Environmental Legislation in the Republic of Macedonia 240 Stakeholders in the Protection of the Environment 241 Education and Promotion of the Environment 242 1

Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning

Republic of Macedonia

STATE OF ENVIRONMENT REPORT

2013

Macedonian Environmental Information Center

Skopje, Year 2014 The Report has been prepared on the basis of Article 45 of the Law on Environment, Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia no. 53/05, 81/05, 24/07, 159/08, 83/09, CHAPTERS PREPARED BY 48/10, 124/10, 51/11, 123/12, 93/13, 187/13 и 42/14

BASIC DATA OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA Kateriina Nikolovska

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Kaja Shukova

Violeta Drakulevska SPACE PLANNING Sonja Furnadziska Activity carried out by: Macedonian Environmental Informnation Center Teodora Obradovik Grncarovska CLIMATE CHANGE AND OZONE LAYER PROTECTION Climate Change Unit Editor in Chief: Svetlana Gjorgjeva AGRICULTURE Arminda Rushiti

Jasmina Ginovska Design and DTP: Kateriina Nikolovska GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS Marija Dirlevska Chalovska

WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Ljupka Dimovska Zajkov

WASTE MANAGEMENT Margareta Cvetkovska

CONTAMINATED SITES Margareta Cvetkovska

CHEMICALS MANAGEMENT Emilija Kupeva Nedelkovska

NOISE Kateriina Nikolovska

Aneta Stefanovska AIR Aleksandra Nestorovska Krsteska Nikola Golubov Azemine Shakiri WATER Ivica Tasik

SOIL Margareta Cvetkovska

Aleksandar Nastov BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND Sasko Jordanov NATURE PROTECTION Daniela Kamceva Daniela Stefkova INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION Darinka Jantinska ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF Dragana Cherepnalkovska MACEDONIA Lile Dinev Angelina Jovanovik STAKEHOLDERS IN THE PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT Snezana Gjorgjieva Angelina Jovanovik EDUCATION AND PROMOTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT Snezana Gjorgjieva Kateriina Nikolovska WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 80 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 80 2. State and trends 80 CHAPTERS PREPARED BY v 3. Recommendations 88 INTRODUCTION 9 WASTE MANAGEMENT 90 BASIC DATA OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA 14 1. Introduction 90 1. Geographical position 14 2. Defined goals in waste management 90 2. Administrative division 15 3. Status and trends 92 3. Structure of the relief 15 4. Management of hazardous waste 98 4. Climate characteristics 15 5. Waste storage, treatment, recovery and disposal 104 5. Hydrography 17 6. Cooperation with the European Environment Agency in the area of waste 106 6. Demography 18 7. Summary of waste management 106 Sustainable Development 20 8. Recommendations concerning waste statistics 106 1. Introduction 20 CONTAMINATED SITES 108 2. Goals of the Policy of Sustainable Development in the Republic of Macedonia 21 1. Introduction 108 3. Recommendation 27 2. State 108 SPACE PLANNING 34 3. Recommendations 110 1. Introduction 34 CHEMICALS MANAGEMENT 112 2. Status and trends 34 1. Introduction 112 3. Brief assessment and possible development 36 2. Policy for chemicals 112 4. Recommendations 39 3. Management of persistent organic pollutants 113

CLIMATE CHANGE AND OZONE LAYER PROTECTION 44 NOISE 124 1. Introduction 44 1. Introduction 124 2. Status and trends 45 2. State and trends 124 3. Recommendations 54 3. Brief assessment and possible development 138 AGRICULTURE 56 4. Recommendations 143 1. Background 56 AIR 146 2. Status and trends 56 1. Introduction 146 3. Brief assessment and possible development 65 2. Legal regulations on air quality control, protection and improvement 147 4. Recommendations 68 3. Status and trends 148 GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS 72 4. Brief assessment and possible development 179 1. Introduction 72 5. Recommendations 180 2. Status and trends 73 WATER 186 3. Brief assessment and possible development 76 1. Introduction 186 4. Recommendations 76 2. Status of surface waters 186 vi 3. Trend in surface waters 197 4. Physical – chemical parameters in Ohrid Lake for 2013 212 INTRODUCTION 5. Status of ground waters 213 6. Emissions in waters 216 7. Assessment 217 8. Recommendations 217

SOIL 220 1. Introduction 220 2. Defined goals in soil management and protection 220 3. State and trends 221 4. Recommendations 224

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND NATURE PROTECTION 226 1. Introduction 226 2. State and trends 226 3. Brief assessment and possible development 235 4. Recommendations 236

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 238 1. Introduction 238 2. Multilateral and bilateral cooperation 238

ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA 240 STAKEHOLDERS IN THE PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 241 EDUCATION AND PROMOTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 242 1. “Green Package – Junior” 242 2. GLOBE PROGRAM 242 3. Campaigns to protect the environment 244 4. Marking the days of ecological calendar 246

ANNEX 1 248 ANNEX 2 255 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 288

viii 9 “We do not inherit the Earth from our ancestors; The Report of Processed Environmental Hydrobiological Institute, industrial we borrow it from our children” - Old Indian saying Quality Data of the Macedonian facilities, etc. Extending our appreciation Environmental Information Centre is a tool of the past cooperation, we reaffirm our for Ministry’s activities planning and for commitment to its intensification in the environment protection policy making, on coming period. the basis of relevant database of its status. In many occasions, through wide public EU membership, integrated planning and We owe our success to uninterrupted discussion and through their elected sustainable development, our results cooperation with MEPP departments representatives, the citizens of the represent information available on the and offices, as well as cooperation with Republic of Macedonia have demonstrated country’s progress and success in reporting other relevant ministries and institutions, that they are united in their commitment on several environmental thematic especially Public Health Institute of the to the universally accepted concept of directions. Republic of Macedonia and regional Public sustainable development. The concept of Through the activity of the Macedonian Health Centers, State Statistical Office, sustainable development promoted as a Environmental Information Centre (MEIC) Hydrometeorological Administration, term in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro at the World Department, the Republic of Macedonia Summit for Environment and Development, Nurhan Izairi stands shoulder to shoulder with all circulates throughout the world every day European partners in their efforts to Minister of Environment and Physical Planning and intensively, and represents in essence provide timely, targeted, relevant and the present concept of Green Economy, reliable information for policy makers and the purposes of which are improved public. man’s wellbeing and social benefits, as well as reduced risks to the environment For the same purposes, MEIC contributes and shortages of natural resources. The to the key European environment state concept of Green Economy does not and outlook reports (SOER2015) and to the replace the sustainable development, but effective thematic assessments through it recognizes sustainable development as a adoption and application of the European far reaching objective to be achieved only operational and qualitative principles and through economy greening. clearly defined methodologies. With the same outlook, the Republic Our participation in numerous thematic of Macedonia, through the Ministry of workshops and meetings has made Environment and Physical Planning, has the Republic of Macedonia equal in been pacing towards the European Union the observation of the best available with its status of collaborating country techniques enabling us to apply modern to the European Environmental Agency methodologies as tools for timely (EEA) as one of the key Agencies of the information of our public and business Community allowing equal participation sector with regard to the state and the of relevant experts from our country in trends of different environmental media. numerous activities concerning different In this way and at the same time, the key environmental media. objectives of timely, relevant and reliable information reflecting the state and the Our citizens already have the possibility to outlook of the environment are achieved follow the activities and the achievements and provide guidance for the planned of the Republic of Macedonia through sectoral policies, as well as possibilities for EEA’s modern interactive web portal, economic growth and development in the where as a result of the efforts towards context of green economy. 10 11 12 13 2. Administrative division group is made of mountains lower than BASIC DATA OF THE REPUBLIC OF 200 meters, with the highest peak of Ruen Officially, Macedonia is divided into 8 of 2.252 meters on Osogovo Mountains. MACEDONIA (eight) planning regions adopted by the Dinaric ones are much higher and reach Assembly of Macedonia, which serve over 2.500 meters, including the highest statistical, economic and administrative 1. Geographical position km overland, 14 km over river and 47 km peak in Macedonia Golem Korab - 2764 over lake. purposes. Besides regions, the first level meters. Vardar zone is situated between Republic of Macedonia is situated in administrative division of Macedonia these two mountain groups, along both Two of the Republic of Macedonia’s South Eastern Europe, in the central part is municipality. According to the latest banks of Vardar River and Pelagonia horst neighbouring countries (Greece and of the Balkan Peninsula and covering an territorial division of 2004, Macedonia is anticlinoria in the central part of the Bulgaria) belong to EU, and this adds to area of 25.713 km2. The country’s capitol divided into 84 municipalities. country. its favourable geo-political position. The and biggest city is Skopje holding the role Republic of Macedonia does not have The biggest region by area Pelagonia covers Valleys and larger fields are cut by of administrative, political, economic, access to sea, but it is located along transit 18.9% of Macedonia’s area and has highest mountainous relief structure covering cultural, academic and scientific centre. roads for goods delivery from the Balkans number of populated places, around 343, 19.1% of the national territory. The most Positioned in the heart of the Balkan to Eastern, Western and Central Europe though it is characterized with low density impressive are the valleys extending along Peninsula, the country borders Serbia and is connected to the nearest ports which of population of 49.4 inhabitants per square Vardar River, including Skopje Valley (1.840 (102 km) and Kosovo (179 km) on north, provide possibilities for development of kilometer. The smallest region, Skopje, km2), while the largest plain is Pelagonia Bulgaria (173 km) on east, Greece (256 km) economic cooperation with neighbouring covers 7.3% of the area of Macedonia, has highland in the southwestern part of the on south and Albania (186 km) on west, or countries. rather dense population of 336 inhabitants country, covering around 4.000 km2, with its overall border is 896 km, of which 835 per square kilometer and absorbs more than average altitude of 600 meters. Wetlands one fourth (29.6%) of the total population occupy 1.9% of the total territory of the in Macedonia. Rural municipalities are country. represented considerably in almost all regions, but most of the population lives 4. Climate characteristics in major urban centers, which indicates uneven concentration of the population in Despite relatively small area size of the regions. Macedonia, climate is diverse, changing significantly from south to north, from west Polog and Southwestern regions are to east and from lower parts to valleys. distinctive by the high share of population We may distinguish the following climate living in rural area, while rural areas in areas: other regions are less densely populated. . Submediterranean area (50 - 500 m) . Moderate-Continental- 3. Structure of the relief Submediterranean area (up to 600 m) Relief is mainly hilly and mountainous, . Hot Continental area (600 - 900 m) characterized with big and high mountain . Cold Continental area (900 – 1.100 m) massifs between which vast valleys and . Submontane-Continental- plains spread, the average altitude being Mountainous area (1.100 – 1.300 m) 829 m. . Montane-Continental-Mountainous area (1.300 – 1.650 m) Mountains are big relief forms covering . Subalpine Mountainous area (1.650 – 79% of the country’s territory. They are part 2.250 m) of the old Rhodopian group of mountains . Alpine Mountainous area (hs >2.250 in the eastern and young Dinaric group in Figure 1. Geographical position of the Republic of Macedonia m). the western part of the country. Rhodopian

14 15 Figure 3. Climate areas Figure 2. Republic of Macedonia 5. Hydrography rivers Bregalnica (225 km) and Pchinja (135 As far as temperature in Macedonia is concerned, sea influence from south (Vardar, km). Strumica and Crn Drim River Valleys) confronts the colder continental intrusions from Hydrographic area of Macedonia is unique As a country with no access to sea, north. The mean annual temperature of the air in the Republic of Macedonia is 11.5°С basin on the Balkans and beyond, as 84% Macedonia is proud of its natural and and ranges between around 0°С on high mountains and 15°С in southern areas around of available water resources originate artificial lakes. From among natural lakes, Dojran and Valandovo. The warmest month is July with mean temperature of 22.2°С, and from domestic sources and only 16% from the following tectonic lakes are the most the coldest month is January with mean temperature of 0.3°С. The lowest temperature external waters. According to hydrographic attractive: Ohrid, Prespa and Dojran Lakes, of air measured so far is in Berovo amounting -32°С, and the highest one of 48°С in Demir conditions in the country, there are four which lay on the southern border of the Kapija. river basins, namely: Vardar, Crn Drim, Strumica and Juzhna Morava. The areas of Republic of Macedonia. The annual average precipitations in the Republic of Macedonia amount 680 mm, which the basins of Vardar and Strumica rivers Ohrid Lake (349 km2) is divided between is relatively low value. The greatest amounts of precipitation occur in the western part of belong to Aegean Sea and cover 86.9% of the Republic of Macedonia (230.1 km2) and the country, especially along Radika River (around 1.200-1.400 mm/year). The reason is the overall territory. Republic of Albania (118.9 km2) the proximity of Adriatic Sea and high mountains averting wet air masses. Precipitations decline towards east to reach less than 500 mm per year in the central part of Vardar, Vardar is the biggest river with around Prespa Lake (274 km2) is divided between Tikvesh and Ovche Pole areas. Owing to low cloudiness and precipitation level, the longest 80 % of the entire water outflow from the Republic of Macedonia (176.8 km2), sunlit period of around 2.500-2.600 hours per year occurs here. Precipitation level rises Macedonia, with a total length of 388 km, Republic of Albania (49.4 km2) and Republic slightly again towards east. of which 301 km run through Macedonia, of Greece (47.8 km2) and the rest of it is in Greece.Larger right Dojran Lake (43 km2) is divided between Winds are frequent phenomena in the Republic of Macedonia, especially during winter tributaries to Vardar River are Crna Reka the Republic of Macedonia (27.4 km2) and period. Yet, they are not as strong as in other parts of Europe and world. The best known (207 km in lengthe) and Treska River (138 Republic of Greece (15.6 km2). winds are Vardarec and South. Vardarec is dry and cold wind blowing from north to south, km), while the longest left ones are the mostly during winter period. 16 17 There are 15 artificial water accumulations km2. As opposed to those, Vardar region and 25 glacial lakes on the territory of is the least densely populated (with 38 Macedonia, situated in the highest parts of inhabitants per km2). mountain massifs formed as early as during The above regional differentiation raises ice age. the issue of regions sustainability in terms Annual water resources per inhabitant of their population, population structure, amount around 3.150 m3/year, placing as well as their economic and social the country in the middle category of conditions. European countries by available resources Life expectancy for the period 2010-2012 is per inhabitant. This value is close to the 74.98 years, 72.97 years for men and 77.05 limit value for water resources required for years for women. The average age of the sustainable development. population in the country in 2012 was 37.7 years. Natural population growth per 1000 6. Demography inhabitants in 2012 was 1.7 inhabitants. According to the last Census of populations, Mortality rate was 9.8 deceased per 1000 dwellings and households (2002), Republic inhabitants. of Macedonia has 2.022.547 inhabitants, which is by 3.9 % higher compared to the previous census (1994), and by 43.0 % higher compared to 1948. According to population estimates made by the State Statistical Office, the overall number of population on 31 December 2012 was 2.062.294 inhabitants. According to data from the last Census, the biggest portion of the population is made of Macedonians (64.18%), followed by Albanians (25.17%), Turks (3.85%), Roma (2.66%), Vlachs (0.48), Serbs (1.78%), Bosnians (0.84%) and other ethnic groups (1.04%) Most of the population is concentrated in urban areas. The average density of population in 2002 was 78.7 inhabitants per km2, and according to population assessment for 2012, population density raised to 82.7 inhabitants per km2. Out of the total population, around 60 % live in urban settlements, and 25% of the total population lives in Skopje. Skopje region is the most densely populated with 336 inhabitants per km2, followed by Polog region with 131.2 inhabitants per 18 19 strengthening the structures and providing in the above integration. It is important Sustainable Development a solid platform and financial resources. to note that sustainable development is The establishment of the National Council a continuous process requiring constant 1. Introduction order to make Agenda 21 functional, then for Sustainable Development in 2012 and adaptation, monitoring and improvement. Declaration and Implementation Plan from support from donor and international For the purpose of as feasible as possible The sector of environment is one of Johannesburg 2002 adopted at the World financial institutions are good signal of NSSD, it has been founded on the following the supporting pillars in sustainable Summit for Sustainable Development, the initiation of the process of sustainable three common guiding principles of development establishment in the principles of UN Millennium Declaration development establishment in the Republic support: Republic of Macedonia, but also in the incorporated in the Millennium of Macedonia. process of fulfilling the requirements and Development Goals and principles Guiding principle no. 1: achieving the standards of the European developed in the revised EU Strategy for 2. Goals of the Policy of . The Government should have Union. Within these processes, integration Sustainable Development, adopted by the innovative, supportive and leading of environmental protection into other Council of Europe in 2006. The Strategy is Sustainable Development role in relation to municipalities and sectoral policies leads to a more sustainable an important element among priorities set in the Republic of private sector, which in turn have development of different sectors in in the European Partnership, also in terms operational role in the achievement efficient and economic way. of fulfilling the obligations defined in the Macedonia of sustainable development in the The establishment of sustainable “Strategy of the Republic of Macedonia Republic of Macedonia. for EU integration”. The Strategy should development remains the strategic 2.1. Goals, guidelines and guiding Guiding principle no. 2: ensure broad acceptance and be firmly approach towards stable economic principles towards sustainable . E-management should be introduced incorporated in all spheres of life in the growth, along with social improvements development achievement in on national and local levels. This would and environment protection. The Republic Republic of Macedonia. the Republic of Macedonia ensure greater transparency and of Macedonia has also traced its way By implementing the Project “Preparation efficiency and would be a good way of through environmental issues settlement, of National Strategy for Sustainable The segment which identifies and faster and more efficient acquisition endeavoring to contribute to the reduction Development in the Republic of Macedonia“ formulates goals, guidelines and guiding of the sustainable development. and settlement of global environmental and adopting the Strategy for the period principles for achievement of sustainable Guiding principle no. 3: issues, while fulfilling the obligations under 2010-2030, the Republic of Macedonia development in the Republic of Macedonia . Short-term focus should be placed the signed multilateral agreements. has not only demonstrated its strong is based on prior diagnosis for sustainable on work force with university level of and full commitment to the Strategy for development and identification of the key The Constitutions contains articles education in order to prevent further Sustainable Development of the European challenges under the NSSD, Part II, Strategic related to fundamental principles upon “brain drain” and, if possible, attract Union, but joined the global movement basis and analysis. As already mentioned, which the sustainable development Macedonians living abroad, who are for sustainable development. The National far reaching goal and guideline for is founded. The Law on Environment, highly qualified, well educated and Strategy for Sustainable Development achievement of sustainable development besides other principles, includes the possess strong potential. Further (NSSD) in the Republic of Macedonia is the sooner membership in the European principle of sustainable development and on, the latter should be the driving consists of two parts: Part I, outlining Union. the requirement to develop Strategy for force fostering the development, as the entire strategic framework, and Part Sustainable Development (Article 186 Goals and guidelines as starting point described in detail in NSSD, Part II: II, containing the strategic grounds for paragraph 2). The Law on Environment should take the rich and relatively Strategic basis and analysis. also offers the possibility for preparation of support, while its implementation should undistracted natural and cultural resources Local Agenda 21 as a tool on local level. serve the purposes of acquiring economic of the Republic of Macedonia. Hence, development which is socially responsible the goal will be mainstreamed towards The National Strategy for Sustainable and fair, environmentally acceptable and Development is based on the principles sustainable integration of tourism, forestry, relying upon the basic postulates of the agriculture and industrial sector with of sustainable development recognized civil society. on global level and defined at the sustainable support from energy sector, UN Conference on Environment and The implementation of NSSD is a infrastructure and transport sectors. The Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992) in great challenge, primarily in terms of sector of environment will be cross-cutting 20 21 2.2. Objectives and strategic on the three guiding principles determinations towards mentioned in the previous chapter sustainable development which prioritize the issues on which the Republic of Macedonia should achievement focus. In order to attain sustainable The main obstacles to the achievement of development, these should sustainable development in the Republic incorporate the following three main of Macedonia, according to NSSD, could be areas: economic sustainability, social summarized as follows: sustainability and environmental . Insufficient understanding, awareness sustainability. of and commitment to the concept I level- by 2010, topic Focusing, should and the principles of sustainable encourage and initiate the process of development. sustainable development with focusing on . Partially developed framework in the important issue of EU membership and support of the policy of sustainable in this context provision of understanding development. of the overall process and commitment . Partially developed legal and thereto. Further on, the e-management regulatory framework to support as an important instrument in ensuring sustainable development. greater transparency and efficiency and . Weak capacity for cross-cutting and support in the process of sustainable integrated approach necessary to development achievement in the Republic achieve sustainable development. of Macedonia. Besides this, certain number . Weak capacity for strategic working of pilot and demonstration projects should based on sustainable development be implemented. – planning, administering and implementing. II level- from 2010 to 2015, topic Maturity . Lack of domestic and foreign funds concerns the issue of maturity gaining to support projects and activities for by public, economic and private sectors sustainable development, as well as towards sustainable development. This insufficient support by banking sector has been already identified as one of the for projects aimed at sustainable key obstacles to sustainable development. development. Hence, mainstreaming of the mentioned Seven strategic commitments have been strategic commitments relate to: sectors is a precondition to sustainable proposed and these should utilize the 1. The important issue of providing EU ВThe table below shows schematic development of the Republic of Macedonia. potentials of the country and overcome membership. overview of the Strategy, which reflects At this level, pilot and demonstration the obstacles to the achievement of the clearly the main goals being connected 2. Rising the awareness of and projects will be selected and implemented. main goals, based on the Three guiding with the EU membership. The Strategy, as the commitment to sustainable principles. The main idea behind the Seven shown on the next table, consists of these III level- 2015 to 2030, topic Implementation, development, covering all spheres of strategic commitments is that the Republic two main parts: concerning more comprehensive life in the Republic of Macedonia. of Macedonia gets prepared and mature selection and implementation of pilot 3. Introduction of E-management as . Long, medium and short-term goals for sustainable development, as main and demonstration projects, based on strong tool in sustainable development concerning the important issues of precondition for implementation of the experience gained through implemented supporting and implementation. EU membership, as well as acquisition actions and the projects for sustainable pilot and demonstration projects from the 4. Mainstreaming the public sector of sustainable development in the first and the second level, where as many development. Republic of Macedonia. through organizational development as possible stakeholders should be involved In the context of the above, the Seven and institutional strengthening on the . Seven strategic commitments, based at all levels. 22 23 basis of the concepts and the principles to sustainable development abroad, as well as consulting limited timeframe and with limited of sustainable development, as well as companies, research and development public resources, this assessment Strategic action number 2.1: cross-cutting and integrated strategic organizations and universities. should be based on the concept and . Preparation of comprehensive and participatory working. the principle of self-assessment. assessment of the awareness of Strategic action number 3.3: 5. Mainstreaming the banking and and commitment to sustainable . In close cooperation with the newly Strategic action number 4.2: financial sector towards provision development that would incorporate established Ministry of Information . Based on the above, the most of resources to fund projects and all spheres of life in the Republic of Society, inter-sector working group significant gaps and especially the activities for sustainable development. Macedonia. should be established to cover the direction of movement in terms of 6. Mainstreaming the private sector above mentioned resources and organizational development and Strategic action number 2.2: towards development based on the aim at implementing this strategic institutional strengthening will be . Based on the above, preparation of principles of sustainable development. commitment. To that end, the working identified. comprehensive plan and programme, group should have bifold focus. First, 7. Implementation of demonstration and with limited time and allocated Strategic action number 4.3: to implement the e-management pilot projects in the early phase of resources, for raising the awareness . Preparation of Draft Programme in the Republic of Macedonia in NSSD implementation. of and commitment to sustainable for organizational development practice and second, to acquire development. and institutional strengthening commercial benefits from this 2.3. Strategic actions towards of the public sector in relation to Strategic action number 2.3: process by establishment of public sustainable development sustainable development. There is . Implementation of the plan and private partnerships. All this could achievement in the Republic of great probability that such project programme for raising the awareness provide competitive advantage to the is financed by the EU as an integral Macedonia of and commitment to sustainable Republic of Macedonia and contribute part of the process of approximation development and initiation of the to the development of advanced The part hereunder elaborates the main and therefore the prospects for its implementation of several selected communication and information strategic actions required to achieve each initiation should be considered as pilot and demonstration projects that system in support of decision makers of the Seven strategic commitments. soon as possible. would have great impact and serve from public and private sectors I level by 2010 - Focusing as examples that could be replicated towards sustainable development. Strategic action number 4.4: Strategic commitment no. 1: further on. . Establishment of inter-sectoral Strategic action number 3.4: . Ensuring membership in EU and implementation framework and Strategic commitment no. 3: . Programming and implementing compliance with the EU Strategy for implementation of the Programme . Introduction of E-management as selected pilot and demonstration Sustainable Development for organizational development and incentive to sustainable development projects that would have great impact institutional strengthening in relation Strategic action number 1.1: and serve as examples that could be Strategic action number 3.1: to sustainable development, including . Preparation of comprehensive replicated further on. . Consideration and implementation a number of pilot and demonstration assessment of the existing and of National Strategy and Action Plan II level 2010-2015: Maturity projects that would have great impact establishment of appropriate for Information Society Development and serve as examples that could be organizational framework to enable Strategic commitment no. 4: by April 2005 and Pool for use of replicated further on. . Mainstreaming the public sector to the implementation of the NSSD. computers and Internet in the sustainable development Strategic commitment no. 5: Strategic action number 1.2: Republic of Macedonia by April 2007. . Mainstreaming the financial sector to . Implementation of several selected Strategic action number 4.1: Strategic action number 3.2: sustainable development . Based on the existing analyses, pilot and demonstration projects that . Preparation of comprehensive comprehensive organizational and Strategic action number 5.1: would have great impact and serve assessment of capacities and institutional assessment of the . Based on the existing data, as examples that could be replicated qualifications for communication capacities for sustainable development comprehensive assessment of the further on. and information technology to cover will be prepared, to cover all horizontal preparedness and capacity of the Strategic commitment no. 2: public and private sectors, domestic and vertical levels of the public sector. financial sector to finance sustainable . Rising awareness of and commitment resources and Macedonian resources In order to accomplish this within development will be prepared. This 24 25 assessment should cover public and of the private sector will be prepared, private sectors, as well as international in close cooperation with leading financial institutions and EU. proponents of the economic development in the country. Strategic action number 5.2.: . Action Plan for enhancement of the Strategic action number 6.2: financial sector capacity for projects for . In close cooperation with private sustainable development with defined sector, the main gaps will be identified deadlines and allocated resources will and define the direction of movement be prepared, in close cooperation with in terms of required capacity for all key actors in the economic sector. sustainable development in the There is great probability that part private sector. of this action plan is financed by the Strategic action number 6.3: EU as an integral part of the process . Based on the above, Action Plan for of approximation and therefore the enhancement of the private sector prospects for its initiation should be capacity for projects and activities for considered as soon as possible. sustainable development with defined Strategic action number 5.3: deadlines and allocated resources will . Covering of costs for public services be prepared, in close cooperation with of water supply, wastewater all key actors in the private sector. treatment and solid waste disposal is Strategic action number 6.4: a precondition for approximation in . Establishment of inter-sectoral the process of EU accession. To this implementation framework and social and economic impacts. to the level of feasibility studies, end, overall assessment of economic implementation of the Action Plan for including definition of organizational ability for public services cost covering Definition of timeframe giving priority to enhancement of the private sector setup and manner of their funding. should be prepared, supplemented projects that are easy to implement and capacity for projects and activities for with socio-economic analysis. have effect on sustainable development. Strategic action number 7.5: sustainable development, including . Strengthening the capacity of existing Prioritization of projects that would be Strategic action number 5.4: significant number of selected pilot organizations for implementation replicated further on in the Republic of . Establishment of inter-sectoral and demonstration projects that and monitoring of pilot projects for Macedonia. implementation framework and would have great impact. sustainable development. implementation of projects and Strategic action number 7.2: III Level 2010-2030: Implementation Strategic action number 7.6: activities for sustainable development, . Identification of as many as possible . Upon completion, the effect of including significant number of pilot Strategic commitment no. 7: demonstration and pilot projects projects on sustainable development and demonstration projects that . Implementation of pilot and in a draft form for implementation. would have great impact and serve demonstration projects for sustainable Significant number of potential will be assessed. as examples that could be replicated development demonstration and pilot projects has further on. Strategic action number 7.1: already been identified under NSSD 3. Recommendation Strategic commitment no. 6: . Based on set criteria and selection project. Achievement of sustainable development . Mainstreaming the private sector to model for demonstration and pilot Strategic action number 7.3: in the Republic of Macedonia and sustainable development projects for sustainable development . Elaboration of list of priority implementation of NSSD is a process of that are feasible under Macedonian changes in the whole country. Progress Strategic action number 6.1: demonstration and pilot projects. conditions, projects should be in the implementation has to be enabled . Based on the existing analyses, implemented that will include: Strategic action number 7.4: by the environment and capacity for comprehensive assessment of the . Elaboration of finally selected implementation. capacity for sustainable development Covering of the three pillars: environmental, demonstration and pilot projects 26 27 Favourable environment in essence favourable environment. confidence in future. Besides the NSSD great changes and more importantly, includes what is realistic and feasible Project, the National Council for Sustainable political will to motivate and implement to accomplish within the given context. 3.1. Favourable environment Development (NCSD) should be politically these changes. This process will certainly It covers widely diverse issues like 3.1.1. Relevance of political responsible for NSSD implementation, encounter very strong resistance by political consciousness, will and capacity, consciousness and capacity including support to the process aimed at certain parts of the Macedonian society. institutional will and capacity, domestic increasing the confidence in the future, as Nevertheless, if political will and political and external investing will and capacity. The main factor that enables achievement integral part of the further public awareness capacity for sustainable development are Favourable environment also determines of great change in any strategic context is and activity for public participation. By not developed up to the required level, ongoing check of the reality of conditions the confidence. encouraging public participation, citizens introduction of sustainable development for sustainable development enabling and The vision and the overall new development of the Republic of Macedonia will gain could end only as an academic endeavour introduction. direction of the Republic of Macedonia is powerful tool for changes that begin from of limited effect. bottom towards top and initiatives of Local Implementation capacity covers the set in line with the EU policy of sustainable As first step, assessment of the Republic of Agenda 21. current practical capacities for tangible development. Considering that sustainable Macedonia’s commitment to sustainability implementation and consequently development fosters improved quality The second main factor of enabling is the concepts and principles was prepared by represents practical application of of life, it should only stimulate initial political awareness of the need to make national experts based on comparison

28 29 with the EU Revised Strategy for SD. This requires significant investments (e.g. identification, formulation, designing, application and putting into effect of laws, assessment covered all the points in the regarding waste management and water planning, programming and implementing bylaws and regulations, great weaknesses Strategy, as presented in Annex no. 3. As treatment) and great commitment by the required projects and activities. are noted. Public sector seems to lack it is shown by this assessment, the process administration. Certain progress could However, it seems there are problems the required capacity in terms of human of approximation with EU SD has already be done with regard to legal framework where this capacity applies in cross-cutting resources, knowledge and systems, and been initiated in Macedonia, but it should strengthening, though progress with and strategic issues. Weaknesses also occur procedures for processing and approving pass a long way before full harmonization regard to enforcement is limited, especially in relation to SD concepts and principles SD related projects and activities in a is achieved. An assessment like this, which in areas requiring huge investments. Yet, and their application by technical and qualified and timely manner. This is the will be made constantly throughout this selected activities with relatively low costs professional capacity. current situation, although there are process, could be used as strong monitoring that would be implemented immediately ongoing activities in certain institutions tool for political consciousness. could improve the situation significantly. 3.4. Weak institutional and aimed at this problem overcoming. organizational capacity 3.1.2. Relevance of legal and Need for implementation and investment It is questionable whether private sector As far as the second basic factor is regulatory instruments climate to support sustainable has the required number of companies development. The fourth and the last basic concerned, namely institutional and in the required technical fields and other The third main factor concerns legal and factor of enabling concerns investment organizational capacity for adoption, regulatory framework. As one can conclude climate and potential for investment, from the 11 Reports on assessment and which is naturally the main preconditions analysis, most of this framework is available for all projects and activities in sustainable as a result of the process of accession to EU. development. Consequently, this should not be the most problematic issue with regard to SD because 3.2. 2. Implementation capacity the process of accession to EU is in progress The following analyses and assessments aiming at the Republic of Macedonia’s start have as their goal the capacity for of negotiations. Besides this, many of the implementation of important and realistic new laws and bylaws support SD directly. projects and activities of SD. It is based on However, the key issue will most probably the 11 Reports on assessment and analysis, be the will and the capacity for adoption of the six main block issues1, elaborations legal and regulatory framework and general presented in the platform of knowledge administrative and organizational capacity of the Framework Report on Sustainable for laws and regulations implementation. Development and elaborations in previous Furthermore, the status of legal and chapters on favourable environment. regulatory framework is relevant with regard to investments that make the fourth 3.3. Availability of the required and the last basic factor and these are technical and professional described in the last part of this chapter. capacity For more comprehensible and detailed explanation, the Framework Report on The main factor of implementation Sustainable Development (FRSD) has been capacity in Macedonia. This factor includes used as reference. technical and professional capacity for According to FRSD, legislation related to 1 Policy and legal framework (cross-cutting) Environment (cross-cutting) economic sector needs to be upgraded Energy (cross-cutting) further. The Republic of Macedonia will Rural development (involves agriculture, forestry and tourism) need to make significant and continuous Social issues (involves employment, social welfare, health efforts to implement the legislation. This and education) SME (involves industry, SME, infrastructure and transport) 30 31 fields to design and develop/implement SD projects and activities. 3.5. Further strengthening of the capacity for investment and financing The third and the last basic factor is the economic and financial capacity. In this regard, the capacity of the banking sector and its ability to process applications for SD projects and activities financing is of interest. Domestic and foreign investors should invest more in the Republic of Macedonia. This will be also reflected in potential financing of SD projects and activities. This process is further aggravated with the limited domestic capacity for participation in activities of cost recovery, that is precondition for numerous externally financed SD projects, especially in water, wastewater and solid waste sectors.

