1 h"c past y ear ■ ( 191,„9 ) ■ being the . Ix'st in the town's h ) s t o r y in his o|>inion. In. 1921 .there was tith I <' elmnge. Who I e.s n 1 e r i'.n g firms like T. S. Patlil-lo and tient ley s till ■retained. Iheir* çon f .idencle .' ■ Stanf'iclds repo r t cxl nholher in'crea.se iii. sales and profits (-as ' they had for I he ,(>nst .. t wen t y 'f i Ve years ■ .In .1922 Mr. f) i c-!< i e of hoynl dan Its ' s Trnro. hrniich coit 1 d . c 1 a i.m that the town cam.e I'htough t.he " r.a't. a s .1 r o ph i e ( ■ year of 1921” w .it h scn.rçely a .s C n r . ^ ' TIk .- t own ’.s _n pp n r,e n t'1 y ■ heal thy , economic c o !i d it. i oh was n t t r j bn t ed . ma i n 1 y to the fn.c t y’-t.iiat the prosperity of the town .did nol. d open d . e n t i r e 1 y ' on its me n u f a e t u r i n g -i n d us I. r i es , ’ b.ut a] so on I ho rnrmor .i\n railway- workers . Truro a ppc-a r e tl to he ” n won d r '■ lilt le- place for hii.-ilness, no ^ mather what may lie doing at poi.nts ■both east and Ivc'St” an d "not • n place wti i c h chnnge.s V e. r y much, tifivhr has' any great. ^ .boo m, . never any s lyr i o û .s , depress ion " , a place where "limes pro never b a c) " II ' may be significant', . though, 'that the., tow'n t.a.y c o 1 1 e, I o, , was finding .it di f f i.c.u 1 t. ’to innke his collect i on s at. this time Maritime Merchant, 22 January 1920, p. 611. -^2 Op. c it.'..'P. 28. . - ^^Mnritime Merchant, 19 January 1922, p. 26. ■ Op. .Cit. p. 22. ■ ■ 1^3 \ becuuae of "the trade depression and uti emp 1 oynicn t," . . The'j'eporl in the M.tl c L L l f for 1923 indicated that tlie factoric-s in Truro were going "full t) 1 as t " and that there was a o u n emp 1 o yiii e n I . Stanfields reported 1 923 as a . year' of t'e.cord profits a n d tlic Col ch'e s t e r Sun noted that "in. tfiese dull times when the sy n i 1 of [Jc'îi s i m i sin is abroad in .the ’ land, 'it is comfort ing to know, that some m. a n u f a c t u r i n g t) 1.1 s i r.Ve s s e i n t h e p r o v i n c e 'a re do in g w e 11".' S t. n n f i elds , • |) A y r o 1 1 at I. tie mill had reaclu'd 415 and tliey were 8 d've r I i s-i n g for workers (short, liou-rs, steady work, .'good pay) . « . ' . . . : Town CourH'il ,, had few r eg ues t s for ('oncessions from prospective ind.usdry in I. ti i s .period but. tlie complacency of •ÏV carl ier Counc'ils 'was 'gone'. In 1920, Council «('lively sought t he e 3 I ab 1 j s hmeti t of an "Air Harbour" for T.ruf^o from . the . fi'dcrnl government. Tlic c,r c o s o t c company was given (',onc,'eS3 i ou.s in 1 92 4 .and. ttiere was an increasing c'oncern on Council's- |) n r t that Truro s h o u let be a d vert is e d . - in tourist ■ ' T own Council Minutes, 27 January 1922. Tax (collector MacKenz i e osked for extra time as he feared he would not côll.ect sufficient taxes to enable him to re<;eive his bqnus. , , vsMaritlmd Merchant, 15 Match 1923, .p. 116.' ^ ^Ç”.i£lj£§lftb....