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2016 Global Food Policy Report

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2016 Global Food Policy Report GLOBAL FOOD POLICY REPORT 2016 About IFPRI The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), established in 1975, provides research-based pol- icy solutions to sustainably reduce poverty and end hunger and malnutrition. The Institute conducts research, communicates results, optimizes partnerships, and builds capacity to ensure sustainable food production, promote healthy food systems, improve markets and trade, transform agriculture, build resilience, and strengthen institutions and governance. Gender is considered in all of the Institute’s work. IFPRI collaborates with partners around the world, including development implementers, public institutions, the private sector, and farmers’ organizations. GLOBAL FOOD POLICY REPORT 2016 A Peer-Reviewed Publication Copyright © 2016 International Food Policy Research Institute. All rights reserved. For permission to reprint, contact the Communications and Knowledge Management Division at [email protected]. Recommended citation: International Food Policy Research Institute. 2016. 2016 Global Food Policy Report. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on the maps do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). International Food Policy Research Institute 2033 K Street, NW Washington, DC 20006-1002, USA Telephone: +1-202-862-5600 www.ifpri.org ISBN: 978-0-89629-582-7 DOI: 10.2499/9780896295827 Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress PHOTO CREDITS Cover main image: India, Panos/Chris Stowers. Cover collage (from top, l-r): iStock; Algeria, Reuters/Ramzi Boudina; Taiwan, Panos/Chris Stowers; Kenya, Panos/Mikkel Ostergaard; Kenya, Panos/Mikkel Ostergaard; India, Panos/Jacob Silberberg; Indonesia, Panos/Chris Stowers; India, IFAD/Susan Beccio; China, Imaginechina/Shan he. Timeline images (l-r): iStock; (far right) Panos/Mikkel Ostergaard. Chapter images: p. 1, Ethiopia, Panos/Sven Torfinn; p. 12, Malawi, Alamy Stock Photo/Joerg Boethling; p. 22, Germany, AP Images/picture-alliance/dpa/Stephanie Pilick; p. 32, India, IWMI/Prashanth Vishwanathan; p. 40, Sierra Leone, Panos/Alfredo Caliz; p. 48, India, Panos/Jacob Silberberg; p. 56, India, Panos/Abbie Trayler-Smith; p. 66, China, Panos/Mark Henley; p. 80, Afghanistan, UN Photo/Homayon Khoram. Cover design: Julia Vivalo Project manager: Pamela Stedman-Edwards Book design and layout: David Popham and Julia Vivalo iv Contents Preface ........................................................................................ vii Acknowledgments ............................................................................ ix C HAPTER 1 Food Policy in 2015–2016: Reshaping the Global Food System for Sustainable Development .....................................................................1 Shenggen Fan C HAPTER 2 Climate Change and Agriculture: Strengthening the Role of Smallholders .......... 13 Kanayo F. Nwanze and Shenggen Fan C HAPTER 3 Toward a Sustainable Food System: Reducing Food Loss and Waste ................. 23 Monica Schuster and Maximo Torero C HAPTER 4 Water, Nutrition, and Health: Finding Win-Win Strategies for Water Management .. 33 Claudia Ringler and Simone Passarelli C HAPTER 5 Land and Soil Management: Promoting Healthy Soils for Healthier Agricultural Systems ......................................................................... 41 Jawoo Koo, Ephraim Nkonya, Carlo Azzarri, Cindy Cox, Timothy Johnson, Adam Komarek, Ho-Young Kwon, Alex De Pinto, Cleo Roberts, and Wei Zhang C HAPTER 6 Nutrition and Sustainability: Harnessing Value Chains to Improve Food Systems .. 49 Summer Allen, Alan de Brauw, and Aulo Gelli C HAPTER 7 Green Energy: Fueling the Path to Food Security ........................................ 57 Channing Arndt, Siwa Msangi, and James Thurlow C HAPTER 8 Shifting Diets: Toward a Sustainable Food Future ....................................... 67 Janet Ranganathan, Daniel Vennard, Richard Waite, Tim Searchinger, Patrice Dumas, and Brian Lipinski1 C HAPTER 9 Regional Developments ..................................................................... 81 Africa ...................................................................................... 82 Ousmane Badiane, Tsitsi Makombe, and Julia Collins Middle East and North Africa ........................................................... 87 Nadim Khouri and Clemens Breisinger Central Asia ............................................................................... 92 Kamiljon Akramov and Allen Park South Asia ................................................................................. 96 P. K. Joshi, Akhter Ahmed, Stephen Davies, and Anjani Kumar East Asia .................................................................................. 