32 33 behavior and establishment of new norms ha or 81.53%, orchards occupying and area SPACE PLANNING in biological behavior as precondition for of 14.000 ha or 2.75%, vineyards 21.000 achieving more prominent effects in the ha or 4.13% and the rest of 59.000 ha or 1. Introduction . space is limited, given or ultimate; coming period. 11.59% of the total arable land area is land . space is non-renewable; and under meadows. At European level, the Unbalanced distribution of the population The Spatial Plan of the Republic of . space is shared by many users. country belongs to the group of countries in individual regions and tendency of Macedonia is implemented through with medium availability of agricultural and further polarization is a notable negative preparation and adoption of spatial plans arable land, or an inhabitant has 0.25 ha 2. Status and trends phenomenon. Namely, eastern parts are of regions, spatial plans of areas of special arable land or 0.20 ha ploughed land areas 2.1. Demographic development characterized with demographic stagnation, interest, spatial plan of municipality, of the at an average. while western with demographic explosion. City of Skopje, as well as urban plans and Investigations indicate presence of certain According to prior published data, other documentation for space planning unfavorable demographic trends that 2.2. Land use agricultural production in 2010 relative to and development specified in the Law on can be influenced only through active Taking into consideration the criteria 2009 increased by 8%. Spatial and Urban Planning. population policy, such as: well expressed for agricultural land use, expected regional disparity in population growth, In the field of urbanization, we may Monitoring of the implementation of the possibilities for capital investment in natural increment of the population conclude that overall activities move Spatial Plan of the Republic of Macedonia primary production, as well as the trend higher than in more developed European towards higher level of space organization is a complex activity involving high number in the past development, it has been countries, changes in age structure with an and development or higher degree of urban of entities of diverse profile and level of assumed that optimum use of agricultural aging trend, net reproduction rate of the development. The most dynamic changes authority, technical and professional, that land will be achieved under the planning total population differing among existing occur at contact areas of urban settlements are familiar with conditions, occurrences, determinations contained in the Spatial socio-economic and other structures, well and outside rural settlements favorable terms, mutual relations, disorders, Plan of the Republic of Macedonia by 2020. advantages and prospects in certain parts expressed differences between urban and for industry, tourism and other activities of the space, and it enables initiation rural environments, etc. According to data available for 2010, the development that may be grounds for Republic of Macedonia has 1.121.000 investment attracting. and preparation of proposals towards Taking as starting point the determination ha agricultural land. The share of arable selection of new planning determinations that population policy should, through a Dynamics and development of planning areas is 509.000 ha that is 45.4%, pastures and solutions in the relevant areas of system of measures and activities, have documentation are still at the level that does 611.000 ha or 54.5% and 1.000 ha marshes, the spatial system, by way of application an impact on natural increment, the not have major impact on development, reed marshes and fish ponds or 0.1% of the of the procedure for amendment of the assessment is that provision of planned which is primarily due to inability to secure total agricultural land. These proportions Spatial Plan of the Republic of Macedonia. development and escaping the status sufficient investments for such activities. correspond with the specified planning The monitoring of the implementation of underdevelopment require active broadcasts for 2020 according to which Urban development is still centralized to a of the Plan as an activity is inseparable population policy in line with the possibilities the ratio between arable land areas and great extent, with its main feature being high from the activities of space development of socio-economic development of areas under pastures has been estimated population concentration, concentration management which confirms the Plan the country. Within this frame, central appropriateness. at 45.4% versus 54.5%. of public functions and highest extent population policy should with approach of infrastructure development in the Within the planning process, space is not and measures differentiated for individual The structure of arable land is dominated national center. During the last several only a resource matching up earth area, areas should be implemented in order to by ploughed land and gardens with 415.000 land and landscape, but also everything achieve optimal use of space and resources, that exists beneath and above land cover humanization of conditions for family and Republic of Macedonia has 1.121.000 ha agricultural land as integral and active components of space social living of the population, reduction planning and development. of migrations, as well as establishment of conditions for a more balanced regional Within the planning and management of development of the country. 45,4% 54,5% 0,1% spatial development in the Republic of marshes, reed marshes Population should primarily accept the arable areas pastures Macedonia, space is a value characterized and fish ponds by three attributes: necessity for change in reproduction 34 35 years, the state policy has been aimed provide insight in the connection between at decentralization of certain functions industrial development, status and quality in the area of education from national to of environment, i.e. effects on human other major urban centers (Tetovo, Shtip, health, active monitoring of possible Bitola, Kumanovo, Ohrid, and Sv.Nikole). changes in environmental media and areas, This trend is expected to continue in the and establish solid grounds for sustainable forthcoming period as well. environmental protection policy and improved quality of living in future. Other urban centers have not practiced notable activities towards development acceleration through 3. Brief assessment and selective mainstreaming. In the coming possible development period, significant progress is expected through adoption and implementation 3.1. European framework for of the programmes for planning regions space planning development, under which development The Republic of Macedonia has recognized of economically less able regions is the finalization of the process of integration stimulated, including less developed areas into the European Union as its strategic within the regions themselves. goal. The current status of candidate Expansion of urban building land and country for EU membership poses many overall building land in settlements defined tasks to our country, aiming not only at as planning range is still ongoing and the achievement of the expected effects takes place to the detriment of productive expressed through macroeconomic agricultural land. Units of local self- performances towards higher rates and government should in future focus on more level of economic development, political efficient utilization of building land within and security stability, more advanced already defined areas covered by planning technological level, higher educational documentation. and scientific levels, but also adoption of In the coming period, urbanization is novelties in the area of spatial planning and expected to evolve in conditions in which involvement in the process of transferring private initiative and market economy will and application of the guidelines and have even more important position and determinations of the spatial and regional role in the long-term spatial development. policy practiced in Member States. The process of urbanization will remain The new political constellation, technical the main framework for the future and technological development and global organization, development and use of the interconnection are important factors of space in the country, but in line with the significant impact on spatial organization changes encountered and future long- and creation of new contours in Europe. term development demands of the socio- Rapid development of global economy economic system. determines the new network of links and 2.3. Environmental impacts establishes new relationships among corporations, citizens and regions Analyses of the extent of environmental throughout the world. The ongoing media pollution on annual level, including process of European integration poses measures undertaken to protect them, 36 37 tasks to spatial planning and urban policy area. spatial axis, etc.), made of the following of four EU Member States, at supranational level that need to be seven groups: 1. Geographical position, 2. Norway and six other countries ESDP is a strategic policy framework implemented within the current and Economic potential, 3. Social integration, (six candidate countries for EU aimed at promoted cooperation between forthcoming process of space planning and 4. Spatial integration, 5. Land burden, 6. membership and Baltic parts of European Commission, Member States and organization in our country. Natural heritage, and 7. Cultural heritage. Russia and Belarus); their regions and cities, or harmonization −− ALPINE SPACE covers regions of different policies. This document defines ESDP and major regional programmes 3.1.1. Main European policies in four EU Member States plus a spatial vision for the development of Regional spatial development initiatives three countries (Lichtenstein, To understand the European policy in the the Union’s territory, by which ESDP was and schemes that cover also individual EU Slovenia and Switzerland); area of spatial planning as a partial policy, promoted as a policy framework and Member States and individual candidate −− NORTH SEA REGION covers areas it is important to understand its relation reference document in the sphere of countries for EU membership have of six EU Member States plus to the main European policies. Under the sustainable spatial development (thus special role in the achievement of the Norway. Unity, Solidarity and Diversity for Europe, insisting that all principles of sustainability last among listed ESDP missions. As early its Residents and Territory, 2011, the main – environmental, economic, social and Regional initiatives ESTIA and OSPE as during ESDP preparation, in 1996, the European policies are as follows: cultural - are observed). Although not . European Commission raised regional ESTIA and OSPE are the two most important Competition Policy, binding, it defines policy options and . initiative under the name INTERREG III C, regional initiatives in the area of spatial and Common Agricultural Policy, “guide/guidelines” for decision making at . in order to continue with the transnational urban development and environmental Employment, Human Resources, all governance levels (from supranational cooperation in the spatial planning of policy of the Balkans: Development and Cohesion, or European, on one end through national/ . European countries and regions (namely, −− ESTIA (European Space Environmental Policy, state and regional to local, on the other) . not limited to EU Member States). and Territorial Integration Regional Policy, that would lead to sustainable and balanced . Alternatives, Spatial development Research and Development Policy, development. The multiannual cooperation under strategies and policy integration . Transport Policy, different regional and alike programmes European Spatial Planning Observatory for the South-East Europe). . Energy Policy, and projects has continued under the name Network (ESPON) and other information This project involves Albania, . Small and Medium Entrepreneurship INTERREG III B, which is also implemented and statistical backups Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Policy, through series of individual projects in the Romania and FR Yugoslavia; . Common Fishery Policy.. ESDP implementation is supported by frames of five major programmes that −− OSPE (Observatory of Spatial parallel statistical, information and need to reflect predominating geographical From among all above listed policies, three Planning and Environment in research backup under the name European leitmotifs of the European territory: have the strongest influence on spatial South-East Europe), is a project Spatial Planning Observatory Network, −− CADSES/VISION PLANET planning, development and territorial which is complementary to initiated by the European Commission and (Strategies for an integrated arrangement of the European Union, the previous one. It involves governments of EU Member States 1998 spatial development of the namely: environmental policy, regional the same countries, though and then implemented during the follow- Central European, Adriatic, policy and transport policy. it emphasizes stronger the up two years of research. This programme Danubian and South-Eastern Europe’s Spatial Development Perspective aspects of information backups continued in the period 2002-2006 in the European Space), covers regions (ESDP) and European regional projects in of decisions drafting, adoption frames of INTERREG III B. of Central and Southeastern the area of spatial development planning and implementation in the area Europe, Danube Belt and Adriatic The Programme was initiated in order of sustainable development and ESDP was adopted in 1999 by special Basin, of four EU Member States, to identify possible institutional, legal, accompanying institutional and resolution. It is the first formal document seven candidate countries for EU administrative and financial parameters for organizational arrangements. in the area of spatial development planning membership and seven non-EU a network of research institutions to gather of the Union after 1989, when the decision countries; within ESPON. Researches are based on the to prepare European strategic framework −− NORTH-WESTERN EUROPE 4. Recommendations use of tens of indicators that should provide in the domain of spatial development covers regions of Northwestern comprehensive, detailed and reliable Preservation, protection and rational use planning was adopted, i.e. when the Europe from seven EU Member insight in diversity of components of the of agricultural land are the main planning European Union and the European States plus Switzerland; unique European space (regions, cities, determination and main precondition for Commission started cooperation in this −− BALTIC SEA REGION covers areas 38 39 efficient application of production and domestic resources, technological other functions of agriculture. Conflict development and overall economic situations deriving from the development development. Renewable energy sources of other economic and social activities are represented by hydro power, solar, are settled on the basis of criteria for wind geothermal power and biomass global socio-economic sustainability and (heating wood). The total primary energy justifiability. Determinations of the Spatial obtained from renewable energy sources Plan of the Republic of Macedonia in the in 2010 amounted 16.622 ТЈ which was by area of agricultural land protection and 65.4% more than in 2009. Hydro energy, use envisage prevention of degradation of besides electricity produced by large and the paedological layer and improvement small hydro power plants, also includes of its productive properties, enlargement electricity produced by preferential of arable land area on terrains possessing producers. appropriate conditions, as well as maximum The coverage of the territory of the possible intensification of agricultural Republic of Macedonia by planning production to contribute accordingly to documentation is still insufficient. One of strategic goals of sustainable development the main reasons for this situation is the of the overall economy and economic lack of investments at local level, as well as prosperity of the Republic of Macedonia by long duration and complexity of procedures 2020. for plans adoption. With regard to the The concept of sustainable development implementation of the planned solutions, of a country is conditioned by its we may conclude that the level of planned natural resources and their rational use. solutions implementation is low and there Water can be distinguished as specific are deviations therefrom. prerequisite for development, given that it is unsubstitutable resource without which no survival can be secured. The extent to which water can be regarded a resource in certain area will depend on the possibility for implementation of certain water management solutions. The water as a resource is much less available than the available waters. The water use plans should take into account that the demands will only increase in future and this will only decrease the available waters as resource. In order to achieve maximum protection of water as a resource that cannot be substituted, water management infrastructure development should be targeted at waters protection and use. One of the long-term goals of energy sector is increased utilization of renewable energy sources in accordance with the available 40 41 42 43 perspective, project activity is carried out emission from certain sectors to be carried CLIMATE CHANGE AND OZONE LAYER with the support of the Government of out by applying higher Tier 2 methodology. the Kingdom of Norway for enabling the The main five key emission sectors PROTECTION future implementation of the European identified for the Republic of Macedonia Emission Trading Scheme. In meantime, are as follows: CO2 emissions from energy 1. Introduction planning framework using the Bulgarian experience and their industry (coal, lignite); CO2 emissions from . it has been cooperating on bilateral, allocation as developed country obligation mobile sources – road traffic; N2O (direct Having recognized the problem of climate regional and international levels after the Climate Summit in Copenhagen, and indirect) emissions from agricultural change and necessity to undertake within common efforts towards the development of the Roadmap soils; CH4 emissions from landfills for solid effective activities towards mitigation of climate change combating for implementation of EU Directives waste; and CH4 emissions from enteric the problem of climate change negative on emission trading and monitoring fermentation of domestic animals. Adoption of EU climate change related impacts, the Republic of Macedonia mechanism 2003/87/EC and 2009/29/EC legislation is particular challenge for The overall direct greenhouse gas emissions ratified the UN Framework Convention on has been supported. the country and requires significant in Macedonia, for 2009 amounted 10.252 Climate Change (UNFCCC) on 4 December strengthening of the capacity at all levels. Drafting of the Law on Climate Action and kt CO2-eq and these included land use and 1997 (Official Gazette of the Republic of Introduction of legal obligations through long-term strategy for climate has been land use and forestry change. In that year, Macedonia no. 61/07) and became Party different segments of the legislation planned under the IPA TAIB 2012 (for the national emissions per capita amounted to the Convention on 28 April 1998. The requires detailed assessment of the purpose of which terms of reference will 5.6 t CO2-eq. Emissions originate mainly Ministry of Environment and Physical potential for emission reduction in different be developed under IPA TAIB 2011). The from energy sector (73%, ranging Planning (MEPP) was designated a National sectors (energy, waste, agriculture, country is expected to determine the so between 8.500 and 9.000 kt CO2-eq per Focal Point for UNFCCC, i.e. the key body industry, transport), as well as estimates of called contributions to the Paris Summit in year), followed by agriculture (13%, this of the Government responsible for policy related costs. The potential for greenhouse 2015 concerning greenhouse gas emissions percentage reduces every year along with making with regard to the implementation gas emissions reduction will need to be reduction. Preliminary analyses have been the reduction in the number of domestic of the UNFCCC provisions (“Official Gazette compared with the share of such activities made in the frame sof the Third National animals) and waste (7%, increases due of the Republic of Macedonia no.” бр. in gross domestic product. This would Communication on Climate Change , in to population growth). Industry sector 61/97). As of the moment of Convention mean binding of development paths of the line with the National Programme for EU contributes 7% to the national greenhouse entry into force in 1994 until present, national economies to integrate climate Acquis Adoption, and preparation of policy gas emissions. Land use and land use and the Convention has been one of the change mitigation measures. paper has been envisaged to be developed forestry change are responsible for 3–10% most universally accepted multilateral with the support of the Centre for Energy, of emissions depending on forest fires, agreements with membership counting Further on, gradual capacity building is Information and Materials at MASA, also soils management (application of artificial more than 190 countries, to which it is required for future involvement in emission supported by UNDP. fertilizers) and land use conversion in the internationally binding document. trading and mechanism for greenhouse specific year. gas emissions monitoring, reporting and The country has taken active part in the Further more, National Committee for verification that would require introduction work of the regional environment and Analyzing the direct greenhouse gas Climate Change was established as advisory of a set of technical, administrative and climate network (ECRAN) established emissions, we may note that CO2 emissions body for policy making with regard to institutional measures for data collection, under IPA Multi-beneficiary. contribute 75–80% to overall emissions climate change issues in the Republic management and reporting. for the covered period (mostly from fuels of Macedonia (Official Gazette of the combustion from energy sector), CH4 Republic of Macedonia no.) 44/00, 79/03 и Intensification will be needed of private 2. Status and trends emissions contribute 12–14% (mostly 4/04). The Republic of Macedonia, through and public financial flows for measures 2.1. National greenhouse gas from agriculture and waste sectors), the Ministry of Environment and Physical undertaking towards climate change inventory N2O emissions contribute 7–9% to the Planning, has acted on several levels for abatement and adaptation, as well overall emissions (from fuels combustion more than ten years: as technology transfer and capacity The National greenhouse gas inventory has and emissions from soils) and 1–2% are . it has prepared the required legal strengthening. been prepared for the period 2003 to 2009. emissions of HFCs from industry sector. framework for climate change For the first time, country specific emission For the purpose of gradual addressing With regard to indirect greenhouse gases, combating factors were specified for the key emission of climate change issues from EU most of NOx emissions (7% of the overall . it has set the necessary strategic and sectors, thus enabling estimates of 44 45 indirect greenhouse gas emissions in the national greenhouse gas inventories. As Табела 1: Direct emissions of greenhouse gases/removal from sectors in the period covered period) and CO emissions (32%) part of this process, National Committee 1990–2009 [kt CO2-eq] come from energy sector, transport and for Climate Change (NCCC) was established 1990 2000 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 industry for energy production (coal, and regularly involved in the process Energy 9.940 9.227 9.059 8.732 9.456 8.543 9.035 9.146 8.761 lignite), combustion in agriculture (residues of preparation of the Third National Industrial 889 886 598 971 1.076 784 944 975 434 from crops) and land use sector, land use Communication. Determination of country processes and forestry change (forest fires). Emissions specific emission factors was enabled Agriculture 1.908 1.380 1.734 1.788 1.581 1.677 1.496 1.403 1.321 of NMVOC (25%) originate from industry, as data was provided from the private Waste 786 844 833 839 840 852 862 872 881 especially production processes and minor sector, installations and other national LULUCF -33 -1.450 -977 -989 -1.093 -927 8 -718 -1.146 part from the sectors of transport and and governmental institutions, including Total CO -eq 2 13.524 12.336 12.231 12.330 12.953 11.857 12.337 12.397 11.399 solvents use, while the biggest part of Economic Chamber and State Statistical without LULUCF SO2 emissions (36%) come from energy, Office. This enabled introduction of Total CO -eq 2 13.193 10.886 11.255 11.341 11.861 10.929 12.344 11.680 10.252 construction and transport. several subsectors for the first time, with LULUCF such as aviation, as well as introduction In order to provide sustainability of the of improved methodology for emission process of preparation of greenhouse estimates in many subsectors, such as gas inventories, new institutional system cement production, air navigation and was introduced and applied. Besides this, railway transport. the Law on Environment was amended to establish national system for collection and management of data necessary to develop

Direct emissions of greenhouse gases

75-80% CO2

12-14% CH4

7-9% N2O

1-2% HFCs

46 47 2.2. Climate change mitigation part of the elaboration of climate change mitigation measures, NAMAs are also The analysis of the possibilities for climate prepared for the City of Skopje, transport change mitigation was built on the analysis and energy sectors. made in the frames of the Second National Communication, but it took into account The analysis of climate change mitigation other changes as well, as candidate country potential in energy sector applied the for EU membership and as member model MARKAL for the energy system, of the European Energy Community. in order to project energy demand, It also included detailed analysis of costs for demanded energy supply and numerous nationally adequate activities greenhouse gas emissions under different for climate change mitigation (NAMAs) development scenarios by 2050. Under the submitted as part of the contribution to baseline scenario, it has been envisaged the Copenhagen Accord. As member of that final energy consumption grows by the Energy Community, the Republic of 48% by 2032, and by 102% by 2050. The Macedonia has been already obliged to most significant share in final energy harmonize its legislation with the EU acqui consumption belongs to use of diesel and communitaire concerning energy, which electricity, as well as natural gas available means, for example, renewable energy from export. Under the baseline scenario, utilization, standards for energy efficiency the expected investment for new power in buildings and equipment, integration plants and devices is around 4005 million of energy efficiency criterion in public EUR plus additional 95 million EUR for procurements and reduction of certain new transmission and distribution grids. pollutants (e.g. SOx and NOx) in power Emissions of CO2 will increase from ~9,5 Mt plants. Besides the above, if the Republic in 2011 to ~14 Mt in 2032, and then drop of Macedonia enters the EU by 2020, it sharply due to the closure of the existing will have to implement the EU policies for thermal power pants and grow again to climate change mitigation and be part of ~14 Mt in 2050, and electricity production the EU efforts of emission sharing as part will have the biggest share. of the scheme for emissions reduction by Three different groups of scenarios for 20% until 2020. This will assume measures climate change mitigation were analyzed. as those for the Energy Community and With reference to energy supply, the most additional measures concerning, for cost-effective areas for mitigation were example, EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU- identified, these being: ETS). In case the country fails to become . Installation of power plants fired by EU Member, it will probably continue with natural gas instead of coal; the transposition of climate change related . Installation of hydro-power plants; Directives, though with slower rate. Then, . Development of energy production Macedonia will have a choice whether to from wind; and join Annex (QELRC) or stay in the position of . Increased use of solar power. non-Annex I countries and propose target as deviation from the baseline development Besides energy supply, climate change scenario. In any case, the same policies and mitigation measures are also important, measures will be probably implemented, especially those that include: but with different pace and intensity. As . Improvement of energy efficiency in building sector; 48 49 . Different measures in transport sector . Production of biogas in agricultural for low carbon fuels use, increase of holdings public awareness of more efficient The analysis concluded that the potential driving, improvement of travelling for technical mitigation of climate change habits, improvement of vehicle in agriculture is extremely great, especially fleet, as well as improvement of the with regard to emissions from this sector. equipment in vehicles; and With regard to costs for mitigation, the . Improvement of industrial processes sector is particularly attractive, with many for higher energy efficiency. options for mitigation that do not induce In the sector of waste, under the baseline cost and some that create profit (increased scenario, it was envisaged that emissions production as economic justification to will rise by 2030 due to the growth of adopt certain activities for climate change population and economic growth. While mitigation), with low capital investments. considering different scenarios with We may conclude that under the baseline activities that can be undertaken for scenario, emissions of greenhouse gases municipal solid waste, the most cost- are envisaged to change from around effective scenario including also significant 12.100 kt CO2-eq to around 16.150 kt CO2- reductions in greenhouse gas emissions is eq or to increase by around 33% (Figure 1 the one involving closure and reclamation 1). In the period between 2014 and 2023, of existing landfills and combustion of the total emission is almost the same, but after gas from the landfills (to cause very low this period significant increase will occur in marginal costs for mitigation), introduction emission from energy sector and the level of mechanical biological treatment with of total emissions will progressively grows. composting and fuel production from The sector of greatest growth of emissions waste. is the sector of households with 60% Increase is expected in agricultural growth, followed by transport with 56% activities due to increased demand for and waste with 54%. food that will in turn increase greenhouse The sector of electricity production has the gas emissions in this sector. In the frames highest contribution to overall greenhouse of the preparation of this Communication, gas emissions with around 58% during detailed analysis was made of climate the whole planning period, followed by change mitigation potential in agriculture: transport sector with contribution of 12%- . Increase of organic agriculture 14% and industry with contribution of . Livestock breeding management around 10%. to achieve less intensive enteric fermentation which is significant Combination of the most aggressive source of greenhouse gases mitigation scenarios in energy, waste . Improved management of wheat and agriculture will result in significant crops residues reduction of greenhouse gas emissions – . Improved irrigation with sparkling and from 11.200 kt CO2-eq to 8.250 kt CO2-eq. dropping Introduction of price for CO2 from 2020 . Changing ploughing techniques will induce closure of the current thermal . Improved fertilizer management power plants fired on lignite, by which the . Improved manure management level of greenhouse gases in energy sector 50 51 will drop by more than 65%. Total emission 2.3. Trends of temperature and Total emissions under baseline and climate change mitigation scenarios (kt CO2-eq) of greenhouse gases under the climate precipitations in the Republic change scenario for the period between of Macedonia 2014 and 2017 will reduce by around 18.000 8%, and after this period reductions will 2.3.1. Climate change scenarios by 16.000 become progressive and in 2030 emissions 2100 would be lower by 50% compared to those 14.000 By application of the software MAGICC/ under the baseline scenario (Figure 1 2). 12.000

SCENGEN version 5.3, projections have q e -

2 10.000

been made for future possible climate O C

change. In this process, six scenarios were k 8.000 used under IPCC SRES/AR4: А1B-AIM, А1FI- 6.000 Projections of greenhouse gas emissions under the baseline scenario (kt CO2-eq) 4.000 2.000 18.000 0 16.000 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030

14.000 Baseline scenario CC mitigation scenario

12.000 q Figure 2 - e 2 10.000 O C

MI, А1Т-MES, А2-AS, B1-IMA and B2-MES, On the basis of modeling results, we may t k 8.000 and for the period between 2025 and conclude the following:

6.000 2100 (reference period: 1961–1990) air 1. It is probable that there will be temperature and changes in precipitations constant increase in temperature in 4.000 were estimated. Estimates relied on data the period between 2025 and 2100; 2.000 from 18 models, which generated results 2. Compared to the period between 1961 for two central geographical points. 0 and 1990, changes envisaged for the 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Scenarios were generated for four specific period between 2025 and 2100 will years, for each central point, for each of the be the most intensive in the warmest three values of climate sensitivity and each Electricity sector Transport Industry Agriculture Waste Commercial sector Households Fugitive emissions period of the year; of the six scenarios. Monthly and seasonal 3. Average monthly temperatures at the values were obtained for temperature and Figure 1 transit between winter and spring changes in precipitations.

52 53 might equalize for this period; level; 4. For the period between 2025 and . Development of emission factors for 2100, drop in precipitations is different fuels and types of combustion envisaged in all seasons and at annual for road and railroad transport; level, and greatest reduction will occur . Establishment of national system for during summer; greenhouse gas emissions reporting in industry; 5. Intensity of changes will be greatest in . Collection of detailed information the warmest part of the year (July and required to determine emissions of August might be without precipitations CH4 from enteric fermentation from at all); and cattle by using methodology under 6. During cold period of the year, Tier 2; reduction in precipitations is envisaged . Development of forest inventory to by as much as 40% of the average enable greater accuracy in determining monthly amounts. greenhouse gas emissions from land use and land use changes and forestry 3. Recommendations (LULUCF); and . Recommendations for future inventory Undertaking of additional measures improvement are as follows: to improve the capacity for data . Development of inventories at local obtaining from the waste sector.

54 55 Mineral fertilizer consumption in Used mineral fertilizers per arable area AGRICULTURE agriculture noted a falling trend in the period from 2003 to 2012. Consumption 1. Background 2. Status and trends of nitrogen mineral fertilizers dropped kg/ha by 48.8%. Consumption of potassium 0 50 100 150 200 2.1. Use of mineral fertilizers fertilizers dropped by 84.18%. Consumption 2002 Agriculture is important economic activity Mineral fertilizers are substances of combined mineral fertilizers from 2003 which at the same time makes pressures containing chemical elements necessary for to 2009 dropped by 86.09%, while in on the environment. Long-term efforts plants growth and development, especially the period from 2009 to 2012 there was aimed at establishment of sustainable 2003 89,17 nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. This gradual increase by 405.81%. The total agricultural practices through reducing indicator shows the overall quantities of consumption of mineral fertilizers dropped agricultural practices that are detrimental used mineral fertilizers in tons, as well as by 42.33%. Consumption of potassium to environment and increasing positive their application per hectare cultivated fertilizers manifested periodical trend of 2004 98,32 impacts of agricultural activities on land area. reduction and increase, with consumption environment may also have positive increasing again in 2012. economic and social impacts. In the period from 2003 to 2012, mineral 2005 119,99 The Annual Report has been prepared fertilizer consumption in agriculture on the basis of data deriving from dropped from 10.074 tons to 5.809 environmental indicators and data from the tons fertilizers, the quantity of applied Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water mineral fertilizers on cultivated land area 2006 147,24 Economy has been used for elaboration of (agricultural companies and agricultural this Report, too. cooperatives) expressed in kilogram per Used mineral fertilizers * hectare, increased from 2003 to 2009 from 2007 127,17 89.17 kg/ha to 118.76 kg/ha, representing 7.000 an increase by 33.18 %, and in the period 2009 to 2011 it reduced by 8.21%, and 2008 145,24 6.000 increased again in 2012.

5.000 It is difficult to connect the reduction in mineral fertilizers consumption directly 2009 118,76 4.000 with the impact on the quality of the s n

o environment. The ultimate effect on t 3.000 the quality of environment depends to a great extent on other factors, such as use 2010 104,74 2.000 of organic fertilizer, yield from crops, soil types, management of agricultural farms, 1.000 etc. 2011 109,00 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2012 128,08 Combined mineral fertilizers Nitrogen fertilizers Phosphorous fertilizers Potassium fertilizers

*Data on used mineral fertilizers concerns quantities of fertilizers used by agricultural companies and agricultural cooperatives 2013 Diagram 1 Diagram 2 56 57 2.2. Livestock breeding 2.3. Areas under organic agriculture The indicator is presented as sum of area under organic farming and area being Table no.1: Total number of cattle 2008-2012 Organic agriculture is a production converted for organic farming, divided by system reducing or eliminating the use of Year Cattle Pigs Sheep Poultry Bee families total cultivated land or total agricultural GMOs and input of synthetic chemicals 2008 253.473 246.874 816.604 2.226.055 61.705 area, presented in percentages. such as synthetic chemical fertilizers, 2009 252.521 193.840 755.356 2.117.890 53.439 pesticides, hormones and growth 2010 259.887 190.552 778.404 1.994.852 76.052 regulators in agriculture. Instead, the use 2011 265.299 196.570 766.631 1.944.260 65.277 of good practices in the agro-ecosystem 2012 251.240 176.920 732.338 1.776.297 52.897 management for crop and livestock production is promoted.

As presented in table, we can see that cattle 2012, while bee families recorded increase Table no. 2: Total cultivated area and total agricultural area noted gradual increasing trend from 2008 from 2008 to 2010 by 23% followed by to 2011 by 4%, while in 2012 the status in reduction in 2012 by around 30% relative 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 cattle number dropped again by 5% relative to 2010. Cultivated area 546.000 537.000 526.000 521.000 513.000 509.000 511.000 510.000 to 2011. Other cattle: pigs, sheep and in ha poultry noted falling trends from 2008 to Total agricultural 1.229.000 1.225.000 1.077.000 1.064.000 1.014.000 1.121.000 1.120.000 1.268.000 area in ha

Areas with organic agricultural production

250.000

200.000

150.000 a h

100.000

50.000

0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Production area with organic production in ha Forest area, pastures, uncultivated area with organic production in ha Area under conversion in ha

Diagram 3 58 59 In the period 2005 to 2011, areas under under organic agricultural production and Organic vegetable production in 2012 in ha organic agricultural production and number number of organic operators decreased. of organic operators were in constant increase, but in 2012 this trend in areas Table no. 3: Areas under organic agricultural production as % of cultivated land area 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Production area under 451,09 organic production in ha + 593 509 714 1.029 1.372 5.225 6.581 4.663 Area under conversion in ha

As % of cultivated land area 0,109 0,095 0,136 0,198 0,267 1,027 1,288 0,914 157,68

As % of the total agricultural 0,048 0,042 0,066 0,097 0,135 0,466 0,588 0,368 126,77 area

In 2012, areas under organic agricultural increased from 50 in 2005 to 780 in 2011 502,9 production amounted4.663,08 hectares. abd decreased again in 2012 to 576. Organic production contributes 0.914% to 2244,36 the total cultivated land area, and 0,368% to the total agricultural area.

