DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 376 043 SE 054 743

AUTHOR Helms, J. Christopher; Corbett, .obert J. TITLE Close Encounter With a Carolina Bay. : An Environmental Education Learning Experience Designed for Grades 6-8. INSTITUTION State Dept. of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, Raleigh. Div. of Parks and Recreation. PUB DATE Apr 94 NOTE 47p.; For related guides, see SE 054 736-744 and SE 054 746. AVAILABLE FROMNorth Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation, P.O. Box 27687, Raleigh, NC 27611-7687. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Instructional Materials (For Learner) (051) Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher) (052)

EDRS PRICE MFO1 /PCC2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS `Data Collection; Ecological Factors; *Ecology; Environmental Education; Grade 6; Grade 7; Grade 8; *Habitats; Intermediate Grades; Junior High Schools; *Parks; Science Activities; Science Education; Science Equipment; Temperature; *Water Quality IDENTIFIERS *Aquatic Life; Environmental Awareness; Hands On Experience; North Carolina State Parks System.; *pH

ABSTRACT This activity guide, developed to provide hands-on environmental education activities geared to Jones Lake State Park in North Carolina, is targeted for grades 6,7, and 8 and meets curriculum objectives in the standard course of study established by the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction. Three types of activities are included: pre-visit, on-site, and post-visit. The on-site activity is conducted at the park, while pre- and post-visit activities are designed for the classroom. Major concepts included are: water quality, data collection, pH, animal adaptations, and geomorphology of a Carolina bay lake. Includes an introduction to the water cycle, a vocabulary list, scheduling worksheet, parental permission form, North Carolina Parks and Recreation program evaluation, sources of information on water resources, and information about Jones Lake State Park and . (MKR)

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"The bay lakes region of North Carolina is among the few of the states unique natural features to receive Ivor/divide attention."

NC Division of Parks and Recreation State Lakes Master Plan Funding for this publication was generously provided by C P&L This Environmental Education Learning Experience was developed by

J. Christopher Helms and Robert J. Corbett, Lead Interpretation & Education Ranger and Park Ranger 11 Jones Lake State Park

N.C. Division of Parks and Recreation Departmentof Environment. Health and Natural Resources

4111,7711117A James B. I lunt. Jr. Jonathan B. Howes Governor [DE Ir--INIIF-7C Secretary

iii Other Contributors...

Park volunteers:

The N.C. Department of Public Instruction:

The N.C. Department of Environment. Health and Natural Resources:

and the many individuals and agencies who assisted in the review of this publication.

5()0 copies of this public document Ix ere printed at a cost of $1,750 or $3.50 per copy

®Printed on recycled paper. 4-94

7, iv 1. Introduction Introduction to the North C'arolina State ParksSystem 1.1 Introduction to Jones Lake State Park 1.1 introduction to the Activity Packet for Jones LakeState Park 1.5 Introduction to Carolina Bays 1.6 Introduction to the Water C\ elc 1.9

") I 2. Activity. Summary.

3. Pre-Visit Activity '1 Water Quality Testing Procedures 3.1

4. On-Site Activity "1 Water Quality TestinL, 4.1

5. Post-Visit Activity "1 How's Your Wate:. 5 1

6. Vocabulary 0.1

7. References 7.1

8. Forms 8.1

9. Notes 9.1

3 Introduction to the North Carolina State Parks System

preserving and protecting The North Carolina State As one of North Carolina's North Carolina's natural Parks System has now been principal conservation agen- resources is actually a rela- established for more than three cies. the Division of Parks and tively new idea. The seeds of quarters of a century. What Recreation is responsible for the conservation movement started out as one small plot of the more than 125,000 acres were planted early in the 20th public land has grown into 59 that make up our state parks century when cititens were properties across the state, in- system. The Division man- alerted to the devastation of cluding parks. recreation areas, ages these resources for the Mount Mitchell. Logging trails. rivers, lakes and natural safe enjoyment of the public was destroying a well-known and protects and preserves landmark - the highest' peak them as a part of the heritage east 01 the Ni ississippi. As we will pass on to generations the magnificent forests of to come. this mile-high peak fell to An important component the lumbermen's axe. alarmed of our stewardship of these citiiens began to voice r,... lands is education. Through their objections. Gover- our interpretation and environ- nor Locke Craig joined mental education services. them in their efforts to the Division of Parks and save Mount Mitchell. Recreation strives to offer Together they convinced enlightening programs which the legislature to pass a bill lead to an understanding and establishing Mount Mitchell areas. This vast network of app.ciation of our natural as the first state park of North land boasts some of the most resources. The goal of our Carolina. That was in 1915. beautiful scenery in the world environmental education and offers endless recreation program is to generate an opportunities. But our state awareness in all individuals parks system offers much more which cultivates responsible than scenery and recreation. stewardship of the earth. Our lands and waters contain unique and valuable archaeo- logical, geological and biologi- cal resources that are important pails of our natural heritage.

For more information contact:

N.C. Division of Parks and Recreation P.O. Box 27687 Raleigh, NC 27611-7687 a 919/ 733-4181

.lone. I.ahe Sidle Park. M April 1994 Tones Lake State Park in acres or more become property This property was turned J Bladen County covers of the state of North Carolina over to the state of North 2208 acres, including two for the use and benefit of all its Carolina July 1. 1939. for natural lakes. Jones Lake. the people. Additional legislation operation under a lease agree- park's namesake, is about 224 in 1929 designated lakes of 50 ment. Jones Lake opened in acres and Salters Lake is 315 acres or more as state property. the summer of 1939 as the first acres. Jones Lake State Park The depressed economic state park for blacks in North is located four (-t) miles north times of the thirties provided Carolina. The park achieved of Elizabethtown on NC High- the impetus for many state immediate popularity and in way 242. parks. In order to create jobs. later years, like all other North Jones Lake was once the federal government poured Carolina State Parks, was de- known as Woodward's Lake. millions of dollars into the segregated. In October. 1954, for Samuel Woodward, a field of conservation. For the land was given to the state Justice of the Peace in the state parks. this assistance cre- by the federal government. mid-1700's. It was renamed ated a tremendous amount of Today, the park's recre- for Isaac Jones. a landowner development and land acquisi- ational activities center around who donated a tract of land tion. The federal government Jones Lake, while Salters Lake on which Elizabethtown was purchased submarginal farm is maintained as a natural area established in 1773. Salters lands in the area, which were and used for educational and Lake got its name from Sallie managed from 1936-39 by scientific study. Permits for Salter, a Revolutionary War the Resettlement Administra- entry to Salters Lake Natural heroine who spied on the tion. On this land, using local Area may be obtained at the Tories encamped in town. talents and materials. the Jones Lake State Park office. Statewide interest in the hay Resettlement Administration Facilities at Jones Lake in- lakes emerged in 1827-28 and developed a recreation center clude: a 20-site family camp- 1911 when legislation prohib- at Jones Lake. A large bath- ground with a modern bath- ited private ownership of land house. beach, picnic grounds house: a day-use area with covered by lake waters and and refreshment stand were picnic tables: a protected further established that any constructed. All of these swimming area which is open lake in Bladen. Columbus and buildings have since been from Memorial Day to Labor Cumberland counties of 5(t) replaced. Day: changing areas and

Chain pickerel 10 Jones I.ake State Park. NC 1.2 April 1994 showers: and an interpretive species of fish are present. Scheduling a Trip stand where you may learn The most abundant fish are 1. To make a reservation, con- more about the Carolina yellow perch. with chain pick- tact the park at least two weeks lakes and flora and fauna of erel, catfish. lake chubsuckers in advance. the area. A hiking trail follows and bluespottecl sunfish also 2. Complete the Scheduling the lakeshore about three miles present. Worksheet, located at the hack around .lones Lake. while a Program Options of this activity packet on page shorter self-guided nature loop 8. I. and return it to the park as is also adjacent to the day-use Jones Lake State Park is an excellent place to teach soon as possible. area. ecology, environmental issues. 3. Research activity permits Jones Lake State Park biology, conservation and may be required for sampling contains a number of plant earth science. as well as a fun activities. If your group plans communities. Evergreens. place to enjoy recreational to collect any plant. animal or such as sweet hay, loblolly bay ac';vities. The area is rich with mineral within the park. please and red bay. are predominant natural resources and provides contact the park office at least in the park and are the origin a wonderful outdoorclassroom30 days in advance to obtain a for the name Carolina hay. to have a close encounter with permit application. A hay forest surrounds the a Carolina hay. lake and has poor drainage. Before the Trip Groups arc encouraged Around the edge of the bay I. Complete the pre-visit forest and in other areas with to visit the park during all activity in the Environmental moist soils. a pocosin plant seasons of the year for hikes. Education Learning Experi- exploration, nature study and community contains sheep lau- ence packet. rel, blueberry and fetterbush. other activities. Group leaders may choose to design and con- 2. Group leaders should Pond pine and Atlantic white visit the park without the par- cedar are common in the bay duct their own activities or use the Environmental Education ticipants prior to the group forest and pocosin, thanks to trip. This will enable you to past natural tires that burned Learning Experience activity. Park staff will he `glad to assist become familiar with the fa- underbrush allowing their cilities and park staff, identify establishment. Today. con- you with your programming needs. Every effort will be themes and to work out any trolled burning is essential for potential problems. the perpetuation of these com- made to accommodate persons munities. Without such tires. with disabilities. To make 3. Group coordinators should discuss park rules and behav- the character of these vegeta- arrangements, please ior expectations with adult tive communities would even- contact the park leaders and participants. tually change. office at least two weeks befbre er7,1, Safety should be stressed. On higher ground, the well- your visit. 4. Activities that take place drained sandy soils support Ad110 - outdoors may expose partici- plant communities dominated pants to insects and seasonal by and turkey 411tOr weather conditions. Be pre- oak. The use of controlled pared to dress accordingly burns is also essential to pro- and wear sunscreen or insect tect the ecological integrity of repellent. if necessary. Com- these communities. fortable walking shoes should Due to the acidity of both also be worn. Jones and Salters lakes, few Ruth T lininqeito