§llil1 28 February 1924. ■ . ' Co loties ter Sun, 17 April 1924. . . " ' ■ 1 ' 1 4 . booklets and booklets describing "motor- t r i ps The t rvo . largestb a r I o i i e s in Ibc. I own both i nd i r a I r d 1925 was a good yen'r, and, 1 9 2 6 ^ 0 wa s si, milar-. t’er-hnps 'Truro rent 1-y d'i d 1 i v e a -charmcd 1 i fe • in t be . I'cononi i r . ! i (b- of . t he Maritimes. Perhaps it t'ea.lly was- a p 1 a c (' wli ei-e ' " I inn'.s ai-e never very liad". . . . .The (io 1 eh os t e I- e n t r ep I'c n e u r.s of the IHGO’s' a n d IR70’s who -lobked to lire pros p e c t s of a ni n n u f a c I u r i'n g future , could f'elish the; hi'ighl ' o p |) o i'I u'n i t i e.s a f f o ; d e d ' by ibc - i 'a i 1 con n'e c t ion to t be fest of I. ji e cont ineni . To ’ I b e -.tojin Lewis’, I he Col. b 1 a i r s , a nd I be Çb a r I es .S t ir n f i r' 1 d.s , I ti e "si.eel .spokes " ' furn-i .siredunlimited pos.s i h i I i I i es . Thiil' vision of Î1 .futui'c was enhanced by .tlie N a I Lon a I Pp 1 icy of the fed'er'al Conservât ive pni'ty after 1 878. '• Tiuro indu.stiy was fed and nurlurrid on the p r o.'t e c I ion of liomc i.ndu.si.ry, arid achieved a moderate level* of s u cces.s ( two largo text ilc b a s c- d i n il u s t r i e s , an d a boat of' ainaller onp-s). .With I be til a n u f act u r- i. n g , a f i n c a g r i c u 1 't i.i r- a 1 d i .s t r i r 1 s u r t- o u n d i n g it, - its .force,., of railway workers, and its natural ; géographie, a d V a n I a g e d. a s • a distribut ing po i nt for ' I h e p r d v i n,c e ', T r- i,i r o blossomed in the 'l880’s and lH90’s. As the regio.irn! ('conomy Town..Council Minutes;, .1923-1925. The r r losot e jrl ant. was acr oss the river, technically located in bible Hill, blit was serviced by the town'. . , ' ^‘^’St'anfields and" Eastern Hat .bird Cap.in Mar i t i me’ Merchan t , 29 January 1925, p. 27; '11 February 1926, p. 28; and 13 .January 1927, ' p. 32. . ' ' : 145 . was in legrated ivi I li the con I. j n c n t , ' T r u r o was able to w i ( h 3 I a n d I h e r a v o g' e s o f -x n d ii stria 1 s p b i 1 u t i o n vv h i c h , became evident following the. First Wo r I'd War. The t own maintained * a ](,>vel of modcs'b .prosper! I y which would be t h c envy of towns' in neighbouring counties. ■ . - . . ' ■ • MG..,: . ■ ’• Cone I U3 i un ' » ' • Fo r- ■ Co 1 cli e.s t"e r (lie a t I r n c t. i o n s o f fe r (m'1 ■ 1> y (hi' p r un,ion of D r i I i s li N o r L h Amer.iioi colonio's,' in IRG7, did. nol appeftr to ho obvious at ■ first. The Confôderate I’andidates in the feder-al and pr-ovincia.] cleçt ions in S <'|> t eiid.i e r of t hat ■yo'ar were all soundly defeated. Tlie re were, however,' ti eii ds which were discernible w i t h -i a the overall - 1 A G 7 I'lert.ion result.s. A rural ,/u rbon di ffereiiee of -opiniiin may he. sei'ti e veil i n ■ I 867 . / ■ . Th is paper hiis shown 'that 'the t own desired t hat land ward i>ull ' whi'i'h was of'fi'rcd in' . 