The number of certified organic operators 159,75

32,53

900 7000

800 6000

700 5000 600 988

4000 r 500 e b a h m u n 400 3000

300 wheat forage industrial oil bearing fruit vine garden tillage 2000 200

1000 100 Diagram 5 0 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 As we can see on Diagram 5, wheat crops industrial crops had the lowest share of Number of operators Area under organic agricultural production were leading organic crop in Macedonia 0.70 % in the overall certified. in 2012 with a share of 48.13%, followed Diagram 4 by forage crops with 29.19 % share, while 60 61 2.4. Use of plant protection ones, other plant protection products. Application of pesticides in agriculture, Consumption of herbicides reduced by including all plant protection products, 80%, insecticides by 52%, while the total products Upon data processing, total quantities of like fungicides, herbicides, insecticides and consumption of pesticides also showed a used substances were presented in tons, Plants protection products or pesticides total quantity shows a trend of reduction trend of reduction and increase variations as well as proportional share of different are chemical substances which restrain in quantity consumed in the in the period from 2003 to 2006, and from 2006 to 2012, pesticide groups and their application per diseases and pests in plants. This indicator between 2003 and 2005, sharp increase in the overall consumption of pesticides in hectare cultivated land area (kg/ha). shows the quantities of pesticides used 2006 and then reduction again by 2012. agriculture reduced by 71.72%. for plants protection, such as fungicides, herbicides, insecticides and category of Consumption of fungicides from 2003 to total including, apart from the mentioned 2006 showed a trend of reduction and increase variations, so that reduction Used plant protection products* was noted from 2006 to 2012 by 77.66%.

Diagram 6 Use of plant protection products in percentage

**In the category total, besides listed fungicides, herbicides and insecticides, includes other plant protection products as well *data on the use of plant protection products refer to quantities used in agricultural companies and agricultural cooperatives

Diagram 7

With reference to proportional share of share of 68.42%, then insecticides 21% and plant protection products, fungicides were herbicides 10.52%. the most used in the period from 2003 to 2012. In 2012, fungicides had the highest

62 63 Total used plant protection products per total arable land 3. Brief assessment and limited soil, forest and water resources, in environment friendly manner; and to build 6 possible development vital rural communities through sustainable The Law on Agriculture and Rural rural development “. Development was adopted in 2007 as basic The framework of organic agricultural horizontal law regulating areas of planning production is defined in the Law on 5,08 and implementation of agricultural and Organic Agricultural Production; a 5 rural development policies, as well as number of bylaws were adopted under other aspects of agricultural and rural this Law in the course of 2010, to regulate development policies. production, processing, labeling of organic The 2010 amendments to the products, authorization and certification, harmonized and integrated the principles as well as control systems; Law on 4 of programming, monitoring and Agriculture Development Fostering, Law implementation of the policy of the on Environment and Law on Nature Republic of Macedonia for agricultural and Protection. rural development with European common In 2007, the Government of the Republic agricultural policy. of Macedonia adopted the National 3 2,81 The Law includes provisions on Strategy for Organic Production (2008 - 2,70 programming and implementation 2011) establishing the grounds for organic 2,46 of the policy for state aid, as well as agricultural production introduction provisions concerning application of rural and development. This Strategy was 2,15 2,05 2,09 accompanied with Action Plan of measures 1,96 development measures. 2 1,89 and activities for Strategy implementation In 2007, the Government of the Republic of 1,66 and major portion of those have been Macedonia adopted the National Strategy implemented. for Agriculture and Rural Development, where the principles of the policies for National Plan for Organic Production supporting measures adjusted to expected 2013-2020 was adopted. The goal of the 1 changes in legislation, institutions and National Plan for Organic Production for control systems are set. The Strategy the period 2013 – 2020 is the instrument defines the strategic goal as basis for providing basis for further development agriculture and rural sector development of organic production in the Republic of in the Republic of Macedonia in the period Macedonia. Furthermore, this National 0 2007 – 2013, and it reads: “to strengthen Plan sets the directions, activities and Total used plant protection products per total arable land (kg/ha) agriculture to be competitive at integrated measures, i.e. policies to be implemented (agricultural companies and agricultural cooperatives) regional markets of the European Union by MAFWE in the period 2013-2020 for the future development of organic production 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 and Southeastern Europe through measures aimed at increasing the efficiency in the Republic of Macedonia and it is also of agricultural production, processing a basis for planning and implementation of Diagram 8 and placement and build appropriate the financial support in this sector. effective public and private institutions; to The total plant protection products hectare, from 2003 to 2012 increased from The Law on Agricultural Production enhance revenues on the farm; to ensure consumed per total cultivated land area 1.96 to 2.09 kg/ha, which is an increase by stipulates measures for agricultural land that consumers have access to safe and by agricultural companies and agricultural 6.63%. fertility increase through undertaking of healthy food; to optimize the benefit from cooperatives expressed in kilograms per agro-technical measures, and one of such 64 65 66 67 measures is fertilization, i.e. use of mineral and other facilities and objects, prevention for the purpose of conservation of biological land for the purpose of conservation fertilizers. It is also stated that protection of of their input and spread, measures for and landscape diversity and improvement of biological and landscape diversity agricultural land against contamination and eradication, biological measures for plant of soil, water and air. (protection of native species), Organic infection is accomplished by prohibition, protection, access to and exchange of production. Measures applied under IPARD Programme restriction and prevention of direct input information and information system, 1 include: Increase of competitive ability Measures for technical support will as of harmful matters in soil, water and costs and fees, responsibility of bodies, of agriculture and forestry sectors; under priority be intended to several areas of air and undertaking of other measures authorized services, authorities and bodies priority area 3: Improvement of the support, among which we should mention for its productivity maintenance and in the area of plants health. quality of life in rural areas and fostering the following: promotion of agricultural improvement. It is also set that protection diversification of economic activities in production; support to inventing and of agricultural land is also subject to 4. Recommendations rural areas. implementing innovations in agricultural regulations for environment and nature The National Programme for Agriculture production; introduction of renewable protection and improvement. For the period 2013-2014, it has been energy, savings in energy consumption and and Rural Development for the period planned to introduce the following The Law on Fertilizers regulates the production in both farming and livestock 2013-2017 mentions policies and measures for funding by IPARD funds, manner of fertilizers use. breeding, introducing practices that do not measures for rural development, among priority area 1: Increase of competitive pollute the environment and conservation The Law on Nature Protection in Article which Protection and improvement of ability of agriculture and forestry sectors – of biological diversity and biological specific 4 specifies the goals of protection, environment and rural areas is mentioned enhancement of knowledge and promotion features in the Republic of Macedonia; which include conservation and renewal as important, being aimed at promoting of human potential in rural areas, under of existing biological and landscape agricultural production practices for priority area 2: environment and rural In order to achieve orientation towards diversity in condition of natural balance sustainable use of agricultural land, landscapes protection and improvement improved results and increased agricultural and prevention of harmful activities and environment and rural landscapes – Promotion of agricultural production production and higher quality of agricultural disorders in nature. protection and improvement practices for sustainable use of agricultural products, but at the same time protection The Law on Plants Protection regulates protection of plants from diseases, pests and weeds, as well as trade and use of plants protection products. The Law on Plants Protection Products regulates approval, placement on the market, use and control of plants production products, placement on the market and control of active substances that are products; maximum level of residues, equipment for products use; exchange of information related to products, production, recording of legal and natural persons involved in products production and placement on the market, conditions for authorization of the bodies responsible for implementation, monitoring and control of this Law. The Law on Plant Health regulates the health of the plants, measures and obligations related to the occurrence of harmful organisms on plants, plant products 68 69 of the environment and optimum use of - use possibilities for consumption of natural resources and energy, principles organic products through eco-tourism of good agricultural and hygienic development; practice (GAPHP) will be introduced as - increase the placement of Macedonian precondition for acquiring the right to use organic products on export markets; financial support for agriculture and rural 4. Control and certification – increase development. the competition of supply of controlled The National Plan for Organic Production and certified services; - institutional 2013-2020 determines the directions, strengthening of the system of organic activities and measures, i.e. the policies to production supervision; be implemented by MAFWE in the period 5. Education and science – increase 2013 -2020 for the future development the share of education in the area of of organic production in the Republic of organic production (in formal and Macedonia, and it is basis for planning informal education); and implementation of financial support - increase of the number of accredited in this sector. The Action Plan for organic modules for agricultural production of production for the period 2013 – 2020 II and III cycle of studies at university identifies several areas for intervention/ scientific institutions in the country; goals, namely: 1. Primary agricultural production- - intensify research in organic agri arable land under organic production cultural techniques in the Republic of should reach a share of 4% in the total Macedonia; arable agricultural land in Macedonia - intensify and extend research in the and 4% in the total certified animals in potential of natural resources in the organic livestock breeding (including Republic of Macedonia; bee keeping and fishery) of the total - initiate market investigation; livestock in Macedonia – to identify and 6. Policy and legislation support strategically significant organic - strengthen institutionally and enable products; to improve accessibility professionally the institutions involved of raw materials allowed in organic in the system of organic production production. (knowledge, human resources, 2. Manufacturing industry – diversify infrastructure) sectors of manufacturing industry - increase cooperation and included in the processing of organic communication between all involved products- to increase supply and parties and stakeholders; assortment of processed organic products. - strengthen organic farmers’ associations and other non- 3. Trade-increase assortment and governmental organizations and quantities of organic products; support their networking and - increase demand for and consumption cooperation with cooperatives. of organic products; - increase public awareness of organic

food;

70 71 concerning support to implementation of 2001 on deliberate release of genetically GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS the national biosafety framework. It has modified organisms in the environment, started in 2011 and its finalization has been supplemented by Regulations (EC) 1. Introduction considered as new and promising tools for planned by the end of 2014. 1829/2003 and 1830/2003, Decision cultures improvement and new modes of 2002/622 ЕC and 2002/811/ЕC, as well According to the national Law on plants, animals and micro organisms use. 2. Status and trends as Council Directive of 23 April 1990 on Genetically Modified Organisms (Law on However, the concern related to GMO contained use of genetically modified micro The Ministry of Environment and Physical GMO), “genetically modified organism” safety for human health and environment organisms, supplemented by Directive Planning (MEPP) is the competent state means any organism, including any micro contributes to moderate development 98/81/ЕЕC, supplemented by Regulation body for making and implementing the organism, except human beings, in which and spread of GMO products. For that (ЕC) 1882/2003 and Decision 2001/2014/ policy in the area of genetically modified genetic material has been changed in a purpose, National Biosafety Systems are ЕЗ and 2005/174/ЕЗ. manner that does not occur naturally in intended to serve as mechanism leading organisms (GMOs). The Law regulates the management the processes of reproduction and/or to biotechnological products use without Administration of Environment (AE), body of genetically modified organisms and recombination. GMO combination shall risk to human health and impact on within MEPP, is competent to perform combination of genetically modified also be regarded as GMO. environment. technical and administrative affairs in the organisms, genetically modified organisms area of GMOs. According to EU legislation, “GMO means Establishment of biosafety system containing products and/or products organism means organism, except human has many aspects and challenges and Having recognized the importance of consisting of or originating from combination beings, in which genetic material has been investments are necessary to strengthen biotechnology and biosafety, the Republic of genetically modified organisms, changed in a manner that does not occur the capacity of institutions and persons of Macedonia signed the Cartagena measures for prevention and reduction naturally through mating and/or natural in charge to implement and manage Protocol on Biosafety on 26 ЈJuly 2000 and of possible negative impacts on human recombination” (Directive 2001/18/EC the system. Rapid development of ratified it on 14 June 2005. health and environment as consequence of the European Parliament and of the biotechnology during the last 20 years Upon the development of international from contained use of genetically modified Council of 12 March 2001 on deliberate initiated development of relevant national agreements and EU legislation, including organisms, deliberate release of genetically release of genetically modified organisms legal frameworks for biosafety. On one adoption of Nagoya-Kuala Additional modified organisms in the environment or in the environment revoking Council hand, these national legal frameworks are Protocol for liability and compensation release on the market of products, as well Directive 90/220/EEC – Declaration of the aimed at securing adequate level of human for damage, the Republic of Macedonia as transboundary movement of genetically Commission) health and environment protection against has to proceed to harmonize its national modified organismsи на производи. possible undesired effects deriving from Under the international Cartagena legislation with the EU one, such as the products of modern biotechnology, 2.2. Deliberate release of GMOs Protocol, “living modified organism (LMO) Decision of the Council of the Nagoya- and establishing grounds to strengthen the means any alive organism possessing new Kuala Additional Protocol for liability and Deliberate release of GMOs assumes confidence of public on the other, as well combination of genetic material obtained compensation for damage to Cartagena intentional application of GMO outside as providing legal certainty for research by application of modern biotechnology” Protocol on biosafety and Directive for the system of contained use, i.e. into the organizations and industry. Unregulated (Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the contained use of genetically modified environment. In accordance with the introduction of products of modern Convention on Biological Diversity). micro organisms. step-by-step principle, deliberate release biotechnology may lead to loss of wild is a binding step in the research from Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) species and loss of agricultural biodiversity. 2.1. Regulations on genetic laboratory to practical application. are organisms such as plants and animals, In this way, operational biosafety engineering the genetic characteristics have been framework of appropriate capacity has to So far, there has been no case of deliberate modified artificially, in order to obtain new secure that possible benefits of modern Legal framework in the area of genetically release in the Republic of Macedonia. properties. Introduction of GMOs in the biotechnology may be covered in fully legal modified organisms is set in the Law on Meantime, by the end of 2013, three environment has two aspects with regard way. Genetically Modified Organisms /GMOs. bylaws concerning deliberate release of to biosafety of environment and GMO GMO have been published. The Law has been harmonized with products consumption as food and food. For the above purpose, in the frames of the Ministry of Environment and Physical Directive 2001/18/EC of the European Techniques of modern biotechnology are Planning, UNEP/GEF Project is carried out Parliament and of the Council of 12 March

72 73 2.3. Approval for GMO the good understanding by competent placement on the market national authorities of the procedures for applications handling, risk assessment, Placement of GMO and GMO products on decision making and risk management. the market assumes availability of GMO and GMO containing products or products 2.5. GMO monitoring composed of GMO o the market (e.g. seeds, In the context of GMO monitoring and products after harvest and preparations) control in the Republic of Macedonia, the of third parties. Depending on the type of systems of food and feed control, systems application, separate approval is required of seeds and phytosanitary inspection, for seeds and/or food. as well as environmental inspection have So far, there has been no case of release been established. However, there is of GMO products on the market in the obvious room for improved communication Republic of Macedonia. According to the between different institutions and Law on Genetically Modified Organisms, ministries. In the frames of the UNEP/GEF Rulebook on information and data project for Support to the implementation delivered together with the notification of the national biosafety framework, it has for export of GMO and GMO products been planned to carry out training on risk and their characteristics was adopted in assessment and aspects of monitoring. 2013 (Official Gazette of the Republic of In addition, basic analysis will be made Macedonia no.18/13). of the capacities for monitoring and risk assessment as basis for GMO management 2.4. Environmental aspect of GMO in cases of transboundary GMO movement and risk assessment or GMO placement on the market, in order For the purpose of GMO introduction and to define routine control plan. development management, as well as The resources for biosafety monitoring management of trade in GMO, countries are in the Republic of Macedonia possessed obliged to develop regulations concerning by research institutions are insufficient risk assessment, i.e. identification and and this will cause difficulties in keeping evaluation of potential harmful impact the expertise in GMO analysis on high on conservation and sustainability of level, without any revenue generated biological diversity. by UNEP/GEF project. Namely, the past Administrative and technical officers of project activities have established that the competent bodies make to a certain it is necessary that the GMO monitoring extent the basis of the human resources system involves research institutions as for the handling of the requirements, well. During the last several years, several assessment and risk management. Without national laboratories in the frames of adequate human resources (in quality and research institutions have developed quantity), it will be impossible to evaluate analytical services for private clients at notifications adequately and the system fixed rates. However, maintenance of the will not function sufficiently well, in order accreditation under ISO17025, without to respond to notifications adequately any form of activity generating revenues within the specified period. is almost impossible in the Republic of Macedonia. Effectiveness of the system depends on 74 75 GMO monitoring is currently not included 3. Brief assessment and in routine controls and inspection procedures. possible development 2.6. Parallel production of In 2013, the implementation of the UNEP/GEF project “Support to the agricultural crops with and implementation of the national biosafety without GMO application framework of the Republic of Macedonia” For centuries, farmers have been using continued. The main goal of the project is selective growing in order to improve the strengthening of national capacities to fulfil properties of agricultural crops. Most of the requirements deriving from the ratified the methods concern saving of seeds, Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, as well as especially for plants achieving optimal harmonization of the national legislation yield, or generate otherwise the best with EU legislation on biosafety. combination of desired characteristics. Institutional setup of the system for In fact, preventing the spread of diseases monitoring and control is well developed, through seeds is another great advantage of but the need for improvement and exchange careful selection of seeds. Development of of information and communication genetically stable plant varieties which are between relevant competent bodies and relatively resistant to diseases is a very long other institutions involved in the system process. Traditional growing of crops and is identified. Presently, GMO monitoring is techniques of hybridization has limitations not part of routine control and inspection with regard to combinations of excellent procedures. crops towards production of crops resistant to certain plant diseases. Techniques Implementation of the Law on GMO is of modern genetics provide tools for ineffective due to lack of coordination introduction of auxiliary characteristics in among relevant national institutions. significantly rapid manner, in order to save Furthermore, risk assessment capacities time and especially save resources. are insufficiently developed and there are Plant protection products and other not accredited laboratories in the system materials that do not contain GMOs, but of monitoring. All competent institutions are prohibited for use in cultivation, are are not set coherently. Namely, there is visible. They are usually labeled. GMO moratorium for GMO for food and feed, seeds are not labeled and it is not possible though it remains unclear whether this to recognize and separate traditional seeds. is compliant with the Law on GMO from At the moment, the only available way biosafety point of view. of examination is by seeds grinding and elimination of the possibility to detect the 4. Recommendations ability for germination. For that purpose, Considering the above presented it is necessary to introduce and develop conclusions, the following capacities for GMO analysis and testing. recommendations are given: . In the frames of the proposal for amendment of the Law on GMO (Official Gazette of RM no. 35/08), it has been recommended to include 76 77 provisions concerning responsibilities has been planned on risk assessment in risk assessment, underlining to take place in April 2014, and one amendments in scientific bodies two day training on monitoring in for GMO, as well as supplements in September 2014. Trainings involve all the segment regarding monitoring relevant stakeholders in the national with regard to clarification of the biosafety system. competences for cultivation – seeds, . It is necessary to strengthen food and feed, transboundary laboratory capacity for GMO testing. movement of GMO. I n the frames of UNEP/GEF Project, . Risk assessment should be carried support has been planned to out in line with the available scientific laboratory facilities through financial preparedness in the Republic of assistance for procurement of Macedonia, to provide information additional equipment necessary for accessible to all parties in the national GMO detection and implementation system of biosafety. of trainings for the person responsible . Continue with the strengthening of for GMO detection. the capacities of competent bodies with particular accent on GMO risk assessment and risk management and GMO monitoring, in order to implement fully operational biosafety system. It is recommendable to organize trainings on the challenges in risk assessment and risk management, administrative aspect and GMO monitoring. Namely, in the frames of UNEP/GEF Project, three day workshop

78 79 2.1.2. Flood protection canals Table 2: Characteristics of large flood WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT protection systems in the Republic of Some of the main canals for flood Macedonia (Ministry of Environment and protection were built on Vardar River 1. Introduction Table 1: Flood areas in individual river Physical Planning, 2005) basins in Skopje, dating back after great floods Water resources management is a in 1895 and 1897. Since then, control Flood Overall river process that should enable sustainable Flood area (ha) quays and dike walls have been built, protection River length treated River basin management of water and water permanently extended, especially after system (km) Q5% Q1% related resources for present and future the floods in 1935 and during 1950s. At the Vardar 18,7 Vardar generations. 73.000 87.000 same time, the drainage system “Skopsko Markova Reka 1,5 Pole” was built. 1950s and 1960s marked Momin Potok Crn Drim 5.000 6.000 with river 10,0 the construction of large hydro systems 2. State and trends Skopje Serava Strumica 8.000 9.000 for irrigation. Generally, good regulation Lepenec 1,0 Treska with river 2.1. Protection against floods Total activities were also undertaken on the 1,0 86.000 102.000 Grupchin rivers Treska, Pchinja, Bregalnica, Crna Owing to its geomorphology and climate, Treska 0,5 Republic of Macedonia is very susceptible 2.1.1. The matter of flood Reka and Crn Drim (Vukelikj et al.). Crna Reka 58,1 protection and individual Dragor 10,7 to floods. Almost all rivers cause floods Large flood control systems have been Pelagonia and more than 102.000 ha of land may be water management built for the regions of Skopje, Pelagonia, Shemnica 12,2 flooded given a year of return period. As a Elashka 1,3 companies Strumica and Struga. There are 32.7 km of Strumica 34,5 result of natural conditions and land cover prepared rivers in Skopje region, 82.3 km in Numerous measures have been undertaken Turija 9,05 with especially low forests (high portion Pelagonia, 79.3 km in Strumica region and Monospitovo in the Republic of Macedonia in river basins Strumichko 10,3 of degraded forests and scrubs), rare but 10.9 km in the region of Struga. Recently, Pole canal towards state improvement and protection Vodocha and intensive short lasting precipitations, the dam Kozjak was built in the Skopje 20,5 against floods, such as local regulation Butch unbalanced water regime, the number region, having protection against floods as Trkanja 4,9 of riverbeds in urban environments, of floods is high. These floods pose risk one of its priority purposes, with retention systematic regulation of rivers on longer Strushko Pole Crn Drim 10,9 to infrastructure facilities and cover volume of 100 million m3. agricultural land sterile sediments (MEPP, sections and control embankments and dams. Regardless of this fact, problematic The lines for protection against floods are 2005). There are examples of destructive usually built in combination with systems effects of such short lasting precipitations, floods still occur in certain parts. Detailed characteristics of the state of protection for irrigation and/or drainage. Insufficient such as cases with the floods in Negotino, maintenance of the lines for flood Kavadarci, Valandovo and Strumica. against floods and the matter of division of waters management are presented in the protection is one of the main problems in National Strategy for Waters. the Republic of Macedonia. Regulated rivers are grown over with riparian vegetation and this reduces the canal water conveying capacity and consequently causes floods. 2.2. Use of water for electricity production The territory of the Republic of Macedonia is characterized mainly with mountainous and lowland areas which usually gravitate to the main watercourses. Such configuration contributes to significant power potential of rivers, but also their rapid runoff. This means that the space 80 81 is ideal for construction of dams and HPP Vrutok. It has been planned to 2.3. Use of water in agriculture Table 4: Demand for water for irrigation in formation of large reservoirs which provide build water reservoir Lukovo Pole the Republic of Macedonia (MEPP, 2005) Favourable climate and paedological regulation of rivers and multipurpose and HPP Crn Kamen in future and conditions in the Republic of Macedonia Demand for water for optimal utilization of waters (for example, these will become part of the HPS River Basin Area (ha) establish good conditions for intensive irrigation (m3/year) production of electricity). The Republic of Mavrovo. Primary purpose of the agricultural production of certain highly Vardar 99.918 731.732.000 Macedonia has great potential for energy water reservoir Mavrovo is to supply cost-effective agricultural crops. These Strumica 18.432 117.941.000 production from renewable energy sources water for electricity production, agricultural crops commonly do not grow Crn Drim 8.267 49.662.000 and thus a possibility to achieve the targets irrigation of agricultural areas in Polog in areas where water is limiting factor under the Directive concerning promotion and Skopje and regulation of waters TOTAL 126.617 899.335.000 both in space and time. Due to unequal of renewable energy sources utilization in the upper course of Vardar River. distribution of precipitation in time and 2.4. Supply of drinking water (Directive 2009/28/EC). space, irrigation in the country is necessary . HPS Treska is positioned on the Supply of the population with proper quality Table 3 presents data on hydro power precondition for successful agricultural river Treska. It consists of three drinking water is important priority to each potential of the rivers on the territory of production. HPP: reservoir based HPPs Kozjak country. The census of the population, the Republic of Macedonia and current (existing), HPP Sveta Petka (in final Cultivated agricultural areas in the Republic households and dwellings as statistical state of its utilization. At the moment, only phase of construction) and HPP Matka of Macedonia cover around 667 000 ha. If survey covering the whole population 26.6% of the technical useful potential is (existing). Water reservoir of HPP fully constructed, irrigation networks may also collects data on the manner in which used. Matka is multipurpose, providing irrigate around 400 000 ha or 60% of the households are supplied with drinking Table 3: Technical and used hydro primarily protection against floods, overall cultivated agricultural areas. So far, water, as well as equipment of housing power potential (Strategy for Energy water for irrigation of agricultural 106 smaller and larger irrigation networks units with appropriate installations for Development in the Republic of areas around Skopje, technical water have been constructed covering 163 693 drinking water supply. Macedonia for the period 2008-2020 with and water for electricity production. ha cultivable fertile agricultural land or Besides the data that 88.9% of the overall vision by 2030) Reservoirs of HPP Sveta Petka and HPP 49.9% of the area that can be irrigated. number of individual households are Crn Matka, depending on the manner of Realistically possible area for irrigation is River Basin Vardar Total supplied with drinking water from public Drim water releasing from HPP Kozjak, are around 126 000 ha. Irrigation networks water supply systems, which is high Theoretical used to optimize electricity production were built mainly in the period from 1958 6.660 2.203 1.150,0 statistical indicator, the very fact that in the potential [GWh] in HPP and regulation of waters in to 1980, meaning that some of them were beginning of the 21st century, in the heart Technical 4.559,3 964,9 583,0 the lower course of the river Treska. exploited for more than 40 years. Out of the potential [GWh] of Europe, some households still drink total irrigated area, 61% of irrigation is by water which is not controlled biologically Used potential 1.150,0 5.524,2 1.471,7 . HPS Crn Drim, located on the river pouring, and 39% of the areas are irrigated [GWh] or chemically, is an indicator giving rise to Crn Drim and the river Radika consists by other mode of surface irrigation. concern. Furthermore, the fact that most Overview of existing hydro power systems of the following HPPs: reservoir The quantities of water required for of the households that are not supplied (HPSs) and hydro power plants (HPPs) as based HPP Globochica (existing), HPP irrigation are defined on the basis of the with drinking water from public water part of them: Shpilje (existing) and HPP Boshkov anticipated 126 617 ha areas irrigated and supply systems are concentrated mainly in Most (planned for construction). average norm for certain areas irrigation rural settlements cannot be an excuse for . HPS Mavrovo is situated between Reservoirs of HPP Globochica, HPP (depending on the type of crops irrigated, insufficient care of the state to bring good the river Mavrovska and river Gorna Shpilje and HPP Boshkov Most are climate and soil conditions). The total quality drinking water to every dwelling Radika. It consists of water reservoir intended primarily to supply water demand for water for irrigation by river and every household (Diagram 1) Mavrovo and three HPPs of the for electricity production in HPPs. basins are presented in Table 4. following types: running water HPP Vrben using waters which enter the water reservoir Mavrovo, derivation HPP Vrutok using outlet waters from Mavrovo reservoir, running water HPP Raven using outlet waters from 82 83 Way of households’ supply with drinking In rural areas, the portion of connection water, Census 2002 (State Statistical of the households to public water supply Water, 2009) systems is variable, from 10% to 100%. According to available data, the average percentage is around 70, while the overall number of population connected to public water supply systems is 250 000 inhabitants. Drinking water originates from springs, ground waters, surface waters, or some other combination of these resources. Major cities supplied with drinking water from springs are: Skopje, Kichevo, Prilep, (Diagram 1 Makedonski Brod, Krushevo, Struga, Debar, Gostivar, Tetovo and Kriva Palanka. Ground In the Republic of Macedonia, there are waters are used for supply of the cities: mainly local water supply systems for cities, Skopje, Shtip (upon prior processing), settlements and villages. Many of those Veles, Kochani, Probishtip, Gevgelia, Ohrid, originally constructed for the city or the Demir Hisar, Delchevo and Radovish. settlement have been extended in order to Surface waters, upon prior treatment of meet the demand for water of local rural the raw water, are used in the following areas. There are also regional water supply towns: Bitola, Kumanovo, Strumica, Veles, systems, namely: Berovo, Vinica, Sveti Nikole and Kratovo. Combined supply with spring and surface . “Studenchica” for Kichevo, Prilep, water is used in the cities Ohrid, Kavadarci Makedonski Brod and Krushevo, and Negotino, while combination of ground . “Lukar” for Kavadarci, Negotino and and surface water is used in Delchevo and 13 villages, and Vinica. The systems for water supply in . “Debar” for the town of Debar and rural areas are fed mostly from springs several surrounding villages. and ground waters, though they often use According to the Census of 2002, the surface waters as well. number of households connected to public 2.5. Treatment of waste waters water supply systems is 597 014, which makes 86% of all households, while 7% The 2002 Census of the population, of the households are connected to their households and dwellings collected data own hydrophore or some other resource. on the equipment of dwellings with The portion of connection to public water installations for wastewater collection. supply systems in municipal urban areas Data that as many as 40.1% (Table 5) of is much higher than the average, ranging the total number of dwellings are not from 82% (Berovo, Kumanovo) to 100% equipped with installations for wastewater in Skopje-Municipality of Centar. The collection from households in the public total number of population connected to sewerage network indicates low level of public water supply systems is 1 200 000 care for environment protection against inhabitants. waste water in the Republic of Macedonia. 84 85 Major part of the constructed sewerage 2.6. Use of water for fish breeding network does not lead to modern sewerage and fishery system. In such circumstances, competent institutions and local self-government have Fishing is allowed on all natural lakes, to provide certain possibilities to cope with accumulations and rivers, including both this important issue. commercial and sports fishing. Fish species of relevance for commercial fishing include:

Table 5: Equipment of dwellings with installations for urban wastewater collection, Census 2002 (State Statistical Office, 2009) Waste water installations Total Public Septic Free waste water number of sewerage No sewerage tanks discharge dwellings network Absolute 697.520 417.653 143.353 85.007 51.516 figures In % 100.00 59.88 20.55 12.19 7.39 Ohrid Lake: Anguilla anguilla, Alburnus in Tikvesh Lake, mainly only R. rutilus, and alburnus, Salmo letnica. The highest share then carp, European catfish, pearch, and in the total annual fish catch is made of nase. these three species. In the past, the annual With regard to sports fishing, besides level of fishing in Ohrid Lake was 220-240 species mentioned for commercial fishing, tons of fish, 50% was trout. At the moment, also includes the following important this quantity is significantly smaller species: Barbus barbus (Barbel), B. (below 100 tons). Trout catch decreased meridionalis (Mediterranean barbel), significantly compared to periods when Chondrostoma nasus (Nase), Gobio gobio more than 140 tons of trout were caught (Gudgeon), Leuciscus cephalus (Chub), L. on annual level to current only 35. delineatus (Moderlieschen), Silurus glanis Prespa Lake: Alburnus belvica and Cyprinus (European catfish), Salmo trutta (Brown carpio. Annual fish catch in Prespa Lake is trout), and Vimba melanops (Balkan 100 tons. vimba). Dojran Lake: Alburnus alburnus, Cyprinus Again, there is no relevant data on the carpio, Perca fluviatilis, Rutilus rutilus, and total fish catch by sport fishermen. Serious Scardinius erithrophthalmus. Traditionally, concerns are raised by events of illegal catch of these species is 98% of the overall fishing and use of prohibited fishing tools catch. In the past, the annual fish catch (including certain types of nets, chemicals in Dojran Lake was above 500 tons, while and explosives). presently it ranges around 70-90 tons/ Using the basic data on the number of water year. The main component of the fish catch bodies (natural lakes, accumulations and today is Carassius carassius, and catch of rivers) and their areas, the estimates are P. fluviatilis and C. carpio makes minor that the annual fish catch in the Republic of portion. Macedonia ranges between 800 and 1.200 There is no valid statistics on fish catch in tons, but still major portion of the catch is accumulations. There are estimates that not recorded (MEPP, 2003). more than 200 tons /year fish are caught 86 87 3. Recommendations 2.7. Tourism . it is necessary to analyze the pressure Number of tourists in the period January in terms of water abstraction – November 2010 compared to the same conducted by agriculture sector period of the previous year decreased by . 1.6%. Number of over-night stays in the it is necessary to analyze the pressure period January – November 2010 compared in terms of water abstraction to the same period of the previous year conducted by industrial sector decreased by 4.5% (State Statistical Office, . 2010). it is necessary to define in more detail the requirements Tourist facilities are usually connected concerning management of to sewerage networks. Due to additional floods protection and tourism load caused by tourists during certain period of the year, some estimates have . use of water for HPPs is an issue which been derived of the quantities of waste should be responded not only by water waters discharged by tourists. According sector, but by all relevant stakeholders to ERWRM, quantities of waste water are (ELEM, EVN, AE, etc.) as the type estimated on the basis of the number of and extent of issued permits do not tourists and the norm of waste water. This reflect the real situation in reality norm is 0.280 m3/tourist/day to 0.400 m3/ tourist/day for Skopje. . use of water for water supply is an Actually, the norm of waste water is 80% issue that will have to be responded of the norm for water. Furthermore, to not only by water sector, but all estimates took into account the duration relevant stakeholders (ADKOM, ZELS, of tourist season. Depending on the type SSO, etc.) as the type and extent of of tourist activities, duration is between issued permits do not reflect the real 120 and 270 days, and for Skopje as capital situation in reality. The same approach of the country and cultural, economic and should be applied with regard to data trade centre, it is 365 days. on waste waters, fishery sector and all other sectors. Quantities of waste water discharged by tourists per river basin are presented in Table 6. Table 6: Waste waters from tourists (ERWRM, 1998) Waste waters from tourists River basin m3/year Vardar 1.632.800 Strumica 129.600 Crn Drim 3.244.200 Total 5.006.600