Jone,, Lake State Park. NC April 1994 5. Prior to the park visit, 4. All plants and animals Park Information the group should be divided within the park are protected. Jones Lake State Park into four smaller testing Breaking plants or harming Rt. 2, Box 945 groups. These groups will animals is prohibited in all Elizabethtown, NC 28337 work together during theon- state parks. This allows future Tel: (910) 588-455( site testing. visitors the same opportunity 6. Group leaders or teachers to enjoy our natural resources. Hours of Operation are responsible for obtaining 5. Picnic only in designated Nov-Feb 8:00 an6:00 pm a parental permission form picnic areas. Help keep the Mar,Oet 8:00 an7:00 pm Apr,May,Sep 8:00 am - 8:(X) pm from each participant, includ- park clean and natural., put Jun-Aug 8:00 am - 9:00 pm ing a listing of any healthcon- litter in the nearest trash can. siderations and medical needs, 6. In case of accident or Other Attractions in the An example of this form is Area: emergency, contact park staff located after the reference list immediately. State Park at the hack of this packet on Rt. 1, Box 63 page 8.2. Following the Trip Kelly, NC 28448 7. If youwill be late or need to 1. Complete the post-visit Bladen Lakes Educational cancel your trip, please not activity in thr Environmental State Forest the park as far aheadas po Education Learning Experi- Rt. 2, Box 942 -A sible. ence packet. Elizabethtown. NC 28337 While at the Park 2. Build upon. the field Moores Creek experience and encourage Please obey the following National Battlefield participants to seek answers rules: Highway 210 to questions and problems P.O. Box 69 1. To help you get the most encountered at the park. Currie. NC 28435 out of the experience and in- 3. Relate the experience to State Park crease the chance of observing classroom activities and wildlife, be as quiet as possible Rt. 1, Box 147 curriculum through reports, while in the park. Lake Waccamaw, NC 2845() projects, demonstrations, dis- 2. On hikes, walk behind the plays and presentations. Ask leader at all times. park staff for additional ideas. 3. The water quality tests 4. Give tests or evaluations, will be conducted on the pier if appropriate, to determine if at Jones Lake. Horseplay students have gained desired and misconduct will not be information from the experi- allowed. ence. 5. File a written evaluation of the experience with the park. Evaluation forms are available at the back of the packet on page 8.3.

444-

1 2. illustration h) Ruth T BrunstetWr

Jones Lake Mate Park. NC 1.4 April 1994 \Introduction to the Activity Packet for °Jopes Lake State Park rr he Environmental Educa- park visit to prepare students Vocabulary words used tion Learning Experience, for the on-site activity, giving throughout this Environmental Close Encounter with a Caro- ;them the necessary back- Education Learning Experi- lina Bay, was developed to ground and vocabulary. We ence appear in bold type the provide hands-on envirolunen= encourage you to use the first time they are used in each tal educational activities for theMost -visit activity to reinforce activity. These words and their classroom in the outdoor set- concepts, skills and vocabu- definitions may be found in ting of Jones Lake State Park. lary learned in the pre-visit the vocabulary at the back of This activity packet, designed' and on-site activities. These the activity packet. A list of to be implemented, in the activities may be performed the reference materials used middle school grades, meets independently or in a series to in developing the activities curriculum build upon the students' newly follows the vocabulary. objectives of standard course gained knowledge and experi- This document was de- of study established by?the ences. signed to be reproduced, in North Carolina Department of The Environmental Educa- part or in its entirety, for use Public Instruction. tt includes tion Learning Experience, in North Carolina classrooms. three types of activities: Close Encounter with a Caro- Should you wish to photo- 1) pre-visit activity lina Bay, will expose the copy or adapt it for other 2) on-site activity student to the following major uses, please credit the North 3) post-visit activity concepts: Carolina Division of Parks The on-site activity will be Water quality and Recreation. conducted at the park, while Data collection pre-visit'ancl post-visit activi- pH ties am designed for the class- Animal adaptations room. The pre-visit activity Geonaphology of a should be done prior to the carolina,bay lake

Jones Lake State Park, NC 1.5 April 1994 Introduction to Carolina Bays

What is a Carolina hay? not contain open water during While sharing many simi- On the Atlantic Coastal the majority of the year. The larities, Carolina bays also can Plain. from to New name of these natural basins differ in a number of ways. Jersey, there were once over originated from the fact that For example, the interior of 50(),0(X) hays. At one time. there is a high concentration Bushy Lake, despite its name, Bladen County contained someof them in the Carolinas and doesn't contain open water, 1,200 bays covering almost 20 an abundance of three species but is dominated by pocosin square miles. Many of these. of associated vegetation: red vegetation growing on thick however, have been destroyed bay, sweet hay and loblolly deposits of peat. On the other to make way for agriculture bay. hand, Cotton Head Bay, just and other uses. In general, Carolina bays were discov- south of the park, is primarily bays are shallow. elliptical ered in the early thirties, when bay forest. Given the large depressions in the earth that aerial photographs were being number of Carolina bays, only are oriented in a southeast used to lay out fi.u-ms. Their a very small percentage pres- northwest direction. The size similar shape, orientation and ently have open water. may range from less than 1 the presence of an elevated It is likely that all bays acre to 9,000 acres. The term sand ridge on the southeast were once bodies of water hay can he confusing because rim were obvious from the air that over thousands of years it does not refer to a body of and brought the Carolina bays became peat-filled bogs. To- water. Most Carolina hays do to the immediate and on-going day, Jones Lake is only 34 attention of scientists. percent as large as its original size, evidence of the filling Bay Forest process.

Sand Rim

Pulpy Peat Bottom Scattered Cypress

Exposed Beach

Built-up Sand Rim Eroded Shoreline

Jones Lake State Park, N(' 1.6 14 April 1994 ?c i VI

Jones Lake Sand Layer Geomorphology Hard-pan Clay

Bladen County contains an Carolina bays. Its outlet The meteor impact theory, unusually high number of bay stream exits the lake through one of the more popular, lakes. Singletary, Bay Tree, the northwest rim where most was proposed by Melton and White, and of course, Jones of the peat soils occur. In this Shreiver in 1934 and was later and Salters lakes are the most manner the dark-stained, revised by Prouty in 1952. It widely known. acidic water flows away from, suggests the Carolina bays Bay lakes depend on rainfall rather than into, the lake. The were formed by a swarm of to maintain the water level. lake is therefore clear and meteors that crashed into the This results in a great deal of less acidic. earth at a low angle from the fluctuation from season to Few geological phenomena northwest. Air shock waves, season. During periods of are more mysterious to scien- generated by meteor impacts, low water, pond cypress can tists than the origin of Carolina created the shallow, elliptical become established on the ex- bays. Many theories have depressions in the loose, posed lake floor. The root been proposed to explain their unconsolidated sands of the system of mature cypress trees occurrence. These theories coastal plain. While fascinat- in open water traps floating have generated much debate ing, this theory is not well- vegetation. Over time, this among the scientific commu- supported scientifically. No allows the thick bay vegetation nity, but none has gained uni- meteorite materials have been to creep further out into the versal acceptance. Some of found in the bays and a sub- lake. these theories include meteor bottom profile of the bay lakes Slow movement of rainwa- impact, dissolution of lime- does not show the degree of ter through the peat soil of the stone and streamlining of bays disturbance a meteor impact bay forest dissolves chemicals, by the flow of groundwater, should make. such as tannic acid, produced dissolution by artesian springs Recent research seems to by the decaying vegetation. and streamlining of bays by indicate that the bays were The tea-colored water found wind and current action, the formed during the last Ice in most bay lakes is the result. activity of giant prehistoric Age when strong winds blew This natural acidity is a deter- fish spawning, and the oriented across ponds in what was mining factor in what types of lake theory. While there is no then a sandy, barren land- fish and aquatic plants can live general acceptance of any one scape. Lake waves, generated in this environment. Whit? theory, the oriented lake theory by strong prevailing winds, Lake, however, is different is best supported by scientific eroded the shallow lakes and from the other water-filled evidence. ponds into ellipses. In the