1867, glor'ied •; i n . .tin- Con.s erva t ivC , cnnnec’t ion and h as h e d.k. iii the pro I ei I ion provided by a - tar iff wall. By 1 890, I ownsmaa 'A. C. •Archibald could, .survey the .1. o.wn from "the G o t 1 a g e " utmve B rii ns w j clc '.Street and feel that his ,-ideas an'd visions of tlie 1860’s hnd been vindicated. 'The t own ‘had eh a a g e d i n- t, wenty-f,i v-é year's . Its popul'afionhad grown.'f 1 t ' was the con t e r o f active mon u f a c 1. u r i n d i n d ustries, "11 nil links. ■ afforded the town access to markets east: -und we.st.. Truiro products tea died beyond Central Canada t.o, t.he Northwest . a n d . to British Columbyo. . 'd h i s ' wd.s à reniarkoble a e h i e v e m o a't. accomp.l .i shed, in a short period of time. , - ' ' ' - Archibald did not 1 i y e to wit ties.s the next twenty f.ive years of, his town’s "progress. Town p op u1 a tIo n continued to grow. The, . years of the Great War provideda t empof a I'-y M7 . •s(;jnm!us ali d .the I own d i (i «vo.id the fate which was denlL to olhei- Mari time fowns, , Truro retü'iued some of its former- dignity I, ecu use of" its ' ge ci gra ph i c a .1. local i, o n- 'as a (I i S t r i I) u t i o n ■ c'o n t e 1-, its location in a fine a g r i c u ] t u r a 1 district - and 'its reèjdent 'railway workers. ■ The gene r h1 utt i t ude was that the g're'at days \^cre past and Ihe'br'sl the town could do was to avoid a !' b o orii and I) u s t " cycle. For the Colchester prrople outside Truro, Arch it) a Id's di'enma .were hol.low one.p. The Irene f'i t s o f union with Canada" we i: c oppo s e d i n 1 8 G 7 and .fa i r % y c o n s i a I en t. 1 y i- e j e c.' t e d (trroughout try the rural' population- of the county. The years f r o m 1867- to 1925 revealed another face to them. Rural industries declined. .The wooden .strip' industry of the 1850's und IhBO’s coasted .to i t-s conclusion by tlie 1890's. The g railway, so v i t. q 1 to tire t own , served the c o ii.n t y pe op,] e only to draw them a w a y from their homes.' ■ The rural population drained away beg'inning in t.li.e 187'0’s, some .of it to .-Truro' but most of it out of' . the provinch and out of tin; count, ry. The talent s 'an d 1 at) ou r of these .county people -would Li^.uiefit . o t Iref provinces, other' count r 1 e.s . . . 1 4 R . APPEND 1 X’ A useful s u ge s (. i on fo y fur I lier si ml y would l^e n comparison of Tr u ro/Co 1 ches I e r' wit. tV one of a/veral ■j'ithêr I owns / count i es of tire region. To he of' n i s't n u r e in a comparison which may be', developed from I h i/s - thesis , I he fo],,lowing random sta.listic's are p res on I ed . - All - figures art' % from the 'various cen.sus years unless o 1 he rw i s e indii'atiid. 1861 - 11 i r 1 hjw%aces__R f Pgphla t i oii England ...... 193 Cermnny, Hoi 1 and.\ . Ire land...... 322 Aus t ml i n i ' Hungary . Scotland ...... 881 Spu i II, Portugal . . . . Canada...... 11 France ...... N.B...... 113 Italy, Cr't'cre...... N.S ...... 18,302 Russia, Pul and...... P'. E. I . ,.... . 39 Prussi a ...... Nfld...... ■ 12 -Sweden, Norway...... Channel I s .' 