100 Kevin Chen, Peter Timmer, and Longwen Chiang Latin America and the Caribbean ..................................................... 104 Eugenio Díaz-Bonilla and Maximo Torero Food Policy Indicators: Tracking Change ................................................. 108 Notes ......................................................................................... 126 v vi Preface The2016 Global Food Policy Report is the fifth in an annual series that provides a comprehensive overview of major food policy developments and events. In this report, distinguished researchers, policymakers, and prac- titioners review what happened in food policy, and why, in 2015 and look forward to 2016. This year’s report takes an in-depth look at the latest research on opportunities and challenges the world will face in achieving the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to food and nutrition security. The year 2015 saw notable developments in the global commitment to ending hunger and undernutrition and to sustainability. Following on the success of the Millennium Development Goals in halving global pov- erty, the SDGs call for eradicating poverty, hunger, and malnutrition by 2030. The 17 SDGs put food secu- rity and nutrition front and center in their vision of a sustainable world. Several other international events reinforced this commitment to sustainable foods systems, notably the 21st UN Conference of the Parties (COP21), which made unprecedented commitments to mitigation and adaption to climate change, and a G7 commitment to a zero-carbon economy by the end of the century. Regional agreements also moved forward on food policy, including food safety policies in South and East Asia, initiatives for climate-smart agriculture in Africa, and prioritization of food security by regional organizations in Latin America and the Middle East and North Africa. World food prices remained low, as did energy prices, with benefits for consumers. Natural and human disasters had major impacts on food security. Continued slow economic growth, par- ticularly in China and Russia, combined with low oil prices reduced food security in Central Asia and the Arab region, and have slowed growth throughout Asia and Latin America. The expanding conflict in Syria, Iraq, and Yemen led to unprecedented numbers of displaced persons and refugees, with global impacts. Con- tinuing conflicts and violence in Nigeria, the Central African Republic, Somalia, and South Sudan, and in Central America, drew less attention but nevertheless slowed progress in reducing hunger and food insecu- rity. Weather extremes associated with El Niño—predicted to be one of the largest ever—are already linked to a drought in Ethiopia that has left over 8 million in need of food aid, and impacts are expected to be severe in Central America and the Philippines. In 2016 the world will begin to address the new global commitments on food security, nutrition, and pov- erty. This is an extraordinary opportunity to build on the synergies between human development and sus- tainability, and truly end hunger and food insecurity by 2025. Topics covered in the 2016 Global Food Policy Report were the result of consultations with top experts in the field. For inclusion in this report, a topic has to represent a new development in food policy or a new way of looking at an important food policy issue; the topic has to be international in scope; and assessments and recommendations must be backed by evidence based on high-quality research results or expert judgment. I hope this report is met with interest not only by decisionmakers who set the food policy research agenda but also by media, nongovernmental organizations, and broad groups of civil society who all have a big stake in food policies that benefit the world’s poorest and most vulnerable people. I welcome your feedback, comments, and suggestions. SHENGGEN FAN Director General vii Acknowledgments The2016 Global Food Policy Report was prepared under the overall leadership of Shenggen Fan and a core team comprising Rajul Pandya-Lorch, Katrin Park, Andrea Pedolsky, Pamela Stedman-Edwards, Klaus von Grebmer, Sivan Yosef, and Laura Zseleczky. Text and data contributions were made by Akhter Ahmed, Kamiljon Akramov, Summer Allen, Chan- ning Arndt, Carlo Azzarri, Suresh Babu, Ousmane Badiane, Nienke Beintema, Samuel Benin, Jill Berstein, Alan de Brauw, Clemens Bresinger, Kevin Chen, Longwen Chiang, Julia Collins, Cindy Cox, Stephen Davies, Eugenio Díaz-Bonilla, Paul Dorosh, Patrice Dumas, Aulo Gelli, Timothy Johnson, P. K. Joshi, Nadim Khouri, Adam Komarek, Jawoo Koo, Anjani Kumar, Ho-Young Kwon, Brian Lipinski, Tsitsi Makombe, Siwa Msangi, Nilam Prasai, Alejandro Nin-Pratt,
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