15 Jones Lake State Park. NC 1.7 April 1994 area of the Carolinas, prevail- and eggs are preyed on by neutralize the acidity of the ing winds from the north- fish. Nearly 50 reptile and soil. These land uses have northeast created the south- amphibian species use North caused the loss of valuable east-northwest orientation Carolina's bays, including the habitat for sonic of the state's of the Carolina bays. As the rare tiger salamander. Other rarest plants and animals. climate changed and warming rare species include the Venus The Salters Lake Natural began after the Wisconsin fly-trap, white-wicky (a coastal Area at Jones Lake State Park Ice Age, precipitation was plain relative of mountain encompasses one of the finest reduced and vegetation began laurel) and the black hear. examples in the state of an to overtake the hays. This is Since European settlement, undisturbed hay lake commu- the oriented lake theory. over half of all Carolina hays nity. Guided hikes in this area Geologists have determined have been logged and drained are available by contacting from studying pollen grains for farmland or tree planta- the park office. that not all Carolina bays were tions, even though farming formed at the same time. Ages yields are poor without first range from 20,000 to 40,000 treating the land with heavy years, with Singletary Lake amounts of limestone to being one of the oldest ever re- corded. Carolina hays arc ideal habitat for a number of rare plants and animals. Some small hays, while wet during the fall to spring months. dry up during the summer and therefore do not support fish. These r:sh-free hays are ideal habitat for many frogs and salamanders whose larvae

yellow pitcher plant

Jones, Lake Slate Park. NC f .8 11 April 1994 Introduction to the Water Cycle

Humus AND Lill ER TOPSOIL

SUBSOIL

PARENT SOIL MATERIAL

Evaporation The changing of water into vapor through their leaves. All living things water vapor. are connected through the water cycle." Groundwater Water found below the (from "Water Wonders", Project Learning Tree) surface of the Earth. The water cycle shows us that the Earth's Hydrologic cycle (Water cycle)Process water can be found in many different places. involving the circulation and distribution of the Atmosphere 0.001 % water on Earth. Water held in the air as water vapor. InfiltrationThe process by which water Surface water 0.019% seeps into the soil. Fresh water found in lakes, rivers PrecipitationForms of condensed water and reservoirs. vapor that are heavy enough to fall to the Subsurface water 0.630% Earth's surface, such as rain, snow. sleet, hail Fresh water found beneath the ground, and fog. usually brought up by pumps. Glaciers & ice caps 2.150% "The water cycle is the system by which Fresh water frozen into ice, found in Earth's fixed amount of water is collected, the Arctic and Antarctic oceans. purified and distributed from the environment Oceans 97.200% to living things and back to the environment. Large bodies of salt water such as the Plants play a large part in the cycle by absorb- Atlantic and Pacific, that cover about ing water with their roots and transpiring itas 71% of the Earth. 17 Jones Lake State Park, NC 1.9 April 1994 Activity Summary o The following outline provides a brief summary of each activity, the major concepts intro- duced and the objectives met by completion of the activity. I. Pre-Visit Activity #1 Water Quality Testing Procedures (page 3.1.1) Instruct students in the use of various pieces of water testing equipment such as: litmuspaper for pH testing; thermometer; calibrated depth marker and a Secchi disk for measuring water clarity. The use of these tools will be demonstrated. Major concepts: Water quality Scientific testing procedures Bay lake ecology Data collection Objectives: Identify the four main factors that influence water quality in Carolina bay lakes and learn methods to monitor and test for them. Name the two natural acids that affect the pH of Carolina bay lakes. Discuss the two zones relating to the amount of sunlight penetration and explain which area is most productive and why. List two natural influences that affect productivity in a Carolina bay lake. Explain how the amount of light penetration dictates the type of aquatic life present. State the environmental temperature range that must be maintained for the survival of most aquatic life. Convert temperature readings from the Fahrenheit scale to the Celsius scale and from Celsius to Fahrenheit. Name the layers of a lake during stratification and give the characteristics of each. Explain reasons for temperature changes relating to water depth.

Bay Forest //1.. _ _ /A. 1.

_ Sand Rim

Scattered --Cypress

Sandy _ _ _ Bottom 70 Exposed Beach

Built-up ! Sand Rim 7 7 72.. 1---.. Eroded Shoreline

Jones Lake State Park, NC 21 3 April 1994 II. On-Site Activity #1 Water Quality Testing (page 4.1.1) In this hands-on activity, students will perform various water quality tests to determine the pH, temperature, water clarity and depth of Jones Lake. Major Concepts: Water quality pH pH range best suited for aquatic life Clarity Temperature ranges Reading a calibrated scale Bay lake geomorphology Objectives: Work as a scientific testing group to gather data on the water quality of a Carolina bay lake. Use litmus paper to measure pH. Demonstrate how to use a Secchi disk to.measure clarity. Measure temperature. Determine temperature ranges that best support aquatic life. Learn the average depth of most Carolina bay lakes. Demonstrate the use of a calibrated depth scale to measure lake depth. Present and explain the data collected in the water quality tests. Based on the pH of Jones Lake and Lake Waccarnaw, explain the difference in aquatic life of the two lakes. III. Post-Visit Activity #1 How's Your Water ? (page 5.1.1) The class will discover the pH values of water sources located in and around their school and home, and determine typical plants and animals that could live in these habitats. Major concepts: pH pH range best suited for aquatic life Water quality Objectives: Use litmus paper to measure pH. Predict habitat suitability for select fish.

Jones Lake State Park, NC 2.2 April 1994 a I 1 41.

Curriculum Objectives: Materials: Explain how the amount Grade 6 Provided by park: litmus paper, of light penetration dictates Communication Skills: study pH range poster, clear liquids the type of aquatic life skills using environmental (one acid, one base), glass present. sources, listening, reading, containers (vials), Secchi disk, State the environmental vocabulary and viewing calibrated depth marker, "Bay comprehension Lake Geomorphology" hand- temperature range that must Science: how science helps out, mercury thermometers, be maintained for the sur- us thermometer poster vival of most aquatic life. Social Studies: gather, orga- Provided by educator: orange Convert temperature read- nize and analyze information juice, antacids (i.e., RolaidsTm, ings from the Fahrenheit TumsTm ), tap water, very dark Grade 7 colored water or tea, small bag scale to the Celsius scale Communication Skills: study of potting soil or other dirt, and from Celsius to Fahren- skills using environmental aquarium or other rectangular, heit. sources, listening, reading, transparent container, hair Name the layers of a lake vocabulary and viewing dryer, ice cubes during stratification and comprehension Per student: Student's Informa- Science: characteristics of tion sheets give the characteristics of plants and animals, plant and each. animal communities, natural Explain reasons for tem- phenomena Major Concepts: perature changes relating Social Studies: know the im- to water depth. portance of natural resources, Water quality gather, organize and analyze Scientific testing procedures information Data collection Educator's Information: Grade 8 Bay lake ecology Tn this activity, the students Communication Skills: study Objectives: will learn three ways to test skills using environmental water quality, and the instru- sources, listening, reading, Identify the four main vocabulary and viewing factors that influence water ments and procedures to be comprehension quality in Carolina Bay used during the On-Site Ac- Science: ecology, geomor- lakes and learn methods to tivities at Jones Lake. Review phology, landform processes monitor and test for them. the testing and background Social Studies: North Caro- information provided and be lina geography, gather, orga- Name the two natural nize and analyze information acids that affect the pH of sure that the students have read Carolina bay lakes. this material before you begin Location: Classroom Discuss the two zones the classroom discussion. Group Size: relating to the amount of 30 students or less sunlight penetration and explain which area is most Estimated Time: productive and why. 45 minutes to 1 hour List the two natural influ- Appropriate Season: Any ences which affect produc- tivity in a Carolina bay lake.

20 Jones Lake State Park, NC 3.1.1 April 1994 Instructions: litmus paper, a specially examples such as pH-balanced treated paper which changes shampoos, acidic or spicy pH Testing color when it is moistened by foods that cause indigestion, 1. Review the Student's Infor- a sample solution. such as pizza, tacos, spaghetti mation on pH. Discuss what The type of litmus paper and orange juice (citric acid). the term pH means and how it we will use covers the pH's Also mention substances that is measured on the pH scale. of solutions in the ranges of can be taken to neutralize To reinforce the concept of the to 12 and has a different shade indigestion, like RolaidsTM pH scale, use an example such of color corresponding with TumsTM or Alka SeltzerTm. As as a lake with a pH value of 5, each pH. humans, we are also living which is 10 times more acidic organisms and cannot tolerate A testing square in the cen- than a lake with a pH reading drastic changes in pH. In later ter of the paper will turn to the of 6; 4 would be 100 times activities, students will have an shade of the pH value when more acidic than 6. opportunity to test themselves. placed in the testing solution. 2. Explain how just a small Inform the students the pH Household items will be difference in pH values can testing station will be on Jones tested at the park and com- drastically affect the types of Lake pier and no horseplay pared to the water of Jones aquatic life found there and will be tolerated. On the pier, Lake, but as a preview you which balancing mechanisms a small bucket with an attachedmay want to test orange juice affect the pH of an aquatic string will be lowered over and RolaidsTM or baking soda system. Photosynthesis, pro- the side to get a water sample. to show how an antacid works. ductivity, clarity, rainfall and Group members will pour Solids such as RolaidsTM must light are all factors which can some of the water in a small be dissolved in water before influence the pH of a body of specimen jar and then dip their testing. If the water used to water. At Jones Lake, as in litmus paper in the water and dissolve the solids is acidic, the other Carolina bay lakes, record the value. then the pH of the RolaidsTM the most important factor will not test as basic as it 4. In the classroom, test two affecting pH is tannic acid, would if water with a neutral clear liquids, one base and one which leaches into the lake pH had been used. from the surrounding bay bog acid. These will be provided following rainfall. Display the by the park. This test will Clarity Testing poster of pH ranges that may show that two substances can 1. Review the Student's support aquatic life (provided look the same and have totally Information on dark'. Briefly by the park). opposite pH values. Also, discuss why the clarity of a at this time, ask the students 3. Discuss the method of pH body of water is important in if and how pH may affect testing tiiat will be used at determining the existence and humans in our daily life. Use Jones Lake. Students will use types of aquatic life which may be present. If the students have read the provided information, they should be able to describe the importance of sunlight in photosynthesis of plants, even for underwater plants. 2. Make sure the students realize that the tea-coloring of Jones Lake is the most im- portant factor affecting clarity,

