Intergeneric Hybrids of Phalaenopsis 2166 X Vanda ‘Saint Valentine’ Showing Maternal Inheritance: Genetic Analysis Based on Ndhe Partial Gene
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BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 21, Number 11, November 2020 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 5138-5145 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d211119 Intergeneric hybrids of Phalaenopsis 2166 x Vanda ‘Saint Valentine’ showing maternal inheritance: Genetic analysis based on ndhE partial gene MURNI DWIATI♥, AGUS HERY SUSANTO♥♥, LUCKY PRAYOGA Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman. Jl. Dr. Suparno 63, Purwokerto Utara, Banyumas 53122, Central Java, Indonesia. Tel.: +62-281-638794, Fax.: +62-281-638794-631700, ♥email: [email protected], ♥♥email: [email protected] Manuscript received: 1 August 2020. Revision accepted: 13 October 2020. Abstract. Dwiati M, Susanto AH, Prayoga L. 2020. Intergeneric hybrids of Phalaenopsis 2166 x Vanda ‘Saint Valentine’ showing maternal inheritance: Genetic analysis based on ndhE partial gene. Biodiversitas 21: 5138-5145. Genetic characterization in the intergeneric hybridization of orchids employing a particular molecular marker, such as ndhE gene, is needed to avoid phenotypic plasticity. The hybridization between Phalaenopsis 2166 as a female parent and Vanda ‘Saint Valentine'as a male parent has been successfully made to produce various leaf shapes and colors of the hybrid seedlings, which tend to resemble those of the female parent. This study aims to assess whether the maternally phenotypic traits of the hybrids of Phalaenopsis 2166 x Vanda ‘Saint Valentine’ are congruent with the inheritance pattern of ndhE partial sequences. The result reveals that the ndhE partial sequences of the hybrids are seemingly similar to that of Phalaenopsis 2166 as the female parent rather than to that of Vanda ‘Saint Valentine’. It is also found that three hybrids, i.e. F1.9, F1.11, and F1.14 show slightly different ndhE partial sequences from those of the other hybrids in that some base substitutions are observed. In general, the ndhE partial sequences of the hybrids are maternally inherited. This finding provides a fact that maternally phenotypic traits of the hybrids of Phalaenopsis 2166 x Vanda ‘Saint Valentine’ have strong genetic background rather than environmental involvement. Keywords: Intergeneric hybridization, ndhE partial sequence, Phalaenopsis 2166, Vanda ‘Saint Valentine’ INTRODUCTION by soil moisture (Campbell et al. 2019). Thus, genetic characterization of plant individuals should necessarily be Intergeneric hybridizations in orchids are carried out to performed. Appropriate genetic markers need to be obtain hybrids with flowers of better performance in developed for more accurate identification of plant species, comparison to those of both parents. Orchid cultivars of especially with respect to hybrids (Siew et al. 2018). high economic values are usually hybrids of relatively Genetic or molecular markers from chloroplast genome remote genetic sources, such as those resulting from (cpDNA) are widely used in plants, especially in intergeneric hybridization. They are named after their angiosperms, because they are relatively simple and stable parental background despite the seemingly inconsistent with respect to structure in comparison to those of nuclear nomenclature. Therefore, it is sometimes difficult to know DNA (Dong et al. 2012; Ong et al. 2012). Another the origin of orchid hybrids, especially when some of the advantage of using cpDNA markers in plant genetic parental information has been lost. This leads to the need analysis is the absence of contamination with DNAs of for hybrid characterization, both phenotypically and other organisms having no cpDNA such as fungi and genetically, in comparison to their parents once the hybrid bacterial (Singh et al. 2017). seedlings are produced (Hsiao et al. 2011). To characterize orchid hybrids, several cpDNA markers Several intergeneric hybridizations in orchids have have been employed, such as ndhE encoding gene, which successfully produced hybrids of favorable phenotypic proves to have a highly variable pattern among Oncidiinae, traits. For instance, it has been reported those between a subtribe of the family Orchidaceae. The ndhE gene is Phalaenopsis sp. and Vanda tricolor (Hartati 2010), found to encode a functional protein in four Oncidium Sedirea japonica and Neofinitea falcata (Been et al. 2014; cultivars, i.e. Oncidium Grower Ramsey, O. Grower Kim et al. 2015b), Dactylorhiza praetermissa and Ramsey ‘Sunkist’, O. Lemon Heart, and O. Sweet Sugar Gymnadenia borealis (Bateman et al. 2017), Oncidium ‘Million Coin’. On the other hand, this gene is truncated in Sweet Sugar and Ionopsis utricularioides (Cardoso 2017). three Beallara cultivars, i.e. Beallara Euro Star, B. Peggy Mostly, maternal inheritances