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Transmission of Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus Through Oviposition Wounds of Monochamus Carolinensis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)L

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Transmission of Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus Through Oviposition Wounds of Monochamus Carolinensis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)L Journal of Nematology 24(1): 133-1~39. 1992. © The Society of Nematologists 1992. Transmission of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus through Oviposition Wounds of Monochamus carolinensis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)l O. R. EDWARDS 2 AND M.J. LIMIT3 Abstract: Transmission of pinewood nematode through Monochamus carolinensis oviposition wounds was documented. Nematode transmission was measured as the average number of nema- todes isolated per oviposition wound excavated and also as the percentage of oviposition wounds from which nematodes were isolated. The influence of three factors that might affect nematode transmission was investigated: age of the beetle vector, number of nematodes carried per beetle, and egg deposition in the oviposition wound. Only the number of nematodes carried by the beetle was found to have a significant effect on transmission. Nematodes were transmitted more frequently and in slightly greater numbers by beetles carrying more nematodes. The influence of pinewood on nematode exit from beetles were investigated by comparing nematode exit from beetles placed over pine chips with those placed over distilled water. Nematodes exited in greater numbers and at a higher frequency from beetles over pine chips than from beetles over distilled water. Apparently, the nematodes are able to detect a factor from the pine chips that promotes their exit from the beetles. Key words: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Monochamus carolinensis, nematode, pine sawyer, pinewood nematode. The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelen- to susceptible healthy pines. Recently, the chus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle, is detection of pinewood nematode in North a mycophagous and phytophagous nema- American wood chips shipped to Finland tode associated with stressed pines in resulted in an embargo on North Ameri- North America. The nematode is trans- can raw softwood products by that nation. ported between trees by insect vectors. Sweden and Norway have passed similar The principal vectors of the pinewood import restrictions (1). The economic loss nematode throughout its distribution are associated with this embargo has increased cerambycid beetles in the genus Monocha- interest in the transmission of the nema- mus (9). These beetles lay their eggs under tode into felled timber through beetle ovi- the bark of stressed or recently felled pine position wounds. trees. The wounds created by these beetles The purpose of this study was to inves- during oviposition provides a means by tigate pinewood nematode transmission which the nematodes can enter pine trees through the oviposition wounds made by (20). Nematodes may also enter healthy its principal vector in the midwestern pine trees through beetle feeding wounds United States, Monochamus carolinensis (11). In susceptible pines, pinewood nema- (Olivier) (12). The first objective of this todes feed on the cells lining resin canals study was to determine the frequency of (13,14). These pine trees may show symp- successful transmission and the mean toms of pine wilt disease as a result of this number of nematodes transmitted into M. type of feeding. carolinensis oviposition wounds. The influ- Historically, interest in the pinewood ence of beetle age, number of nematodes nematode has focused on its transmission carried per beetle (nematode load), and egg deposition on nematode transmission was examined. The second objective of this Received for publication 28 May 1991. study was to investigate the potential role i Contribution from the Missouri Agricultural Experimen- tal Station, Journal Series No. 11,349. of pinewood volatiles in controlling nema- 2 Present address: Department of Entomological Sciences, tode exit from the beetle. University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720. s Department of Entomology, University of Missouri, Co- lumbia, MO 65211, to whom all correspondence should be MATERIALS AND METHODS sent. M. carolinensis adults used in these ex- We thank D. N. Kinn, U.S. Forest Service, Pineville, Lou- isiana, who received an earlier version of this manuscript. periments were from a laboratory colony 133 134 Journal of Nematology, Volume 24, No. 1, March 1992 infested with pinewood nematode. The ties that made oviposition wounds were beetles were reared in jack pine, Pinus macerated immediately after the experi- banksiana Lamb., logs, as described previ- ment, and the number of nematodes they ously (3). The wood bolts (12-18 cm in carried was determined using the modi- length, 5-8 cm in diameter) used in the fied Baermann technique. All nematodes transmission studies were from the main extracted from wood samples were indi- bole of recently felled jack pine trees from vidually examined to identify them posi- the Thomas A. Baskett Wildlife Research tively as B. xylophilus. and Education Center in Boone County, Beetles from five adult age classes were Missouri. The