Jones Lake State Park. NC 21 April 1994 but in other water sources 5. Have a student lower the Depth Testing: turbidity is a major concern. Secchi disk into the clear water 1. Review the the Student's Turbidity is soil, algae or other and then into the tea-colored Information and lead a dis- particles or pollutants settling water. Explain to them that cussion with the class on the to the bottom through the lake this is the same procedure they depth of the Carolina hay water. These particles may be will be using at Jones Lake. lakes. At this time, hand out stirred up by wind, waves or Be aware that the disk may copies of the "Bay Lake human activity in the lake it- still he visible in the tea-col- Geomorphology." Point out self or may run off into the ored water because light can to students that this type of' lake from nearby farms, con- penetrate through the shallow lakes only averages about 9 ft. struction sites or parking lots. water in the container Show in depth and have different Fortunately, Jones Lake is the students that the disk is lesscharacteristics from deeper surrounded by Bladen Lakes visible in the darker water than lakes. State Forest. so runoff and pol- the clear water. 2. The measure of depth as lution is not as large a concern 6. Ask the students what an activity is done because it as in bodies of water where effects the darker water would so closely relates to the clarity there is more activity around have on aquatic life found in and temperature of a Carolina the lake. Most Carolina bays the water. Could they tell what hay lake. To introduce the lack an overland input of watertype of life a body of water process of stratification, focus (i.e. river or streams) which might contain just on the fact that this is a transi- means that water is not being by its water clar- tion that occurs on the basis stirred up or made turbid. ity? (Answer: No, of temperature. Increased From a standpoint of produc- because there are periods of sunlight in spring tivity this means that so many more heat the surface of the lake and nutrients essential for cause it to he several degrees the growth of aquatic warmer than the rest of the plants arc scarce, lake water that is not being because they are not radiated by the sun. In the flowing into the lakes. summer, the lake will have 3. For the classroom activity definite layers due to this solar show the Secchi disk that is factors such as pH, tempera- heating. The epilimnion is described in the Student's ture and nutrient concentration the top layer and is well mixed Information and remind the that are just as important as by surface winds and wave students of the Italian admiral clarity.) action. The epilimnion, there- who invented it by lowering 7. Stir soil and organic mate- fore, keeps a uniform tempera- an ordinary dinner plate into rial into the clear water. This ture throughout. The layer the water from his boat. will demonstrate how the closest to the bottom is much 4. In order to demonstrate the clarity of water can become colder and darker and is called concept of clarity in the class- turbid from the introduction of the hypolimnion. Naturally, room, start with two large material, or from sediments sunlight penetration decreases aquariums (buckets or trash in the bottom being stirred up. the deeper you go in the cans could work if aquariums Soon after adding this mate- water, so this cool, dark region are not available). One should rial, check the clarity again, has less productivity. The be filled with clear, tap water using the Secchi disk. What two layers are separated by a and one with very dark tea- problems would a fish living layer of transition called the colored water, like that of in such muddied conditions metalimnion. Location of Jones Lake. encounter? this layer depends on tempera-

Jones Lake State Park. NC 3. I .32 2 April 1994 ture and oxygen levels. (The 4. At the park, students will Temperature Testing: metalimnion is sometimes be using a calibrated depth 1. Review the Student's Infor- called the thermocline, though marker to check the depth in mation on temperature. this term refers strictly to two locations from the pier at 2. Discuss with students the temperature differences, and Jones Lake. Show the depth reason temperature is mea- does not measure changes in marker to the students. dissolved oxygen). sured (because of the role 5. Another activity you may it plays in determining the 0 want to perform in the class- amount of dissolved oxygen room further demonstrates the present in water). Cooler 5 Epilimmon concept of stratification. water has the capability to 10 Metalimnion A. First, get a transparent hold more dissolved oxygen eg. container at least 24 inches than does warm water. Ex- =15 long. (An aquarium or shal- plain that this is one reason low, rectangular baking dish many species of fish are 20 Hypolimnion works well). found in deeper waters during

25 '& B. Fill the container with the summer. Warm water also causes a rise in the metabolic 30 t 1 cold tea to a depth of about 2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 rate of fishes Temperature ('C) to 3 inches, depending on the size of the container. '11.'4^ and therefore 3. Explain to the students that stratification works this way in C. Add about an inch of most deep water lakes, but in very warm water, carefully the oval-shaped depressions pouring the water over the called Carolina bay lakes the back of a spoon to avoid mix- ing it with the tea. You should process is different. Because 98.6° F these lakes are so shallow, the be able to observe the two 37° C distinct layers with the meta- Normal Body entire water column becomes Temperature much like the epilimnion limnion, or thermocline, layer, having a quite uniform between them. 32° F temperature throughout. Pre- D. Try different things, like C vailing winds and winds asso- blowing warm air across the Water Freezes ciated with thunderstorms also surface of the water from a play a part in mixing the lake hair dryer and observing what an increased need for water and making it roughly takes place. Does the thenno- oxygen. Remind the one temperature. This is not cline move? Add a couple of students that seasonal to say that Carolina bay lakes ice cubes to float in the warm temperature changes never stratify at all. During water and see what happens. have the greatest effect late spring a cool water hy- on the water temperature, polimnion may in some years but the mixing of water by be detected at the very bottom wind will also cause the of the Carolina bay lakes. temperature and presence of oxygen to fluctuate.

2r

Jones Lake State Park, NC 3.1.4 April 1994 3. Pass the thermometer 5. Most of the world uses the Example ( °F = 98.6°) around for the class to see. Celsius scale to measure tem- °C = (98.6°32) 5+ 9 perature. The Celsius scale, 411/ While the thermometer should = (66.6' x 5) +9 remain in its plastic case today, like the rest of the metric sys- it will be removed from it to tem, is based on tens, with = 333°+ 9 get accurate readings at Jones 0° C for its freezing point and °C= 37° Lake. Inform students that 100° C for the boiling or steam Celsius to Fahrenheit this is a mercury thermometer, point. Numbers in between like those used to measure go up in increments of ten. °F = {(9 x °C) +5}+ 32 human body temperature. The Using the following formulas 1. Replace the °C in the readings taken at the lake will you can easily convert a Fahr- formula with the Celsius be on the Fahrenheit scale enheit temperature to Celsius temperature. that we use in the United or vice versa. Please explain 2. Multiply the Celsius tem- States. This scale is named these formulas to your class perature by 9. for Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit and have them do the sample 3. Divide that result by 5. (1686-1736), the same man problems at the end of the 4. Add 32. who perfected a way of purify-section. 5. This is the temperature in Fahrenheit. ing mercury so that it could be Fahrenheit to Celsius used in this type of instrument. Example (°C = 100°) °C = (F32°) 5+9 4. Make the students aware °F. {(9 x 100°)+5} +32 1. Replace the F in the for- that on the Fahrenheit scale, °F=(900°±5)+ 32 32° F is the freezing point and mula with the Fahrenheit tem- 212° F is the boiling point. To perature. °F=180°+32 illustrate the scale in use, the 2. Subtract 32° from the °F= 212° Fahrenheit temperature. educator may use the ther- Haw! students convert the 3. Multiply the result by five. mometer to take a few of the following temperatures to 4. Divide that result by nine. students' temperatures. They Fahrenheit or Celsius: should read around 98.6° F. 5. This is the temperature in 70° F (21° C) Use the thermometer poster to Celsius. , 12° C (54° F) compare the Fahrenheit and 57 °C (135° F) Celsius scales. 129° F (54° C) 204° C (399° F)

24

Jones Lake State Park, NC 3.1.5 April 1994 pH Ranges That Support Aquatic Life Bacteria 1 Acidic 2 3 4 5 6 Neutral 7 8 9 10 11 12 Basic 13 14 Maidencane)(Yellow-eyedPlants grass, NNNNNN\*NKt4NN\L'*V,Ixt(4 \41 YellowChain pickerel, perch Catfish, >4.010 *ow- \COCCii "stmsso- Mussels,Bass, Crappie Snails, Clams POP411141101110,01 40 411 caddisflies)(mayflies,Largest Variety stoneflies, of Animals 26 PH productivity, turbulence or Carolina Division of Environ- The term pH means (p)owerclarity, rainfall and light are mental Management to ensure of (H)ydrogen ion activity. all balancing mechanisms that that the pH range and other Scientists use the pH scale to help keep a pH range constant. water quality factors remain show levels of acidity in soil The pH of rainfall is naturally within the appropriate range and water. At one end of the acidic, normally registering for aquatic life and human scale, a pH of 0 is extremely around 5 to 5.5, but may be enjoyment. acidic, having more hydrogen "buffered" or neutralized whenClarity ions (H+). A pH of 14 is very coming in contact with many types of soils. The energy source of a lake basic, or alkaline, with more or pond ecosystem is the same hydroxide ions (OH-). A sub- The soils of Carolina bays, for our entire planet, sunlight. such as Jones Lake, contain stance with equal numbers of The intensity or degree of large amounts of peat, partially hydrogen (H+) and hydroxide solar penetration in an aquatic (OH-) ions is neutral and car- decayed plant material, which system decreases with depth ries a value of 7 on the pH is naturally acidic. Therefore, due to the absorptive character- scale. Pure water has a value when rain falls on a Carolina istics of water, microorganisms of 7, being neither acidic nor bay peat bog and leaches or living in the water and other runs off into the lake, it is tea- basic. suspended or dissolved materi- als. Clarity is a measure of ACID RANGE NEUTRAL BASE RANGE the clearness or visibility of PH 0 7 14 water. Color and water chem- istry have the biggest effect on FEW OH- the clarity and, therefore, the LARGELY OH- biology and productivity of the Carolina bay lakes. FEW H' The clarity of a lake or LARGELY H pond is important because it allows sunlight to penetrate pH is measured on a loga- colored and acidic, as you will and allow photosynthetic rithmic scale with each num- discover during your On-Site activity. In this area, called the ber representing a factor of ten. testing. This natural acid is photic or photosynthetic zone, Therefore, a pH reading of 5 called tannic acid and is not green plants and phytoplankton is ten times more acidic than a harmful to humans or to the thrive. These organisms con- reading of 6. aquatic plants and animals which have adapted to live tain chlorophyll, which uses The level of acidity is very here. Peat, as it decomposes, energy from sunlight, along important in ponds and lakes releases carbon dioxide (CO,) with water and carbon dioxide, because it affects what aquatic which also makes the pH of to make food that plants need life can live there. Different water decrease when it forms in order to grow. The decom- animals can tolerate varying a weak carbonic acid. position zone is located near ranges of pH. Any changes in the bottom. where very little The water qualify of Jones the pH ranges can be harmful or no sunlight can reach. In Lake and other Carolina bay to the aquatic life. (See the "pH this area, oxygen given off lakes is monitored several Ranges That Support Aquatic from photosynthesis is used times a year by the N Life" chart) Factors such as in the break down of organic