of the flower traits of the Ruth Carpenter ‘Morning Joy’, B. Marfitch’ Howard hybrids were observed. Dream’, while no PCR product is obtained from B. Tahoma The main problem with phenotypic traits, is however Glacier ‘Sugar Sweet’ and B. Smile Eri. Similarly, no PCR the involvement of environmental factors that may result in product results from Zelenkoncidium Little Angle ‘Black phenotypic plasticity. For instance, floral volatile emissions Star’. The ndhE gene of Odontoglossum Margerette Holm to attract pollinators in some plant species are influenced encodes a functional protein, but that of O. Violetta von DWIATI et al. – Intergeneric hybrids of Phalaenopsis 2166 x Vanda ‘Saint Valentine’ 5139 Holm undergoes frameshift mutation, where some 5’-TCGAAGCATGGTTAGAGCAC-3’ (reverse primer). nucleotide deletion is observed. As well, deletion in ndhE These primers were designed using Primer 3 software sequence occurs in Odontocidium Golden Gate, O. Wildcat based on conserved areas of ndhE sequences of some ‘Garfield’ and Degarmoara Flying High (Wu et al. 2010). orchid species of the Oncidinae subtribe available in the Several plant species, e.g. Passiflora ciliata (accession NCBI database. The reaction was carried out in a total number JX664634.1), Pera bumeliifolia (accession number volume of 10 µl containing 5 µl Gotaq green master mix JX664635.1), Phyllanthus urinaria (accession number (Promega), 2.25 µl nuclease-free water, 2.5 µl genomic JX664536.1), and Rhizophora mangle (accession number DNA, and 0.25 µl primers. The PCR condition was as JX664642.1), have ndhE genes of approximately 300 bp in follows: pre-denaturation at 94oC for 3 minutes, proceeded length. by 35 reaction cycles consisting of denaturation at 94oC for In our previous study, we have been successfully 30 seconds, primer annealing at 50oC for 30 seconds, carrying out intergeneric hybridization between primer extension at 72oC for 90 seconds, and terminated by Phalaenopsis 2166 possessing a specific pattern of flowers a final extension at 72oC for 3 minutes. The reaction as the female parent and Vanda ‘Saint Valentine’ of flashy mixture was then stored at 4oC. The PCR products were red flowers as the male parent resulting in several hybrid visualized in a 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis using TBE seedlings. These hybrid seedlings show various shapes and buffer. The electrophoresis was run in 100 V and 400 mA colors in leaves, which in general tend to resemble those of for 40 minutes. Fluorosave DNA stain was used to Phalaenopsis 2166 assuming maternal inheritance to occur. visualize the PCR products on a UV transilluminator. On the other hand, the partial ndhE sequences of both The PCR products of approximately 200 bp were Phalaenopsis 2166 (accession number MH646649; 187 bp purified using the QIAquick kit. These were then sent to long) and Vanda ‘Saint Valentine’ (accession number Firstbase Malaysia for sequencing using terminator dye MH646650; 161 bp long) have been aligned showing the Sanger method. similarity of only 53%. To confirm the phenotypic traits observed in the hybrids, molecular characterization by the Sequence editing and analysis use of ndhE partial sequence is necessarily performed. The ndhE sequences were edited using Bioedit version This study aims to assess the congruency of phenotypic 7.0.4.1 and were checked manually. Blasting was traits maternally inherited in the intergeneric hybridization performed to see the sequence similarities with those between Phalaenopsis 2166 and Vanda ‘Saint Valentine’ available in the NCBI database. Then, sequence alignment with the inheritance pattern of ndhE partial sequences. In was carried out using Clustal W. All sequences were other words, we compare the ndhE partial sequences of the registered to NCBI GenBank for accession numbers. intergeneric hybrids with those of both parents. Table 1. Some leaf morphological traits of hybrid seedlings of MATERIALS AND METHODS intergeneric hybridization between Phalaenopsis 2166 and Vanda ‘Saint Valentine’ Plant materials Leaf morphology Fourteen seedlings resulting from intergeneric Parent Shape Color Tip hybridization between Phalaenopsis 2166 and Vanda Phalaenopsis 2166 Oval Purplish green Obtuse ‘Saint Valentine’ were used as samples to study the Vanda ‘Saint Valentine’ Linear Yellowish green Retuse inheritance mode of ndhE partial sequences. The parent Hybrid seedling plants were purchased from Taman Anggrek Indonesia F1 Big oval Bright green Obtuse Permai (TAIP) Jakarta. All the hybrid seedlings and both F2 Round Yellowish green Obtuse parent plants have been described regarding their leaf F3 Oblong Purplish green Obtuse morphology (Table 1). The leaf morphological features can F4 Oval Purplish green Obtuse also be seen in Figures 1 and 2. F6 Round Purplish green Obtuse F7 Oval Purplish green Obtuse F8 Oval Purplish green Retuse Procedures F9 Oblong Purplish