Tatere I Norden Før 1850 UNIVERSITETET I TROMSØ UIT FAKULTET for HUMANIORA, SAMFUNNSVITENSKAP OG LÆRERUTDANNING INSTITUTT for HISTORIE OG RELIGIONSVITENSKAP

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Tatere I Norden Før 1850 UNIVERSITETET I TROMSØ UIT FAKULTET for HUMANIORA, SAMFUNNSVITENSKAP OG LÆRERUTDANNING INSTITUTT for HISTORIE OG RELIGIONSVITENSKAP Sosio-økonomiske og etniske fortolkningsmodeller 1850 før i Norden Tatere UNIVERSITETET I TROMSØ UIT FAKULTET FOR HUMANIORA, SAMFUNNSVITENSKAP OG LÆRERUTDANNING INSTITUTT FOR HISTORIE OG RELIGIONSVITENSKAP Tatere i Norden før 1850 Sosio-økonomiske og etniske fortolkningsmodeller Anne Minken Avhandling levert for graden philosophiae doctor 2009 Trykk: HSL trykkeriet Universitetet i Tromsø trykkeriet Universitetet i HSL Trykk: 2009 ISBN 978-82-8244-020-2 Forord Ved avslutningen av arbeidet med avhandlingen vil jeg gjerne takke alle som har hjulpet meg med å finne fram til kilder og som har bidratt med innspill, kritiske kommentarer og gode råd. Som det vil framgå av noteapparatet har jeg hatt mange gode hjelpere. Her kan jeg bare nevne noen få. Grunnlaget for mitt arbeid med etnisitet som historisk fenomen ble lagt da jeg var hovedfagsstudent tilknyttet prosjektet Norsk innvandringshistorie. Prosjektet var et faglig rikt og stimulerende miljø for en nybegynner i faget. Jeg vil spesielt takke prosjektets leder Knut Kjeldstadli for råd og hjelp både i min tid som hovedfagsstudent og seinere. I hovedoppgaven analyserte jeg etnisk identitet og yrkesidentitet blant engelske og tyske innvandrere på de norske glassverkene. Min veileder var professor Sølvi Sogner. Hennes veiledningsarbeid ga meg lyst og mot til å arbeide videre med faget. Gjennom arbeidet med glassverksslektene kom jeg i kontakt med nordiske slektsgranskermiljøer. Disse kontaktene var til god hjelp også i arbeidet med denne avhandlingen. Etter avlagt hovedfagseksamen fikk jeg mulighet til å utvikle interessen for problemstillinger knyttet til etnisitet videre gjennom å undervise i eldre og nyere innvandringshistorie ved Universitetet i Oslo. På leit etter høvelig pensumlitteratur om taterne ble jeg oppmerksom på hvor spennende, men også hvor uutforsket dette feltet var. Midler fra Norges forskningsråd gjorde det mulig å arbeide med problemstillinger knyttet til tatere i Norden på heltid. Min veileder professor Einar Niemi ved universitetet i Tromsø skal ha takk for veiledning som både ga oppmuntring og motstand. Siden jeg valgte å arbeide i Oslo, ble kontakten med historikermiljøet i Tromsø noe begrenset. Men gjennom kurs og seminarer fikk jeg likevel del i den brede kompetansen i minoritetshistorie ved Universitetet i Tromsø. Førsteamanuensis Arnvid Lillehammer ved Universitetet i Stavanger har på en svært sjenerøs måte gitt meg tilgang til sin store samling av kilder om norske tatere og har alltid vært tilgjengelig for spørsmål og hjelp. Jeg er ham stor takk skyldig. Fra slektsgranskermiljøet er det mange som må takkes. Her vil jeg særlig framheve Sebastian Casinge i Stockholm og 1 arkivar Niclas Rosenbalck ved Universitetet i Växjö. Begge har delt sine omfattende kunnskaper om svenske resande med meg og bidratt med kildekopier og transkripsjoner. Jeg takker også Harald Minken og Berit Morland som var til stor hjelp i avslutningsfasen både med korrekturlesing og språkvask og med oppmuntring og gode råd. Oslo 5. august. 2009 2 Innhold Kapittel 1. Introduksjon ............................................................................................................ 13 1.1 Tema og problemstillinger ................................................................................................. 13 1.2 Undersøkelsesområde, avgrensninger og terminologi ................................................... 15 1.3 Forskningsstatus ............................................................................................................. 21 1.3.1 Norsk forskning ....................................................................................................... 22 1.3.2 Svensk forskning ..................................................................................................... 25 1.3.3 Dansk forskning ...................................................................................................... 27 1.3.4 Finsk forskning ........................................................................................................ 28 1.3.5 Forskning om vest-europeiske sigøynergrupper (første diaspora) .......................... 29 1.3.6 Lingvistisk forskning – romani og pararomani ....................................................... 36 1.4 Teoretisk utgangspunkt .................................................................................................. 39 1.4.1 Definisjoner ............................................................................................................. 40 1.4.2 Konstruktivisme versus essensialisme .................................................................... 