Jones Lake State Park, NC 3.1.7 2 7 April 1994 material. In the Carolina bays, however, the rate of decompo- sition is quite slow, due to high acidity and a limited supply of oxygen. Because of the slow rate of decomposition, scien- tists have been able to study pollen grains, preserved for thousands of years in the peat at the bottom of these lakes. This information enables re- searchers to understand more about what the environment was like when the Carolina bays were formed. Jones, Salters and Singletary lakes are classic examples of these natural basins and associ- ated ecosystems. Like most Carolina bays, these lakes receive almost no overland inputs of water, relying instead on rainfall and groundwater leaching from the surrounding until it disappeared from view. Deeper lakes go through a bay-forest bog. These bogs areHe took a reading of the depth, process called stratification. the cause of the characteristic and then raised the plate until This transition occurs in the tea-colored water of Carolina it reappeared and then took the spring, when increased periods bays. Bogs normally form mean of the two readings to of sunlight begin to heat the where little water flows in or obtain the clarity. The Secchi surface of the lake. The first out of a watershed. As plants disk you will use is 20mm in few feet of water may be sev- die, their leaves, stems, roots diameter and is divided into eral degrees warmer than the and other parts fall into the :sections of black and white, deep water, which is receiving water. These partially decay, and no, you can't eat lunch less solar radiation. forming peat. The peat is rich :on it. in tannic acid which, after Because the warm water rainfall, is released like tea Depth is less dense, it will float on top of the cooler water. In from a tea ba& The Carolina bay lakes, the summertime, the lake will in order to test theclarity while different in such aspects be much like a layer cake. as clarity and pH, have a num- of the- Water nf Jones Lake you The top layer, which scientists ber of common characteristics. t***Asinple device call the epilimnion, consists catied:a seetw{pronounced One of these similarities is of warmer water that is con- Seek This:measur- depth. =These shallolkdepres- tinuously mixed and has a :Trik device 'Vas invented by an sioni average oily around time fairly uniform temperature. Italian admiral, Pietro Angelo feet M.clePth anrrtheiefore have The bottom layer, called the Secchi (18 18-1879), who different from hypolimnion, is colder, darker, lowered an ordinary dinner deeper likesnehas Jordan denser and at certain times plate over the side of a boat Lake in.the-Piedimnt region. 28 Jones Lake State Pack, NC 3.1.8 April 1994 into the lake, normally with a width the length of the lake. Jones Lake, however, has Epilimnion no such terrace and gradually slopes to its deepest point near the geographic center of the lake. The northwest shore 10 Metalimnion of Carolina bay lakes have no terraces, and depths in this area may reach five feet at the ,15 water's edge. There is little or no wind influence on this side of the lake, which allows Hypolimnionvegetation such as bay trees 20 and cypresses to become more established around these mar- gins of the lake. While reduc- 25 ing the wind and wave action, th's also permits sediments to accumulate and new plants 30 to establish themselves. Thus, 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 peat is produced gradually Temperature (°C) from dead organic matter and the bay forest slowly grows contains little oxygen. These sunlight to penetrate to the into the lake. This process two layers are separated by a lake bottom and allow aquatic slowly reduces the size of the zone of transition called the plant life to photosynthesize. lake. Jones Lake, for ex- metalimnion, also known as As you will recall from the ample, is presently only about the thermocline, where the clarity test, the tea-coloring of 34 percent of its original size. temperature and oxygen levels the lake absorbs much of the Ultimately, bay lakes will be vary by depth. light before it reaches bottom. reduced to moist bogs. Bushy In comparison, Carolina As a result, aquatic plant life is Lake, a state natural area in bay lakes are normally under sparse in most Carolina bay southern Cumberland County, fourteen feet in depth. Most, lakes. is a good example of a Caro- like Jones Lake, only average Generally, the deepest water lina bay lake in the advanced between eight and nine feet in is in the southeast end of Caro- bay-bog stage. maximum depth. Such a shal- lina bay lakes. In our state low depth means that nearly parks, visitor access and recre- Temperature the entire water column can be ational opportunities are usu- Most creatures living in mixed by constant winds and ally located on this side of the aquatic environments, such have a uniform temperature lake. Within 50 feet of the as fish, are cold-blooded. like the epilimnion of a deeper southeast shore, there is an Because of the close relation- lake. Imagine a shallow sau- initial drop of 1.1 to 2.0 feet in ship between body tempera- cer or dish and you can picture all of the lakes. This is a result ture and environmental the bottom of a Carolina bay of wind and wave action. A temperature, most aquatic life lake. Ideally, the lack of depth shallow wave-built terrace is is maintained within a narrow of these lakes should allow usually several hundred feet range of temperatures, from

2 Jones Lake State Park, NC 3.1.9 April 1994 about 32° F t) 122° F (0° C to 50° C). Few organisms, with 7,800' the exception of some types of 4,200' bacteria, can live very long at temperatures above or below these limits. This sensitivity Peat Sand layer to the temperature is a result Jones Lake Hard-pan Clay of the effect temperature has Geomorphology upon enzymes, the proteins that control the rates of life- reason, plants and animals of Depending on the species supporting reactions. When most ponds and lakes are not of fish, maximum tempera- an organism's temperature usually subjected to suddenly tures from 75° F to 92° F decreases, the rates of such varied temperatures. In a shal- (24° C to 33° C) may result in reactions decrease. In high low pond or lake such as Jones thermal death. This is a result temperatures, the complex Lake, the water temperature of the failure of one or more enzyme molecules become varies with air temperature. of the vital processes: respira- unstable and reactions will Oxygen, which is necessary tion, circulation or nervous cease. for the survival of nearly all response. At Jones Lake, such The heat-holding capacity plants and animals, is quite high water temperatures have of water is great. It absorbs soluble in water, but the been recorded, usually around and releases heat much more amount dissolved in fresh late July to early August, and slowly than does air. For this water is much lower than in occasionally fish have been the atmosphere. Oxygen from found dead along the shore. air is absorbed slowly, but the On July 10, 1992, a tempera- process is speeded when wind, ture 90° F (32° C) was re- waves and currents disturb corded at a depth of 3.5 feet. the water surface. Moving Temperature is easily re- water usually contains more corded with a thermometer, oxygen because it is con- thanks to its invention by stantly being stirred up and Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit 98.6° F 37° C comes into more contact with (1686-1736). He perfected a Normal Body air than does still water. Tem- method of purifying mercury, Temperature perature enters the equation and figured out that it would of dissolved oxygen because expan' or contract uniformly 32° F cold water has the ability to with changes in temperature. 0° C hold more oxygen than warm The mercury thermometer is Water Freezes water. Water at higher tem- probably the most widely used peratures can have a harmful way of measuring temperature effect, because it has less dis- today, and Fahrenheit's name solved oxygen available while lives on in the form of the tem- at the same time it raises the perature scale that we still use metabolic rate of fish and in the United States. therefore their need for oxygen.

