147 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 148 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION shocking death toll than the efforts made to commemorate the fallen. More than a and constructionoftheCommonwealthwarcemeteries. design the guided which principles the and memorials battlefield Canadian the outlining appendices two Great included the War. therefore in have sacrifice We “silent cities,” and themonumentspreserving thememoryofCanada’s efforts and you pastthese lead will tours the battlefield of – each battlefields Somme the dot thelandscapein Ypres Salient,twohundredandfortyhousethedeadon cemeteries War. war Great fifty the and of hundred power One destructive the to seventeen memorials listing the namesofmissingstandinmutetestimony thousand warcemeteries cluster along theold Western Front,whilenofewerthan There could be no truer measure of the impact of the First World War and its The Brooding Soldier. Symes] [Matt 1920. Based on the recommendations of senior officers the Commission selected Commission the officers senior of recommendations the on Based 1920. in wasestablished (CBMC) Commission Memorial Battlefields Canadian The within asmalllandscapedpark. terrace flagstone circular low a on placed be to were which arms) of feat relevant the commemorating inscription an with (each monuments block granite identical creation of Toronto artist Walter Allward. The remaining six locations received Canada’s mostfamouswarmemorial, the twin pylons atop Vimy Ridge, was the Regina sculptor Frederick Clemesha, was selected for St.Julien. What became above the others.” What became known asthe Brooding Soldier, proposedby CBMC’s deliberations was governedbythedesignssubmitted...two stood far eventually, as Jonathan Vance has noted, “in many ways the outcome of the but significance; greater battles certain give to wished or monuments identical eight wanted CBMC the whether unclear was it as first, at indecision some was finalists who were then asked to produce a plaster maquette of their design. There competition in December of 1920andout the 160 submissionschoseseventeen soldiers intheGreat War. The CBMC launchedanational architectural anddesign eight sites (listed below) on which to commemorate the achievements of Canadian CBMC design competition plaster maquettes of finalists in the competition. [VA]CBMC design competition plaster maquettes offinalists inthe competition. Official First World War Memorials Canadian

149 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 150 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Canadian inBelgium Memorials Newfoundland RegimentintheBattleofLys inOctober1918. Courtrai (Kortrijk) Newfoundland inBelgium Memorials contribution madebyNewfoundland tothe Allied cause: the caribousymbolofRoyalNewfoundlandRegiment, honour thedistinct September 1918. 27 on defences Line Hindenburg final the of rupture the Wood,and Bourlon of Bourlon Wood of Arras. Battle Second the during 1918, September Hindenburg2 the on of Line breaking Dury first dayandcommencedthetriumphantadvanceofHundredDays. on 8 August 1918,whichdrovetheenemy back adistance of eightmiles on the Le Quesnel 1917. 9-12 April Vimy November 1916. forcing theGermansbackfromtheirdefencesonSommeSeptemberto Courcelette Canadian inFrance Memorials Corps duringtheBattleofPasschendaele,October-November 1917. Passchendaele Ypres betweenJuneand August 1916. Hill 62 during thegasattackat Ypres in April 1915. St. Julien Some ofthe most striking monuments on the Western Front,featuring cmeoaig h cpue f h Door-uat wth n the and Switch Drocourt-Quéant the of capture the commemorating – – commemorating the capture of Vimy Ridge by the Canadian Corps on Corps Canadian the by Ridge Vimy of capture the commemorating – – commemorating the part played by Canadian troops in the defence of defence the in troops Canadian by played part the commemorating – cmeoaig h hri sad f h Frt aain Division Canadian First the of stand heroic the commemorating – – commemorating the attack by the Canadian Corps, 100,000 strong, cmeoaig h pr pae b te aain op in Corps Canadian the by played part the commemorating – cmeoaig h cpue f rs Fr b te Canadian the by Farm Crest of capture the commemorating – – commemorating the crossing of the Canal du Nord, the apture the Nord, du Canal the of crossing the commemorating – cmeoaig h promne f h Royal the of performance the commemorating – The Vimy Symes] Memorial.[Matt

151 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 152 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland inFrance Memorials the BattleofCambraion20November1917. Masnières Battle of Arras on14 April 1917. Monchy-le-Preux Regiment intheBattleofSommeon12October1916. Gueudecourt Newfoundland RegimentintheBattleofSommeon1July1916. and visibleinthe photo. [NAS (130)X234011] HaigandFrench SirDouglas Marshall Fayolle GeneralMarie were inattendance The official unveiling Monument Beaumont-Hamel, ofthe at June7,1925. Field – commemorating the participation of the Newfoundland Regiment in – commemorating the successful action of the Royal Newfoundland – commemorating the Newfoundlanders’ participation in the in participation Newfoundlanders’ the commemorating – – commemorating the sacrifice made by the Royal by made sacrifice the commemorating – h Ipra Wr rvs omsin te omnelh a Graves War Commonwealth (the Commission Commission since 1960) was established Graves in 1917. The War Commission was responsible Imperial The sometimes the nicknames bestowed by homesick soldiers (Lancashire Cottage, (Lancashire soldiers homesick by bestowed nicknames the sometimes and Road) Stump Farm, Villa,Ration (Cheddar WesternFront old the of names Cot, contain 11,000 and 12,000 respectively. orTyne The cemetery names preserve the Etaples such as cemeteries, vast collection the where burials, fifty or forty as few as hold may cemeteries battlefield Small features. monumental of laid outinKenyon’s 1918report: were principles guiding Commission’s the – fallen had they where lands the in the deadnotberepatriated for privateinterment but buriedamongtheircomrades religious imagery, the use ofaheadstone as opposedtoacross,andthe policy that much deliberation and debate – some of it quite heated, especially on the choice of commemorative formulae appropriate to the monuments and headstones. Amidst the compose to invited was Kipling, Rudyard language, English the in writers out thestandarddesignandfeatures forthewarcemeteries. One ofthemostgifted Baker, worked Herbert Blomfield, Sir Reginald Lutyens, Sir Edwin and Sir time, Kenyon, director oftheBritishMuseum,threegreatestarchitects of the andto maintain the cemeteries and memorials in perpetuity. Empire, At the behest of Sir Frederic British the of dead war the of burial and identification the for Indian Army, ortheChinesewhoservedinlabourbattalions). non-Christian or Jewish peoples, such as the Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims of the of traditions the observe to care great took Commission the (although creed or 4. There shouldbenodistinction madeonaccount ofmilitary or civilrank,race, personal of details. inscription the and design in uniform be should Headstones 3. 2. Headstonesandmemorialsshouldbepermanent. a on name by headstone oronamemorialdedicatedtothemissing. individually commemorated be should dead the of Each 1. Visitors tothe war cemeteries will notice great variety within the uniformity Commonwealth WarCemeteries

