CSS 241 BASIC SECURITY AND SECURITY THREATS NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA COURSE CODE :CSS241 COURSE TITLE: BASIC SECURITY AND SECURITY THREATS 1 CSS 241 BASIC SECURITY AND SECURITY THREATS COURSE GUIDE CSS241 BASIC SECURITY AND SECURITY THREATS Course Developer/Writer Monsuru Adegboyega Kasali Non-Violence and Intercultural Communication Advocacy Initiatives, Ibadan, Nigeria Course Editor Rasidi Okunola, Ph. D Department of Sociology University of Ibadan Oyo State Course Coordinator Adeniyi T. Adegoke, Ph.D Criminology and Security Studies School of Arts and Social Sciences National Open University of Nigeria Programme Leader Prof. Abdul-Rasheed Yesufu Dean, School of Arts and Social Sciences National Open University of Nigeria 2 CSS 241 BASIC SECURITY AND SECURITY THREATS NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island Lagos Abuja Office No. 5 Dar es Salam Street Off Aminu Kano Crescent Wuse II, Abuja Nigeria e-mail: [email protected] URL: www.nou.edu.ng Published by National Open University of Nigeria Printed ISBN: All Rights Reserved CONTENTS PAGE Introduction……………………………………..………....i-ii What You Will Learn in this Course ...................................ii Course Aims…………………………………………..... ..ii-iii Course Objectives……………………………………… …iii-iv Working through this Course ...............................................iv Course Materials……………………………….………. …v 3 CSS 241 BASIC SECURITY AND SECURITY THREATS Study Units…………………………………….………. …v-vi Textbooks and References…………….……….……… ….vi-vii Assignment File ………………………………………. ….vii Assessment ………………………………….………. ……viii Tutor-Marked Assignment……………………………. …..viii Final Examination and Grading…………………..……. …viii Course Marking Scheme ………………………………. …viii Course Overview ………………………………………. …viii-ix Presentation Schedule …………………………………. …x How to Get the Most from this Course ……………………x Reading Section.....................................................................x-xi Facilitators/Tutors and Tutorials ……………………….. ...xi-xii Summary……………………………………………………xii Introduction CSS 241: Basic Security and Security Threats is a 3-credit unit course. It is a compulsory course for all undergraduate students in the field of Criminology and Security Studies of the University. The course is also recommended to any other student(s) particularly those in the School of Arts and Social Sciences, who may have interest in the study and survey of security theory and practice. The course can also be taken as elective or required course by other students whose main field(s) of discipline is not Criminology and Security Studies. However, the Course consists of 20 units, which include the meaning and approaches to security, forms of security, simulation in security planning and management, natural and manmade threats to security, safety measures to the management of security threats, civil security, intelligence and counter intelligence, etc. In this study, security issues and policies in Nigeria and Africa are given special focus with the aim of stimulating effective knowledge of the overall security situations and agenda in Nigeria and Africa, among the students so that they can identify, analyse, and proffer solutions to security problems locally and internationally. The course has no compulsory pre-requisites. The course guide informs us on what this course is all about, what the student should appreciate in each unit, what text materials will be used and how we can make best use of these materials. This course guide also emphasises the need for students to take tutored marked assignments seriously. However, necessary information on tutored marked assignments shall be made known to students in a separate file, which will be sent to each student at appropriate time. This course is also supported with periodic tutorial classes. What You Will Learn in this Course CSS 241: Basic Security and Security Threats as a course in the field of Criminology and Security Studies at the National Open University of Nigeria focuses on a wide range of issues concerning ways to effect basic security measures and policies and identifying various threats that can jeopardise the security of any people or 4 CSS 241 BASIC SECURITY AND SECURITY THREATS community. In this course, we carefully analyse and assess security threats, to assist the student not only to identify these threats but also to develop diagnostic framework through which they can proffer solutions to hazard mitigation and effective security management. In this course, the student or reader will also be exposed to various measures that can safeguard the protection of life and property against the incidence of security threat and hazard. Nevertheless, the essence of these safety measures is to provide the student or reader with various ways through which he/she can reduce losses from any incidence of hazard or security attack, if you cannot prevent such threat or hazard from occurring. Knowing the impact that active involvement of civilians in security process can have in complementing and increasing the capacity of the security personnel to carry out their duties effectively well, the course also explores the strategic importance of civil security and how it can contribute to effective security management and threat mitigation. However, the issue of intelligence is very germane in security planning and management. Due to this reason, it is not surprising to see a great number of countries expending huge resources in human and financial terms to fortify their intelligence security and infrastructure. And owing to the fact that security discourse cannot be complete without looking at the issue of intelligence, it is pertinent in this course to also discuss the subject (intelligence). Thus, the course covers a wide spectrum of issues regarding security intelligence including meaning of intelligence, intelligence collection, to mention but a few. In this course, we shall complete our study by studying the importance of data mining and automated data analysis to crime prevention and detection, intelligence gathering, intelligence analysis, threat mitigation and the overall security management. Course Aims The overall aim of CSS 241: Basic Security and Security Threats as a course is aimed at introducing you to the basic meaning of security and basic ideas, methodologies and approaches in security management. It is also aimed to expose the student or reader to knowing most of the existing threats to security. This may be categorised into two: natural and manmade. The study also explores the meaning of other manmade threats i.e. information warfare, arms production and proliferation, as well as war, and how they pose a risk to any people or communities. Undoubtedly, the way the course draws its references from Nigeria and Africa in the analysis of various security threats makes it astounding and thought-provoking. It will provide assist the student a pathway in the field of Criminology and Security Studies to develop deliberate analytical consciousness on the aspects of general security practice and management through which the student can develop viable frameworks in proffering solutions to security problems locally and internationally. The course is also aimed to: . Identify basic security ideas and policy actions; 5 CSS 241 BASIC SECURITY AND SECURITY THREATS . Clarify various forms of security especially how they constitute basic security management; . Describe the application of simulation in security planning and management; . Conceptualise the term security threat; . Categorise security threats; . Discuss various types of major natural security threats; . Examine various manmade security threats; . Draw inferences on how information warfare, arms production and proliferation like war constitute security threats; . Propose safety measures against both natural and manmade threats to security; . Explore how civil security can advance effective management of security in any community; . Provide operational definition or meaning of the term intelligence; . Elaborate on the activities and processes of intelligence of collection; . Illustrate the processes of intelligence analysis; and . Stress the importance of data mining and automated data analysis to intelligence gathering, intelligence analysis, crime investigation, crime prevention and detection, threat mitigation as well as security planning and management. Course Objectives With utmost desire to achieve the aims set out above, the course has a set of objectives demonstrated in all the units of the course. Each unit has its own objectives. Objectives are included at the beginning of every unit to assist the student to appreciate what he or she will come across in the study of each unit to facilitate his or her better understanding of the course-CSS 241: Basic Security and Security Threat. Student is therefore advised to read these objectives before studying the entire unit(s). It is helpful to do so. You should always look at the unit objectives after completing a unit. In this way, you can be sure that you have done what was required of you by the unit. Below are the wider objectives of this course as a whole. By meeting these objectives, you should have achieved the aims of the course as a whole. At the end of the course, you should be able to: . Explain the meaning of security and its approaches; . Identify basic security ideas and policy actions; . Clarify various forms of security especially how they constitute basic security