0

Jones Lake State Park, NC 3.1.10 April 1994 A

Curriculum Objectives: Location: Objectives: Grade 6 Jones Lake State Park Work as a scientific testing Communication Skills: lis- group to gather data on the tening, reading, vocabulary Group Size: water quality of a Carolina and viewing comprehension 30 or less; minimum of 1 bay lake. Guidance: competency and leader per 10 students skill for interacting with Use litmus paper to mea- others Estimated Time: sure pH. Healthful Living: recreational Approximately 60 minutes Use a Secchi disk to mea- -safety sure clarity. Mathematics: solve problems Appropriate Season: Measure temperature. in temperature and measure, Early spring to late fall ment Determine temperature Science: ecology Materials: ranges that best support Social Studies: gather, orga- Provided by the educator: aquatic life. nize and analyze information, Per student: "Close Encounter Learn the average depth of draw conclusions with a Carolina Bay Work- most Carolina bay lakes. sheets," pencil Grade 7 Provided by park: litmus paper, Demonstrate the use of a Communication Skills: lis- small plastic bucket, small calibrated depth scale to tening, reading, vocabulary glass specimen jars, pH testing determine the depth of a and viewing comprehension meter, Secchi disk, mercury body of water. Guidance: being responsible thermometer, calibrated depth Be able to present and in a group marker Healthful Living: recreational explain the data collected safety in the water quality tests. Mathematics: solve problems Major Concepts: Based on the pH of Jones Water quality in measurement and tempera- Lake and Lake Waccamaw, ture pH explain the (iference in Science: characteristics of pH range best suited for aquatic life of the two lakes. plants and animals, earth aquatic life science, natural phenomena Social Studies: know the Clarity importance of natural Temperature ranges resources, gather, organize Reading a calibrated and analyze information, scale draw conclusions Bay lake geomor- Grade 8 phology Communication Skill:lis- tening, reading, vocal- and viewing compre, Healthful Living: recreational safety Mathematics: solve problems in measurement and tempera- ture' Science: ecology, geomor- phology, landform processes Social Studies: North Cam- lina geography

Jones Lake State Park. NC April 1994 Educator's Information: Instructions: Part B Clarity Testing: rr his activity takes place Part A 1 on and around the pier at pH Testing: 1. The clarity testing will be done near the end of the pier Jones Lake, so it is very impor-1. The pH testing will be where the water is deeper. tant to emphasize safety before located near the boat stalls Students should get a fairly and during the visit to the park.of Jones Lake pier. Students accurate reading here since Horseplay and misconduct should be especially careful at the Secchi disk will will not be allowed. A mem- this testing station as there is disappear before ber of the park staff or an no railing in this area. educator will be the station striking the bottom. 2. When the group has arrived leader at each testing site. A rope at the station, the station leader barrier 1. Prior to the park visit the or a group member will lower is in students should be divided into a bucket into the water and place four groups. bring up a sample of water. around 2. The bus will be met in the Have one student stick the the pier for main parking area by a park litmus paper into the water safety. staff member, who will lead while the others observe what 2. The station leader or a the group to the Interpretive color the testing block turns. group member will slowly Stand located in the picnic Students should remember lower the disk into the water area. At the Interpretive Stand, from the Pre-Visit activities as the students carefully watch students will take part in a that the shade the test block the disk to determine when it brief introduction to the park turns will correspond with the fades from view in the tea- and learn important informa- shade of the correct pH value. colored water. tion concerning the location of testing stations on the pier. 3. The disk should then be Each group will take turns vis- raised slightly until it can just iting each of the water quality barely be seen again, almost testing stations. When a group to the point of no longer be- completes a water quality test, ing visible. This is the mark they should wait quietly until 3. In order to or reading which should be the word is given to move to get a more accu- recorded on the worksheet. the next station. rate reading, an- The line on the Secchi disk is calibrated in inches. The 3. Distribute the materials, other student, under leader will assist the students testing equipment and data the guidance of the in reading the measurement. sheets to the students and an- station leader, will dip swer any questions concerning a simple pH test meter Part C the day's events. into the water for about a Temperature Testing: minute. The pH value will 1. In this part students will then be displayed on the record the temperature of Jones small digital screen. Lake at two locations on the 4. Both readings should be pier. The first station is located recorded on the worksheet and near the end of the pier. After the water sample returned to testing the temperature in this the water. Please be good park location, students will move stewards and place used litmus down the pier to test the tem- paper in the nearest trash can. perature in shallower water.

Jones Lake State Park, NC 4.1.2 rj April 1994 2. Students should remember 5. Follow the station leader take another reading using the to keep the thermometer in to the second station near the same instructions as before. the plastic case before the test start of the pier, to test the Part E temperature in shallow water. begins. Have one student re- Testing Summary: move the thermornetPr from This water should be slightly the case, being careful to not warmer because of more 1. Once every group has vis- hold the bulb end, as this may thorough heating from solar ited each of the stations and affect the test accuracy. penetration. The same proce- recorded data on the water quality tests, they will be led 3. The student will lower the dure should be used as in the back to the interpretive stand. thermometer into the water at previous temperature test and the station until it reaches the everyone should record this 2. Here, students will present bottom. The thermometer temperature on his or her their findings for all of the should be left in the water for worksheet. water quality tests and see at least two minutes. 6. Next, leave the thermom- if they correspond with ex- pected results and those 4. After the allotted time, the eter out of its case for a few recorded by other groups. student should pull the ther- minutes and record the air mometer to the surface and temperature, once again re- 3. Group members will be quickly take the reading, in membering not to hold onto asked to come forward and order to get an accurate read- the bulb. record their group's readings on a poster in front of the ing not influenced by air tem- Part D rest of the class. Also on perature. Each student should Depth Testing: record this reading on his or this poster will be pictures of 1. In this part, students will her worksheet. actual fish and aquatic plants check the depth of Jones Lake commonly found in Carolina at two locations on the pier. bay lakes. Students will discover the 4. Another poster will show gradual slope of the bottom pH ranges that support of a Carolina bay lake. aquatic life in Jones Lake in 2. Students will first meet at relation to ranges that support the depth station near the end life at Lake Waccamaw. How of the pier, where a measure- is it possible that more life ment will be taken. may be present in Lake 3. The station leader or a Waccamaw although it, too, group member will slowly is a Carolina bay lake? lower the depth marker into 5. At this time students will the lake. The marker is cali- test a few items from every- brated in inches and feet. day life. Bleach, lemon juice Students will record the level and tap water are among after the marker has touched items to be tested in order to lake bottom. define the limits or boundaries 4. Once this reading has been of the pH scale. Ask students recorded on the worksheet, to compare the pH of Jones the station leader will lead Lake water to these other sub- the group to the second depth stances. Based on pH, which station near the start of the of the fluids would be more pier. Here the students will likely to support aquatic life?

Jones Lake State'Park, NC 4.1.3 3 3 April 1994 Close Encounter witha Carolina Bay Worksheet

Lake or Water Source Date Student's Name Time pH TESTING Litmus paper pH meter pH Scale' Acid Base 0 1 2 345 El8 _9110 11 12 13 14 w N W M S 0 E E E " 0 A U A 0 K T K 0 N R N G A A A T L T E E pH is recorded on a logarithmic scale. Each number representsa change by a factor of 10. For example. water with a pH of 3 is 1(X) times more acidic than water witha pH of 5. How many times more acidic is the water of Jones Lake than Lake Waccamaw (pH= 7)? answer: CLARITY TESTING inches If one inch equals 2.5 centimeters, what is the clarity depth reading of Jones Lake in centimeters? cm DEPTH TESTING Location # I Location # 2 If one inch equals 2.5 centimeters, what are the depth readings of Jones Lake in centimeters? Location # I Location # 2 TEMPERATURE TESTING Location # I (deep) Location # 2 (shallow) Air In what way does the air temperature of todaycompare to the water temperatures'? Which of the three is warmer? Why?

General Observations: Were any signs of animal life present'? If so, what?

Were any signs of plant life present'? If so, what?

Jones Lake State Park. NC 4.1.4 April 1994 3 4 Post-Visit Activity '1 How's Your Water?

Curriculum Objectives: Estimated Time: the school or home. In prepa- Grade 6 As much time as teacher ration for this testing, you Communication Skills: study deems necessary may want to briefly refresh the skills using environmental students on the use of litmus sources, listening, reading, Appropriate Season: Any vocabulary and viewing paper. It may also be neces- comprehension Materials: sary for you to designate Healthful Living: environ- Pjovided by park: litmus paper certain areas as "off-limits" mental health, how people Provided by educator: pencils, to testing for safety purposes. affect the environment, "How's Your Water?" data recreational and home safety sheet, "Flashy Fish" fact sheet Examples of items or Science: how science helps us areas that could be tested may Social Studies: gather, orga- include mud puddles, a local nize and analyze information, Major Concepts: creek, pond, road-side ditch pH draw conclusions classroom aquarium, drinking pH range best suited for fountain or even the student's Grade 7 aquatic life Communication Skills: study own saliva. By recording the Water quality skills using environmental pH values, students will be sources, listening, reading, Objectives: able to determine if the "Flashy vocabulary and viewing comprehension Use litmus paper to mea- Fish" could live in the water Healthful Living: home, sure pH. they tested. school and recreational safety Predict habitat. suitability This activity could be done Science: characteristics of for select fish. solely on the schocil grounds plants and animals, organiza- tion and variety of living Educator's Information: or as a take-home project to things, interaction of people include water sources around and the environment During their visit to Jones their home. If students Social Studies: know the Lake State Park, students are allowed to test at importance of natural learned about the term pH and home, they should be resources, gather, organize and analyze information, how it is an important aspect reminded to stay away draw conclusions of measuring the quality of from dangerous or a water source. As students potentially hazard- Grade 8 discovered, pH plays a very ous areas and also Communication Skills: study important part in determining skills using environmental not to trespass sources, listening, reading, the type and amount of on private vocabulary and viewing aquatic life that may live property. comprehension in Jones Lake and the other Healthful Living: home, Carolina bay lakes. By gath- school and recreational safety ering pH readings, we can tell the acidity of a liquid, whether Location: it is a mud puddle or a 224 Classroom, school property, home acre lake. In this activity, students will Group Size: be testing the pH of different 30 students or less, class size water sources in and around

Jones Lake State Park. NC 5.1.1 April 1994 Instructions: 5. Were there any signs of 1. Once the testing areas have pollution at the test site? If so, been defined, pass out the what was the probable cause'? "How's Your Water?" data 6. Draw the pH scale on the sheet and briefly review it with board. Have the students share the class. Instruct the students the pH results of their test sites to be sure to record the testing and note these on the board location, the type or use of below the pH scale. Above the water source and the pH the scale, mark what they of the water source. You may recorded as the pH of Jones find it necessary to set a time Lake and Lake Waccamaw. limit for testing around the 7. Hand out the "Flashy Fish" school grounds. fact sheets. Have the class 2. After the testing has been read the biological sketch for completed, gather the class each species. From these char- back together to discuss their acteristics students should findings. determine which fish species 3. Start by asking the class if could live in the water sources they discovered any water they tested. source that was new to them. Is it permanent or temporary? What is the origin of the water? 4. Did any of the students observe anything alive in or near the water source they tested? If it was a natural habitat, have the student(s) describe the plant or animal life, if any.