88 89 waste treatment. Precise, accurate and accurate and comprehensive data, as well WASTE MANAGEMENT comprehensive data, as well as clearly as clearly defined measures and activities defined measures and activities for waste for waste management are necessary to 1. Introduction and accumulators at their production and management are necessary to achieve the achieve the above set targets. The existing release on the market of the Republic of above set goals. The existing monitoring monitoring system and waste management Transposition of the EU management Macedonia and handling of waste batteries system and waste management data and data and information should be extended legislation into the national legislation is and accumulators including obligations and information should be extended to include to include use of electronic data and one of the most important tasks and goals, responsibilities of economic operators and use of electronic data and information information management system. towards establishment of integrated and other entities involved in the process of management system. sustainable waste management system. batteries and accumulators production and Under the Law on the Management of The Law on Waste Management adopted in release on the market, restriction of the use Under the Law on Packaging and Packaging Batteries and Accumulators and Waste 2004 and its amendments have introduced of batteries and accumulators containing Waste Management, the national targets Batteries and Accumulators, the national certain requirements related to waste hazardous substances, for collection, for packaging waste handling are that targets are that the following quantities of management, such as implementation reuse, recovery and disposal, as well as the following quantities of packaging and portable waste batteries and accumulators of strategies, plans and programmes other conditions concerning handling packaging waste should be collected on should be collected by the end of: . for waste management, fulfillment of the waste batteries and accumulators e, the territory of the Republic of Macedonia 2016 – minimum 25% of the weight of certain conditions and issuance of waste reporting and economic instruments for within the following deadlines: portable batteries and accumulators . management permits to business entities achievement of national targets and waste by the end of 2020, minimum 60% of released on the market of the Republic handling waste, separated collection batteries and accumulators recovery. the packaging waste weight generated of Macedonia, and of certain waste types (hazardous on the territory of the Republic of . 2020 – minimum 45% of the weight of waste, waste of end-of-life vehicles, 2. Defined goals in waste Macedonia should be processed by portable batteries and accumulators etc.), appropriate monitoring of waste recovery operations or by processing released on the market of the Republic generation and treatment, fulfillment of management for energy operations; of Macedonia. . certain conditions for landfills operation, The goals that need to be achieved in waste by the end of 2020, minimum 55%, and etc. management are defined in 2004 Law on maximum 80% of the packaging waste Waste Management and these are: weight generated on the territory of 2009 Law on Packaging and Packaging Waste the Republic of Macedonia should be Management regulates environmental . Avoidance and reduction to the maximum possible extent of the recycled; requirements that shall be met by . by the end of 2020, the following packaging during its production, release on quantity of waste generated, . Recovery of usable waste components, quantities of materials used in market and putting in use and treatment of packaging production should be packaging waste, including obligations and . Sustainable development through conservation and saving of natural recycled: responsibilities of economic operators and −− 60% glass, other entities involved in the process of resources, . Prevention of negative impacts of −− 60% paper and cardboard, packaging production, release on market −− 50% metals, and putting in use, rules for collection, waste on the environment and human life and health, −− 15% wood, and reuse, recovery and disposal, as well as . by the end of 2018, 22.5% plastics, other conditions concerning handling . Waste disposal in a manner acceptable to the environment and with high considering only recyclable materials packaging waste, reporting and economic in plastics. instruments for achievement of national level of environment and human life targets and packaging waste recovery. and health protection. Monitoring of the achievement of above Monitoring of the above set goals requires set targets requires data and information 2010 Law on the Management of Batteries on the quantity and the type of generated and Accumulators and Waste Batteries and data and information on the quantity and the type of generated waste, as well as the waste, as well as the manner of its treatment Accumulators regulates environmental and impact on the environment and human requirements that shall be met by batteries manner of its treatment and impact on the environment and human health caused by health caused by waste treatment. Precise, 90 91 3. Status and trends of 1.066.680 inhabitants. Calculated as an inhabitants are not covered by reports and 1.219.893 tons of recovered municipal average per inhabitant, based on reported therefore it is not possible to adopt precise and other types of non-hazardous waste. 3.1. Management of municipal and values for 2013, every inhabitant of conclusions with regard to municipal Presented in percentages, this accounts other non-hazardous waste Macedonia generated 411.6 kg municipal and other types of non-hazardous waste for 0.28% compared to overall reported, types and other types of non-hazardous waste. management in the Republic of Macedonia. generated and disposed municipal and Landfills reported disposal of 437.841.15 other types of non-hazardous waste in Under the applicable legislation in the tons or 99.72% of the municipal waste. 3.2. Recovery of municipal and 2013. Out of the reported quantities of area of waste management, Mayors Recovery, including recycling 778.413 other types of non-hazardous recovered waste, 778.413 tons were of municipalities are obliged to submit tons or 0.18%, composting 441.48 tons or waste recycling of paper, cardboard, plastics annual report on non-hazardous waste 0.1%. Predominant manner of municipal and metals, and 441 tons of waste were treatment in the respective municipality to Mayors of four municipalities – Bitola, and other types of non-hazardous waste Ohrid, Vinica and the City of Skopje reported composted. the Ministry of Environment and Physical management is disposal, i.e. waste Planning. Data obtained from the Mayors landfilling on legal landfills reaches 99.72%. Table no. 1 Overview of disposed and recovered municipal and other types of non- of the municipalities is shown on Diagram Only 0.28% recovered municipal and other hazardous waste no 11 . The total quantity of collected, types of non-hazardous waste have been Quantity (tons) Percentage (%) transported and disposed municipal reported compared to overall generated Disposed municipal and other types of non-hazardous waste 437.841,15 99,72% and other types of non-hazardous and transported municipal and other types Recovery of municipal Composted waste 441,48 waste reported by the Mayors of 26 of non-hazardous waste in 2013. and other types of non- Recycled paper, cardboard, plastics 0,28% municipalities, including the City of Skopje, 778,413 hazardous waste and metal amounts 439.061,04 tons for a population Fifty nine municipalities in the Republic of Macedonia have not observed their legal 1 Data on the quantity of waste was obtained both in tons and obligations and failed to submit reports by m3. For the purpose of simplified analysis of data, adequate Mayors on the management of the Republic coefficient for conversion of m3 into tons was applied to certain waste types. Thus, we indicate possible error that might of Macedonia, or more than 50% of the result from this manner of waste quantities conversion. Reported generated and disposed municipal and other non-hazardous waste types in certain municipalities in 2013

160.000 500.000

140.000 450.000 400.000 120.000 s 350.000 t a n t 100.000 300.000 i a b h s n i n

f o 80.000 250.000 t o

200.000 e 60.000 b m

150.000 u 40.000 n 100.000 20.000 50.000 0 0 i i i i j s c a a a a a e e e n n o o d o o d o p c l a j j e n i n t e c c c e c g v v v v v e e o ti r l i i a a n o e p n h v r s u e e i o o o d a r t t e h h n a n a r s a r h n o i r t i o e m v k k i h l S d s n h t B d V c i i e r k b O i e B i i c u V R o p p l o t S i g S i n T e b I r T k n g a s a n o e L t D K o e s o D g e l o S P S r B n - S e d o B r P o Z v u e i t d r h S e K c u a k M C h

Collected and disposed municipal and other type of non-hazardous waste Population

Diagram 1 92 93 Trend of reported generated and disposed Trend of reported generated and disposed waste composting (Diagram 3). Overall quantity of packaging released on municipal and other non-hazardous waste municipal and other non-hazardous waste the market in 2012 The above is not sufficient to make precise types expressed in tons per capita types expressed in percentage conclusion on the trend of municipal waste tons per capita 2008 generation in the Republic of Macedonia, 0,34 0,38 0,42 due to uneven coverage of the population Glass 2008 by reports during years. Yet, except in 2009 and 2012, the quantity of generated 8.712,39 t municipal waste from 2010 to 2013 2009 99,87% recorded growth of 4% on annual level at an average. Recovery of usable components 2009 0,42 of municipal waste as secondary raw Plastics materials is at minimum level and there 2010 99,91% is no visible saving and preservation of 13.379,35 t natural resources used as primary raw 2010 0,36 materials. Given the fact that landfilling or waste disposal is the dominant manner of municipal waste treatment, and this Paper and 2011 99,63% is done in landfills that do not operate cardboard 2011 0,38 in compliance with the legislation, great 13.448,45 t negative impact of waste on environment and human life and health remains. 2012 99,74% 3.3. Management of packaging 2012 0,43 waste by material type Metal

Data and information on packaging waste 1.528,69 t management by specific type of material 99,72% 2013 0,41 2013 are submitted in accordance with the Rulebook on the format and content of the form of the annual report on the type and quantity of packaging released or Wood imported on the market of the Republic 2014 2014 of Macedonia in the previous calendar 2.759,27 t Diagram 2 Diagram 3 year and management of the waste of The five-year trend (2009-2013) of (Diagram 2). such packaging, the format and content generated and disposed municipal and of the form of production certification. The five-year trend (2009-2013) of disposal other types of non-hazardous waste in The format and content of the form of the or landfilling of municipal and other types Composite the Republic of Macedonia shows certain records of the overall packaging released materials of non-hazardous waste in the Republic of variations and ranges from 360 to 430 kg per or imported on the market of the Republic Macedonia shows insignificant variations inhabitant. However, incomplete coverage of Macedonia, as well as the manner of 2.687,48 t and ranges mainly above 99%. Municipal with annual reports of all inhabitants of records keeping. Based on annual reports waste recovery in the Republic of Macedonia the Republic of Macedonia does not allow submitted to the Ministry of Environment is at a very low level and ranges between Total 42.515,62 t adoption of precise conclusions with regard and Physical Planning for 2012, the overall 0.09% and 0.37%, resulting mostly from to trend in the generation of municipal quantity of packaging released on the recycling of paper, cardboard and plastics and other types of non-hazardous waste market was 42.515.62 tons. and low percentage of biodegradable 94 95 The overall collected quantity of packaging 8.003.24 tons, where recycled quantity is Percentage of the total waste recycled is relative to plastics released on market is waste amounts 8.018.25 tons, where 3.606.913 tons and quantity exported from 18.8%. Based on analysis made (Table 2), 31%, recycled paper and cardboard relative collected quantity of municipal waste is the Republic of Macedonia for recycling it may be concluded that the percentage to those released on market is 28.65% and 6.421.756 tons and collected quantity of and other ways of recovery is 4.396.33 of material recycling differs for different recycled metal compared to metal released packaging waste which is not municipal tons. materials. For example: recycled plastics on market is 0.17%. waste is 1.596.49 tons. Total recycled packaging waste Total recycled and recovered packaging is Treatment of packaging and packaging waste in 2012 2011 2012 8.003,24 5.680,34 t Total in tons 8.003,24 t 8.018,25 11,75% % of recycling 18,82%

42.515,62 As shown, the quantity of total recycled and disposal. and recovered packaging waste from 2011 to 2012 increased and this also increased 3.4. Landfills the percentage of recycled which in 2011 Reports obtained from several landfills in was 11.75% to reach 18.82% in 2012. the Republic of Macedonia, including the Released on market We may also conclude that the number of landfill of Drisla where total of 2.629.017 producers complying with legal obligation tons of waste are landfilled, with exploited The overall collected quantity area being 70.000 m2, while the total area for reporting increased, while many 2 Total recycled or recovered packaging waste producers transfer their obligation to legal available for exploitation is 550.000 m ; Diagram 4 person for packaging waste handling. then, Bukovo-Ohrid area, where total of 27.808 tons or 278.084 m3 of waste is 3.3.1. Recommendations disposed, Maucker - Ohrid area, where Table 2: Overview of specific materials recycling for packaging waste total of 9519 m3 of waste is disposed. In the area of Struga, the quantity of disposed Recycling of ma- management Material type Released on market 2012 % of material recycling waste reported is 11.880 tons and reported terial The Programme for packaging waste area for exploitation of 40.000 tons, while Glass 8.712,39 0,00 0,00 management in the Republic of Macedonia landfills Buchuk and Lojane reported total Plastics 13.379,35 4.147,31 31,00 (2011-2016) contains measures for of 1920 tons of waste landfilled. Paper and cardboard 13.448,45 3.853,31 28,65 education and organization of public Metal 1.528,69 2,63 0,17 awareness campaigns concerning packaging waste, measures for prevention Wood 2.759,27 0,00 0,00 of packaging waste generation and Composite materials 2.687,48 0,00 0,00 measures to encourage collection, Other 0,00 0,00 0,00 selection, reuse, recycling and other forms Total 42.515,62 8.003,24 18,82 of packaging waste recovery, processing

96 97 4. Management of 290.023.3 tons or 14.4% of the total waste Reported generated hazardous waste in the period 2011- 2013 generated. Recovery of hazardous waste is hazardous waste represented by 5.6 %, or total of 112.407.9 3.000.000 8.000 According to the legislation applicable in tons of hazardous waste are recovered. the area of waste management, business Business facilities reported their own 7.000 2.500.000 facilities that generate hazardous waste disposal or landfilling of an amount of 6.000 are obliged to submit annual reports on 1.601.327.8 tons or 933m3 or around 2.000.000 the treatment of hazardous waste to the 79.7% hazardous waste (Diagram no. 4). 5.000

Ministry of Environment and Physical Amount of temporarily stored hazardous s n 1.500.000 4.000 m 3 Planning. Data obtained for 2013 from waste is 5.136.77 tons or 2.546.08 m3 t o 64 business facilities which in the process or around 0.25% of the total amount of 3.000 of their operation generate hazardous generated hazardous waste. Business 1.000.000 waste, indicates total reported generated facilities reported export of 930 tons and 2.000 import of 2605 tons of hazardous waste. 500.000 hazardous waste in an amount of 1.000 2.008.895.7 tons or 3.531,78m3. Business facilities reported disposal, i.e. landfilling 0 0 2011 2012 2013 2011 2012 2013 of hazardous waste in an amount of Hazardous waste (tons) Hazardous waste (m3) Reported treatment of generated industrial hazardous waste expressed in tons in 2013 Diagram 6 With regard to the trend of generated 4.1. Medical waste hazardous waste from 2011 to 2013 According to the legislation applicable in (Diagram no. 6), we may conclude that the the area of medical waste management, greatest amount of generated hazardous health care institutions that generate waste was reported in 2011 and in 2012 medical waste are obliged to submit annual the amount reduced and increased again reports on the treatment of hazardous in 2013. However, the reported amount for 290.023,30 waste to the Ministry of Environment and 2013 is lower compared to 2011, despite Physical Planning. 112.407,90 the fact that the number of business 117.544,67 entities that submitted reports is higher According to data submitted by health care 1.601.327,80 being 64 business entities in 2013 relative institutions in the Republic of Macedonia, to 56 business entities that submitted the quantity of reported generated medical report in 2011. waste for 2013 was 611.32 tons or 54 m³, in line with the list of waste types presented 5.136,77 in Table 3.

Own removal Removal outside the place of generation Recovered waste Temporary storage Diagram 5 98 99 Table 3: Quantity of reported generated medical waste, 2013 Based on submitted reports on further Total quantity of generated medical waste Code of waste Description Quantity in t treatment of medical waste, i.e. quantity in the period 2010-2013 of medical waste transferred to third 700 Waste from neonates health care, diagnostics, treatment or diseases 18 01 611,32 persons, was 561.81 tons and 54 m³, we 600 prevention with people may conclude that medical waste in the 500 18 01 01 Sharp objects (except 18 01 03) 113,36 Republic of Macedonia is transferred to 400 s n o Parts and organs of human body, including bags and bottles with blood third persons and according to delivered t 18 01 02 1,54 300 (except 18 01 03 ) reports it is adequately treated and neutralized and does not pose direct threat 200 Waste the collection and treatment of which is subject of special 18 01 03* 456,46 100 requirements for the purpose of protection from infections to environment and people. It should be also pointed out that the presented 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 quantities of waste are not the overall Waste the collection and disposal of which is not subject of special Diagram 8 18 01 04 requirements for the purpose of protection from infection (e.g. clothes, 39,92 quantities of generated medical waste at the number of hazardous medical waste gypsum bends, clothes for single use, fabrics, diapers, etc.) the level of the Republic of Macedonia. generators obliged to submit annual report Table 4: Quantity of generated waste on waste management in accordance with Chemicals made of dangerous substances or containing dangerous 18 01 06* the Law on Medical Waste Management. substances year quantity in tons

18 01 07 Chemicals not mentioned in 18 01 06 0,04 2010 195,6 4.1.1. Recommendations 18 01 08* Cytostatic drugs and cytostatics 2011 355,87 To improve hazardous medical waste 18 01 09 Drugs not mentioned in 18 01 08 2012 444,78 management, improve separation of 18 01 10* Waste from amalgam in dental health care 2013 611,32 different medical waste fractions, establish * Hazardous waste adequate system of medical waste As indicated in the table, the quantity of collection, transport, treatment and final generated medical waste for the last 4 years Quantity of generated medical waste reported by health care institutions, 2013, tons disposal from all health care institutions in has been increasing gradually and also the Republic of Macedonia. 39,92 113,36 0,04

1,54

456,46

180101 180102 180103* 180104 180106* 180107 180109 Diagram 7 100 101 4.2. Management of waste released on the market of the Republic of Table 5: Total quantity of batteries Macedonia. batteries and accumulators Quantity of collected Quantity of treated and Quantity of exported WBA for

Data and information on the management Based on annual reports submitted to WBA recycled WBA treatment and recycling of batteries and accumulators and waste the Ministry of Environment and Physical Portable 0,00 0,00 0,00 Planning for 2012, we may see that the batteries and accumulators are submitted Automobile 540.255,00 540.255,00 0,00 overall quantity of BAs (batteries and in accordance with the Rulebook on the Industrial 900,00 900,00 0,00 format and content of the form of the annual accumulators) released on the market was Total 541.155,00 541.155,00 0,00 report on the management of batteries 2.430.122.34 kg, where 28.352.47 kg were portable and 2.316.414.27 kg automobile, and accumulators and waste batteries The overall quantity of BA released on The number of producers complying with and 85.355.6 kg industrial. Consequently, and accumulators and the manner of their the market in the Republic of Macedonia legal obligation for reporting increased, the highest share of 95.32% in the overall delivery, as well as the format and content in 2012 increased from 2.430.122.34 kg while many producers transfer their quantity belongs to automobile batteries of the form of the records of the quantities compared to 2011 when the quantity was obligation to legal person for batteries and and accumulators. and types of batteries and accumulators 1.548.690.13 kg accumulators management.

Quantity of batteries and accumulators released on market, kg Quantity of batteries and accumulators released on market in kg 2011 2012 1.548.690,13 2.430.122,34

4.2.1. Recommendations in order to achieve higher rate of their Portable: 28.357,47 Automobile: 2.316.414,27 recovery, recycling and other manners To encourage higher extent of waste of waste batteries and accumulators batteries and accumulators collection and processing. minimize disposal of waste batteries and TOTAL accumulators as part of municipal waste 2.430.122,34

Industrial: 85.355,60

Diagram 9 According to reports delivered for 2012, to automobile batteries and accumulators as presented in Table 6, the quantity with 99.8%. Quantity of treated and of collected automobile WBA (waste recycled automobile and recycled batteries and accumulators) was 540.255 automobile and industrial WBA equals the kg, while industrial WBA amounted 900 quantity of collected WBA. kg. This leads to the conclusion that the highest share in collected WBA belongs 102 103 5. Waste storage, treatment, transferred. Out of these quantities, Reported, received and transferred waste hazardous waste transferred to 2.000.000 recovery and disposal third persons was reported to be 7 8 3 Under the applicable legislation in the area 3.253.7 tons and1.138 m3, of which 1.800.000 of waste management, business facilities 6.21 tons were disposed and 137.84 tons recycled, and for the rest the 1 . 8 2 0 9 , that manage the waste, i.e. perform 1.600.000 waste treatment, recovery, storage, and manner of further treatment is not disposal are obliged to submit annual stated. Exported hazardous waste was 1.400.000 reports on waste treatment to the Ministry reported in a quantity of 169.885.14

tons. 2 3 of Environment and Physical Planning. 1.200.000 6 2 1 Data received for 2013 from 114 business The quantity of transferred waste 1.000.000 facilities that manage waste indicate the 9 0 2 . 8 , compared to the quantity of total waste 8 1 . , following: received amounted 14.76%, indicating 800.000 . Waste in a quantity of 1.828.209.783 waste processing, including recycling, tons and 16.847.68 m3 was received, although most of the business facilities did 600.000 and imported in a quantity of 9 5 0

not state the manner of the received waste 9 1 0 3

4.651.503 tons. Out of these 6 7 treatment or handling or transferring. 400.000

quantities, received hazardous waste 2 6 9 . 8 0 , 6 2 5 0 Imported waste amounted only 2.7% 4 1 9 8 . 7 6 0 , 1 8 7 . 4 5 , 9 6 0 7 0

reported was 3.806.96 tons and of the waste exported, which indicates 200.000 1 3 6 . 4 9 , 942.92 m3, and for 3.623.36 tons and 2 5 . 7 , 2 4 . 3 8 1 , 2 . 6 5 8 , 3 . 8 0 6 , domination of waste export over waste 3 . 2 5 , 3 942.92 m of such waste the manner import in the Republic of Macedonia. 0 of further processing was not stated, Export of hazardous waste was 15.74% of received waste transferred received waste transferred received waste transferred waste waste waste while 11.56 tons are disposed and the reported import of hazardous waste. 172.03 tons are processed, including The quantity of transferred hazardous 2011 2012 2013 recycling. Also, import of 315.12 tons waste compared to the quantity of the non-hazardous waste (tons) hazardous waste (tons) of hazardous waste was reported; overall received hazardous waste as Diagram 10 . Total of 269.802.95 tons and reported by business facilities was 85.5%. 16.983.1 m3 of waste was reported as Diagram 10 shows the trend of reported, transferred waste, which is not the received and transferred waste by case for other years. In 2012, there was business facilities that manage waste. notable drop in the total quantities of Among reported non-hazardous waste, reported and transferred waste, which the most represented wastes are may be a result of the lower number of metals, paper, cardboard and plastics, entities that submitted reports (only while the reported hazardous waste 63) compared to those that submitted contains mostly waste batteries and reports for 2013 (114) or decreased accumulators, end-of-life vehicles, slag scale of waste treatment. from primary production, waste motor and transmission oils and lubricating oils, settled ashes, slag and dust from hazardous substances containing boilers, etc. In 2013, compared to other years, there is notable difference between presented received and 104 105 6. Cooperation with the 8. Recommendations European Environment concerning waste Agency in the area of statistics waste Establishment of electronic register and adoption of necessary regulations for its Macedonian Environmental Information implementation in order to obtain updated Centre of the Ministry of Environment and accurate data on the quantities and and Physical Planning in cooperation with types of generated waste, as well as on the European Topic Centre for sustainable their treatment and impact on environment consumption and production, with the and measures and activities in the area of support of the European Environmental waste management. Agency as part of the support provided to Balkan countries, prepared the Study on Municipal Waste Management in the Republic of Macedonia in 2013. Information brochure on waste management policies in the Republic of Macedonia was prepared in 2011. 7. Summary of waste management Quantities of generated municipal waste increase, although below the European average which amounts 512 kg in 2009. With regard to facilities for hazardous waste disposal, we may conclude that most of them operate in accordance with the legislation, while facilities for municipal waste combustion, mechanical and biological waste treatment and controlled composting of waste do not exist. There are no facilities for hazardous waste disposal either. Waste treatment (considering that waste disposal is the most represented form of municipal and hazardous waste management) brings huge undesired effects on environment due to emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, emission of certain toxic and carcinogen substances in soil and ground waters, as well as from permanent loss of primary resources and lack of waste recognition as source of energy and secondary raw materials. 106 107 certain contamination. With regard to economic activities that contribute to soil contamination expressed CONTAMINATED SITES There are no legally specified limit values for in percentages, the highest share belongs the concentration of certain contaminants sites were marked as hot-spots. The main to mining and metallurgy contributing 1. Introduction in the soil and standards for their detection investigations were carried out in eight 31.25% each, followed by organic chemical in soil in our country. Generally, the The term “contaminated site” refers to sites. Implementation of remediation industry and energy production with existing legislation is intended to prevent certain area where the presence of soil measures was applied in three sites, while 12.5%, as well as oil refining and leather new contaminations. contamination and severity of potential completion of the measures was not manufacturing industry with 6.25%. impacts on ecosystems and human health achieved in none of the sites. have been confirmed and this requires Although there is a definition of Economic activities that contribute to soil contamination remediation of such sites. Remediation contaminated site, due to the lack of limit or cleaning out of contaminated site may values for the concentration of certain result in full elimination or reduction of toxic chemicals in soil, it is difficult to oil refining and such impacts. organic determine the exact number sites where mining and leather soil contamination has been established. chemical 2. State metallurgy manufacturing The assessment of the contaminated site industry Preliminary investigations and depends to a great extent on individual industry identification of 16 sites in the Republic expert assessment. All sites where certain of Macedonia were completed and industrial/economic activity is performed 31,25% 12,5% 6,25% established soil contamination and these are not taken into account as sites with

108 109 3. Recommendations Soil protection is regulated in several laws, including those that concern environment, nature protection, agricultural land, but there is no specific law on soil with clear definition of responsibilities and competences for contaminated sites and adoption of standards for contamination detection, specification of values of maximum permissible concentrations of certain substances in soil, care for and remediation of contaminated sites, as well as measures for soil contamination prevention.

110 111 organizations and wider public with . Establishment of legal, political and CHEMICALS MANAGEMENT capacity for chemicals management at institutional basis for proper chemicals their work places to enable effective use. 1. Introduction thus by 2020 chemicals should be participation in chemical safety . Management of waste and old used and produced in a way leading programmes. chemicals (and minimization) and The introduction of the Law on Chemicals to minimization of significant negative 4. Strengthening and application of Good remediation of contaminated sites. in 2010 established the grounds for impacts on human health and Agricultural Practices; . Protection of human health. adequate transposition of the European environment; . Provision of education of farmers . Sound agricultural practice. REACH Regulation, as well as obligations . Strengthening of Macedonia’s role in in agro-ecological issues through . Research, monitoring and database. for harmonized classification and labeling the global implementation of SAICM different programmes related with . Education and training. of chemicals. The Law on Chemicals has (strategic approach in chemicals organic production schemes in the . Participation of civil society and non- been supported by a number of bylaws management), where the main goal maintenance of traditional methods governmental organizations. providing for the implementation of the of the NAP is to achieve adequate of growing; . Participation of stakeholders. legal framework and control of chemicals management of chemicals in the . Minimization of unusable waste and production and trade in the country. country, so to achieve that by 2020 its responsible disposal, safe keeping 3. Management of chemicals are used and produced Besides the above setup for chemicals of fertilizers and agro-chemicals and persistent organic management, there are specific activities in a way leading to minimization of establishment of procedures for for management of certain chemicals significant negative impacts on human extraordinary action in accordance pollutants health and environment; groups. In this context, apart from with the law; The structure of persistent organic activities determined in chemical groups 2. Improvement of information on . Minimization of the risk of pollution in chemicals present on the market pollutants (POPs) management was for management, accent has been placed case of accidents; the first time defined in the National on the synergy in the implementation of through the Global Harmonized . Records keeping of storage, landfilling System; Implementation Plan for POPs Reduction certain chemical conventions. and recycling of organic fraction of the and Elimination (2005). In the course . Enabling the key stakeholders – waste; of 2013, review of the current plan and representatives of industry, health, 2. Policy for chemicals . Provision of conditions for all chemicals updated obligations corresponding economy, labour and transport to applied in agricultural practices to be with the obligations deriving from the National Action Plan for Safe Chemicals have information available on the limited to rational quantities; Stockholm Convention on Persistent Management use of chemicals, skills and adequate . Settlement of the problem of high risk Organic Pollutants was made. In this In the frames of the efforts undertaken by prevention measures to cope with historical pollutions: contaminated regard, overview of the inventories of old the Republic of Macedonia, definition of negative effects of those chemicals in sites and stored chemicals; and new industrial POPs was made and action plans for safe chemicals management order to facilitate their implementation 5. Establishment of legal framework national priorities were defined. The text was fully inspired by the country’s of effective programmes for human with reference to areas of high risk: below presents the key elements in the obligation to take over and fully implement health and environment protection contaminated sites and old reserves; management of this group of chemicals the European REACH Regulation on from chemical hazards; . To enable that all chemicals in use, obtained through surveys conducted in the chemicals and Global Harmonized System . Provision of standards for transport, chemicals in waste, as well as their course of 2013. for Chemicals Released in Circulation. In storage, application and removal of byproducts are listed in a duly this context, the National Action Plan relies chemicals and their implementation implemented inventory and assessed 3.1. Inventory of old/new industrial upon the five main pillars of actions for in order to ensure that chemicals are in order to establish their extent of POP chemicals safe chemicals management, these being: used safely; S danger and ensure that their locations National Implementing Plan of the 1. Strengthening of the control of 3. Improvement of the safety of and conditions are known. chemicals access on market; chemicals and protection of the health Stockholm Convention in the Republic of The National Action Plan for Safe Chemical Macedonia for the POPs chemicals needs . Establishment of legal, administrative of professional and general public Management actually relies on the list of to be updated with amended list of POPs and technical measures necessary to exposed at chemicals; national priorities in the area of chemicals and new 9 additional persistent organic achieve chemical safety in chemicals . Providing institutions, employers, management: pollutants (including new industrial POPs, use throughout their life cycle and employees, non-governmental 112 113 pesticides and accidental POPs). guidelines for inventory of new industrial Table 1. Preliminary inventory of homologues of c-OctaBDE (heptaBDE, hexaBDE and chemicals and homologues and on the basis octaBDE) in ЕЕE used in the Republic of Macedonia based on calculations of equipment The Stockholm Convention identified of assumptions from experts’ surveys. The with cathode tubes per capita the following five chemicals as new main input data for the initial calculation of industrial chemicals: tetrabromodiphenyl POP-PBDEs of reserves of equipment with cathode tubes per POP-BDEs from ЕЕE and from EEE (electric and pentabromodiphenyl ether Distribution of capita in the inventory year - 2012 (kg) and electronic equipment) waste based on Homologues (kg) homologues (commercial pentabromo-diphenyl the quantities per capita for monitors with c-octaBDE ∑c-octaBDE ether), pentachlorobenzene cathode tubes are as follows: а) number of (PeCB), hexabromodiphenyl ether 9.086 kg citizens in the Republic of Macedonia, b) (commercial octabromodiphenyl ether), average mass of monitor cathode tubes, 999 kg hexabromobiphenyl, perfluorooctane c) average content of polymer in monitor hexaBDE 43% 3.906 kg sulfonic acid (PFOS), its salts and sulfonyl with cathode tube, d) average content fluoride (PFOS-F) hexaBDE 35% 3.180 kg of C-OctaBDE added to polymer and e) Preliminary inventory of с-octaBDE and number of monitors with cathode tubes Table 2. Quantity of c-OctaBDE in computer monitors with cathode tubes and for TV related POP-PBDE (heptaBDE, hexa-BDE used in households, public administration, monitors cathode tubes for private consumers (households) and octaBDE homologues) was made business sector, hotels and other public Private consumers (households) on the basis of comparison with other Num- Quantity of plastic moni- Average quantity of institutions. Monitors mass (kg) mass(t) countries, developing countries by use of ber tors (30%)(tons) c-OctaBDE (kg) Computer monitors with 29.292 413.017 413 124 315 cathode tubes TV monitors with 424.076 13.400.808 13.401 4.020 3.498 cathode tubes Total 453.368 13.813.825 13.814 4.144 3.812 Table 3. Quantity of c-OctaBDE in computer monitors with cathode tubes and for TV monitors cathode tubes in public administration and business sector

Quantity of plastic Average quantity Monitors Number mass (kg) mass(t) monitors (30%)(tons) of c-OctaBDE (kg)

Computer monitors 100.543 1.417.656 1.418 425 1.080 with cathode tubes

TV monitors with 204.090 6.449.231 6.449 1.935 1.683 cathode tubes Total 304.633 7.866.888 7.867 2.360 2.764 Table 4. Quantity of c-OctaBDE in EEE waste disposed on landfills Quantity of plastic Average quantity of Monitors Number mass (kg) mass(t) monitors (30%)(tons) c-OctaBDE (kg)

Computer monitors 189.229 2.668.129 2.668 800 2.033 with cathode tubes

TV monitors with 97.965 3.095.680 3.096 929 808 cathode tubes Total 287.194 5.763.809 5.764 1.729 2.841