bolts were taken from an tested: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks post adult area of the tree where the bark was thin emergence. One day of leeway was used (1-2 mm) in order to promote oviposition for the beetle ages, so that all 1-week-old (7) and to minimize mandibular activity beetles were 6-8 days old, 2-week-old bee- during oviposition (19). The ends of the tles were 13-15 days old, and so forth. At wood bolts were coated with paraffin to least 50 oviposition wounds from nema- retard desiccation and were held for at tode-infested beetles in each age class were least 3 days before use to increase their tested. Because we could not determine attractiveness to ovipositing M. carolinensis without killing the beetles whether the bee- (7). All statistical analyses were conducted tles were nematode infested before carry- using the Statistical Analysis System (15). ing out the experiment, some beetles with- Transmission through oviposition wounds: out nematodes were tested. The wounds Female beetles were removed from the col- made by these beetles were examined to ony at the beginning of the scotophase of ensure that the wood brought from the the photoperiod. For each of 218 trials, field was nematode-free. one beetle was placed in a cylindrical card- The mean number of nematodes trans- board container (19 cm high, 17.5 cm di- mitted per oviposition wound was calcu- ameter) that contained a jack pine bolt. lated for each age class. Percentage of suc- Bolts were exposed to beetles for 4 hours. cessful transmission was calculated as the Bolts that had oviposition wounds after 2 percentage of oviposition sites into which hours were removed to prevent nematode at least one nematode was transmitted. dispersal from the wood surrounding ovi- Analysis of variance was used to determine position wounds prior to examination. whether number transmitted was affected These were replaced by fresh bolts for the by beetle age; chi-square analysis was used remaining 2 hours. Bolts that contained no to determine whether percentage of success- oviposition wounds after beetle exposure ful transmission was affected by age class. were discarded. Regression analysis was used to investi- Each oviposition wound was examined gate the relationship between nematode to determine whether an egg had been de- load of beetles and number of nematodes posited. To determine if transmission oc- transmitted. To analyze the effect of curred, the bark, cambium, and heart- nematode load on percentage of successful wood around each oviposition wound were transmission, the beetles were classed as removed to a radius of 0.75 cm and a follows: beetles carrying 1-100 nematodes, depth of at least 2 cm. Nematodes were 101-1,000 nematodes, 1,001-10,000 extracted from the bark and wood to- nematodes, and more than 10,000 nema- gether using a modified Baermann tech- todes. Chi-square analysis was used to de- nique (16). One additional bark and wood termine whether percentage of successful sample from each bolt was taken from a transmission was independent of nema- region where oviposition did not occur. tode load. These samples were checked to ensure Differences in mean nematode transmis- that no pinewood nematodes were present sion and percentage of successful trans- in the bolts prior to beetle oviposition. Bee- mission were also examined between sites Pinewood Nematode Transmission: Edwards, Linit 135 in which an egg had been laid and those other set of conditions first. After each 24- without an egg by t-test and chi-square hour test period, the arena was thoroughly analysis, respectively. washed with distilled water. The washing Transmission by male beetles: An experi- was placed with the distilled water and ment to determine whether male beetles wood chips (if present) into funnels for transmitted nematodes into oviposition nematode extraction using the modified wounds was performed concurrently with Baermann technique. After the second 24- the videotaping of M. carolinensis oviposi- hour testing period, the beetles were mac- tion behavior as described by Edwards and erated and their nematode loads were de- Linit (3). Nematode-free M. carolinensis fe- termined. All nematodes extracted were males were placed in the videotaping examined with a dissecting microscope for arena with nematode-infested males. positive identification as dauer juveniles of Nematode-free females were obtained by B. xylophilus. omitting nematode inoculation from the The data were analyzed as a crossover rearing procedure described previously treatment design (2). Because there were (3). Videotaping provided a record of ev- only two treatments, residual effects could ery oviposition event. The wood surround- not be tested; any residual effects from the ing all oviposition wounds was excavated first to the second assay period were as- and checked for nematodes as described sumed to be the same for all the beetles. above. The number of nematodes trans- Analysis of variance was used to test for mitted during each oviposition event was significant differences in nematode exit at- recorded. tributable to treatment, assay period, and Pine volatiles and nematode exit: Beetles beetle. A chi-square analysis was used to over 1 week of age were used to exclude determine if the presence of wood chips those from which nematodes were exiting affected frequency of nematode exit into at very low rates (10).
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