2 . Other Foreign t'r. "S...... 149 Coun I r i e.s ...... Other British .AI .Sea...... Possess i ons ...... 2 1061 .Total : ' 20,045 1.861 O^crrpat ions' by (liass forCcd ches tcr , Agricultural ... .^...... 3,871 Commercial ...... 261 Domestic,...... 6 Indus tri a l .' 1 , 202 Professional ...... ,....' 141 Not. Cl assi fied ...... 261 18.61 - ■ Dwellings, Families Colc'he.ster Barns, Outhouse.s ...... • 5 , 165 Shops, Stores ...... •. 97 Houses" Inhabi te d ...... 3,,123 Houses Un inhabited. ... . 105 Houses • Being Built. . . . 103 Fami lies . . .'...... 3,,387 149. “ Of I Ai" of I )ic- i’eople - Truro A fr i can...... 1 1 6 .Scandi liavi nri...... ___ 12 Kng]ish ...... 904 Scotch...... ----- 1,266 French...... 8 'Wei nil...... -. . . , 11 69 ■ - ■ ' 9 Nn t I VC liid-i an .... 12 . Not gi ven ...... 77 I r j .sh...... 1.523 '] H71 ■ Dwell.inAa, Fmnilirs - Colclies l.er Temporary Dwell.angs 24 Houses Tn'habi led.-...... 3, 8.46 Houses Un inhabiled ' 116- Houses Bo Itw Built...... 42 Tolal Dwelljtngs Orcupi (M. '...... 3, 870 Faniilies 4, .133 1871 ■' immovubi e Properly and Shi pp ing - Golc*he.sler Acres of Lund Owned...... 468,82.5 Wr\rehousel>/FHct dri es/ . Stores-...... 700 Burns and SI ulj lea..' 4 , 6-1 4 .Steam Vessels.... .'...... ■ 0 Seagoi ng Sailing Vessels...... 38 . . . ('b.mnagc 8,499; Average t onriage 223) - Barges and Other-Cf'aft. . . 7 (Tonnage 94, Average size .'13) 1871 - Occupntion of The People b.y Class .Co]Chester \ - - Agricultural . . . 3,432 Commercial ...... 467 Domes t ic ...... 1 84 Indust r i a l ...... ■!...... 1, 362 Pt'ofessiona) ...... ---.- 297 Not C lassified...... 859 If) O' 187} Bui ter, Cheese - Colchester But t e r ...... 625,020 11..' • ClieestÇ...... 14,148 11). . / - 1871 -- InVhjs t ries ■- Colchester Jndii.st.ry N uiiij) c r I i n t j 1.1 s 1 ' ]i.’y c '} Bl nc'lf.smi t h i iig 78 . ■ 1 IB. ■ill Boots and Shoes 41) 137 m. 31 Br'ick und Tile 2 37 m Cabinet and F'urniture ' 6 . ' 33 m'.' 1.3 Carding'.and Fulling Mill.s- 12 ■ ■ ■• 27 m, 3 Carpenters and Joj net's • 29 ■ ■ B1 m Carriage .Malting . ' ' ? 43 III _ ■ Cooperage 11 17 III Dressinoking 1 8 f. Flour and Gt ist .Mills ■ . 2G 24 -ni Foundries nnd Machine Work 3- 4.3 m Lime Kilns - . . , .6 ’ D m . Saddle and Harnçss Making 11 30 ni Saw Mills - - ■ - ' 89 164 III Tanneries . 13 32 111' Tai lot's and Clothiers r, ■ 1 3 111 Tin-and Sheet Iron . . 4 9 m Wool Cloth Making 10 111, 14 f Boai.bui 1 ding- . 3 ■ • 5 ni Jeweller and Wal'oh Maker 3 4 III Pump Factory- • ■ 1 2m'' Shipyards . • 6 101 m. . Paints and Varnish 3 21 m • Patent Medicine d . 1 ni„ 1,51 1881 ■ Origin of Tlu:^ People - Truro A fj” i rn n ...... 141 ' T t nl i a n .... . : . 5 Dutch...... 4- Scandinavi an ...... 9 English...... 863 Scot ch ...... 1,385 French...... ■. 58 Spanish/Portaguese. -. . 3 .German...... :. . 2 8 . . SWI S3 ...... 14 Nat i ve Indi an. .. 52 ■ Welsh...... ■ ■■ 17 1 ri.sh.... '...... 880 Not Gi v e n ...... '. . . 2 l?S.l ” Hwel. lin^s, Families - Co] r-hes I er- . ■ Temporary Dwellings ...... 