114 115 Number Weight of oil Table 5. Quantity of c-OctaBDE in EEE waste exported in other countries for recycling Description Total weight (kg) of units (kg) Quantity of plastic Average quantity Monitors Number mass (kg) mass(t) Equipment containing more than transformers 58 33.300 135.800 monitors (30%)(tons) of c-OctaBDE (kg) 0.005% РСВs and quantity above 0.05 liters condensers 1.691 6.890 68.900 Computer monitors 1.99.566 2.813.886 2.814 844 2.144 with cathode tubes Out of use equipment transformers 113 34.600 148.600 condensers 1499 6.470 64.700 TV monitors with 5.102 161.231 161 48 42 cathode tubes transformers 269 146700 615.500 Used equipment Total 204669 2.975.117 2.975 893 2.186 condensers 601 2.870 28.700 Tested barrels 179 45.200 45.200 Table 6. Quantity of c-PentaBDE in vehicles still in use in the Republic of Macedonia Barrels with РСВ contaminated oil 59 16.000 16.000 transformers 382 181.300 764.100 Preliminary distribution of quantities of c-PentaBDE in transport sector in Macedonia for 2012 condensers 2.100 9.350 93.500 Cars 2155kg Total quantity of identified РСВs Used oil in 59 16.000 16.000 Buses 233kg barrels Trunks 78kg Total: 206.650 873.600 Total 2467kg Treated transformers 119 36.000 155.000 Table 7. Quantity of POP-PBDEs in transport sector for the listed homologues of POP- Discarded condensers 801 3.120 31.200 PBDEs Remained transformers with РСВs to discard 263 145.300 609.100 Remained condensers with РСВs to discard 1.299 6.140 61.400 POP-PBDEs POP-PBDEs in POP-PBDEs im- POP-PBDEs in Remained waste with РСВs to discard 59 16.000 16.000 disposed on Distribution of homo- vehicles in use ported in vehicles used vehicles in landfills in the logues in the year of in the year of the year of inven- In the context of accidental production of persistent organic pollutants, calculations were past from trans- of c-PentaBDE inventory 2012 inventory 2012 tory 2012 made of emissions of substances classified in Annex С of the Stockholm Convention. port sector * Table 9. Preliminary Inventory of PCBs for the period 2005-2011 ( kg) ( kg) (kg) (kg) Inventory of c-Pent- PCB Annual release (g TEQ/a) c-PentaBDE c-PentaBDE c-PentaBDE c-PentaBDE aBDE Group Groups of sources Air Water Land Product Residue 3.355 165 868 499 1 Waste combustion tetraBDE 33% 1.107 54 286 165 2 Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy 0.3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,000 pentaBDE 58% 1.946 96 503 289 3 Production of electricity and heat 498.4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,019 hexaBDE 8% 268 13 69 40 4 Production of mineral products 0.0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,000 hexaBDE 0.50% 17 1 4 2 5 Transport sector 0.0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,000 In the context of the old twelve persistent organic pollutants, detailed inventory of 6 Process of open combustion 2.3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,000 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was made in the updated document. Production of chemicals and products for 7 0.0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,000 general use Table 8. Detailed inventory of РСВs 8 Miscellaneous Number Weight of oil Description Total weight (kg) 9 Disposal on landfills of units (kg) Estimated quantity of transformers 9.500 12.000.000 43.000.000 10 Identification of potential hot-spots Inventoried transformers 8.000 10.105.000 36.200.000 1-10 Total 500.96 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,02 Tested transformers 8.000 10.105.000 36.200.000 Grand total 500.98 Equipment containing more than 10% transformers 12 8.000 28.100 РСВs and quantity above 5 liters condensers 409 2.460 24.600 Equipment containing more than 0.05% РСВs and 312 140.000 600.200 quantity above 5 liters – transformers

116 117 Table 10. Summary Table of dioxins and furans emission for the period 2005-2011 of the Conventions, reduction of their of hazardous waste are to the greatest Annual emissions by media (g TEQ/a) administrative load and maximizing extent harmonized with the existing Total per year effective and efficient use of resources national legislation. Furthermore, major Year Air Water Land Product Residue at all levels. However, synergy allows for portion of the provisions of Rotterdam 2005 32.7 0.5 0.8 0 24.8 58.8 maintenance of legal autonomy of these Convention are transposed in the existing 2006 33.6 0.4 0.8 0 26.6 61.4 three multilateral agreements. Law on Chemicals. Special legal act should 2007 36.1 0.4 0.8 0 27.3 64.6 be adopted to make the provisions of the Synergy is achieved when the combined 2008 34 0.4 0.8 0 23.1 58.3 Stockholm Convention more transparent. 2009 31.8 0.4 0.8 0 26.2 59.2 effect of several components of the system exceeds the sum of their individual effects. The assessment of the legal and 2010 32.9 0.4 0.8 0 25.1 59.2 Synergy is achieved when activities of administrative framework indicates the 2011 35.6 0.4 0.8 0 28.3 65.1 intergovernmental and governmental need to define priority steps that should be institutions, non-governmental followed in the formulation of the action organizations and other bodies participate plan: Summary of annual emissions of PCDD/PCDF for the period 2005-2011 together in the settlement of certain −− Priority step: Establishment of problem. coordination mechanism. 0 0 −− Priority step: Identification of 0 6 1 0 , 40 , Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm 0 0 0 6 , 5 6 0 , 9 7 cross-cutting thematic areas and , 4 , 3 3 8 3

, Conventions were ratified by the Republic 2 3 2 3 1 3 0 35 3 provisions for synergy in each 3 0 3 of Macedonia in the period 1997 – 2010. 0 , 0 3 , 6 8 0

2 thematic area. 0 , , 7 2 1

8 Their implementation contains elements of 6 , 0 6 2 30 , 2 5 1 2 −− Priority step: Identification of 4 , 2

2 common responsibilities between several 3

2 similarities and gaps between 25 institutions. The leading institution in the a

/ national environmental policy

Q coordination of the three agreements is

E 20 and action plan for each T

the Ministry of Environment and Physical g thematic area and formulation 15 Planning. Other institutions that play of statement for each thematic important roles in the implementation area in the national context. 10 of the activities necessary to meet their −− Priority step: Definition of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 provisions are the Ministry of Health/Drugs 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 , , , , , , , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , synergy. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bureau and Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry −− Priority step: Formulation of 0 and Water Economy/Phytosanitary national strategies for synergy 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Administration. Furthermore, Ministry of implementation with regard Transport and Communications, Customs Air Water Land Product Residues to each thematic area and Administration, Ministry of Interior, Diagram 1 definition and proposal of action Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Ministry for each strategic statement. 3.2. Synergy and coordinated strengthen coordination and cooperation of Labour and Social Policy are important −− Priority step: Definition of between Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm parts in the overall chemicals and waste implementation of Basel, synergy scheme. Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions, the Conferences of Parties management cycle. of these Conventions took series of −− Priority step: Facilitation of The legal framework includes primarily Conventions decisions. The purpose of this so called the replication of the national the Laws on the ratification of Basel, synergy scheme in the region of Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm “synergy process” is to strengthen the Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions Central and Eastern Europe and Conventions are multilateral implementation of these three Conventions by which all obligations deriving from beyond. environmental agreements sharing the on national, regional and global levels, them enter into force. National legislation same goal that is protection of human through provision of fundamental policy covers only certain parts of the three Priority steps will be carried out through health and environment against negative guidelines, improvement of the efficiency agreements. The assessment has indicated implementation of the activities set impacts of chemicals and waste. In order to in the provision of support to the Parties that provisions related to the management in the Action Plan for Synergy and 118 119 Coordinated Implementation of Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions in Priority step Activities the period 2014 – 2017. −− Evaluation of the national development documents Table 11. Brief overview of the Action Plan for Synergy and Coordinated Implementation −− Provision of permanent communication with the competent institutions of Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions −− Definition of synergy programmes – selection of related and proposed programmes and intensive implementation of the synergy Priority step Activities scheme in the country −− Assessment of the implementation of the three Conventions and −− Mobilization of the relevant stakeholders definition of action plan −− ntensification of the participation of all relevant sectors and −− Review of possibilities for establishment of the key mechanisms institutions/organizations on local level for efficient coordination of national activities −− Proposing legislation to mainstream national policies towards the −− Analysis of relevant governmental and non-governmental implementation of the three Conventions. organizations with regard to field activities −− Training of participants for planning, development and reporting Establishment of coordination Definition of synergy −− Formulation of institutional mechanism for implementation, under projects with accent on interactions between the three mechanism monitoring and evaluation Conventions. −− Establishment of coordination body −− Definition of the links between the three Conventions as short, −− Organization of different forms of communication to promote medium and long-term activities and programmes to be identified by awareness of the obligations related to the Conventions, especially all relevant stakeholders. inter-institutional and inter-sectoral visions and cooperation −− Preparation and training of qualified human capacity and trainers −− Establishment of inter-sectoral committee that would include synergy in projects and activities on local level. −− Coordination and networking with regional and international −− Analysis of the contents of the three Conventions and partners in synergy definition. identification of thematic areas for synergy. −− Evaluation of development and impacts achieved through −− Analysis of the gaps in the national legislation related to the three adaptation of the processes for synergy definition. Conventions. Identification of cross-cutting −− Harmonization of the national legislation with the provisions of thematic areas and provisions for the Conventions. −− Contextualization of the goals of the country with the proposed synergy in each thematic area −− Review and establishment of common provisions of the Formulation of national strategies strategies to implement the common provisions for each thematic area. Conventions and identification of these provisions in each Convention. for synergy implementation with −− Elaboration of the content of each strategy to generate the crucial −− Definition of common statement/list composing the provisions of regard to each thematic area and actions taking into account current policy, strategy, institutional and the three Conventions. definition and proposal of action operational circumstances in the Republic of Macedonia. for each strategic statement −− Development of national strategy and action plan −− Identification of the relevant national policy for each of the −− Definition of the precise role of each institution, organization, Identification of similarities defined provisions involved person and gaps between national −− Comparison and identification of differences with the relevant environmental policy and action national environmental policy and reconstruction of common content −− Organization of kick-off meeting with all institutions and plan for each thematic area and on national level. organizations formulation of statement for each −− Determination of the need to define policy for common provisions −− Definition of each step to be undertaken by certain institutions/ thematic area in the national of the three Conventions. organizations to secure synergy in the implementation of the three context Conventions −− Organization of mini workshops for policy makers. Definition of synergy scheme −− Definition of procedure for harmonized implementation of defined steps −− Preparation of synergy scheme for the implementation of the Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions −− Training for efficient implementation of the synergy scheme between Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions

120 121 Priority step Activities −− Creation of web site on synergy −− Establishment of network between the relevant competent institutions of the Parties of the three Conventions on regional level Facilitation of the replication of and beyond the national synergy scheme in −− Organization of regional trainings in synergy scheme creation the region of Central and Eastern Europe and beyond −− Creation of regional web site (in the frames of the Regional Center for the Basel Convention, Bratislava) for synergy between the three Conventions.

122 123 processed adequately and delivered to the 50 measurements are made during 24 NOISE Macedonian Environmental Information hours. Two measurements are conducted Centre. during day based on which the value of Ld . Underground absorption; indicator is calculated, one measurement 1. Introduction Intensity of noise is presented through . Reflection; during evening for Le and one during night the basic noise indicators through day- Environmental noise is a severe problem. . Humidity; and for Ln. The period day/evening/night has Ld, evening-Le and night-Ln, expressed Sounds are part of our everyday life they . Precipitations. been determined on the basis of the Law in dB(A), defined in the Rulebook on the are often unwanted or harmful in outdoors on Environmental Noise, so that the day Measurement and monitoring of the noise application of noise indicators, additional environment created by human activities. lasts 12 hours from 7.00 to 19.00 hours, are necessary to achieve and maintain noise indicators, manner of noise evening lasts 4 hours from 19.00 to 23.00 Environmental noise affects primarily environmental noise levels within the limit measuring and methods for environmental hours and night lasts 8 hours from 23.00 to the quality of life, disruption of normal values defined in four areas according to noise indicators assessment. rhythm of work and rest. It causes both the extent of protection against noise, with 7.00 hours. physical and psychological problems health and well-being of the population At each measuring point, four times per among population, by disturbing the basic being the ultimate objective. activities of man such as sleeping, rest, According to the current legislation, data study, communication, and it reflects from noise measurement and monitoring is especially on hearing impediment. submitted to the Ministry of Environment Noise is constantly growing and it is and Physical Planning, Macedonian especially difficult to control in densely Environmental Information Centre. populated agglomerations and residential areas near airports, railways and highways. 2. State and trends The level of noise released from a certain 2.1. Effects of noise on human source of noise depends a lot on the distance from the source and whether we health stand in front of some barrier, if there is Ministry of Health is responsible for such. Many other factors influence the the assessment of harmful effects of level of the noise and the measured results environmental noise on the health of might vary by tens of decibels for a rather exposed population. On the basis of similar source of noise. Explanation of studies carried out by the Public Health this difference is the way in which noise Institute the most frequent consequences is released from the source, how it travels of increased noise level occurs as disturbed through air and how it arrives to the sleeping, annoyance of the population, receptor. hearing impediments, cardio-vascular problems and it affects psychophysical The most important factors influencing the condition. spread of the noise are as follows: . Type of source (point or linear); 2.2. Status of noise . Distance from source; . Atmospheric absorption; 2.2.1. Environmental noise . Wind; Public Health Centers in Bitola, Kichevo . Temperature and temperature and Kumanovo make assessment of gradient; the harmful effect of environmental . Obstacles, such as barriers and noise on exposed population at several buildings; measuring points. The obtained results are

124 125 1. Bitola Intensity noise environment in Bitola basic indicator Ld Division for hygiene and environmental health of the PHI Public Health Centre – Bitola measures environmental noise levels in April and October. In the period 2010 to 2013, according to the Rulebook on the locations of measuring stations and measuring points, noise levels are measured on nine measuring points presented on the following map (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Disposition of measuring points

Diagram 1 shows that the intensity of environmental noise for indicator Ld, at six measuring points has a trend of slight decrease for the observed period, while at other three points it has a trend of constant intensity. Data leads to the conclusion that, except on the measuring point 8 where noise level does not exceed the LV, the level of noise at all other points is above the LV for that measuring point and exceeding ranges between 0.39 and 15.62 dB(A) for indicator Ld. The level of noise in 2013 was reduced compared to 2012 at all measuring points. Diagram 2 shows that the intensity of Diagram 1 126 127 environmental noise for indicator Le, at measuring point. for the observed period, while at other The level of noise in 2013 was reduced five measuring points has a trend of slight three points it has a trend of constant compared to 2012 at eight measuring The level of noise in 2013 was reduced decrease for the observed period, while at intensity. Data leads to the conclusion points, while at the measuring point 7 compared to 2012 at seven measuring other four points it has a trend of constant that, except on the measuring points 1, 5, there was slight increase by 1.33 dB(A). points, while at the rest of two measuring intensity. Data leads to the conclusion that, 7 and 8 noise level does not exceed the LV, points 1 and 7 there was increase by around except on the measuring points 2, 3 and while the level of noise at all other points is 1 dB(A). 6 where noise level exceeds the LV and above the LV for that measuring point, and exceeding ranges between 0.29 and 5.42 Diagram 3 shows that the intensity of exceeding ranges between 0.75 and 8.93 dB(A) for indicator Le, the level of noise environmental noise for indicator Ln, at six dB(A) for indicator Ln. measuring points has a trend of decrease at all other points is below the LV for that Intensity noise environment in Bitola basic indicator Ln Intensity noise environment in Bitola basic indicator Le

70 70 70

65 65 65 62,31 61,11 60 60 60,29 60 59,70 58,45 60 60 56,65 55,60 55,73 B ( A ) 55 55 55 B ( A ) B ( A )

d 54,40 54,28 55 d d 53,03 52,85 50 50 50

45 45 45

40 40 40 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

“Ivan Milutinovic“ - “Prilepska“ “Ivan Milutinovic“ - “Stolarska“ “1 May“, “ Mirche Acev“, (Health institute yard) (Gymnasium J.B. Tito yard)

70 70 70

65 65 65

60 60 60 60 60,42 58,63 58,32 57,01 56,70 B ( A ) B ( A ) B ( A ) 55 55 55 55,25 d d d 55 55 52,75 53,31 51,52 51,32 50 50,88 50,66 50 50

45 45 45

40 40 40 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

“Partizanska“, “ASNOM“, “Boris Kidrich“, “Nikola Tesla“ “Partizanska“, “Pitu Guli“ (Clinical hospital yard)

70 70 70 65 65 65 60 55 60 55 60 50

B ( A ) 55 B ( A ) 45 B ( A ) 55

d 55 d d 55 42,53 41,45 52,07 40 40,54 39,98 52,10 52,07 52,76 52,81 50 50,85 50,60 50 49,16 35 30 45 45 25 40 20 40 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

“Karposh“, “4 November“ “Jadranska“, “Borivoje Radisavljevic“ “Partizanska“, “Marshal Tito“, (kindergarten «Vangel Majorot») Sports hall “Mladost“ Diagram 2 Diagram 3 128 129 2. Kichevo Intensity noise environment in Kicevo basic indicator Ld Division for hygiene and environmental health of the PHI Public Health Centre – Kichevo measures environmental noise levels in April and October. In the period 2010 to 2013, according to the Rulebook on the locations of measuring stations and measuring points, noise levels are measured on nine measuring points presented on the following map (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Disposition of measuring points Diagram 4 shows that the intensity of level did not exceed the LV, while the level environmental noise for indicator Ld, at of noise at all other points was above the all measuring points has a variable trend LV for that measuring point and exceeding of decrease and increase for the observed ranged between 1.15 and 15.19 dB(A) for period, while at other three points it has indicator Ld. a trend of constant intensity. Data leads The level of noise in 2013 compared to 2012 to the conclusion that, on the measuring was increased at six measuring points, and point 2 for the observed period, measuring at the measuring point 5 it was reduced by point 4 from 2011 to 2013 and measuring 2.20 dB(A). points 6 and 7 for 2012 and 2013, the noise

Diagram 4 130 131 Diagram 5 shows that the intensity of noise level did not exceed the LV, while the Diagram6 shows that the intensity of all other measuring points was above the environmental noise for indicator Le, at level of noise at all other measuring points environmental noise for indicator Ln, at LV for that measuring point and exceeding all measuring points has a variable trend was above the LV for that measuring point all measuring points has a variable trend ranged between 0.35 and 19.29 dB(A) for of decrease and increase for the observed and exceeding ranged between 0.45 and of decrease and increase for the observed indicator Ln. period, while at other three points it has 13.19 dB(A) for indicator Le. period, while at other three points it has The level of noise in 2013 compared to a trend of constant intensity. Data leads a trend of constant intensity. Data leads The level of noise in 2013 compared to 2012 2012 was increased at three measuring to the conclusion that on the measuring to the conclusion that on the measuring was increased at six measuring points, and points, and reduction at the measuring points: 1 in 2013, 2 for the observed points: 2 from 2011 to 2013, 4 in 2011 and at the measuring point 1 it was reduced by points 1 (1.10 dB(A)), 2 (2.84 dB(A)), 3 (3.72 period, measuring point 4 from 2011 to 2013 and 6 in 2011, the noise level did not 4.07 dB(A). dB(A)) and 4 (9.06 dB(A)). 2013 and measuring point 7 for 2012, the exceed the LV, while the level of noise at Intensity noise environment in Kicevo basic indicator Le Intensity noise environment in Kicevo basic indicator Ln

80 80 80 75 75 75 70 68,19 70 70 65 70 67,76 61,65 60 B ( A ) 65 65,25 65 B ( A ) B ( A ) d d 57,36 d 55 55 61,99 53,30 60 59,45 60 58,88 58,43 59,19 50 57,28 45 55 55 55

40 50 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Trunk road - Headquarters Tajmishta Crossroad trunk road M. Brod - Zito Crossroad “11 September“ - MIA Karaorman Kichevo

70 70 70

65 65 65 63,91 63,44 62,81 60 60 60 60 58,15 57,44 57,72 56,91 55,78 55,46 B ( A ) B ( A ) 55 B ( A ) 55 54,56 55 d d d 55 55 52,92 52,34 50 50 50

45 45 45

40 40 40 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Crossroad hotel Arabela - White house Crossroad gymnasium - petrol station Crossroad Medical Centre - Bridge 1 “Pucko petrol“

65 62,42 61,15 60 60,52 60 56,85

B ( A ) 55 d

40 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Crossroad Square hotel Union

Diagram 5 Diagram 6 132 133 3. Kumanovo Intensity noise environment in Kumanovo basic indicator Ld Division for hygiene and environmental health of the PHI Public Health Centre – Kumanovo measures environmental noise levels in April and October. In the period 2012 and 2013, according to the Rulebook on the locations of measuring stations and measuring points, noise levels are measured on nine measuring points presented on the following map (Figure 3). In 2011, the level of noise was measured at five measuring points.

Figure 3. Disposition of measuring points

Diagram 7 shows that the intensity of Diagram 8 shows that the intensity of environmental noise at all measuring environmental noise at all measuring points had significant increase above the points had significant increase above the LV for that measuring point for indicator Ld, LV for that measuring point for indicator Le, or the LV was exceeded by a value ranging or the LV was exceeded by a value ranging from 6.13 to 18.43 dB(A). from 2.26 to 17.91 dB(A). The level of noise in 2013 compared to Diagram 9 shows that the intensity of 2012 increased at the measuring point 7 environmental noise for the basic indicator by 0.98 dB(A), and at all other measuring Ln at all measuring points was above the points the noise level decreased. LV. Significant increase of the indicator Diagram 7 134 135 over night was measured at all measuring 2.2.2. Noise from industry A integrated environmental permit. environmental noise level at all measuring points by a value ranging from 8.2 to 23.65 points was below the limit value. In two Macedonian Environmental Information Analysis conducted and data processing dB(A) for the indicator. installations, the environmental noise level Centre keeps and updates cadastre indicated that only 28 installations exceeded the limit value, at four measuring The level of noise in 2013 compared to of noise polluters. In 2013, data was delivered data on measured environmental points by 5 dB(A), at two measuring points 2012 increased at the measuring points 1, requested to update the noise cadastre by noise level. by 10 dB(A) and at one measuring point by 6 and 8, and at all other measuring points 64 installations that obtained or applied for Among those, in 26 installations, more than 10 dB(A). the noise level decreased. Intensity noise environment in Kumanovo basic indicator Le Intensity noise environment in Kumanovo basic indicator Ln

Diagram 8 Diagram 9 136 137 2.2.3. Conclusion . Methods of assessment by noise indicators; Based on the data processed on . Methods of assessment for harmful environmental noise, we may conclude effects; that among the three observed cities, . Adoption and implementation of Kumanovo is the city with the highest noise planning documents, as well as pollution. The environmental noise level in . Undertaking of measures for Kumanovo at all measuring points and for protection against environmental all three basic indicators: noise during day- noise. Ld, evening-Le and noise during night-Ln, was above the permissible limit value. Based on the Law on Protection against Environmental Noise, the Ministry of With regard to environmental noise from Environment and Physical Planning, in industry, we may conclude that among cooperation with the competent ministries 28 installations, the noise levels were has so far adopted several bylaws in order above the permissible limit value in only 2 to enable full implementation of the Law installations. on Protection against Environmental 2.3. Causes of noise Noise. These bylaws regulate in detail the inspection supervision, environmental The main generators of environmental indicators and their application, noise noise are the means of transportation monitoring, adoption and implementation in road, railway and air transport and of planning documents and conditions and industrial installations. technical measures for protection against Especially significant and specific to environmental noise caused by specific Macedonia is the noise from construction sources. activities, neighbourhood and noise caused by other independent sound equipment, 3.2. Responsibilities such as noise from religious facilities. The Law stipulates the main carriers of the obligation for environmental noise 3. Brief assessment and management, these being: . Bodies of the state administration; possible development . Municipalities, City of Skopje and 3.1. Regulations on noise control municipalities in the City of Skopje; and For the purpose of defining the future . Legal and natural persons. policy for environmental noise as one of the main environmental problems in the Body holding the responsibility in the area Republic of Macedonia, noise management of noise, especially with regard to the is regulated in the provisions of the Law on implementation of the Law on Protection Protection against Environmental Noise. against Environmental Noise, enforcement This Law has transposed the basic Directive of the law and regulations adopted under on environmental noise - 2002/49/ЕC, by this Law is the Ministry of Environment and which the main recommendations of the Physical Planning. European Union have been fulfilled and full Responsibilities in terms of noise control management of environmental noise has from health point of view also belong to been enabled. The Law provisions specify: the State Sanitary and Health Inspectorate 138 139 within the Ministry of Health. noise monitoring networks, especially for exceed the permissible noise level. on other measures for protection against agglomerations, main roads, main railways noise and measures and activities aimed With reference to noise control, the Total of 11 requests for initiation of and airports as specified in the Decree for at improving the overall state of their area Ministry of Economy performs inspection misdemeanor procedure have been agglomerations, main roads, main railways implemented in the preceding year and supervision over the release on the market submitted to the Ministry of Environment and airports for which strategic noise maps activities planned for the next year. of machines, means of transportation, and Physical Planning. Of these, five should be prepared. devices and equipment for operation and requests were filed by authorized inspector 3.5. Measures to avoid noise production, as well as devices, products Collected, verified and processed data and of the City of Skopje, three requests each and appliances, while the units of the local information on the state of environmental were filed by authorized inspector of the One of the main priorities of the Ministry self-government perform supervision over noise make the official database of the Municipality of Centar and Municipality of Environment and Physical Planning noise generated by catering, artisan and state of noise in the environment, serving of Karposh and one request was filed by is establishment of healthy living tourist activities. as basis for noise management and authorized inspector of the Municipality of conditions for people and protection of protection against noise. Bitola. the environment against noise, through The Ministry of Interior, based on the undertaking measures and activities for Decision establishing cases in which and 3.3.2. Limit values for noise On the basis of the above listed filed environmental noise avoidance, prevention conditions under which the peace of requests, the MEPP’s Misdemeanour or reduction. citizens is regarded disturbed by harmful For the purpose of avoiding, preventing or Commission passed sanctions in a form of noise, in accordance with the provisions of reducing harmful effects on human health fine in a total amount of 6.900 EUR in denar Under the Law on Protection against the Law on Misdemeanours against Public and environment, limit values for noise counter value. Nine of the pronounced Environmental Noise, one of the key Order and Peace, undertakes activities levels are specified to limit the levels of fines are for legal persons in an amount of measures is the development of strategic for detection of misdemeanours involving all sources of noise, including time period, 500 EUR in denar counter value and eight noise maps. position of the source and types of areas disturbance of public order and peace. of the pronounced files in an amount of Strategic noise maps are prepared for: where noise is generated. 3200 EUR in denar counter value are for a. agglomerations; 3.3. Control and reduction of noise According to the extent of protection, natural persons. Two of the filed requests b. main roads; Control and reduction of environmental limit values for the basic noise indicators are subject of ongoing procedure. c. main railroads; noise has two main goals, first to protect Ld and Le range from 50 dB(A) for areas d. main airports; us from noise that annoys us or disturbs of first extent, to 70 dB(A) for areas of 3.4. Development of awareness of e. populated places; and everyday activities and second, to protect fourth extent, while for the basic indicator noise f. areas of specific interest that do not us in future from increased noise levels Ln they range from 40 dB(A) for areas of Increase of public awareness of belong to defined agglomeration. that will further deteriorate the quality of first extent, to 60 dB(A) for areas of fourth environmental noise problems to a higher 3.5.1. Obligations for development the environment. extent. level among noise generators and general of strategic noise maps 3.3.1. Establishment of state According to the type of premises when public is very important factor in the process of noise management. So far, no strategic noise maps have been and local noise monitoring measured inside the premises, limit values for the basic noise indicators Ld, Le and Ln developed and consequently the Republic networks Noise generators should endeavour towards range from 30 dB(A) to 55 dB(A). application of modern technologies with of Macedonia does not have data on the Measurement and monitoring of noise number of population exposed at certain Limit values for noise levels in areas reduced noise and use of quieter means of in the Republic of Macedonia is not a noise levels. According to legal provisions, outside urbanized locations, depending on transportation. continuous process. One of the basic strategic noise maps should be developed the area, for the basic noise indicators Ld, measures for achievement of high level of According to the provisions of the Law on by the end of 2015 at latest. Le and Ln range from 35 dB(A) to 70 dB(A). noise control and reduction is to establish Protection against Environmental Noise, data and information from the information In January 2011, in order to define the noise monitoring, which is systematized 3.3.3. Misdemeanour sanctions obligations, the Government of the measurement, monitoring and control of system of the state of noise are accessible According to the provisions of the Law Republic of Macedonia adopted the the state of environmental noise. to the public. Furthermore, the Mayors of on Protection against Environmental the Municipalities and the City of Skopje Decree for agglomerations, main roads, For the above reasons exactly, it is necessary Noise, fines are specified as misdemeanor are obliged to disseminate strategic noise main railways and main airports for which to establish state and environmental local sanctions for legal and natural persons that maps and action plans for noise and report strategic noise maps should be prepared. 140 141 The Ministry of Environment and Physical 3.5.3. Other measures for Planning is responsible for elaboration, protection against noise adoption, use and keeping of strategic noise maps for the main roads, main Spatial and urban planning and acts for railways and main airports. Under the their implementation are crucial in the Decree, the Ministry of Environment and process of unwanted environmental noise Physical Planning should so far prepare only prevention. For that purpose, the Law strategic noise maps for the main roads. specifies that the Plan, in the section on protection, should also contain measures The Council of the Municipality and of the for protection against noise. Planning City of Skopje, at the proposal of the Mayor should take into account the aspects of of the Municipality and of the City of Skopje, zoning, to protect residential zones from are responsible for elaboration, adoption, noise by positioning them away from use and keeping of strategic noise maps for industrial zone and zone with frequent agglomerations and populated places. The traffic. Decree specifies agglomerations for which strategic noise maps shall be developed, Also, in the frames of procedure for building namely the City of Skopje, Municipalities permit issuance, the planning documents of Bitola, Kumanovo and Tetovo. The for a structure should meet specific Legal person managing the area of specific conditions and measures concerning the interest is responsible to develop strategic standards for protection against noise for noise map for the area of specific interest. buildings. According to data available so far, there is Legal and natural persons are obliged no need to prepare strategic noise maps to select, procure and use equipment, for these populated places and areas of installations, devices and means for specific interest. transportation that generate low level 3.5.2. Obligations for development of noise, and products and appliances generating noise within the limit values for of Action Plans for noise noise levels. Action plans for noise are elaborated on the basis of the prior prepared strategic noise 4. Recommendations maps by entities responsible to prepare The Seventh Environmental Action strategic noise maps. According to the Law Programme (7EAP) “living well in the on Protection against Environmental Noise, boundaries of our Planet”, has as its one year upon the adoption of strategic objective to provide, by 2020, that air noise maps, the first action plans should pollution in EU reduces significantly and be adopted with measures that need to approach the levels recommended by be undertaken for protection against noise WHO. It also recommends that this will at places indicated on the maps as places require implementation of updated policies where the permissible limit value has been for noise harmonized with the latest exceeded. Given the fact that no strategic knowledge and measures for reduction of noise maps have been developed so far, noise at source, including improvements there have been no action plans for noise in urban planning. In short-term, the elaborated as well. European Commission will undertake review of the Directive on environmental 142 143 noise in the course of 2014, which might of professional representatives of result in proposal to amend Directive and the relevant institutions to work on strengthen its implementation. determination of national method for noise mapping; In order to achieve the objective of the 7EAP and enable prevention and reduction 9. It is necessary to establish noise of noise which causes harmful effects on monitoring as systematized noise human health and reduce the number of measurement, monitoring and control people exposed to harmful noise levels, of the state of noise in environmental the following recommendations should be media and areas; followed: 10. It is recommended that the Ministry 1. Adoption of all bylaws deriving from of Environment and Physical Planning the provisions of the Law on Protection in cooperation with the Ministry against Environmental Noise; of Health, prepares the Annual 2. Provision of maximum implementation programme for work of the state of the provisions of the existing noise monitoring network and the legislation in the area of environmental Programme for public health in the noise; segment of protection against noise; 3. The process of preparation of spatial 11. It is necessary to establish Information and urban plans and acts for their system of the state of environmental implementation, in the frames of the noise as part of the overall content on protection, should include environmental information system in protection measures against noise as the Republic of Macedonia to cover well; data obtained from noise monitoring, strategic maps and action plans for 4. Planning documents for structures noise and other relevant data obtained that are subject of building approval by individual noise measurements; should fulfill specific conditions and and measures concerning standards for protection against noise in buildings; 12. Based on processed data on environmental noise in the three 5. Preservation of quiet zones in cities in the Republic of Macedonia, agglomerations as such; undertake measures for reduction of 6. Provision of modernization of environmental noise in them. installations by remediation of existing and introduction of new solutions for noise reduction; 7. It is recommended that the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning and agglomerations obliged to prepare strategic maps to commence the process of preparation in the course of 2014; 8. It is recommended that the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning forms a working group composed 144 145 of the vehicles are older than 20 years, last quarter of 2010 (see the list of laws AIR etc.). and bylaws in the area of environment, part on international cooperation). The 1. Introduction kilometers. Transport of air pollutants, 2. Legal regulations on air goal of the Protocols is reduction of the i.e. transboundary air pollution caused by emission of the following pollutants: SO2, Quality of air remains to be an important atmospheric movements is an enormous quality control, protection NH3, NMVOC, CO, NОx, POPs and heavy issue which is vitally linked with public challenge for the countries in the region. and improvement metals through definition of emission limit health, economy and environment. Poor Pollution of the air leads to adverse effects values for stationary sources, restriction of The Law on Ambient Air Quality adopted quality of the air can cause deterioration on regional level, such as acidification of production and use of persistent organic in August 2004 and amended several of health, premature death, as well as forest ecosystems, lakes and watercourses pollutants, introduction of standards for times (Official Gazette of the Republic disorder in ecosystems and problems with and eutrophication of water bodies. air emissions measuring and monitoring, as of Macedonia no. 67/2004, 92/2007, crops. This causes huge economic damage Pollution with ammonia emissions into the well as establishment of the best available 83/2009, 35/10, 47/11, 100/12, 163/2013) for the country expressed through reduced air which in greatest part originates from techniques in old and new installations is a framework law in the area of air. The productivity of workforce and deteriorated agricultural activity is growing problem (regulated continuously through the goals of this Law are avoidance, prevention condition of the environment. not only for aquatic systems but also to process of A and B IPPC permitting and and reduction of harmful effects on human biodiversity. A adjustment permits with adjustment Effects of air pollution are mostly felt on health and environment as a whole, plans). two levels: Policies and strategies for air pollution prevention and reduction of pollutions А) in urban environments, where majority reduction are primarily targeted at reducing causing climate change, as well as provision The values of the national ceilings for of the population in Macedonia lives and emissions from traffic (combustion of of relevant information on the quality of 2010 are at the same time integral part of air pollution causes problems with human fossil fuels in vehicles), as well as use of ambient air. Annex II to the Gothenburg Protocol to the alternative energy sources, bio-fuel and Convention on long-range Transboundary health. On the basis of the Law on Ambient Air natural gas are primary processes for air Air Pollution (CLRTAP), ratified by the B) in ecosystems, where air pollution Quality, 16 bylaws were prepared and quality improvement. Also, phasing-out Republic of Macedonia in October 2010. impedes growth of vegetation and causes adopted to introduce limit values for ozone depleting substances is part of the The Executive body of CLRTAP, upon the damages to biodiversity. quality and air emissions, methodology of process of atmospheric pollution reduction. delivery of the values for national ceilings monitoring the quality and emissions in Data from the monitoring stations of the for the purpose of including the Republic of Initiation of the process of transposition the air, manner of preparation of planning state automatic air quality monitoring Macedonia in Annex II to the Gothenburg of European legislation into the national documents for air protection against system indicate that concentrations Protocol requested correction of the one involved preparation of law and pollution, manner of information of citizens of measured pollutants originate from values having in mind the reported data on bylaws on the quality of ambient air. Their and international organizations, etc. almost all economic and social activities. implementation from 2004 onwards has pollutants emissions – sulfur dioxide and Utilization of energy resources through been contributing continuously to the One of the basic instruments for ammonia – on national level. The newly combustion processes, industrial activities, improvement of the quality of ambient air. reduction of air emissions that contribute proposed corrected values were accepted transport, inadequate management of Besides such improvement of the quality to transboudary air emissions is the by the Executive Body of the CLRTAP/ waste (storage, transport, burning), as of the air, the Republic of Macedonia Convention on long-range Transboundary UNECE at the Meeting held in December well as accelerated activities of natural faces new challenges in maintaining high Air Pollution (CLRTAP), ratified and signed 2013 and by this the Republic of Macedonia origin (electrical discharges, weather standards of the quality of the air. Most by the Republic of Macedonia on 17 became full member of Annex II to the disasters, earthquakes, saharian rainfalls…) of these challenges result from slow November 1991. From the moment of the Gothenburg Protocol. are factors contributing the most to the Convention entry into force, it has been modernization of production industrial Proposed amendments of the Rulebook on occurrence of air pollution. expanded with eight Protocols. Republic processes using old technologies which the ceilings list the following ceilings for of Macedonia ratified all Protocols in the The issue of air pollution has already are not compliant with the use of the best pollutants emission: exceeded local relevance and is considered Available Techniques, inadequate burning SO NOx NH NMVOCs in wider regional context. Major part of waste, use of wood for homes heating 2 3 of pollution originates from sources during winter, incomplete combustion of 110 kt/year 39 kt/year 12 kt/year 30 kt/year located at distances of several thousand fuels in vehicles, considering their age (30% 146 147 Based on analyses made on data on Ministry of Environment and Physical Emissions from natural sources, such as Bitola, and one in each Kumanovo, Kochani, air emissions and quality, MEPP has so Planning and Inter-sectoral Working Group forest fires, were not taken into account Kichevo, Kavadarci, Tetovo and Lazaropole. far prepared several national strategic for Air Quality prepared recommendations due to their low share in the overall Monitoring stations measure ecological documents defining measures for air and short-term measures for ambient emission of the main pollutants. Due to the and meteorological parameters. Automatic emissions reduction. National Programme air quality improvement or protection in fact that emission inventory is made by the air quality monitoring stations measure for gradual reduction of the quantities case of alarming pollution. Some of these principle n-2 where n is the current year, the following pollutants: sulfur dioxide, of emissions of certain pollutants at the recommendations and measures were detailed analysis of data on air emissions nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, level of the Republic of Macedonia for the implemented in the period December 2013 by SNAP sectors was made in the frames of ozone, suspended particles sized up to 10 period from 2012 to 2020 was adopted by – January 2014, as a result of occurrence of this Report for 2012. At the same time, in micrometers (PM ), suspended particles the Government and published in Official high concentrations of PM . order to present and analyze the trend of 10 10 sized up to 2.5 micrometers (РМ2.5), Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia no. pollutants emissions during the last several benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, ortho 108/2012. The Programme has identified years, data on air emissions for the period 3. Status and trends and para xylene (BTX). The measuring measures for reduction of the emissions 2004 and 2012 was taken into account. Air emissions points in the village Mrshevci and Gazi Baba of the following pollutants: sulfur dioxide, It should be mentioned that in 2012 do not measure concentration of ozone, nitrogen oxides expressed as nitrogen With regard to air emissions, users of recalculations of emissions were made for measuring point Rektorat does not measure dioxide, ammonia, volatile organic certain installations that are sources of the reporting period and therefore data concentration of sulfur dioxide, Lazaropole compounds, total suspended particulates pollutants in the ambient air are obliged differs from the data presented in previous does not measure concentration of carbon and carbon monoxide in the air. National to perform monitoring of emissions at annual reports. monoxide. BTX is measured in Miladinovci, Plan for Ambient Air Quality Protection the source and report to the Ministry Air quality monitoring Rektorat, Centar and Karposh, and PM presents the status of air quality, of Environment and Physical Planning. 2.5 is measured by the stations in Centar and defines measures for protection and Data from the measurement of emissions Assessment of the quality of air is based Karposh. From among meteorological improvement of the quality of ambient air from installations is used to prepare the on the analysis of data from the automatic parameters, the following are measured in the Republic of Macedonia, as well as all Inventory of emissions of all pollutants air quality monitoring stations composing at all measuring points: wind velocity and relevant institutions responsible for their in accordance with the methodology for the State Automatic Air Quality Monitoring direction, temperature, pressure, humidity implementation in the next 5 years (2013- preparation of the basic inventory of air System (SAAQMS). Five stations are based and global radiation. 2018). National Plan for Air was adopted by emissions (CORINAIR - CoR Inventory for in Skopje (Karposh, Centar, Lisiche, Gazi the Government and published in Official Air Emission) defined in the Rulebook on Baba and Rektorat). Two monitoring Locations of monitoring stations are shown Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia no. the methodology for inventory taking and stations are based in each Ilinden (villages on the figure 1. 170/2012. establishment of the level of pollutant Mrshevci and Miladinovci), Veles and emissions into atmosphere in tons per year Considering that these strategic documents for all types of activities, as well as other are adopted by the Government of the data for submission of the Programme Republic of Macedonia, it should be for European Air Monitoring (EMEP) and mentioned that part of the measures is delivered to the European Environmental already under implementation, and part Agency and United Nations. is planned to start with implementation in the forthcoming years. In the frames of this annual report assessing the quality of the air, we took In order to observe the quality of the air the emissions of pollutants on national and the manner of implementation of the level determined in accordance with the measures defined in strategic documents, CORINAIR methodology delivered at the while taking into account integrated same time to EEA and United Nations. approach to air protection, Inter- Categorization of emissions was made by sectoral Working Group for Air Quality Selected Nomenclature of Air Pollution was established in 2012, composed of (SNAP), i.e. emissions on national level representatives of all relevant institutions. were categorized in 11 sectors by pollutant. 148 149 Emission of SO by SNAP sectors for 2012 3.1. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 2 SO is suffocating gas of sharp smell 2 3-Combustion in 7-Road transport 8-Other mobile formed by combustion of sulfur containing manufacturing 0,01% sources and industry (stationary machinery materials. It is a gas able to react in ambient 2-Non-industrial sources) 0,23% combustion plants 3,34% 9-Waste treatment air with moisture in the air and form (stationary sources) and disposal 2,53% 0,00% unstable sulfuric acid, as well as with other 4-Production processes 1-Combustion in pollutants to form aerosols. This property (stationary sources) energy and 0,07% transformation leads to its occurring in clouds, fog, rain industries (stationary sources) and aerosols. 93,82% Processes releasing largest amounts of sulfur dioxide coal combustion in electricity and heat production, industrial processes Diagram 1 operated in smelting plants, oil refineries, industries for wood pulp processing and Diagram confirms that 93,8% of the total production of paper, metal industry and amount of SO2 is released from fuels transport. combustion in the process of electricity Sulfur dioxide, forming ions in wet air, is and heat production, 3% is released from the reason for the formation of acid rains combustion plants in production industry. which cause damage in ecosystems. All Total emissions of SO2 distributed by this results in degradation of chlorophyll, SNAP sectors for the period 2004 to 2012. reduced photosynthesis and changed metabolism of proteins. Also, acid rains while settling down cause acidification of soils and waters and consequently loss of biodiversity, often far from the source of emission. With humans, it easily enters respiratory system and high concentrations