Jones Lake State Park, NC 5.1.2 April 1994 "How's Your Water?"' Dafa Sheet Find a water source and test it with a strip of litmus paper. Record your observationson this sheet for use in the second part of this activity. (Use the back of this sheetto answer the questions if additional space is needed.) Test Site Location Source of / or use of Water pH

1. water fountain lialllva V drinking

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

4 Does the test site havewater permanently or on a temporary basis'? I.permanently 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 4 Is the water clear, moderately clearor turbid/muddy'?

1. clear 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. List any living things in or near the water test site: I.people 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 4 Listany sign(s) of pollution at your test site:

4 Any additional commentsor observations:

4 Which (if any) Flashy Fish could live in thewater at the test site(s)'?

I

Jones Lake State Park. NC 5.1.3 37 April 1994 LARGEMOUTH BASS DISTRIBUTION MICROPTERUS SALMO!DES The largemouth bass is a native to the The largemouth bass is the largest and prob- eastern United States and is presently found ably the most important game fish within in nearly every lake and reservoir in North the sunfish family. It is a well-known fish that Carolina. Warm rivers and streams also pro- is usually only confused with its closest rela- vide good largemouth habitat. This species is tives. the smallmouth and spotted bass. As usually absent, however, from the extremely its name indicates, the upper jawbone of the acid waters of the southeastern part of the state. largemouth extends farther back than the jaw- pH TOLERANCE bone on the smallmouth. A more reliable indicator is the number of rows of scales on Largemouth bass, like all fish, and humans the cheek of the largemouth. The number of for that matter, has a blood pH of 7.4. While rows of scales is always less than 12 for a the air that we humans breathe does not have largemouth. The largemouth is black to deep a pH, this value is all-important to the aquatic bronze-green in color on the dorsal (top) side, environment of the fish. Even slight changes blending through lighter green on the sides to or variations in pH may affect the fish's hemo- a white belly. globin and its ability to take oxygen out of the water. If the pH of the water is adequate, NATURAL HISTORY the fish is able to acquire all the oxygen it Largemouth bass spawn under a wide vari- needs, even from oxygen-starved water. If the ety of water conditions. Most spawning takes pH value of the water is too high or too low, a place in the spring when water temperatures sufficient oxygen supply might not be derived, are between 62° to 68° F (16°20° C). As even in oxygen-rich waters. many as 26,000 eggs may be deposited in the Largemouth bass prefer and are most active nest by one or more females. After fertilization, in a pH range from 7 to 8.5. Largemouth bass the male bass guards the nest from predators are not commonly found in water below and circulates water over the eggs through the 6 and above 9 on the pH scale. movement of its fins. Young largemouth hatch in 7 to 10 days and feed on plankton and insect SIZE RANGE larvae while remaining schooled together. The average size of the largemouth bass ranges Once the young bass reaches about 2 inches from 4.7" to 28" or 12 to 70 cm. will eat almost anything it can swallow.

gt C Mer,n1 n

Jones Lake State Park, NC 5.1.4 April 1994 BLACKBANDED SUNFISH DISTRIBUTION ENNEACANTHUS CHAETODON This species is found in the Atlantic coastal rr he "angelfish" of native fishes, black- plain from the Pine Barrens south- banded sunfish have a series of four to six ward to northern Florida. In North Carolina it intense black vertical bands crossing a round, is more common in the blackwater streams in silver body. The fins are clear except for the the southeastern section of the state. leading spines of the dorsal fin which may be pH TOLERANCE black and orange. Of all the native fish, the blackbanded sunfish NATURAL HISTORY probably has the greatest tolerance for existing The blackbanded sunfish prefers to spawn in waters with a low pH (acidic). The species in a sandy, heavily vegetated lake or on a river is routinely found in blackwater lakes and bottom with slow moving water. Most spawn- streams where the pH is in the low 4's. The ing takes place in early spring as the water fish has even been found living in waters temperature starts to rise. The male defends the where the pH was an exceptionally low 3.5. shallow nesting depression, even against fish SIZE RANGE larger than himself. He also fans the nest to insure the developing eggs receive oxygenated The average size of the blackbanded sunfish water. ranges from 1.2" to 2.4" or 3 to 6 cm.

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39 Jones Lake State Park, NC 5.1.5 April 1994 FLASHY FISH FACT SHEF,T

SHEEPSHEAD PUPFISH DISTRIBUTION CY'PRINOMA' VARIEGAR IS It occurs from Massachusetts to South he sheepshead pupfish can be identified America along the Atlantic coast. Tby the erlarged scale (the humeral) just HABITAT behind the gill cover. Also, under a magnify- This fish is commonly found in coastal ing lens you can waters with low salinity. Most typically it is see the presence found in tidal pools or marsh channels with of three projec- sand bottoms and well-developed shorelines tions on each of marsh grasses. It can also occur in full tooth. Its body is strength seawater. It is rarely found in freshwa- short and thick ter mainly because of competition with other with dark "Y "- fish, primarily sunfish. marks on its silvery flanks. The male has a brilliant irides- p1-1 TOLERANCE cent blue line running from the dorsal fin to This species can exist in waters with a pH up the snout. to 9.

NATURAL. HISTORY SIZE RANGE Members of this fish genus appear to have The average size of the sheepshead pupfish originated from marine environments. They ranges from 1.6" to 2" or 4 to 5 cm. have the ability to exist in either freshwater or saltwater. Their pituitary gland controls their body's ability to adjust to changes in water salinity (salt content) that would be fatal to most other fish.

Sterhsnm

40. Jones Lake State Park. NC 5.1.6 April 1994 A

Acid Having a pH less than 7; the chemical Clarity The distance that sunlight is able to state of water or other substance in which the penetrate into a body of water. hydrogen (H+) ions exceed the hydroxyl (OH-) Decomposition The rotting or breaking apart ions. For example. a car's battery acid has a into basic components. Decomposition makes pH of 1. See pH scale. nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorous. Adaptation - A change in the structure or available for use by other organisms. activity of an organism that produces a better Dissolved Oxygen (DO) The amount of adjustment to its environment. thus enhancing oxygen gas molecules dissolve in water. Fish its ability to survive and reproduce. and other aquatic animals depend on DO for Alkaline See Base. respiration. Ammonia A colorless, strong smelling gas EcosystemPlants, animals and their physical composed of nitrogen and hydrogen. It has a surroundings which interact with environmen- pH of 12. tal conditions, such as temperature and rainfall, forming an interdependent system. Aquatic Life A plant or animal growing or living in or upon water. Environment All the living and non-living conditions, factors and influences which Base Having a pH greater than 7: the chemi- surround a plant or an animal. cal state of water or other substance in which the hydroxyl (OH-) ions exceed the hydrogen Epilimnion The uppermost, warmest, well- (H+) ions. mixed layer of a lake during summertime Biology The science that deals with the thermal stratification. The epilimnion extends from the surface to the metalimnion (thermo- origin. history, physical characteristics, life cline). processes and habits of plants and animals. Fahrenheit Denoting a thermometric scale Carolina BayElliptical or oval depressions in which water freezes at 32 F and boils at in the surface of the coastal plain of the south- 212 F. Named for Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit eastern United States from northern Virginia to southern Georgia. They generally run parallel (1686-1736), the inventor of the thermometer. to each other in a northwest to southeast Geomorphology A science that deals with orientation. Most are tilled with the land and soil features of the earth. wet, organic soils and are Bay Forest overgrown with swamp- type vegetation. In the past. nearly all contained Sand Rim lakes. A few open-water hay lakes remain. Jones. . : Scattered Salters, Singletary. White Cypress - and Waccamaw are all 8t, examples of Carolina bays in - Sandy Bottom the lake form. Exposed - -

Sand Rim Eroded Shoreltne

Jane. Lake State Park. NC 6. 1 April 1994 Habitat The environmental conditions of the Photosynthesis The chemical process area where a.plant or animal naturally grows or carried on by green plants in which the cells lives. See Environment. that contain chlorophyll use light as energy to produce glucose (a plant food) from carbon Hypolimnion - Lower, cooler layer of a lake dioxide and water; oxygen is released as a during summer thermal stratification. by-product. Larva (larvae, plural) The immature form Plankton Collective term for the mostly of an animal that changes structurally when microscopic plants and animals that float or it becomes an adult, usually by complex drift in oceans and freshwaters. These plants metamorphosis. and animals are a very important food source Limno logy The scientific study of the in aquatic environments. physical, chemical, geological and biological Pocosin A type of wetland which is domi- factors that affect aquatic productivity and nated by dense stands of broad leaf evergreen water quality in freshwater ecosystems, lakes, shrubs or low bay trees. reservoirs, rivers and streams. Secchi Disk Typically a black and white disk, Litmus Paper Specially treated paper used as generally 20 cm in diameter, used to measure an acid-base indicator. water clarity. Named for its originator, Italian Logarithmic ScaleIn relation to pH. each admiral Pietro Angelo Secchi (1818-1878). unit of pH on the scale represents a factor of Species A biological classification of organ- ten. A lower pH number is more acidic, while isms. All organisms of a single distinct kind a higher pH number is more alkaline. For that have a high degree of similarity and can example, a pH of 5 is ten times more acidic mate and produce fertile offspring. than a pH of 6, which is ten time more acidic than a pH of 7. Conversely, a pH of 7 is ten Stratification A division of an aquatic or times more alkaline than 6. which is ten times terrestrial community into distinguishable more alkaline than 5. layers on the basis of temperature, moisture, light. vegetative structure and other such Metalimnion - Layer of greatest temperature factors creating zones for different plant and change in a stratified body of water; presents animal types. a barrier to mixing. See Thermocline. Tannic Acid Any of a group of pale-yellow Organism A plant or animal; any living to light-brown, shapeless, substances in the thing. form of powder, flakes or a spongy mass pH A measure of the power of the hydrogen widely distributed in plants. Tannins normally ion (H+) activity in a substance. occur in the roots, bark, leaves and fruit of many plants. Tannins are responsible for the pH Scale A range of 0 to 14 used to measure tea-color and low pH oflones Lake. the degree of acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a substance. A pH of 7 is neutral. See Acid Thermometer An instrument for measuring and Base. temperature.