41 1.4.3 Instrumentalisme versus primordialisme ................................................................ 43 1.4.4 Etnisitet og klasse .................................................................................................... 46 1.4.5 Etnisitet og språk ..................................................................................................... 47 1.4.6. Etnisitetsanalyser og historieforskning .................................................................. 48 1.4.7 Sammenfatning av avhandlingens teoretiske utgangspunkt .................................... 51 3 1.5 Metode og kilder ............................................................................................................ 51 1.6 Avhandlingens struktur .................................................................................................. 55 Del I Lange linjer. Et historiografisk oversyn ................................................................................... 57 Kapittel 2. Skiftende fortolkninger av tatere og sigøynere 1400-1800 - .................................. 59 2.1 Problemstillinger ............................................................................................................ 59 2.2 De eldste kildene fra Vest-Europa: Fra fremmedartede innvandrere til arbeidssky europeere. ............................................................................................................................. 60 2.3 1700-tallets fortolkninger: Fra svertede omstreifere til ekte orientalere ........................ 67 2.3.1 Et konglomerat av teorier ........................................................................................ 67 2.3.2 Nordiske tatere: Keltere eller sigøynere? ................................................................ 71 2.3.3 Språkstudier og den indiske opprinnelsen .............................................................. 75 2.4 Sammenfatning ............................................................................................................... 84 Kapittel 3. Nordisk taterforskning på 1800-tallet: Hjemlige sigøynere eller sosialt utstøtte? . 87 3.1 Problemstillinger ............................................................................................................ 87 3.2 N.V. Dorph: ”Jydske Zigeunere” .................................................................................. 88 3.3 Eilert Sundt 1850: Norske fanter med indiske røtter..................................................... 93 3.3.1 Eilert Sundts litteraturstudier ................................................................................. 94 3.3.2 Eilert Sundts begrepsapparat ................................................................................ 101 3.3.2.1 Sundts forståelse av begrepet ”folk” .................................................................. 101 3.3.2.2 Begrepene ”nation” og ”nationalitet” ................................................................. 102 4 3.3.2.3 Begrepet ”kaste” ................................................................................................. 105 3.3.2.4 Begrepet ”race” .................................................................................................. 106 3.4 Folmer Dyrlund 1872: Sosialt utstøtte ........................................................................ 112 3.5 Sammenfatning ............................................................................................................. 117 Kapittel 4. Rasetenkning og nasjonale paradigmer – ............................................................. 119 fra århundreskiftet til etterkrigstida ........................................................................................ 119 4.1 Problemstillinger .......................................................................................................... 119 4.2 Arthur Thesleff: ”Sigøynervenn” og statlig ekspert ..................................................... 120 4.2.1 Arthur Thesleff som språkforsker ........................................................................ 126 4.2.2 Arthur Thesleff og den vitenskapelige rasismen .................................................. 128 4.3 H.P. Hansen 1921-1922: Danske omstreifere uten orientalsk forgylling ................... 131 4.4 Erik D. Bartels og Gudrun Brun 1943: Tyske raseteorier og dansk virkelighet ......... 140 4.5 Allan Etzler 1944: rasetenking og kildegransking ....................................................... 143 4.6 Sammenfatning ............................................................................................................ 147 Kapittel 5. Kaspar Flekstads kritikk av Eilert Sundts opprinnelsesteorier ............................ 149 5.1 Problemstillinger .......................................................................................................... 149 5.2 Taterne som ”samfunnsproblem”. Opprinnelsesspørsmålets
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