of SO2 can cause lungs and heart diseases. It is a strong irritant and known to aggravate symptoms of people suffering of asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and other lung Diagram 2 disorders. Diagram 2 indicates that, in 2012, total 3.1.1. Emissions of sulfur dioxide emissions of SO2 were below the national Proportional distribution of sulfur dioxide upper limit – ceiling which is 110 kilotons. emission by sectors for 2012 at the level of The upper limit – ceiling for SO2 was the Republic of Macedonia is presented on exceeded only in the period 2008-2009. Diagram 1. Also, it is evident that emissions of sulfur dioxide for 2012 compared to baseline year were reduced by 35%. This means that the requirements of the 1994 Protocol on sulfur Figure 1. State Automatic Air Quality Monitoring System were fulfilled, according to which emissions of sulfur dioxide should be reduced by 30% compared to 1990; also, the upper limit – 150 151 ceiling for 2010 was not exceeded according Diagram 3 indicates that the average ZZZ, Evropa, Srnichka and Ushe. The lowest Average annual concentration of SO2 to the requirements of the Gotheborg concentration of sulfur dioxide measured average annual concentration of sulfur 30 Protocol. With regard to trends, we may during winter period is higher than average dioxide was recorded at RHI amounting note that there were no major changes in annual concentration at all measuring 1.42 mg/m3, and the highest at Biro za 25 the emissions of sulfur dioxide originating points. No exceeding was recorded of the vrabotuvanje amounting 31.27 mg/m3. 20 3 m /

g 15

from electricity production, which is due to limit value for ecosystems protection with m In 2013, the number of allowed exceeding the fact that there were no major changes reference to average annual concentration 10 of the hourly limit value was not exceeded, in the consumption of coal in this sector. and average concentration in winter from health protection point of view, at 5 On the other side, SO2 emissions from fuels period, at any measuring point. The lowest any measuring station. 0 combustion in industry and administrative average annual concentration of sulfur 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 facilities were reduced, due to the use of dioxide was recorded at the measuring The allowed number of exceeding of the Diagram 5 crude oil with sulfur content up to 1%. point Kichevo amounting 0,67mg/m3, and daily limit value from health protection point of view was not exceeded at the highest one in Skopje at the measuring Data presented on the Diagram indicate 3.1.2. Sulfur dioxide in ambient 3 any measuring station of the MEPP’s point Centar with 6.16 mg/m . trend of reduction in SO2 concentrations, air monitoring network. The allowed number Data on average annual concentrations but as there is no trend of significant of exceeding of the daily limit value from Monitoring of the concentrations of SO2 and average annual concentrations in emissions reduction, we may assume that health protection point of view was not in ambient air is carried out by automatic winter period for sulfur dioxide from the there is some uncertainty in this trend. Part exceeded at any measuring station of the measuring instruments and manual monitoring networks of PHC Skopje and of the falling trend is caused by adaptation PHC Skopje and PHC Veles, either. measurements. Due to problems of regular Veles is shown on Diagram 4. of the zero level of instruments in the maintenance of monitoring stations, i.e. Diagram below presents average annual stations from 2008 further on. irregular provision of spare parts, there concentrations of SO2 for the period 2005 was lower data coverage for SO2 in 2013. to 2013, from the monitoring stations of the Therefore, the analysis took into account SAAQMS located in urban environments, data from those monitoring stations i.e. all monitoring stations having available reaching data coverage of 30 %. data with sufficient data coverage, except Data on average annual concentrations station in Lazaropole which represents and average annual concentrations in rural environment. winter period for sulfur dioxide for 2013 from the monitoring network of MEPP are presented on the next Diagram. Diagram 4

The average concentration of sulfur dioxide измерена in winter period is higher than the average annual concentration at all measuring points. Exceeding of the limit value for ecosystems protection with reference to average annual concentration and average concentration in winter period were recorded at the measuring points Biro za vrabotuvanje, Nova Naselba and Tunel. No exceedings were recorded at the Diagram 3 measuring points DDD, Dimo Hadzi-Dimov,

152 153 3.2. Nitrogen oxides NOx emissions by SNAP sectors for 2012 Overall emissions of NOx distributed by SNAP sectors for the period 2004 to 2012. 9-Waste treatment and disposal 8-Other mobile 10- Agriculture NO is red to brown gas often visible in 0,05% 2 sources and 1,06% polluted air in the main urban centres. machinery 4,48% 1-Combustion in This highly reactive gas is formed by energy and 7-Road transport transformation oxidation of nitrogen monoxide (NO). High 28,41% industries 4-Production (stationary concentrations of this pollutant cause sharp processes sources) (stationary 54,97% odour, while low concentrations cause sources) 0,09% odour similar to hydrogen. NO2 is formed 3-Combustion in manufacturing during the processes of combustion, and in industry 2-Non-industrial (stationary combustion plants the presence of light NO by photochemical sources) (stationary 8,49% sources) reaction turns into NO . 2,44% 2 Diagram 6 NO is formed by reaction between N2 and O2 at high temperature, mostly in The Diagram shows that the greatest installations for electricity production in emissions of nitrogen oxides are released which fossil fuels burn, in incinerators, etc. in electricity production (54.97%), road However, the main source of NO are the transport (28.41%) and combustion in outlet steams from automobile engines. manufacturing industry with 8.49 %. At high concentrations, NO may react with hemoglobin in blood and prevent transfer of oxygen, as is done by CO. Nevertheless, Diagram 7 such high concentrations of NO can rarely be reached in polluted air. The main role Diagram 7 indicates that in 2012, the overall emissions of NOx were below the National of NO as pollutant is that it is precursor for ceiling being 39 kilotons. The ceiling for NOx was exceeded only in 2008 and 2011. obtaining other pollutants. Furthermore, it is evident that emissions of nitrogen oxides for 2012 compared to Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are mixture of baseline year (1987) have decreased by 20%. This means that the requirements of the nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide and they occur as a result of natural impacts or human activities. Natural sources of NOx include thunders, as well as biological and abiological processes in soil. The biggest anthropogenic sources of NO2 are combustion processes at high temperatures (like those going on in automobiles), combustion of coal, oil and diesel, domestic fireplaces and waste incineration. 3.2.1. Nitrogen oxides emissions Proportional distribution of nitrogen oxide emissions by SNAP sectors for 2012 at the level of the Republic of Macedonia is shown on Diagram 6.

154 155 old NOx Protocol have been met (not to nitrogen dioxide was recorded in Mrshevci higher concentrations of nitrogen dioxide positioned in area where there is no nearby exceed the emission of the baseline year) of 2.12 mg/m3, and the highest value in are measured in Skopje, during winter source of pollution which affects measured and the ceiling for 2010 was not exceeded Skopje at the measuring point Centar - period when episodes of high pollution concentrations directly. In conclusion, the in accordance with the requirements of the 36.94 mg/m3. occur, because the surrounding mountains impact of traffic on the average annual Gothenburg Protocol. With reference to prevent dispersion of pollution in distanced concentration of nitrogen dioxide is around In 2013, the number of permissible the trend, it should be underlined that data areas. The minimum annual average 30%. exceeding of hourly limit value used was for the period 2008-2012 for the concentration of NO2 was recorded at the The next Diagram shows 24 hourly sector of electricity and heat production (18 hours) from health protection point of measuring points positioned in suburban distribution of NO concentrations from the measured concentrations by view was not exceeded at any measuring environments (Veles 1 and Mrshevci). 2 measured in 2013 by automatic monitoring installations, while for preceding years – point in the country. Exceeding of hourly However, we should point out that the stations. Namely, we may note that the calculations were used based on emission limit value recorded in Gazi Baba (7 times), trend of reduction of nitrogen dioxide measured concentrations presented on the factor and therefore emissions are lower. Lisiche (once) and Tetovo (15 times) was concentrations is not that rapid as indicated Diagram produce curves with two peaks, during winter period during fog occurrence by data presented from measurements. with one peak occurring in morning hours 3.2.2. Nitrogen oxides in ambient and temperature inversion. This situation results from insufficient around the start of the working hours, air portion of nitrogen dioxide data coverage. The next Diagram shows average, maximum and the second peak occurs in afternoon NO2 in ambient air is monitored by the and minimum annual concentration of In order to determine the effect of traffic hours by the end of working hours when automatic monitoring stations of the nitrogen dioxide for the period 2005 to on the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide the frequency of the traffic is the highest. Ministry of Environment and Physical 2013, taking into account the data available in ambient air, the next Diagram shows This also indicates that emissions of Planning. Due to problems in regular from the conducted measurements at 16 average annual concentrations from the this pollutant from traffic contribute maintenance of the monitoring stations, measuring points positioned in urban and two monitoring stations in Skopje, one significantly to its concentrations in i.e. irregular procurement of spare parts, suburban environments. positioned in the centre of the city at ambient air. there was lower coverage with data on frequent cross-road, i.e. station Centar, and 24 hour distribution of concentrations of NO2 in 2013. Therefore, the analysis took Average, minimum and maximum the other positioned in urban background NO2 into account data from the stations with annual concentration of nitrogen dioxide environment in the yard of the Primary 50 more than 30 % data coverage. 30 School “Petar Pop Arsov”, Karposh station, 45 40 Average annual concentration of nitrogen 25 for 2012 and 2013. 35 30 dioxide for 2013 20 Average annual concentrations of NO 3 25 m

2 / 3 g µ m 20 /

g 15

m 15

10 10 36,94 2013 5 5 24,70 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 0 h Bitola 1 Centar Gazi Baba Karposh Lisiche 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Miladinovci Rektorat Tetovo Veles 2 43,11 2012 Diagram 11 Diagram 9 30,04

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Based on the analysis of data from nitrogen mg/m3

oxides monitoring, we may conclude that Centar, traﬁc station Karposh, urban background

Diagram 8 concentrations of NO2 were the highest at the measuring points in Skopje, especially Diagram 10 The average annual concentration of those set to measure pollution mainly from Data presented on Diagram 10 indicate nitrogen dioxide related to limit value for traffic (Rektorat and Centar) with exceeding that the station monitoring pollution human health protection was not exceeded of annual limit value. This is due to high from the traffic measured average annual at any measuring point in the country. The frequency of traffic in the capitol of the concentrations of NO by 12.24 mg/m3 and lowest average annual concentration of Republic of Macedonia which is one of the 2 13.07 mg/m3 higher compared to station main sources of this pollutant. Additionally, 156 157 3.3. Suspended particulate matters suspended particulate matters (TSP). PM10 of nose and throat, damage to lungs, PM10 emissions by SNAP sectors for 2012 are coarse particles with a size up to 10 bronchitis, cardiovascular diseases and 8-Other mobile 9-Waste (PM10, PM2.5, TSP) sources and treatment and 10- Agriculture micrometers, while PM are the so called mortality. machinery disposal 2,32% 1-Combustion in 2.5 0,27% 7-Road transport 0,17% energy and transformation Suspended particulate matters are 4-Production 0,09% fine particles with a size lower than or industries processes Suspended particulate matters originate (stationary complex heterogeneous mixture of solid (stationary equal to 2.5 micrometers. sources) sources) from natural and anthropogenic sources. 8,32% and liquid particles differing in size, form, 6,23% Anthropogenic sources include combustion colour, chemical composition, physical 3-Combustion in manufacturing 2-Non-industrial of fuels in thermal power plants, waste industry characteristics and origin. These particles in combustion (stationary plants (stationary incineration, households heating, as well sources) the air are categorized in accordance with sources) 6,41% their size and are one of the main sources as combustion of fuels in vehicles. In cities, 76,19% for visibility reduction. emissions from vehicles, re-suspension of dust from roads and burning of wood, fuel Diagram 13 Big particles with diameter above 10 or coal for homes heating represent the micrometers are classified as total most significant local sources. Diagram 12 indicates that predominant 3.3.1. Emission of suspended sources of total dust are the processes of particulate matters heat and electricity production, as well as manufacturing processes. Diagrams 13 and Proportional distribution of total solid 14 indicate that the highest percentage of particulate matters and particulate emission originates from non-industrial matters up to 10 micrometers and up to facilities. This SNAP sector includes

2.5 micrometers (PM10 and PM2.5) by SNAP emissions from homes and administrative sectors for 2012, at the level of the Republic buildings heating. Production facilities of Macedonia is shown on the next three especially in the area of metallurgy and Diagrams. electricity production facilities have Total particulate emissions for 2012 significant contribution. Traffic at national level contributes to the emission of these 1-Combustion in energy and pollutants. However, it should be noted transformation 9-Waste treatment industries that distribution of sources of emission on and disposal 10- Agriculture (stationary sources) 0,10% 17,37% 9,13% local level is diverse. This is important for 8-Other mobile sources and 2-Non-industrial the capitol where frequency of traffic is machinery combustion plants 15,10% (stationary sources) 38,42% very high and contribution of this source 4-Production processes 7-Road transport is much higher than the estimated one at (stationary sources) 2,44% 13,81% 3-Combustion in national level. Figure 1. Illustration of the size of PM10 and PM2.5 manufacturing industry (stationary sources) PM2.5 emissions by SNAP sectors for 2012 3,63% 7-Road transport 9-Waste treatment Suspended particulate matters, generally known as aerosols, can be also categorized as 2,47% and disposal 8-Other mobile Diagram 12 0,09% primary and secondary particulate matters. Primary particulate matters come directly 6-Solvent and other sources and product use machinery 0,00% 0,12% into the atmosphere (e.g. from chimneys), while secondary particulate matters form 4-Production 1-Combustion in processes energy and in the atmosphere with oxidation and transformation of emissions of primary gaseous (stationary sources) transformation 33,84% industries substances. Emissions of gaseous substances that take part in the formation of particulate (stationary sources) matters are also known as precursor gases. The best known precursor gases for secondary 54,07% particulate matters are SO2, NOX, NH3 and VOCs (volatile organic compounds, class of chemical compounds the molecules of which contain carbon). 3-Combustion in manufacturing industry (stationary 2-Non-industrial Exposure of humans to suspended particulate matters can affect their health, so that sources) combustion plants 2,41% (stationary sources) they can be inhaled and penetrate thoracic region of respiratory tract and cause irritation 7,01% Diagram 14 158 159 The number of exceeding of the daily limit Annual distribution of concentrations of Based on data presented on Diagrams 3.3.2. PM10 and PM2.5 in ambient value for 2013 PM 18 and 19, we may conclude that the air 10 350 number of exceeded average daily limit 300 Monitoring of PM10 in ambient air has value is significantly higher compared of been carried out in the frames of the State 250 permissible number of exceeding of 35 200 3 m

Automatic Air Quality Monitoring System / g

µ days in the course of a year. We should

150 0 1 M since December 2002, followed by gradual P 100 mention that most of the cases of exceeded establishment of 17 measuring points, 50 average daily limit value occur during while the monitoring of PM started by 0 2.5 January February March April May June July August September October November December winter period. It can be also noted that the end of 2011 at two measuring points month Bitola 1 Centar Karposh Kichevo Lazaropole throughout the analyzed period from 2005 in Skopje. Lisiche Miladinovci Rektorat Tetovo Veles 2 to 2013, the average annual concentration

exceeded the annual limit value at all Owing to problems with regular Diagram 16 Diagram 17 maintenance of monitoring stations, such stations positioned in urban areas. From the Diagram, it is evident that there was as untimely procurement of spare parts, Diagram 16 indicates that in 2013 the The trend of the annual average concentration of PM and average a trend of decrease in the concentration data on PM10 for 2013 has lower coverage. number of permissible exceeding of 10 of PM in the period from 2005 to 2010. Therefore, the analysis took into account the daily limit value from human health number of exceeded average daily limit 10 Higher average annual concentrations have data from stations where data coverage protection point of view was exceeded at all value in urban and suburban areas in been measured during the last three years, was above 30 %. measuring stations except the measuring Macedonia, for the period 2005 to 2013 250 250 resulting from higher number of days with station positioned in the village Lazaropole. PM10 200 200 s exceeded average daily limit value. e c a n

High concentrations of this pollutant d Average annual concentrations of PM for e 10 150 150 e c

x РМ e

2.5 f

originate from combustion of fuel in o 2013. r 3 e m 100 100 b / m g

vehicles, industrial production processes u Annual distributions of concentrations of m n 50 50 and central heating plants. This situation PM2.5 and PM10 for 2013 for the measuring

is especially stressed during winter period 0 0 points Karposh and Centar when increase in the concentration of 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 250 these particulate matters is also under Number of exceedances of average daily LV of 50 micrograms per cubic meter annual average concentration the influence of homes heating, as well 200 as climate and meteorological conditions. Diagram 18 3 150 m Influence of weather conditions is especially µ g / The number of exceeded average daily notable in valleys where fog occurs, there 100 limit value for PM10 at several selected is insufficient air circulation to blow away 50 stations positioned at places with higher Diagram 15 the pollution and there is temperature pollution in urban environments, for the 0 inversion, too. January February March April May June July August September October November December The average annual concentration relative period 2005 to 2013 PM2.5 PM10 The next Diagram shows annual 350 Diagram 20 to the annual limit value for human health distribution of the concentrations of PM , 300 protection has not been exceeded only in 10

s 250 e

and it is evident that there are higher c a n

the village Lazaropole. The lowest average d e

e 200

concentrations of this polluting substance c x e

annual concentration for РМ10 was f o

during winter period (November-February) r 150 3 e b measured in Lazaropole being 21.36 mg/m m u compared to other seasons. n 100 and the highest one in Tetovo with 139.59 mg/m3. 50 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Lisiche Rektorat Veles - 2 Tetovo

Diagram 19 160 161 Annual distribution of concentrations of Average annual concentration of PM2.5 3.3.3. Carbon monoxide (CO) Carbon monoxide reduces significantly the PM and PM for 2013 metering point from the measuring points Karposh and capacity of the blood to transport oxygen to 2.5 10 CO is colourless toxic gas with no smell Karposh Centar for 2012 and 2013 the tissues of the body and blocks different and taste. 80% of the carbon monoxide important biochemical reactions in cell. 44,6 250 present in the atmosphere comes from 2013 Carbon monoxide is fatal gas as it replaces 24,03 natural sources. The rest of 20% originates 200 molecules of О2 which are normally bound from human activities, such as incomplete to atoms of Fe in blood hemoglobin.

3 150 m / 51,93 combustion of liquid and solid fuels, such g µ 2012 as oil, coal and wood. Primary sources of Symptoms of poisoning with carbon 100 50,53 this pollutant are exhausted gases from monoxide are the same as those occurring 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 automobiles, industrial processes (such in oxygen deficiency. All, except the most mg/m3 0 as processing of metals and chemical severe cases, are reversible though the January February March April May June July August September October November December Centar, traﬁc station Karposh, urban background production), incomplete burning of solid process might be slow. The best antidote is PM2.5 PM10 Diagram 21 Diagram 22 waste, domestic fire places and forest fires. intake of oxygen. CO has the property of photochemical Artificial respiration can also help in cases Measurements in Skopje showed that Diagram indicates that concentration of effect by which it participates in the where clean oxygen is not available. concentrations of PM2.5 reached around PM2.5 in 2012 was higher compared to formation of ground ozone О . 70-80 % of the concentrations of PM both concentrations for 2013. Furthermore, 3 Chronic exposure to CO, even to low 10 Namely, pollution with carbon monoxide in the city centre and background station higher concentrations of PM2.5 were levels, such as in case of smoking, creates Karposh. The average annual concentration measured at the measuring point Centar is the greatest threat to urban areas with additional effort for the heart and increases m 3 dense flow of traffic. Millions of tons of this of PM2.5 is 44.6 g/m in Centar and 24.03 than at the background station Karposh the chances for heart attack. Carbon mg/m3 in Karposh, while the average in 2012. On the other side, owing to lower invisible but fatal gas are released in the monoxide reduces the ability of blood to m atmosphere every year and 75% originate annual concentration of PM10 is 76.26 g/ data coverage by the monitoring station transport oxygen and consequently the m3 in Centar and 65.10 mg/m3 in Karposh. Karposh in 2013, i.e. non-operation of the from exhaust gases of automobiles. On heart has to work harder to supply tissues It can be noted that the trend of measured instrument from August by the end of 2013, the streets and in parking garages, the with oxygen. concentrations of PM follows the trend it was significantly lower compared to 2012 levels of threat are exceeded in most of the 2.5 Dangerous levels of carbon monoxide gas of PM , or the highest concentrations are when data coverage was above 90%. time. These concentrations do not cause 10 can be present in crowded parking garages measured during winter period. instant death, but long-term exposure may cause physical and mental disorders. or in tunnels.