ACID RANGE NEUTRAL BASE RANGE

1 Turbidity Cloudiness in water caused by PHI I 0 7I------14 particles suspended in the water. FEW OH Wetland A low lying area, such as a swamp, LARGELY OH marsh or pocosin, whose soils are waterlogged FEW H' for at least part of the year. LARGELY H

Jones Lake State Park. NC 6.2 April 1994 References

Balcom, Nancy C. (ed.). 1991. "Mainstream," Montgomery County Public Schools. 1972. "Habitat Hunt," "Where the Water Falls" and "Activities for Studying Ponds,"Environmen- "Little Limnologists" activities.Virginia's State tal Education Series,Bulletin No. 247 D. For Parks: Your Backyard Classroom,Chesapeake More information contact Montgomery County edition. For more information contact the Public Schools, 850 Hungerford Drive, Virginia Department of Conservation and Rockville, MD 28050. Recreation, Division of State Parks, 203 National Aquarium in Baltimore. 1987. Governor St., Suite 306, Richmond, VA 23219. "In Hot Water?"Living in Water: Aquatic Brown, Walker R., and Norman D. Anderson. Science Curriculum for Grades 4-6.For more 1971.Earth Science A Search for Under- information contact the National Aquarium standing.Philadelphia, PA: Lippencott Co. in Baltimore, Pier 3, 501 East Pratt St., Baltimore, MD 21202. Caduto, Michael J.1985.Pond and Brook, A Guide to Nature Study in Freshwater Environ- National Wildlife Federation. 1983.Acid Rain ments.Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice Hall, inc. A Teacher's Guide.For more information contact National Wildlife Federation, 1400 Dean, Jim 1978. "The Year the Floods Came," 16th St. NW, Washington, DC 20036-2266. Wildlife in North Carolina,February. For more information contact NC Wildlife Resources National Wildlife Federation. 1987. "We Care Commission, 512 N. Salisbury St., Raleigh, NC About Clean Air,"National Wildlife Week 27604-1188. Educators Guide,March 15-21. For more information contact National Wildlife Federa- Earley, Lawrence.1990. 'Faking a River's tion, 1400 16th St. NW, Washington, DC Pulse," Wildlife in North Carolina.August. 20036-2266. For more information contact NC Wildlife Resources Commission, 512 N. Salisbury St.. National Wildlife Federation. 1990.Pollu Raleigh, NC 27604-1188. tion: Problems and Solutions,Ranger Rick's Nature Scope. For more information contact Everhart, Jerry (project director). 1986. National Wildlife Federation, 1400 16th St. Project MOSTFor more information contact NW, Washington, DC 20036-2266. Pitt County Schools, 1717 West 5th St.. Greenville. NC 27834. National Wildlife Federation. 1990. "Earth Day Every Day You Can Make a Differ- lzaak Walton League of America. "Save Our ence",Educator's Guide.For more informa- Streams." For more information contact Izaak tion contact National Wildlife Federation, 1400 Walton League of America, 1401 Wilson Blvd., 16th St. NW, Washington, DC 20036. Level B, Arlington, VA 22209. North Carolina Division of Water Resources. Montgomery County Public Schools.1972. 1991. "pH What Does It Mean?" "Activities for Studying Streams,"Environ- Streaniwatch News,Issue #13, Feb. For more mental Education Series,Bulletin No. 247 A. information contact North Carolina Depart- For more information contact Montgomery ment of Environment Health and Natural County Public Schools, 850 Hungerford Drive, Resources. PO Box 27687, Raleigh, NC Rockville, MD 28050. 27611. d3

Jove' Lake State Park. NC 7.1 April 1994 North Carolina Division of Water Resources. United States Dept. of Agriculture. July 1986. 1991. "Sediment: It's Only Dirt. Right?" Teaching Soil and Water Conservation, A Streannt arch News, Issue #15. Nov. For Classroom and Field Guide. For more infor- more information contact North Carolina mation contact Soil Conservation Service. Department of Environment. Health and United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources. PO Box 27687, Raleigh, 4405 Bland Road. Raleigh, NC 27609. NC 27611. United States Department of Agriculture. North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commis- 1989. Key to The Major Invertebrate Species sion, Dec. 1989. "Josh and the Fish Kills." of Stream Zones. Soil Conservation Service North Carolina WILD Notebook. For more Publication SCS-TP-161 Water Quality information contact Division of Conservation Indicators Guide. For more information and Education.512 N. Salisbury St.. Raleigh. contact United States Department of Agricul- NC 27604-1188. ture, 4405 Bland Road. Raleigh. NC 27609. Slattery. Britt E. 1991. "Wet' n' Wild" activity. Western Regional Environmental Education WOW!: The Wonders of Wetlands: an Council. 1987. Aquatic Project Wild. Educator's Guide. For more information For more information contact the Wildlife contact Environmental Concern. Inc., Resources Commission. 512 North Salisbury P.O. Box P, St. Michaels, MD 21663. St.. Raleigh. NC 27604-1148. Swan, Malcolm D. 1983. Tips and Tricks in Willoughby. L. G. 1976. Freshwater Biology. Outdoor Education Approaches to Providing New York, NY: Pica Press. Children with Educational Experiences in the Winbome, Ferne B. 1989. A Guide to Outdoors. Danville. IL: The Interstate Printers Stream walking. For more information contact & Publishers. Inc. the Division of Water Resources. 512 North Taylor, Mark. 1989. Streamwatching With Salisbury Street. Raleigh. NC 27604-1148. Kids, An Outing Leader' Guide. Reprinted by North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commis- sion. For more information contact the Wildlife Resources commission. 512 North Salisbury Street. Raleigh. NC 27604-1148.

44 illustraiwn Ruthr.Brunqetter

Junes Lake State Park. NC 7.2 April 1994 SCHEDULING WORKSHEET

For office use only: Date-request received Request received by

1) Name of group (school)

2)Contact person name phone (work) (home)

address 3) Day /date /time of requested Program

4) Program desired and program length

5) Meeting place

6)Time of arrival at park Time of departure from park

7) Number of students Age range (grade) (Note: A maximum of 30 participants is recommended.)

8) Number of chaperones (Note: One adult for every 10 students is recommended.)

9) Areas of special emphasis

10) Special considerations of group (e.g. allergies, health concerns, physical limitations)

11 ) Have you or your group participated in park programs before? If yes, please indicate previous programs attended:

12) Are parental permission forms required? If yes, please use the Parental Permission form on page 8.2.

1, ,have read the entire Environmental Educa- tion Learning Experience and understand and agree to all the conditions within it.

Return to:Jones Lake State Park Rt 2, Box 945 Elizabethtown, NC 28337 45 Jones Lake State Park. NC g. April 1994 PARENTAL PERMISSION FORM

Dear Parent:

Your child will soon be involved in an exciting learning adventurean environmental education experience at Jones Lake State Park. Studies have shown that such "hands-on" learning programs improve children's attitudes and performance in a broad range of school subjects.

In order to make your child's visit to "nature's classroom" as safe as possible we ask that you provide the-following information and sign at the bottom. Please note that insects, poison ivy and other potential risks are a natural part of any outdoor setting. We advise that children bring appropriate clothing (long pants, rain gear, sturdy shoes) for their planned activities.

Child's name

Does your child:

Have an allergy to bee stings or insect bites? If so, please have them bring their medication and stress that they, or the group leader, he able to administer it.

Have other allergies?

Have any other health problems we should he aware or?

In case of an emergency, I give permission for my child to he treated by the attending physician.I understand that I would be notified as soon as possible.

Parent's signature date

Parent's name Home phone (please print) Work phone

Family Physician's name phone

Alternate Emergency Contact

Name phone

46

Jone Lake State Park. NC April 1994 NORTH CAROLINA PARKS & RECREATION PROGRAM EVALUATION

Please take a few moments to evaluate the program(s) you received. This will help us improve our service to you in the future.

1. Program title( s) Date Program leader(s)

2. What part of the program(s) did you find the most interesting and useful?

3. What part(s) did you find the least interesting and useful?

4. What can we do to improve the program(s)?

5. General comments

LEADERS OF SCHOOL GROUPS AND OTHER ORGANIZED YOUTH GROUPS PLEASE ANSWER THESE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS: 6. Group (school) name

7. Did the program(s) meet the stated objectives or curriculum needs? If not, why?

Please return the completed form to park staff. Thank you.

Jones Lake State Park Rt. 2, Box 945 Elizabethtown, NC 28337 47 Jones Lake State Park. NC 8.3 April 1994