20 Houses Inhabited ...... 4,725 • Houses Uninhabited ...... 227 Houses Being Bui It: . . . 53 Total Houses Oceupi ed... 4,745 Fami 1 i es . 4 , 930 .LHOI ' Immovable Ihoperty and Shipp.ing - Colchester A('res of Land Owned. , . ... 563,242 ■' - Warchouses/Faclories/ ' Stores...... ' 703 • Burns and Stables...... 5,083 . ' Steam Vessel3 ...... 1 (Tonnage 15, Average size 15) Seagoing Vessels ...... • 45 (Tonnage 20,002, Average size 444) Barges.' 11 (Tonnage 186, Average size 17) 1881 - Aggregate Value of Al1,Industries -Colchester Capital Invested $2,296,890 . . . No. Hands Kniployed...... 1,683 • , Amount of Yearly Wages.. $ 501,065 ' ■ Total Value of " . Articles "produced. . . . '$1,731,587 , ' 1 5 2. 1 881 - Ocçiipat by Claas - Cn] cbcs l er Agricul tural 4 , 834 Conmieroici] ...... 744 Domes t .i c...... 268 Industrial- -. . . 1 ,.589 ' 15'ofeâsional ...... 356 Not Cla.ssificd ...... 700. r 1881 - Tndu.slrial Es t abl i slimonl .s Co 1 rhi'S 1 ('r 'Lpjivjû-D' ■ N u mjbe r ' Empl()yei;s BaUoriûs . ' . • 4 6 111 B1ocksmi t In ng 68 ■ 100 m Root s and Slioes _ , '■ 42 . 6'4 III, 1 'r Brick and Tile Making 2 38 Ri Cat) i net and Furniture r, !3 m • Cur'd ing and Ful 1 i ng. .Mi 1 1 s ■ 4 ■■ 8 ,11, 1 r Carpenter.s and .Joiner's 24 36 m Car-riage Malrei's 30 • ■ .55 III ■ Cooper-age . i- . 10 1 2 m Dress Malring nnd Mill enry 2 ' 3 r Flour and Grist Mills 21 36 III ■ Foundries and .Mnc)iirie Working ‘ , 43 III Id me. Kilns . .5 ■ 23 111 .. Saddle and Hat‘nes.s Making 9 . . ^ Saw Mills.' . 95 31 3 m ■Shing] e Mak i ng 12 • 1.2. Ill Tanner'ios ■ . 7 • . 30 ni Tailors.‘and Clothiers 9 . ' )5 m, 28 Tin nnd Sheet Metal 4 8 111 Wool Clojth Making 2 8 .III, 9 f Boatbuilding „ • ■ 1 1 111 Cheese Factory. . 1 2 111, 2 t FurMers and' ttat teps ' ' 2 17' m, 10 Printing Offices 2 rn, 3 f Pump Factory . 3 9 in . Shipyards . ■ " 4 85 III Stone and Marble Cutting . 3 11.'m Gyp.sum ■ 3 . 3 in r 153 . IA91 Due] 1 lrt|:^3 and F.ami ] iea ". Colchester Total Dwellings Occupied. d.,96d Dwellings Uninhabited. 198 Dwell ings ((rider Cons l.ruct i on ...... 37 Kam i 1 i es ■...... 5.165 1891 - Industry - Truî~o' ' . - . ■ ■ ' 1_891 1891 - - Number of Es tabl i.ghjnen ts ...... ';... 55 131 Chpital Invested ...... '...... $156,<130 . $368,346 ' No. of Hands Empl eyed.' ...... 306 708 Wages Paid.-.' ...... $106,730 $^23,236 Cost of Material...... ■...... $213,965 $389,627.tfl' Valuer -'at Factory of Product ...... $-391,180 '$844,790 i?_91 ~ Jjldusjiry -- Coljoheater ' ■: ' ' 1881 1891 . ■ Number of Establishments..... 370 5.52 Worki ng Cupi ta l . . . $2,296,890 $1,952,099 No. of Employees...... '. 1,683 2,355 ' Amount. Paid in Wages...... •$501,065 $673,141 Value of. Raw'Material ...... $732:817 $1,274,704 Value of Articles Plr^duced...... $1,731,587 $2,552,306 ( 5 4 . 1901 ’ - Dwe 11 i n i;s , F am H i ea - (I'o 1 clues I <; r 0 Housfis 4 , 91 7 Fnmi 1 i ftfi •. . . . 5, 022 1901 Mnnufnct.ures ■ Truro . . 18!U " - 1391 ! 90 1 ■ s . Population ...... 3,4Ç1 5, 102 ■ Establishments...... ;...... 