153 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 154 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Bandaghem, Dozinghem,Mendinghem,i.e.“bandage‘em,”“dosingand Caesar’s Nose,DudCorner, ortheimmortal puns onFlemish place names, known untoGod,”whichvisitorswillseeonnearlyhalfofallgraves. within himself to find the simple, moving formulation “A soldier of the Great War, Ecclesiasticus. But as the father of a son listed among the missing, Kipling looked of hisowncoulddothemjustice,andsoturnedtochapter44theBook words by RudyardKipling,whoinhisregardforthefallen and theirfamiliesfeltthat no which thewords“Theirnamelivethforevermore”appear. They wereproposed on Remembrance, of Stone Lutyens’sneutral Edwin deliberately Sir feature also common to the war cemeteries. Cemeteries with more than a thousand burials will symbol religious overtly only the sword), Crusader inlaid an (with Sacrifice of Cross Blomfield’s Reginald Sir feature burials forty than more with Cemeteries their jigsaws ofgraveshuddledaroundaformerdressingstation or aid post. the architectswith sought toconservetheoriginaloutlaywartimeburialgrounds wrought-iron gates, but there is nostandard pattern for the interior. Inmost cases Canadians inagivensector. the to attesting names the of examples few a are Cemetery Quebec Cemetery, Leaf Maple Cemetery, AvenueToronto Cemetery, Dominion ‘em”). “mending The cemeteries are usually enclosed by lowbrick walls and entered through The Stone ofRemembrance and theCross ofSacrifice. [Matt Symes] horticulturalists to blend flowers and plants native to England with local varieties of gloom.” With this in mind, the architects worked closely with leading with keeping in Kenyon’s assertionthat“there is noreasonwhycemeteries should beplaces garden, cottage English an of aspect the present cemeteries burden oflossimposedbytheGreat War fortherestoftheirlives. the sorrowsofparents,wives,andchildren, unknown tohistory, whoborethe convey and moving indescribably are many – Mother” mine. broke heart young parents,” “Death isnotabarriertolove, Daddy,” “The shell that stilled his true my heart, live forever. There is no death for you and me,” “The only child of aged could alsohaveashortvaledictory inscription placed beneath the Cross:“Sonof family forbade theinclusionofareligioussymbol.Forsmallcostfamilies his if or affiliation religious no listed papers soldier’s the if omitted was symbol David wasengraved below theregister of personalinformation, but thereligious of Star or Cross A known). (if age and death of date unit; his name; soldier’s the rank; and number enlistment graves); Canadian on instance, for leaf, maple (a emblem national or graves) British (on insignia regimental order: descending Canadian war behindthelinesneara dressing deadburied station, May 1916.[PA 000176] Unlike thesombreFrenchorGermancemeteries, the Commonwealth war in details the personal present burials identified over headstones The

155 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 156 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION nature. The perfectlymanicured lawns andconstantmaintenance addedtothe and tooffset the uniformity of white monumental features with the colours of War GravesCommissionwebsite(www.cwgc.org). burial, and tocontact next of kin.Formore information, visit the Commonwealth and theCommissionmakeseveryeffort toidentify them, give theman honoured battlefields, the from emerge still ago century a nearly killed soldiers of bodies cemetery is redoneeachyear, sothatthewholeisredoneeverytwentyyears. The are the headstoneswhich elements have worn oreffaced. Five percent of a as whennecessary, and replaced groomed are flowers and plants, lawns, The completion inthelate1930s,Great War resumedinafarmoreterribleform. again.” Sadly and ironically, however, just as the Commission’s workwasnearing at the unveiling of the Vimy Memorial, “Pray God, madam, it shall not happen many felt the sorrow and desire of King Edward VIII as he told a Canadian mother shape duringthe1920sandmonumentswereraisedinhonouroffallen, were often included in the Commonwealth cemeteries. As thecemeteries took a place of renewal and even hope. Inagesture of reconciliation, German burials impression of acarefully tended garden that despite its solemnity could become Today morethan900gardenerstendtothecemeteries of both World Wars. Ontario Cemetery. Symes] [Matt