162 163 Emissions of carbon monoxide traffic, resulting from the introduction Average, the maximum and the minimum from anthropogenic factors. Ozone is of catalytic converters. As far as CO annual concentration of carbon monoxide generated naturally in higher layers of Quantities of emissions of carbon emissions from non-industrial combusting for the period 2005 to 2013, taking atmosphere where it forms 20 km thick monoxide for 2012 by SNAP sectors installations are concerned, slight decrease into account measurements of carbon ozone layer positioned at a height of 25- has been recorded during the last several monoxide from all measuring stations in 30 km. In this part, ozone concentration is 8-Other mobile 9-Waste treatment sources and and disposal 1-Combustion in years. However, major reduction in the country very high compared to lower layers of the machinery 0,01% energy and 0,22% transformation this sector has not been noted due to 6 atmosphere (troposphere). Ozone absorbs industries (stationary sources) incomplete combustion of fuels used by 5 harmful UV radiation from the sun and in 5,13% 6-Solvent and other 7-Road transport households and administrative institutions, this way the ozone layer protects life on product use 32,09% 4 0,00% especially when using fire wood. Earth. Ultra violet radiation invisible to man 3 3

4-Production m /

2-Non-industrial g affects living beings. Additionally, radiation processes combustion plants Carbon monoxide in ambient air m 2 (stationary sources) (stationary sources) 0,22% with waves length of 230 to 290 nm, called 55,81% CO in ambient air is monitored by automatic 1 3-Combustion in UV–radiation, causes burns and can also manufacturing industry monitoring stations of the Ministry of 0 (stationary sources) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 cause sight damage and skin cancer and 6,52% Environment and Physical Planning. Due average annual concentrations Max Min this radiation is partially absorbed by to problems in regular maintenance of ozone. Consequently, the overall amount Diagram 23 Diagram 26 the monitoring stations, i.e. irregular of UV radiation reaching the Earth surface procurement of spare parts, there was The highest percentage of the emission of Diagram 26 indicates that in the period is conditioned by the concentration of O3 lower coverage with data on CO in 2013. carbon monoxide originates from the sector 2005 to 2008, there was a trend of increase in ozone layer. Therefore, it is necessary Therefore, the analysis took into account of non-industrial combusting installations of carbon monoxide concentrations, to maintain appropriate concentration of data from the stations with more than 30 (households and administrative facilities – while after 2008 up to 2013 there was ozone in ozone layer. % data coverage. 55.81%) and sector relating to emissions reduction in measured concentrations of Nevertheless, higher concentrations of from road traffic (32.09%). This is most Мaximum daily eight hour average values this pollutants, but as there has been no ground ozone O3, formed by photochemical probably due to incomplete combustion of carbon monoxide in 2013 trend of significant reduction in emissions, reactions involving NOX, VOCs and other of solid and liquid fuels used in these two we may assume that there has been some compounds and ozone precursors in the sectors. uncertainty in this trend. Part of the trend of presence of solar light can cause harmful Total CO emissions for the period 2004- reduction was caused upon the adjustment effects in humans and environment. These 2012 of the instruments at zero level in the photochemical reactions usually occur stations in 2008 onwards. Maximum annual during warm summer months as ultra 100 Combustion in energy and transformation industries (stationary sources) concentrations were measured in Skopje at violet radiation of sun initiates consequent 90 Non-industrial combustion plants (stationary sources) 80 the measuring points in Centar and Lisiche, photochemical reactions. Ozone is also Combustion in manufacturing industry (stationary sources) 70 and minimum concentration was measured key ingredient of urban smog. The main 60 Production processes (stationary sources)

a r in Kumanovo. Higher concentrations of

e sources of NO and VOCs are the exhaust y 50 X / Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels and geothermal t

k energy 40 carbon monoxide were recorded in Skopje gases of motors, emissions of industrial Solvent and other product use Diagram 25 30 because the contribution of the traffic in plants, steams from benzene, chemical Road transport 20 the capitol to emissions of this pollutant solvents and biogenetic emissions from 10 Other mobile sources and machinery Diagram 25 indicates that the maximum 0 compared to other cities is much bigger. natural sources. Ground ozone O3 can also 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 daily eight hour average values of carbon monoxide concentrations exceed the limit 3.3.4. Ozone be transported at longer distance under value for human health protection only at adequate meteorological conditions. Diagram 24 Ozone is a gas composed of three atoms the measuring point Lisiche in Skopje, which Even rural areas are prone to increased of oxygen – О , with specific smell and is due to emissions from traffic, as well as 3 levels of ozone, because wind takes ozone Compared to 1990, carbon monoxide higher reactive ability. It is present in emissions from non-industrial combusting and polluting substances to hundreds of emissions have reduced by 26.17%. In the troposphere and stratosphere. Minor part facilities (households and administrative kilometers away from the sources that period 2004-2012, there was fall in carbon of the quantity of troposphere ozone is institutions). generate them. Furthermore, organic monoxide emissions, especially from the generated naturally, while major part 164 165 compounds released from forest areas, Ministry of Environment and Physical Karposh. of ozone concentrations at the measuring influence ozone formation. However, its Planning. Due to problems in regular point in the village Lazaropole positioned Long-term target for vegetation protection content is also affected by the part of the maintenance of the monitoring stations, at an altitude of 1300 m. for ozone in 2013 day (intensity of solar radiation) and yearly i.e. irregular procurement of spare parts, Number of exceeding the target value for seasons. The influence of the part of the there was lower coverage with data on O3 ozone day on the concentration of ozone is shown in 2013. Therefore, the analysis took into on the next Diagram. Namely, it is obvious account data from the stations with more 300

s 250 e

that the highest concentrations of ozone than 30 % data coverage. c n a d

e 200 e

occur in afternoon hours (13-15h), when c x e The number of exceeded target values for f o

r 150

solar radiation is the highest, too. e human health protection in 2013. b m u 24 hour distribution of concentrations of n 100 50 O3 160 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 140 Diagram 31

120 Urban environment Rural environment

100

3 Long-term target for vegetation protection

m 80

µ g / Diagram 32 was exceeded at the measuring points 60

40 Miladinovci, Kochani, Veles 2, Bitola 1, АОТ 40 20 Tetovo, Lazaropole, Centar and Karposh.

0 80000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 3 h АОТ40 expressed in mg/m x hours, which 70000 Bitola 1 Centar Karposh Kichevo Kochani Lazaropole Lisiche Miladinovci Rektorat Tetovo Veles 2 Diagram 29 means the sum of the difference between 60000 50000

m h hourly concentrations higher than 80 g/ * 40000 3

The Diagram indicates that the number of m Diagram 27 3 3 / m (= 40th parts of billion) and 80 mg/m g 30000 exceeded target value for human health m during analyzed period May-July. One hour 20000 Highest concentrations of this pollutant protection was exceeded at the measuring 10000 values measured every day between 8:00 are also recorded in spring and summer, points in Kochani, Tetovo, Lazaropole and 0 in the morning and 20:00 in the evening 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 while the lowest concentrations occur Skopje at the measuring point in Karposh. by Central European Time are taken into Urban environment Rural environment during winter period as shown on the next Long-term target for human health account, when there is highest solar Diagram. Diagram 33 protection for ozone in 2013 radiation. Exceeding of long-term targets Annual distribution of concentrations of for ozone during 2013 in our country Based on data presented on Diagram 32, O3 are due to geographical position in the we may conclude that the permissible southern part of Europe characterized with 160 number of exceeding of 25 days has been high number of sunny days during summer 140 slightly exceeded in urban areas, while the 120 period. number of days with exceeded target value

100 3 m g /

µ for human health protection is very high.

3 Diagram 32 shows the average number of

O 80 exceeding of the target value for ozone in Furthermore, Diagram indicates that in the 60

40 the period 2005 to 2013, while Diagram period 2005 to 2013 there was a falling

20 33 shows АОТ40 that is comparable trend in the number of days with exceeded

0 January February March April May June July August September October November December Diagram 30 with the long-term target for vegetation target value for ozone in Lazaropole, and Bitola 1 Centar Karposh Kichevo Kochani Lazaropole Lisiche Miladinovci Rektorat Tetovo protection in the same period in urban slight rising trend in urban areas in the Diagram 28 Long-term target for human health areas, taking into account measurements period 2005 to 2008, and after 2008 up to protection was exceeded at the measuring from the monitoring stations positioned 2013 falling trend was recorded. Diagram Ozone in ambient air is monitored by points Miladinovci, Kochani, Veles – 2, in several cities in the country and in rural 33 leads to the conclusion that long term automatic monitoring stations of the Bitola 1, Tetovo, Lazaropole, Centar and areas, taking into account measurements target for vegetation protection of 6000

166 167 mg/m3 * h was slightly exceeded in urban The share of SNAP sectors in emission of Total emissions of NMVOC for the period 2004-2012 areas, while significant exceeding was non-methane volatile organic compounds recorded in Lazaropole representing rural 1-Combustion in 2-Non-industrial energy and combustion plants (stationary sources) 9-Waste treatment transformation areas in the country. It can be reaffirmed 23,34% and disposal industries 0,40% (stationary sources) 3-Combustion in 10- Agriculture again that the impact of organic compounds 8-Other mobile 0,37% manufacturing sources and 14,80% industry (stationary released in forest areas on ozone formation machinery sources) 0,42% 7-Road transport 1,40% 15,93% is significant, especially during summer 4-Production processes period at higher solar radiation. 6-Solvent and other (stationary sources) product use 3,75% 19,17% 5-Extraction and 3.3.5. Non-methane volatile distribution of fossil fuels and geothermal energy organic compounds 20,42% (NMVOC) Non-methane volatile organic compounds Diagram 34 make a wide spectrum of organic substances The highest percentage of the emission except methane which at a temperature of non-methane volatile organic of 273.15 К manifest steam pressure of compounds originates from the sector at least 0.01 kPa, or appropriate volatility of fuel combustion in non-industrial under given applicable conditions. facilities (23.34%), followed by the sector These substances influence the of extraction and distribution of fossil concentration of tropospheric ozone and fuels and geothermal energy (20.42%), contribute to the effect of greenhouse and use of solvents (19.17%), road transport formation of ozone holes. They are mostly (15.93%) and agricultural sector (14.8%). released in processes involving application This indicates that there are no dominant Diagram 35 of dyes, lacquers, pesticides, polishing sectors of emission in the country in the The Diagram shows that emissions of does not have harmful effects. Therefore, products and other solvents and products. case of these pollutants. NMVOC reduced by 36% compared to concentrations of benzene in ambient air Another important source of emission 1988 and thus the requirements of the should be minimized in order to minimize of these pollutants is transport, as well old VOC Protocol протокол (reduction of the risk. as processes of fuels combustion in heat 1988 emissions by 30%) were fulfilled. In The most important sources of benzene production. the period 2004-2012, there was real drop are transport (benzene is component of of the emissions of these substances only These pollutants have harmful impact on motor fuels) and homes heating. Highest from the sector use of solvents, or more the functioning of ecosystems, and cause concentrations of benzene may be found in precisely from the process of printing reduced commercial productivity of forests urban locations near high frequency roads. and fogginess. With regard to people, due to reduced use of ink. Furthermore, higher concentrations of NMVOC cause during the last three years, no exceeding of In the frames of the State Automatic irritation of lungs and increased sensitivity emissions was recorded on national level Ambient Air Quality System, air is measured to respiratory infections and asthma. above the ceiling which was 30 kilotons. at two locations in Skopje, in Centar and Karposh, since the end of 2011. Emissions of Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) NMVOC - Benzene in ambient air Benzene is volatile organic compound which may have carcinogenic effects on people. According to available knowledge, there is no threshold under which benzene

168 169 170 171 Average annual concentrations of benzene eutrophication which disrupts natural from the measuring points Centar and ecosystems, reduces the growth rate and Karposh for 2012 and 2013 morphological development, while at very high concentrations it is toxic for fish and other aquatic organisms. High ammonia concentrations with people may cause eye and respiratory tract irritations and increased blood pressure.

NH3 emissions by SNAP sectors for 2012

2-Non-industrial 7-Road 9-Waste combustion plants transport treatment and (stationary sources)… 2,53% disposal…

Diagram 36

The Diagram shows that the annual limit value for human health protection was slightly exceeded at the measuring point 10- Agriculture in Centar for 2013. Limit value for 2012 97,00% was not exceeded at both measuring points, though higher concentration Diagram 37 measured at the measuring point Karposh was due to insufficient data coverage. As indicated in 37, almost entire identified Higher concentration of benzene for the emission of ammonia originates from measuring point Centar for 2013 was due agricultural sector (97%), most of which to the fact that the station measuring air from cows breeding, and around 2.53% pollution from traffic is positioned at highly from traffic. frequent cross-road in the city centre where concentrations of benzene are higher. Stations in Karposh on the other side measures air pollution in so called urban background and therefore benzene concentrations are lower.

3.3.6. Ammonia (NH3) Emissions of ammonia originate mainly from activities performed in agriculture, such as livestock breeding, etheric fermentation especially from larger farms, use of fertilizers and unregulated waste burning on open areas. With reference to environment, high concentrations of this pollutant may cause 172 173 Total emissions of NH3 from agriculture for the period 2001-2012 year in the air during metal smelting processes, production of iron and steel, production of electricity, cement industry, burning Emissions of Pb with SNAP sectors for of waste and inadequate treatment of 2012

9-Waste treatment electrical equipment and fluorescent 6-Solvent and other 1-Combustion in 7-Road transport and disposal product use energy and 0,18% 0,09% lamps. 0,00% transformation industries 8-Other mobile (stationary sources) sources and 16,00% With reference to air quality, Decree on machinery 0,16% limit values, besides cadmium, includes 2-Non-industrial combustion plants arsenic and nickel as well. Sources of arsenic (stationary sources) 6,77% 3-Combustion in (As) are combustion of gas, coal, oil, mining manufacturing industry (stationary activities including smelting, production of 4-Production sources) processes 6,34% steel, fossil fuels combustion, production of (stationary sources) 70,46% geothermal energy, phosphate fertilizers, and pesticides. Sources of nickel (Ni) Diagram 40 are combustion of gas, coal, oil, mining activities including smelting, fossil fuels Emissions of Ni with SNAP sectors for 2012 8-Other mobile 7-Road transport sources and combustion, oil refining, sewerage sludge, 9-Waste treatment 0,66% machinery and disposal 3,63% 4-Production 0,00% and combustion of diesel in motor vehicles. processes (stationary sources) 2,72% 1-Combustion in Emissions of heavy metals energy and Diagram 38 transformation industries The greatest contribution to emissions of 3-Combustion in (stationary sources) manufacturing 46,98% With regard to emissions in the period may cause damages on kidneys, liver, industry (stationary heavy metals: lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), sources) 36,88% 2004-2012, agricultural sector noted slight nervous system, as well as circulation arsenic (Аs), nickel (Ni) and mercury (Hg) drop in NH3 emissions from livestock system in humans and animals. 2-Non-industrial (covered by national legislation) comes combustion plants breeding due to reduction in the number Additionally, certain heavy metals like (stationary sources) from processes of electricity production 9,12% of bred cows. Furthermore, we may note arsenic are carcinogenic. Heavy metals and production processes or metallurgy, Diagram 41 that throughout the reporting period, most often enter organisms through food, as well as small combustion facilities, as ammonia emissions are below the ceiling water or cigarets. Absorption through indicated on the next Diagrams showing Emissions of Cd with SNAP sectors for value for ammonia in 2010 amounting breathing is minor, but air has the main contributions of emission sources for 2012. 2012 12 kilotons. Compared to 1990 when role in the transfer of these pollutants in 8-Other mobile estimated ammonia emissions were 13.5 all environmental media. Heavy metals can Emissions of As with SNAP sectors for 2012 6-Solvent and other sources and product use machinery 7-Road transport 0,00% 0,15% 9-Waste treatment kilotons, reduction of ammonia was 20.5% be released in the air from high number of 2,65% 4-Production and disposal 9-Waste treatment processes 0,28% resulting from reduction in the number of sources. 4-Production 6-Solvent and and disposal (stationary sources) 0,05% bred livestock, especially sheep and cows. processes other product use 8-Other mobile 11,09% Protocol on heavy metals to the (stationary 0,00% sources and sources) machinery 3-Combustion in Convention on Transboundary Air Pollution 25,88% 0,05% manufacturing 3.3.7. Heavy metals 3-Combustion in industry (stationary manufacturing sources) Transfer covers lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) industry 4,63% 1-Combustion in The term ‘heavy metals’ refers to chemical (stationary energy and and mercury (Hg). The biggest sources sources) 1-Combustion in energy and 2-Non-industrial transformation combustion plants elements – metals having relatively 1,18% transformation industries industries of cadmium (Cd) are coal, oil, gas, mining (stationary sources) (stationary sources) (stationary sources) 2-Non-industrial 7,68% high thickness that are toxic at low 72,17% 73,51% activities including smelting, phosphate combustion plants (stationary concentrations. The group of heavy metals sources) fertilizers, sewerage sludge, motor vehicles 0,68% includes: mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), (tires and lubricating oils). Sources of lead Diagram 42 arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), thallium (Tl), (Pb) are coal, oil, mining activities including Diagram 39 nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb). smelting, gas combustion, sewerage At increased concentrations, heavy metals sludge, pesticides, and petrol combustion in motor vehicles. Mercury can be released 174 175 Having ratified the Protocol on heavy Average monthly concentrations for these concentrations of zinc (Zn) below which no Monthly average concentration of lead metals (Official Gazette of the Republic of heavy metals in the air negative environmental and human health 0,6 0,25 Macedonia no.135/2010), the Republic of impacts are expected, is 0.800 mg/m3. The 0,5 Macedonia undertook to reduce emissions 0,2 average annual concentration measured 0,4 of heavy metals (lead, cadmium and 0,15 at the measuring point Nova Naselba is 3

3 3 0,3 m m mercury) below the levels of 1990 taken 0.1944 mg/m , which means that the value / / g g 0,1 m m 3 as baseline year. Compared to 1990, of 0.800 mg/m has not been exceeded. 0,2 emissions of lead were reduced by 94% 0,05 The next Diagrams show average annual 0,1 or by 98 Gg, emissions of cadmium were 0 l t r r r r y y y y i e h l s r r r e e e e c a concentrations of cadmium, lead and zinc n u u r a a p b b b b 0 u J g a M u u J o A m m m r t u

reduced by 61% or 0.24 Gg, and emissions n M c e e e b 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 a A t c v J e

O measured in Veles in the period 2006 to p F o e D e N lead LV of mercury by 68% or by 0.64 Gg. S cadmium lead zinc 2013 compared to specified limit or target Diagram 45 The basic measure leading to such a high Diagram 43 values. reduction in lead was introduction of lead Average monthly concentrations of zinc Average monthly concentration of 1,4 free petrol, while reduction of all three The average value of lead (Pb) measured at cadmium 1,2 metals compared to 1990 is at the same the measuring point Nova Naselba for 2013 6 m 3 1 time due to the closure of Lead and Zinc was 0.1126 g/m , exceeding the annual 5 Smeltery in Veles in 2006. limit value for lead which was 0.5 mg/m3. 0,8 4 3 0,6 m / Heavy metals in ambient air The average annual value for cadmium (Cd) 3 g m

3 0,4 m /

measured at the measuring point Nova g

Veles n 2 0,2 Naselba for 2013 was 0.0012 mg/m3 and the During 2013, Public Health Centre – Veles 1 0 annual target value for cadmium which was 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 carried out survey of the concentrations of 0.005 mg/m3 or 5 ng/m3 was not exceeded. 0 zinc mg/m3 lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) in the 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 cadmium ng/m3 TV Diagram 46 air at the measuring point Nova Naselba in According to experimental, scientific and Veles. expert analyses, the optimal value for the Diagram 44

176 177 Data presented on Diagrams 44, 45 and 46 lead to the conclusion that there has been no Target value for nickel was exceeded at all significantly increased concentrations of exceeding of specified limit value for lead in the analyzed period, exceeding was recorded measuring points except at the measuring PM10. Exceeding of the average annual for the target value for cadmium only in 2007 година, and the optimal value for zinc was point in Zelenikovo. Target value for concentration for nitrogen dioxide was exceeded only in 2007. arsenic has not been exceeded at any of recorded only in Skopje and this was due to the measuring points. Concentrations of the highest frequency of traffic, operation Skopje cadmium were below the specified limit of heating plants and industrial facilities. value. Limit value for lead has not been In the City of Skopje, measuring of heavy metals were performed during 2013 ay five Emissions of nitrogen oxides compared to exceeded at any of the measuring points. specific locations, i.e. industrial, urban, urban background, rural and environment 1987 decreased by 23%, and compared to dominated by traffic impact, in the frames of four measuring campaigns in the period 1990 by 20%. In 2012, emissions of NOx between June 2013 to January 2014. Duration of each measuring campaign was five 4. Brief assessment and (35 Gg) were below national ceiling value. weeks. possible development However, no significant drop in emissions Lead Zinc Nickel Arsenic Cadmium was recorded in the observed period, Pollutant/ measuring point (Pb) (Zn) (Ni) (As) (Cd) 4.1. Particulate matters which suggests that measures should be ng/m3 mg/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3 Measurements of air quality conducted in undertaken to reduce this pollutant in Gjorche Petrov 0,013 0,82 81,37 2,91 0,73 the period 2005 – 2013 show exceeding of order to fulfill the requirements of the Zelenikovo 0,006 0,93 13,38 2,21 1,03 limit values for particulate matters bigger Goteborg Protocol and meet projections Aerodrom 0,0041 1,255 70,10 3,77 1,52 than 10 micrometers in all major cities set in the National phase-out plan. Centar 0,026 0,79 26,16 3,32 0,85 where pollution is measured. Also, values Gazi Baba 0,020 1,63 20,30 4,23 2,65 4.3. Ozone measured for the concentration of PM2.5 Target value 0,5 20 6 5 On the basis of processed data on ozone follow the trend of the values for PM10, and highest concentrations of both types for the period 2005 to 2013, it may be of particulate matters, as expected, are concluded that the target value for human recorded during winter period. Highest health protection in urban areas has been slightly exceeded, while in the rural area concentrations of PM10 were measured in Skopje as the biggest urban area in Lazaropole this target value was exceeded the country with the highest number of in most of the days, ranging from 98 days in population, frequency of vehicles and high 2010 to 276 days in 2006. Long-term target number of industrial facilities contributing for vegetation protection follows the trend to pollution. Geographical position of of the target value. Skopje is such that the city spreads along Exceeding of target values for ozone the valley where in case of fog occurrence result from high concentrations of ozone there is not sufficient air circulation to occurring in summer period at stronger take pollution away and there is also a solar radiation is specific to our country phenomenon of temperature inversion. due to its geographical position. Emission inventory shows that there was no significant reduction in dust emissions in the period 2004 to 2012 indicating he 4.4. Non-methane volatile organic fact that measures are needed to reduce substances this pollutant. Compared to 1988, emissions of NMVOC 4.2. Nitrogen oxides decreased by 36%. In the period 2010 to 2012, NMVOC emissions were below the Data from the measured concentrations national ceiling specified in accordance of nitrogen dioxide indicate exceeding of with Goteborg Protocol and Rulebook hourly limit value, especially in days with 178 179 on the quantities of the ceiling values of arise from emissions from installations for Centre for Crisis Management and then central heating plants (substitution of crude pollutants emission. metal production and processing situated distributed to relevant institutions and oil with gas and introduction of burners close to the measuring point. Compared to media. with low Nox emissions). Reduction of NOx From among non-methane volatile organic lead which was below the limit value, the emissions by 9.5 kilotons will be possible in compounds, measurements of benzene in Considering that the greatest share in target value for nickel was exceeded at all the period 2012-2020 by implementation ambient air were conducted in the period the emission of these substances belongs measuring points. of the measures in the energy sector 2012 and 2013, Measured concentrations to non-combustion facilities, such as as specified in the National Plan for Air range around target value indicating the We may conclude that emissions of administrative institutions and households Protection concerning development fact that more significant measures for heavy metals, especially lead, decreased (34% for PM , and 76% for PM ), reduction 10 2.5 and putting into operation of hydro these pollutants reduction should be compared to previous years. Nevertheless, in particulate matters emissions, especially power plants, wind farms for electricity undertaken. given the fact that most of the heavy during winter period, can be achieved by production, as well as modernization of metals are carcinogenic, it is necessary to promoting public awareness which requires installations for electricity production. 4.5. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) undertake measures for their reduction, organization of major campaigns, public Concentrations of sulfur dioxide are far especially by installations for production awareness raising among the youngest Reduction of NOx, as well as CO, can be below the limit value at all measuring and processing of metals, alloys and generations, campaigns for proper use achieved through application of measures points. However, it should be noted ferro-alloys, considering that processes of fuels in households, as well as greater to reduce emissions from transport (share that the most significant contribution to of these installations make the greatest involvement of media. of NOx emissions is 28%, and of CO - 32%). contribution to emissions of lead, arsenic, Measures are defined in the National Plan sulfur dioxide emissions originates from However, it should be underlined that cadmium and nickel. for Air Protection and concern renewal of the process of coal combustion (which short-term measures can achieve short- vehicle fleet through use of vehicles with contains high percentage of sulfur) for lived mitigation of the state, i.e. minimum 4.8. Ammonia (NH3) higher EURO standards, cancelation of old electricity production. This pollution also reduction in the concentrations of vehicles import, improvement of the quality causes acidification in soil and waters and Agriculture has the greatest contribution particulate matters. To achieve limit values of liquid fuels, as well as improvement of has transboundary effect on air pollution. to ammonia emission with 98%. During for PM specified in the national legislation, 10 public transport. These measures will have the whole observed period, there was it is necessary to implement medium 4.6. Carbon monoxide (CO) particular effect on the emissions of NOx in no exceeding in the ceiling value of this and long term measures for reduction the agglomeration of Skopje region where Concentrations of carbon monoxide are pollutant being 12 kilotons. However, as proposed in the National Plan for Air traffic caused pollution is the highest due below the limit value at all measuring the Republic of Macedonia as Party Protection concerning mainly gasification to the greatest traffic frequency. In parallel points. Furthermore, slight drop in the to Gothenburg Protocol is obliged to of the City of Skopje and at the level of the with the reduction of nitrogen oxides, emissions of this pollutant has been undertake strategies and measures Republic of Macedonia, implementation concentration of secondary particulate recorded for the last several years and specified in the National Plan for Air of measures defined in A-IPPC permits or matters which participate in the formation their further reduction is expected. Protection and strategic documents and A-adjustment permit with adjustment plan, of the former should reduce, as will the programmes prepared by the Ministry of introduction of higher EURO standards 4.7. Heavy metals effect of eutrophication and the level of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy. for vehicles and increased utilization of ozone (О ). Data on measured concentrations of renewable energy sources. 3 cadmium and lead in Veles does not show 5. Recommendations 5.3. Non-methane volatile organic exceeding of target or limit value for these 5.2. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) pollutants. However, the analysis made 5.1. Particulate matters (PM2.5 and substances PM ) Only by way of implementation of the of the results of the campaign conducted 10 measures for nitrogen oxides reduction it Given the fact that emission of these at five measuring points in the City of In cases of exceeded alert threshold, the will be possible to achieve gradual reduction substances does not have dominant sector, Skopje shows that the highest measured Inter-sectoral Working Group for air (IWG) of NOx. Due to the fact that the share of significant reduction in the emissions concentrations of cadmium and arsenic made recommendations and short-term electricity and heat producing installations of these substances will be achieved by were recorded at the measuring point measures for human health protection. in the overall emission of this pollutant application of the measures set in the Gazi Baba, though they do not exceed These recommendations and measures amounts 55%, it is necessary to proceed National Plan for Air Protection in the the target value. Higher concentrations are posted on the MEPP’s portal http:// with the implementation of the measures frames of the sectors energy, transport and of heavy metals at this measuring point airquality.moepp.gov.mk and sent to the for NOx reduction initiated in 2014 in agriculture, as well as the measures to be 180 181 implemented with the enforcement of the monoxide is precursor of ozone as it Law on VOC Emissions Control in the use of participates in its formation. petrol and other VOC Directives. Reduction Measures in the area of transport described of emissions from the sector of fossil fuels in the preceding chapter will contribute to extraction and distribution will be enabled the reduction of traffic caused emissions. by substitution of the low quality coal As far as emissions from non-combustion from open pits with bio-fuels. With regard facilities are concerned, such as to emissions from solvents use sectors, administrative institutions and households, it is necessary to implement Directives those can be reduced by substitution of 1999/13/ЕC, 1994/63/ЕC, 2009/126/EC fuel used for heating, such as wood, coal and 2004/42/EC. It is primarily necessary and oil with natural gas, expected to take to finalize the transposition of these place upon the introduction of gasification Directives into the national legislation in the City of Skopje and at the level of the and initiate the implementation of the Republic of Macedonia. mentioned requirements from the relevant EU measures. These requirements concern 5.6. Heavy metals application of reduction scheme comprising Installations in the area of metallurgy which emissions from installations using NMVOCs possess A-IPPC permit or A-adjustment containing solvents, reduction of NMVOC permit with adjustment plan should apply content in dyes and coatings, control of their the best available techniques or measures emissions in petrol storage, distribution to defined in the permits concerning reduction the terminals of petrol stations and petrol of heavy metals emissions. However, filling in vehicle motors. apart from recommended application of for metals reduction in environment and 5.4. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) humans, it should be borne in mind that With regard to sulfur dioxide emission, the the main way of heavy metals absorption analysis of data indicated that it is necessary in living organisms is food and not air. to introduce the best available techniques in installations for electricity production, 5.7. Ammonia (NH3) given the fact that their contribution to To reduce the emissions of ammonia the emissions on national level amounts as which contribute to acidification and much as 94%. These measures will not only eutrophication, it is necessary to apply the contribute to the reduction of emissions on Code of Good Agricultural Practice through national level, but those will also contribute sustainable management and breeding of to the reduction of transboundary effect livestock and appropriate management of this pollutant causing acidification. By of organic and mineral fertilizers. These this, the requirements of CLRTAP and measures are defined are defined in Gothenburg Protocol, ratified by the strategic documents and programmes Republic of Macedonia will be fulfilled. prepared by the Ministry of Agriculture, 5.5. Carbon monoxide (CO) Forestry and Water Economy and set in the National Plan for Air Protection for the Concentrations of carbon monoxide period 2013-2018. are below limit values and should be maintained. Emissions of this pollutant should be reduced because carbon 182 183 184 185 WATER Flow of the River Vardar in 2013 500 1. Introduction tributaries of Vardar and waters from 450 their watershed areas enter into Vardar. 400 Water is limited and vital resource The flow of Vardar river will be presented 350 s 300 necessary for life sustenance, providing /

by four representative measuring stations 3 250 m social welfare, economic prosperity along the watercourse, while for other r and ecosystem health. According to s 200 rivers, the flow will be presented by data Q 150 hydrographic conditions, there are four river from one measuring station. 100 basin areas in the Republic of Macedonia 2.1.1. Vardar 50 (Vardar, Crn Drim, Strumica and Juzhna 0 l t r r r r y y y y i e h l Morava)and three natural tectonic lakes s r r r e e e e c The flow of Vardar river will be presented a n u u r a a p b b b b u J g a M u u J o (Ohrid, Prespa and Dojran Lakes). Most of A m m m r t the following measuring stations: u n M c e e e b a A t c v J e

the water resources are domicile, formed O

Jegunovce, Skopje, Veles and Demir Kapija. p F o e D e N by precipitations. Republic of Macedonia The measuring station Jegunovce is closest S is not rich in surface waters and they are to the springs of Vardar, followed by the Jegunovce Skopje Veles D. Kapija mainly dependent on occurrence, duration stations Skopje and Veles. From among and intensity of precipitations. As a result presented monitoring stations, Demir Diagram 1 of morphological, hydrogeological and Kapija station is the furthest one from the hydrogeographical structure of the relief, springs of Vardar and consequently the 2.1.2. Treska Flow in the river Treska in 2013 surface water resources run rapidly in quantity of water in the mentioned station The river Treska is right tributary of 45 hydrographic network (rivers, streams and 40 will have the greatest volume. The highest Vardar. In 2013, the river Treska reached lakes) and water flows out of the country. 35 average monthly flow in 2013 was recorded 30 the maximum average monthly flow in s / The only exceptions are the karstic areas in the measuring station Demir Kapija, in 3 3 25 m

April and it amounted 41.08 m /s, while r s 20 where water is retained for longer periods April and amounted 439.46m3/s, while the Q the minimum average monthly flow was 15 below ground and feeds running waters of 10 minimum was recorded in the measuring recorded in August and amounted 4.77 the river network. 5 station Jegunovce and amounted 3 0 l t r r r m /s. r y y y y i e h l s r r r e e e e c a n u u r a a p b b b b u J g a M u u

7.69m3/s. Other three measuring stations J o A m m m r t u n M c e e e b a A t c v J e O p F o

recorded the maximum average monthly e D e

2. Status of surface waters N

M. Brod S flow in May. Minimum average monthly 2.1. Hydrological status of rivers flow in 2013 in all stations was recorded in Diagram2 Data on hydrological status of rivers and October. lakes are provided by Hydrometeorological Flow in Crna Reka in 2013 Administration, which performs daily 80 measurements at 7:30 hours. Quantity 70 60

of water running through several rivers s

/ 50 3 m is monitored continuously. The number 40 2.1.3. Crna Reka r s of measuring stations differs for different Q 30 20 Crna Reka is also right tributary to the river watercourses. In this report, the flow of the 10 Vardar. In 2013, the Crna Reka reached 0 l t r r r r y y y y i e h l following rivers will be presented: Vardar, s r r r e e e e c a n u u r a a p b b b b the maximum average monthly flow in u J g a M u u J o A m m m r t u n M c e e e b 3 a Treska, Pchinja, Bregalnica and Crna Reka. A t c v J e O

p April and it amounted 69.60 m /s, while F o e D e N Vardar River belongs to Aegean Sea and S Novaci the minimum average monthly flow was enters it directly. Rivers Treska, Pchinja, recorded in August and amounted 1.68 Crna Reka and Bregalnica are major Diagram 3 m3/s. 186 187 2.1.4. Pchinja Flow in the river Pchinja in 2013 2.2. Hydrological status of natural Average annual water level of Ohrid Lake in 2013 35 lakes Pchinja is left tributary of the river Vardar. 693,7 30 Pchinja reached the maximum average 693,6 25 2.2.1. Ohrid Lake s

monthly flow in 2013 in April and it / 693,5 3 20 m

3 r “0” elevation of Ohrid Lake is at 693,17 693,4 amounted 30.59 m /s, while the minimum s 15 . l Q . s meters above sea level. The average . 693,3 average monthly flow was recorded in 10 a August and amounted 0.97 m3/s. 5 annual water level of Ohrid Lake for 2013 693,2 0 693,1 l t r r r r y y y y i e h was 693,61 meters above sea level, or the l s r r r e e e e c a n u u r a a p b b b b u J g a M u u J o

A 693 m m m r t u n M c e e e

b water in the lake had by 0,44 m higher than a A t c v J e O p F o 692,9 e D e N K. Banja S normal water level at an average. 2013 "0" 693.17 a.s.l "Н" a.s.l 2013 Diagram 4 Diagram 6 Flow in the river Bregalnica in 2013 2.1.5. Bregalnica Average annual water level of Prespa Lake in 2013 2.2.2. Prespa Lake Bregalnica is also left Vardar river tributary. 848 90 847,5 “0” elevation of Prespa Lake is at 847,6 80 For 2013, the average monthly flows for 847 70 meters above sea level. The average the months September to December are 846,5 s 60 / annual water level of Prespa Lake in 2013 3

. 846 50 not available. During the observed period, l . m s

. r

a 845,5 s 40 was 844,56 meters above sea level, or the

Q Bregalnica reached the maximum average 30 845 water in the lake had by 3,04 m lower than 20 monthly flow in 2013 in April and it 844,5 10 3 844 normal water level at an average. 0 amounted 82.10 m /s, while the minimum l t y y y y i e h 843,5 l s r r r c a n u u r a a p average monthly flow was recorded in u J g a M u u J A 843 r u n