55 131 u: Capital' ...... $156,430 $3(iP , 346 . .$464 ,5.55 Employees...... ,306 706 350 ' Salaries and Wages.- ...... ■...... ;l:10G,?30 $223,236 $143,334 Cost of Material...... j:2l3,9G5 $;iO!),627 $353,517 .Value of Product...... $391 , 130 $64'4,790 . $633;336 1901 ManiifacIures Col dies t or Es t ab 1 islunen ts ...... 61 Capit 0.1...... $937,002 Employees on Sniary 11'7 Wage Earners ...... $1,039 . Cost of Materials.. $690,509 . Value of Produc.d . . . $1,290,955 155. y . V : • ” . ■ A i â l l . " Manufactures - Truro (for ]910)\ ■ ■capital...:.'....;...... ; $2,056,085 Salaries and , Wage.s ...... $ 298,821 Pro cl uct s $1, 334 , 520 Establ isluiienis...... 14 ' • .Rinpl oyec;;.-: '. . . 688 1911 - Manufactures - Colche.Ster E.si abl i.shcii<;')i1 a ...... 00 .• . ' Capital -----'.------$'3, 032, 652 „ Employees...... 1,619 Sal nri e.s'and Wagr^s . $ .590 ,'275 Material Cost..,.-...... $1,559,711 Value of Products...... $2,790;454, % e . 7 1 92j_ Towns Arr.anged According to Rank - i n Each Cen.sus c Truro lîank in .18,81 51 Rank in 1891 46 Rank in .1901 53 Rank in ,1911 76 Rank ■ in 192,1 78 1921 -- Dwellings and Houaebolds Ct^lcbester Rural ■Population.,...... 16,815 Rural Dwellings. 3,608 Rural Households. 3,679 Urban Population, . . . . .' , 8,301 Ut'ban Dvyellings. . , .... l",587 .Urban, Households...... 1,754 ' ' / ' 193 .t,~ AbsoJut-e Increase in Eaclr Ten - Year Period in I’onu I'n I i on Col Chester Since-1851 . ' - ■1851 - 1861 • 4,676 ' ' " ‘ • -, ' | - - 1861,- 1871 . - ' 3,206 ■ , . ' . 187.1 - 1881 3,389 ■ . ■ ’ ■ . ■ , ■ ■1881 - 1891 - : 440 . - . ■ 1891 1901 ■ ' 2,260 ' . 1901 - 1911 - 1,236 ' ■ • . • 1911 - 1920 ■ - 1,532 • . ■■ .1921 - 1931 ' , -145 , . ■ 1 9 3 1 -Vacant and Abandoned Farms - Colchester •Number .Vacant or .. Aban.donech ...... 69 Total Acres ...... •.. 9,576 ■ ■ Acres of Improved Land..., 2,12.6 Vnl UÇ of Farms ...... $52,625 Value of Buildings...... $1V.275 , ■ : 1 931 - Popu 1 a t i o 1 1 .BurnI'/Urlfan_ Qolrliestcr # . ■ . .Total Populalion ...... 25,051 '■ ' Urban. , . . .'. . . . •'. 8, 704 ' ' Rural ...... 16, 374 ' Rural ...... '...... 65.3 Total Farm Population..-. 11,72,5 % of Total Popnl at ion ■ . . '. 46'8 ' • 1931 - Wage Rarriers ' Over '20 Not. .At .Worlr,-; ■Trur.’o ' ■ Total Wage E a r n e . r s . 2,219 f 1,541m; .678 f ): ., Number No-t' At 'Wur)< . 261 (207 m, 54 ;f) 1931 Reta.il Merchandise Tra.de ■ C.ol chcster and truro • , ' . ’ ■• . . .County . . -TCytU Population. 17, b50, ' 7,901 • . . \ St'orésT . . .-. .% ...... '.. 149 - ' . ■ 145 - ' ■ ’ -Fiill Time Employees ...... -70 ■ ' - .35-5 . Net Snles. .'.U . ..tv; .. . $l,55fei5G0 ' $3,813,W B IBLTOCnAPHY Acheaon, ' T. ' W. ■ "The. 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' > - . ‘ ‘ ' c ■' ■Town of Truro, .Truro. hi 0 V a Scotia: Hub o r the P I o' V i n c c - Truro, 1915. Town of Truro, Annua 1 Report s , ' 1 886 1 930. . . . Truesdell, L. ' F . C a n a d i a n R q jjj_ j^n UltL_LbtL.Lud___SJ itLuS < , Y a I c Un .i V o rs 1 t y. Press, . New Iltw c n , 1 9d 3 , Tr~ur-o D,1 r.e c t. o ry ,1918-1919. - . ' - Truro Town Council Moei.ing.s M in u t e.s , I 8 7.5 192 6.'’ Veltmeyer, H. "People Are O’ui' .Biggest P-roduct,: . Atlnnt'iç . Canada, an d -t.he Indi.istrial R'p s c r v e 'Array’', C'anndian D i 111en ,s j qii, Vol. 13, No.. 2 , 1 978. WailO,. P . ' B . ".Mclcl'an, A.' W.", f) i c t j n n-'a r y of Canadian B i Q g r a p h y., 'Vol. IT, 1'88 1 - I 8,90 , • U n i v e r.'j i t. y of, Toronto Press, -1982. ■ ■ • . ' ... ■ JOURNALS Maritime Merchant 25 January 1 906, 29 .7 an bar y I 91 d , 2-7 •January 19J,'6, , 23 January .1919, . 22 .Tan u n r y 1 920, 20 ■ January 1921, 19 January 1922, 15 Maî'ch .1 923, 2 9 •; January 192 5,. 11 February, 1926, 1 3 January ,1927. NEWSPAPERS .PROVINCIAL Acadian Recorder,-8 May 1871. Halifax British Coloni s t , 1 August, Id September, 1867 Il n ] i f MX Ü&.CQ_1 'i. M li j.. ' 2 R .S’cpleiiibcr 1931 . Ha 1 ) fax Morn 1 nt/' Chron i cl e , 6 J ii r) ç , .7 Jijne, 8 -June, 1 a u g u s I , /| S e p l c'mb er , 7 September, 1 ■! S e p t. emb er , 2! S'eplember, ■ 1867; .6 September, 10 'September, 1 869; 11 November 1 870; 6 May 1897; 21 December 1874; 1'3 June, 17 June, 19 June, ,1881; .22 June 1882; 9 Augu-st, 1) August , 13 August, 1|6 Aiigust., 1888;- 15 May 1917. Ij 11 1 if ax M o r 11 i n g Herald , 27. November' 1 880, 10 June 1886. tin 1 i fax Hepo I I c r , 3 Sept ember, '10 September;, 1867. New G 1 a ,s g o w Has tern Ç h r o n i c 1 e , 8 June,- 30 June, 1867. NKWSPAPERS 7 COUNTY Col c h e s t- e r S u n , 3 M n i' c h , .28' .April, 6 6p t ob e r ,' 18-75; 3 'July, 10.July, 14 Augu-s t , 11 'September, .18 September, 1 878, IG .Febi'unry, 22 June, 1881; 24 May, 25 July, 29 Au.gusl ,. 19 September, 21 November',. 1883; 19 . Aprii 1888; . 7 ■ May, 6 Angus I-, 2 6 November, 1890; 27 February, 6 Marc'll 1891; 27 December 191 1 ; 2*8 February, 17 April, 1 924'. M'pryr_or nn_d Col ches 1er County Advertiser,- 25 - J nti.ua ry, , 1 ' F el; (' u a r y ,' 8 February, 1968. .. . ' • ■ ■ '■ ' ' - ' . : . New E r n , 4 September 1 91 1 .. . ' ' Tru ro Daily News, . 2 6 Mnrch, 10 May,- -12. May,. 10 July, 11 July, 1891; 1 March, 13 A p r i 1,, 15 December.,'■ , 17 December, 1892; 26 May 1893; 29 March', 27 Sept.bmber, 1895;, January, 22 January,'. 7 April, 22 April,: 1897 ;. '2 O'- January, 1,6 June, 26 .September, 27 October, 8 December, 18,99; 3 February, .10. Feb ru a r y, 14 April, 4 July, 22 . October, 1 November, 1900; 30 May, 6,, Sep t.ember, .26 Sept emb e'r ', 1901 ; 11 November ■ 1902; 12. March 1903; 2 June, '9 iiec.ember-, 21 December, 1 904 ; 14 January, 15 January, 16 January,. 17 January, 10 January,- 14 June,. '. 2 6 December, 1906; .8 June 1910; 1 February 1912; 3 July 1921; 2 May,. 3 May, 2 July, 9 August,* 11 August, , 15,- Angus I , ,16 Augus't, ' 2 8 August, 1 October, 1 924; 1 May 192 8. . . . ' . ■ b ' : J ub i 1 ee Rd.i t i on , 1941, ‘ ' - . Truro Cent ennia 1 Edition, 1 875-1925. Colchester C e'n t en n to 1 Rd.i t i on , 1879-1979 ■■ ,