M 3 b a A J e January and amounted 6.88 m /s. 2013 F Shtip "0" 847.6 a.s.l "Н" a.s.l 2013 Average annual water level of Dojran Lake Diagram5 Diagram 7 in 2013 144,95 From the observed 8 measuring stations, the river Vardar were recorded in October, 2.2.3. Dojran Lake we may note that watercourses reach while on Vardar’s tributaries in August, 144,9 “0” elevation of Dojran Lake is at 144,93 maximum water flows in the months April with exception of the station Shtip on the 144,85 . meters above sea level. The average l . s and May. The highest flows in May were river Bregalnica where the minimum flow . annual water level of Dojran Lake in 2013 a recorded at 3 measuring stations on the was recorded in January (it should be noted 144,8 was 144,80 meters above sea level, or the river Vardar, the stations being: Jegunovce, that the last 4 months of 2013 lacked data 144,75 water in the lake had by 0,13 m lower than Skopje and Veles, while at the station from this monitoring station). normal water level at an average. 144,7 Demir Kapija on the river Vardar, as well as 2013 "0" 144.93 a.s.l "Н" a.s.l 2009 on the tributaries of Vardar, the maximum flows were recorded in April. Minimum water flows at all measuring stations on Diagram 8

188 189 2.3. Physical and chemical quality Table 1. Measuring points on rivers of rivers Station River Quality of watercourses in the Republic Sveta Bogorodica Treska of Macedonia is monitored by the Border, Ustie (Delta) Lepenec Administration of Hydrometeorological Radusha, Taor, Nogaevci, Demir Kapija, Vardar Matters. In the frames of the RIMSYS Gevgelija, Bashino Selo programme, 20 measuring points on rivers Pelince, Katlanovska Banja (spa) Pchinja and the parameters monitored were Trnovec Kriva Reka defined. In 2013, continuous monitoring Balvan Bregalnica was performed for organoleptic, Brod Eleshka mineralization, oxygen and acidity Skochivir, Palikura Crna Reka parameters, eutrophication determinants, Novo Selo Strumica organic micro-pollutants and harmful HP Shpilje Crn Drim and dangerous matters on the following Boskov Most Radika measuring points:

2.3.1. Oxygen parameters waters classification (Decree on waters classification, hereinafter only Decree). Quality of the water in rivers with Figures presented below indicate that the reference to oxygen parameters will be quality of rivers for oxygen parameters is presented through analysis of dissolved Figure 2: Quality of rivers measured for concentration of five day biological oxygen compliant with the values specified in the oxygen, biological oxygen demand for five demand (mg/L) in 2013 Decree. days - BOD5 and chemical oxygen demand - COD, compared to specified values for

Figure 1: Quality of rivers measured for concentration of dissolved oxygen (mg/L) in Figure 3: Quality of rivers measured for concentration of chemical oxygen demand 2013 (mg/L) in 2013 190 191 2.3.2. Nutrients data indicates that the quality of rivers for 2.3.3. Heavy metals . Cadmium, in the following measuring nitrates and nitrites is within the values points: Brod, Bashino Selo, Demir With reference to nutrients, quality of With reference to data obtained from the specified in the Decree. Kapija, Gevgelia, Novo Selo, Skochivir, rivers is presented by monitoring of the monitoring of heavy metals in rivers on Palikura and Ustie average annual concentrations of nitrates 20 measuring points, we may note that . Iron, in the measuring point Skochivir and nitrites (Figure 4 and 5). Analyzed concentration of dangerous and harmful matters measured through concentrations The analysis of heavy metals showed that of iron, cadmium, zinc, lead, copper, nickel, there were no major deviations in the chromium and manganese, on almost all values of the concentrations of examined measuring points indicate quality of I-II heavy metals compared to measurements class relative to values specified for waters in 2012, when concentrations of classification in the Decree. Quality of III- these indicators were also within the IV class was recorded for the following concentrations specified for waters parameters: classification. . Manganese, in the following measuring points: Balvan Brod, Novo Selo and Skochivir Average annual concentrations of heavy metals in rivers 2013

Figure 4: Quality of rivers measured for the concentration of nitrates (µg/L) in 2013

Figure 5: Quality of rivers measured for the concentration of nitrites (µg/L) in 2013 Diagram 9 192 193 2.4. Biological quality of rivers Administration. Biomonitoring is performed 2.5. Physical and chemical in accordance with the conclusions resulting on 9 watercourses in Macedonia at 17 from researches in the previous years. Biomonitoring is integral part of systematic investigations in Ohrid Lake for measuring points presented in the Table According to the Programme for waters monitoring of the quality of waters 2012 below. monitoriong in Ohrid_Prespa region, in performed by the Hydrometeorological Data on qualitative status of Ohrid Lake 2012 measurements were conducted in Table 2: Measuring points for biological quality of rivers is obtained from the PSI Hydrobiological Ohrid Lake lithoral. No. Watercourse Measuring points By using organisms as bioindicators, namely Institute from Ohrid. Measuring points for 1 Radusha determining the presence of organisms the reporting period of 2012 were defined indicators and determining the status of 2 Тaor biocenosis, the status of a given biotope is 3 Bashino Selo Vardar established. 4 Nogaevci Collection of biological material is 5 Demir Kapija performed 5 times in a year (February, 6 Gevgelija April, June, August and October) covering 7 Treska Saraj the four seasons and selecting the most 8 Border (Cheshma) Lepenec suitable index period for material sampling. 9 Zlokukjani Index period is determined on the basis 10 Kriva Reka Trnovec of the information from monitoring for 11 Pelince a longer period with higher sampling Pchinja 12 Katlanovo frequency (10 times a year) in the four 13 Bregalnica Dolni Balavan seasons. 14 Crna Reka Skochivar The assessment of the quality of surface 15 Еleshka Brod waters is done according to the criteria 16 Strumica Novo Selo defined in the existing legislation, including “Decree on waters classification” and The following biological elements are used Decree for categorization of watercourses, for quality assessment: lakes and ground waters”. . Composition and abundance of aquatic flora . Composition and abundance of benthos invertebrate fauna Table 3:. Classification of rivers with reference to index of saprobity.

Index of 0 - 1.49 1.5 - 2.5 2.51 - 3.5 3.51 - 4.5 > 4.5 saprobity Class I II III IV V

Diagram below shows that 94% of analyzed samples from rivers for 2013 belong to second class, and remaining 6 % belong to first class.

2013 6 % 94 % I class I I class

194 195 Figure 6: Measuring points of Ohrid- Dissolved oxygen in Ohrid Lake for 2012 2.6. PHI Public Health Center Veles water on the measuring point before entry Prespa region into Vardar, water may not be used for the 16 For 2013, Public Health Center Veles 15 above purposes. delivered data to the Macedonian In Ohrid watershed area, in this reporting 14 Environmental Information Centre On river Babuna, in 2013, measuring was

L 13 period, the lithoral was covered by five / g

m made on the measuring point Plazha measuring points, through which PSI 12 concerning safety of water in the water (beech), and it was concluded that water Hydrobiological Institute from Ohrid, in the 11 bodies, Dojran Lake, Lake Mladost, could be used for bathing and recreation course of 2012, in the waters of Ohrid Lake 10 rivers Vardar, Topolka and Babuna. 9 for people, irrigation of agricultural land measured the following parameters: Microbiological and physical-chemical 8 analyses were conducted. and for the cattle. . Temperature, Sv. Naum Trpejca Pestani Grashnica Sateska Avtokamp Kalishta Radozda istek AS . transparency, On Dojran Lake, measuring were made on . water reaction (рН), Diagram 10 the following measuring points: Partizan, 3. Trend in surface waters . total alkalinity, Stara Mrdaja, Aleks Beech and City According to data on average monthly 3.1. Trend in hydrological status of . free СО , Beech, and it was concluded that water 2 concentration of phosphorous in Ohrid rivers . oxygen (dissolved and saturation), at all measuring points was in accordance Lake, may conclude that the quality of . biochemical oxygen demand, with the Decree for categorization of 3.1.1. Vardar water is compliant with the specified . dissolved biodegradable organic watercourses, lakes, reservoirs and ground values for water quality of I class, except at The Diagram shows that, during the five matters through permanganate waters, and could be used. the measuring point Grashnica where the year period of monitoring from 2009 to consumption, quality of water complies with II class. On the lake Mladost, measurements were 2013, river Vardar had the highest water . nitrogen compounds (ammonia, total performed at two measuring points in flow in 2010. The average annual water organic nitrogen by Kjeldahl, nitrites Total phosphorous in Ohrid Lake for 2012 2013, namely on the beech Romantik and flow for 2010 in the measuring station with and nitrates) and City Beech, and it was found out that water highest flow, Demir Kapija, was 258,45 . total phosphorous. 12 could be used for bathing and recreation m3/s while in the measuring station with 10 The quality of Ohrid Lake for 2012 will for people, irrigation of agricultural land the lowest flow Jegunovce it was 37,77 be presented through concentrations 8 and for the cattle. m3/s. In the observed period, 2012 was the

L 6 / of dissolved oxygen, total phosphorous g year with the lowest flow. With the average µ On the river Vardar, PHI Veles, in and chlorophyll а. Due to lack of financial 4 annual water flow for the measuring station 2013 conducted measurements on resources, only one measurement was Demir Kapija it was 104,93 m3/s, and for 2 the measuring points Bashino Selo and conducted in 2012 in November and its the station Jegunovce 16,12m3/s. 0 Kapalishte Gevgelia, and found out that result is presented in Diagram 10. Sv. Naum Trpejca Pestani Grashnica Sateska Avtokamp Kalishta Radozda istek AS water could not be used for the above According to data on average monthly purposes. concentration of oxygen in Ohrid Lake at Diagram 11 On Topolka, two measurements were five measuring points in the lithoral, we Concentration of chlorophyll а in lithoral conducted as well, so that water at the may conclude that the quality of water is waters of Ohrid Lake is 1,42 µg/l and thus measuring point Pashin Most may, while compliant with the specified values for it is compliant with the specified values for water quality of I class. (Diagram 10). 300 water quality of I class. 250

200 s /

3 150 m

r s 100 Q Trend in the flow of river Vardar 50

0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Jegunovce Skopje Veles D. Kapija Diagram 12 196 197 3.1.2. Treska 3.1.4. Pchinja The five rivers observed, Vardar, Pchinja, 3.2. Trend in hydrological status of Treska, Bregalnica and Crna Reka, had In the reporting period 2009 – 2013, the In the reporting period 2009 – 2013, the natural lakes the highest average annual water flow in highest average annual water flow with highest average annual water flow with 2010. The minimum average annual water 3.2.1. Ohrid Lake the river Treska was reached in 2010 and it the river Pchinja was reached in 2010 and flow with the river Vardar and its northern was 28,32 m3/s, while the lowest one was it was 19,71 m3/s, while the lowest one in Diagram below shows the average monthly tributaries Treska and Pchinja was recorded in the year to follow and amounted 10,98 2011 and amounted 5,02 m3/s. Data is from water levels in Ohrid Lake during the in 2012, while with southern tributaries m3/s. Data is from the measuring station the measuring station Katlanovska Banja. last five year period 2009 - 2013. Only in of Vardar, Crna Reka and Bregalnica, the Makedonski Brod. November 2011, the Ohrid Lake water level Trend in the flow of river Pchinja minimum average annual water flow in the was below zero elevation, being 693,13 m Trend in the flow of river Treska 25 observed period was recorded in 2011. a.s.l. In each other month of the presented 30 20 five year period, the water level in Ohrid 25 Lake was higher than the zero elevation. 15 s /

20 3 s m /

r 3

s 10 m Q 15 r s Q 10 5

5 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Katlanovska banja

Makedonski brod Diagram 15 Diagram 13 3.1.5. Bregalnica 3.1.3. Crna Reka In the reporting period 2009 – 2013, the In the reporting period 2009 – 2013, the highest average annual water flow with the highest average annual water flow with the river Bregalnica was reached in 2010 and river Crna Reka was reached in 2010 and it was 33,89 m3/s while the lowest one in it was 38,72 m3/s, while the lowest one in 2012 and amounted 6,36 m3/s. Data is from 2012 and amounted 10,96 m3/s. Data is the measuring station Shtip. from the measuring station Novaci. Trend in the flow of river Crna Reka

45 40 Trend in the flow of river Bregalnica 35 40 30 35 s 25 /

3 30

m 20 r s s 25 15 / Q 3 m

10 20 r s

5 Q 15 0 10 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 5 Novaci 0 Diagram 14 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Shtip Diagram 16

198 199 The maximum was reached in April 2013, Water level of Prespa Lake 3.3. Trend in physical-chemical Average annual concentrations of

when the average monthly water level was 848 dissolved oxygen in rivers for the period 847,5 parameters in rivers 693,98 m a.s.l., or by 0,81 meters higher 847 2008 – 2013 846,5 than the normal water level. The Diagram 846 3.3.1. Oxygen parameters 11 .

l 845,5 . s . 845 shows that the water level in Ohrid Lake is a 10 844,5 The trend in oxygen parameters in rivers 844 the highest in the months March to June, 843,5 9 843 is presented through measurement of and the lowest from November to January. 842,5 8

average annual concentrations of oxygen L 842 / g l t r r r r y y y y i e h l s r r r e e e e m c a n u u r a a p b b b b 7 u J g a M u u J o A

m parameters in rivers Vardar, Crna Reka and m m r t u

Water level of Ohrid Lake n M c e e e b a A t c v J e O p F o 6 e D e

694,2 N

S Strumica for the period 2008-2013, at 5 694 "0" 847.6 a.s.l "Н" a.s.l 2009 "Н" a.s.l 2010 5 "Н" a.s.l 2011 "Н" a.s.l 2012 "Н" a.s.l 2013 measuring points on the river Vardar, at 2 693,8 measuring points on the river Crna Reka and 4 . l 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 . s 693,6 . Diagram 18 Vardar Crna Reka Strumica a one measuring point on the river Strumica. 693,4 Measuring points are part of the monitoring 693,2 3.2.3. Dojran Lake Diagram 20 693 network operated by Hydrometeorological l t r r r r y y y y i e h l s r r r e e e e c a n u u r a a p b b b b u J g a M u u J o

A Administration. Oxygen parameters are m m m r t u n Diagram below shows the average monthly Biochemical oxygen demand - BOD M c e e e b a A t c v J e O p F o e

D e measured once per month, i.e. 12 times in N S water levels in Dojran Lake during the last Biochemical oxygen demand is the amount "0" 693.17 a.s.l "Н" a.s.l 2009 "Н" a.s.l 2010 five year period 2009 - 2013. The Diagram a year. In order to determine the trend in "Н" a.s.l 2011 "Н" a.s.l 2012 "Н" a.s.l 2013 of oxygen required to achieve oxidation shows that the water level in the Lake oxygen parameters in rivers in a year, the of the present biologically degradable Diagram 17 was in most of the cases lower than zero following measurements were carried out: ingredients of waters. BOD is carried out elevation. However, there is a trend of . 360 measurements on the riverа for a period of 5 days at a temperature of 3.2.2. Prespa Lake continuous increase in the water level Vardar . 144 measurements on the river Crna 20oC and results are presented in mg O2/L. Diagram below shows the average monthly between 2009 and 2013 and encouraging Reka High concentrations of BOD5 indicate poor water levels in Prespa Lake during the last fact is that the water level for the last 3 . 72 measurements on the river quality of waters. five year period 2009 - 2013. The Diagram years in Dojran Lake has been approaching Strumica shows that Prespa Lake’s water level the “0” elevation. During the presented Analyses performed showed that higher throughout the presented five year period period, the water level was above zero Data obtained from the monitoring of concentrations of BOD5 corresponding to was lower than zero elevation. However, elevation only in June 2011 and April, May, oxygen parameters in rivers is compared values for IV class under the Decree were 2009 was characterized with particularly June and July 2013. The highest average with the values stipulated in the Decree. recorded in 2008 in the three analyzed monthly water level was recorded in May rivers. Then, decline in БПК5 concentrations low water level. The lowest values were 3.4. Dissolved oxygen measured in October 2009 when the water 2013 and amounted 145,19 m a.s.l. followed in 2009 and 2010 to values Dissolved oxygen is important component level was at 842,68 meters above sea level. corresponding to values stipulated for III Water level of Dojran Lake for the life in waters. High concentrations The highest value was recorded in January class. From 2010 to 2013, no significant 145,5 of dissolved oxygen indicate clean waters. variations in the concentrations of BOD5 2011 when it was at 845,17 meters above 145,25 145 While analyzing the data on the average

. were recorded in relation to previous years. l .

sea level and the water level was still by s 144,75 .

a annual concentrations of dissolved oxygen, 2,44 meters lower than normal water level. 144,5 144,25 we may note that waters at most of the 144 143,75 measuring points correspond with water

143,5 l t r r r r y y y y i e h quality of I class, with an exception of the l s r r r e e e e c a n u u r a a p b b b b u J g a M u u J o A m m m r t u n M c e e e

b measuring points Novo Selo localized on a A t c v J e O p F o e D e N S the river Strumica which corresponds with "0" 144.93 a.s.l "Н" a.s.l 2009 "Н" a.s.l 2010 "Н" a.s.l 2011 "Н" a.s.l 2012 "Н" a.s.l 2013 water quality of II class and measuring point Skochivir on Crna Reka which corresponds Diagram 19 with water quality for III class.

200 201 Average annual concentrations of BOD5 in Average annual concentrations of COD in Average annual concentrations of nitrites 3.4.2. Heavy metals rivers for the period 2008 – 2013 rivers for the period 2008 - 2013 in rivers for the period 2008 – 2013 12 The trend in heavy metals in the rivers 10 250 10 9 Vardar, Crna Reka and Strumica is presented 8 200 through measurement of average annual 8 7 concentrations of heavy metals in the 150 L 6 / g L

6 / / m rivers for the period 2008-2013. In the 5 g g µ m 4 100 river Vardar, heavy metals are measured 4 3 50 at 5 measuring points, on Crna Reka at two 2 2 1 measuring points and on the river Strumica 0 0 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 the quality is monitored at one measuring 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Vardar Crna Reka Strumica Vardar Strumica Crna Reka point of the monitoring network of the Vardar Crna Reka Strumica Hydrometeorological Administration. To Diagram 21 Diagram 22 Diagram 23 determine heavy metals in rivers, the Chemical oxygen demand - COD 3.4.1. Inorganic parameters Average annual concentrations of nitrates following number of measurements are in rivers for the period 2008 – 2013 completed during the year: Chemical oxygen demand is used as Nitrates and nitrites . 360 measurements on the riverа 4000 measure determining the quality of Vardar Nitrates are a form of the substantial 3500 waters. It is determined by oxidation of . 144 measurements on the river Crna organic components in the water sample element nitrogen, easily absorbed into 3000 plants, which is the reason why they are 2500 Reka

and measurement of quantity of oxygen L / 2000 .

g 72 measurements on the river

frequently used in artificial fertilizers. µ demand for this process. High COD 1500 Higher concentrations of nitrates are Strumica concentrations indicate poor water quality. 1000 expected in waters that are close to 500 Data obtained from the monitoring of With reference to trend, changes in COD agricultural areas. 0 heavy metals in rivers is compared with the concentrations were recorded in the 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Vardar Crna Reka Strumica values stipulated in the Decree. Completed analyzed rivers. Measured values of COD The analysis of data measured for average annual concentrations of nitrates in rivers analyses show that higher percentage of at the measuring points on the river Vardar Diagram 24 show that they correspond with values for analyzed samples correspond to river water show quality of II class for the analyzed quality of I-II class, and lower percentage period, with 2012 being exception when the water quality of I-II class. With regard concentrations corresponding for III class to average annual concentrations in rivers, were recorded. In the rivers Crna Reka it can be noted that the quality of water at and Strumica, quality of water for COD most of the measuring points corresponds corresponded for III class in the period with the quality of water of III – IV class. 2008 – 2011, followed by deterioration Diagrams show that the data analyzed in the quality, namely in 2012 and 2013 for the average annual concentrations of quality for IV class was recorded. nitrates and nitrites in rivers show a trend of reduction.

202 203 204 205 correspond with water quality of class III- Manganese have been no exceeded values compared Chromium in rivers for the period 2008 – IV. to values stipulated for I-II class under 2013 Manganese causes lack of iron in certain the Decree. This means that the analyses 4,0 Iron algae, especially blue-green algae and made for lead for the period 2008 – 2013 3,5 this can lead to inhibition of chlorophyll Iron is important element for algae and for the waters of the three rivers indicate 3,0 synthesis. 2,5

other organisms in aquatic ecosystems. l

that these waters correspond with water / g Due to abundance of iron in land cover, The analysis of data on the average annual quality of I-II class. In the period 2012 – µ 2,0 it is almost always present in bigger concentrations of manganese in rivers 1,5 2013, slight increase in lead concentrations 1,0 concentrations compared to other heavy showed that quality of water in the rivers was recorded, though the limit values 0,5

metals. corresponded with I-II class, except at the stipulated for I-II class under the Decree 0,0 measuring point Skochivir on Crna Reka 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 The Figure below indicates that the average were not exceeded. Vardar Strumica Crna Reka and the measuring point Novo Selo on the annual concentrations of iron correspond river Strumica, where water quality of III- Average annual concentrations of Pb in Diagram 28 with water quality of I-II class in the three IV class was recorded. This is shown on rivers for the period 2008 – 2013 rivers. Furthermore, the Diagram also Cadmium Diagram 26. 4 indicates a slight rising trend of iron in Cadmium exists naturally in surface 2012 and 2013 in the three rivers, which Average annual concentrations of Mn in 3,5 and ground waters. It can enter aquatic does not exceed the values for quality of rivers for the period 2008 – 2013 3 ecosystems through atmospheric l

190 /

I-II class stipulated in the Decree. However, g 2,5 µ influences, soil erosion, direct discharges we should point out that the quality of III-IV 170 150 2 from industry, use of slug and artificial class for the average annual concentrations 130 1,5 fertilizers in agriculture, etc. of iron was recorded at the measuring point 110

l 1 / 90 Skochivir on Crna Reka and the measuring g Diagram no. 29 indicates that the quality of

µ 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 point Novo Selo on the river Strumica. 70 Vardar Strumica Црна Река water in the three rivers for the measured 50 average annual concentrations of cadmium Average annual concentrations of Fe in 30 Diagram 27 corresponds to III-IV class. The highest 10 rivers for the period 2008 – 2013 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 350 values of cadmium concentrations were Vardar Strumica Crna Reka Total chromium measured in the river Vardar in 2012. 300 Diagram 26 Chromium also belongs to the group of 250 Average annual concentrations of Cd in heavy metals composing the group of 200 rivers for the period 2008 – 2013 l / g Lead priority substances due to their toxicity. µ 3,0 150 Lead belongs to the group of heavy metals As shown on the Diagram below, quality 100 composing the group of priority substances 2,5 of rivers with regard to average annual 50 due to their toxicity. In the past, it was used 2,0 concentrations of total chromium

0 l / 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 as fuel additive, in water supply installations g 1,5 corresponds with I-II class. Higher values µ and production of paints. Vardar Strumica Crna Reka were recorded in 2012 in the river Vardar, 1,0 As far as the trend in lead concentrations but these still do not exceed the values Diagram 25 0,5 is concerned, we may note that there stipulated for I-II class. 0,0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Vardar Strumica Crna Reka Diagram 29

Average annual concentrations of total 206 207 Nickel Average annual concentrations of Zn in 3.5. Trend in biological quality of 3.6. Trend in physical-chemical rivers for the period 2008 – 2013 Nickel is important nutrient additive for 100 rivers parameters in lakes high number of organisms, but it can be 90 Trends in biological parameters in rivers are The trend in the quality of waters in toxic if present in higher concentrations in 80 70 shown through measurements of average Ohrid Lake was observed for the period rivers. 60 l

/ annual concentrations of composition and 2008-2012, through measurement of g

µ 50 Diagram no. 29 indicates that the quality of 40 abundance of aquatic flora and benthos concentrations of dissolved oxygen, total rivers for average annual concentrations of 30 fauna in the rivers for the period 2008-2013 phosphorous and chlorophyll. In the period 20 at 18 measuring points of the monitoring 2008-2011, samples were taken at one nickel corresponds to I-II class. 10 0 network of the Hydrometeorological measuring point on a vertical column at ten Average annual concentrations of Ni in 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Vardar Strumica Crna Reka Administration. Sampling of biological depths (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100, 150, rivers for the period 2008 – 2013 6 Diagram 31 materials is done 5 times in a year (February, 240), from the plagial of Ohrid Lake, while April, June, August and October). For samples in 2012 were taken at 5 measuring 5 Copper the period of analysis, 30 measurements points of the Lake’s lithoral. 4 were used. The results obtained from

l Copper present in higher concentrations 3.6.1. Dissolved oxygen / g 3 the monitoring of biological parameters µ in rivers can have negative effect on the in rivers are compared with the values Considering the nature of this lake 2 growth and development of fish, plants, specified in the Decree. The Diagram below ecosystem, selection of dissolved oxygen invertebrates and amphibians. 1 shows the results of the analysis providing as parameter was not by chance. Diagram no. 31 shows that rivers for the the following findings: 0 Production and sustenance of life, as well 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 average annual concentrations of copper . 20-30 % of analyzed samples Vardar Strumica Crna Reka as biochemical decomposition of organic correspond with the values specified for correspond with water quality of I Diagram 30 matters and chemical oxidation of organic I-II class. Higher concentrations of copper class, waste are not possible in absence of were recorded in the three rivers in 2011. . 60-70 % of analyzed samples Zinc this parameter. Oxygen occurs in water Quality corresponding with III-IV class was correspond with water quality of II in dissolved condition. It comes into Elementary zinc in waters is not toxic, recorded at the measuring point Palikura class, water from atmosphere by absorption but certain compounds of zinc are very on Crna Reka, as well as at the measuring . Other percentage of analyzed samples (depending on temperature, pressure and toxic. If zinc salts are present in higher points Bashino Selo and Nogaevci, both on correspond with water quality of III water surface area in contact with the concentrations, they will cause turbidity the river Vardar in 2011 and at Nogaevci class. atmosphere) and photosynthesis. and undesired taste of the water. and Demir Kapija, both on Vardar in 2010. Classification of rivers by saprobiological As shown on the Diagram below, Ohrid Lake Analyzed data on the average annual Average annual concentrations of Cu in index for the period 2009 – 2013 waters correspond with values stipulated concentrations of zinc in rivers indicate that rivers for the period 2008 – 2013 120 for water quality of I class. they have quality of water of I-II class. River 10 100 Crna Reka at the measuring points Skochivir 9 Dissolved oxygen in Ohrid Lake for the 80 was exception in 2011, when the measured 8 7 period 2008 – 2012

% 60 concentration of zinc corresponded with 6 14 5

l 12,24

/ 40

values specified for III-IV class. g

µ 4 13 3 20 12 2

0 l 1 /

g 11 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 0 m I class II class III class 9,09 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 10 8,79 8,72 Vardar Strumica Crna Reka 8,49 Diagram 33 9

Diagram 32 8 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Diagram 34 208 209 3.6.2. Total phosphorous period 2004, 2005, 2008 and 2012 and lead Dojran Lake Lake Mladost to the conclusion that waters in Ohrid Lake 7 6 To define phosphorous load, the state of correspond with the values for quality of I 6 the total phosphorous was monitored. 5 s s t class. 5 t n n i i 4 o o p The essential role of phosphorous in p

g 4 g n n i i r r u Table 4: Chlorophyll а u 3 s biological metabolism on one side, and its s a a e 3 e m m

f low presence on the other, attracts specific f o o 2

. Year Chlorophyll µg/l 2 . o o N interest in it. Primary anthropogenic N 2004 1,04 1 1 sources of phosphorous in aquatic bodies 2005 0,79 0 0 include runoffs from urban environments, 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2008 0,60 No. of measuring points No. of measuring points where it can be used No. of measuring points No. of measuring points where it can be used more precisely waste waters from No. of measuring points where it cannot be used No. of measuring points where it cannot be used households, industrial wastewaters, as well 2012 1,42 Diagram 36 Diagram 37 as runoff waters from agricultural areas. 3.7. Trend in the quality The Diagram below shows that, based Lake Mladost River Vardar of watercourses from on the measured concentrations of total Depending on the year in the period 2009 to PHI Veles monitors the quality of water environmental health point of phosphorous in the period 2008-2010, the 2013, the quality of water in Lake Mladost along the course of the river Vardar at water corresponded with the quality of II view was monitored at two to five measuring two to eight measuring points, from class, while improvement in the quality 3.7.1. PHI Veles points. All samples taken are in accordance environmental health point of view. In the was recorded in 2011 and 2012, when the with the Decree on categorization of analyzed period 2009 – 2013, the results quality of water was of I class. This annual report presents data on watercourses, lakes, reservoirs and ground obtained were not in accordance with the Total phosphorous in Ohrid Lake for the the safety of water in the following five waters and may be used for bathing Decree on categorization of watercourses, period 2008 – 2012 water bodies: Dojran Lake, Lake Mladost, and recreation for people, irrigation of lakes, reservoirs and ground waters and 12 rivers Vardar, Topolka and Babuna. The 10,23 agricultural land and for the cattle. may not be used for bathing and recreation safety of water at the measuring points for people, irrigation of agricultural land 10 presented here is monitored by the Public 7,13 7,00 and for the cattle. 8 5,98 Health Center Veles. Data is shown on five

l Diagrams, for each water body separately

/ 6 g µ and refers to the period 2009 – 2013. 4

1,28 Dojran Lake 2 In the period 2009 to 2013, all samples 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 taken in the Lake Dojran are in accordance with the Decree on categorization of Diagram 35 watercourses, lakes, reservoirs and ground waters and may be used for bathing 3.6.3. Chlorophyll а and recreation for people, irrigation of Chlorophyll enables the process of agricultural land and for the cattle. photosynthesis in algae. Algae grow naturally in lakes. Chlorophyll a is measured to determine the conditions for biological organisms growth and development in the lake. The Table below presents the measured values of the average annual concentrations of Chlorophyll a in Ohrid Lake for the 210 211 River Vardar irrigation of agricultural land and for the Parameter Unit Annual average provided by Public Utility “Water supply 8 cattle. Cu mg/L 0,003 and sewerage” - Skopje. 7 River Babuna Zn mg/L 0,007 6 5.1. Quality of ground waters in s t n i

o 6 p 5 Pb mg/L 0,001

g Skopje Fields n i r u 4 s 5 Cd mg/L 0,000 a e m s Based on the Decision of the City of Skopje

3 t f n o i 4

. Co

o mg/L 0,002 o p

N 2 g no. 07- 4222/1 dated 24.09.2012, under n i r

u 3 Ni mg/L 0,007 1 s a which the piezometric network built in e m

0 f Cr total o 2 mg/L 0,003

. accordance with legal obligations was

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 o N No. of measuring points No. of measuring points where it can be used 1 transferred by the City of Skopje to Public No. of measuring points where it cannot be used

0 Utility “Water supply and sewerage” - Diagram 38 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 5. Status of ground waters No. of measuring points No. of measuring points where it can be used Skopje for operation and maintenance. No. of measuring points where it cannot be used Ground waters are located mainly beneath Accordingly, the application of ground River Topolka Diagram 40 larger river valleys. There is no sufficient waters quality monitoring was performed As shown on the Diagram below, in the data on the quantity and quality of ground in accordance with the law. period 2009 – 2013, depending on the waters. There is limited data on the 4. Physical – chemical change in the level of ground waters in The measured values obtained from the measuring point along the course of the completed monitoring indicate that the river Topolka, certain samples are and parameters in Ohrid Lake Polog valley, Ovche Pole, Kochani Valley, Strumica Fields and Struga Fields. There is quality of ground waters corresponds certain are not in accordance with the with the values of water quality Decree on categorization of watercourses, for 2013 also limited information and data on the quality of ground waters in Skopje Fields. specified for quality of water intended lakes, reservoirs and ground waters. According to the Programme, in the course for drinking. We should point out that of 2013, Public Health Institute performed Data on water levels was provided by the River Topolka higher concentration of calcium, silica, monitoring of water in Ohrid Lake on Hydrometeorological Administration, while 4,5 data on the quality of ground waters was magnesium, sodium, potassium, chlorides, 4 monthly basis, immediately next to the 3,5 shore at a depth of 1,5 m, 50 cm beneath s t n i 3 o

p water level. Compared to the previous g

n 2,5 i r u s year (2012), no significant deviations were a 2 e m f

o 1,5 recorded in the composition, i.e. quality of

. o N 1 surface water in the Lake. 0,5 0 Table 5 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 No. of measuring points No. of measuring points where it can be used No. of measuring points where it cannot be used Parameter Unit Annual average pH / 7.817 Diagram 39 KMnO4 mg/L 4.588 River Babuna El. conductivity µS/cm 214.333 NH4 As shown on the Diagram below, in the mg/L 0,004 analyzed period 2009 – 2013, only in 2009 NO2 mg/L 0,000 and 2011 at only one measuring point, NO3 mg/L 0,360 water was not in accordance with the Cl mg/L 6.171 Decree on categorization of watercourses, SO4 mg/L 8.287 lakes, reservoirs and ground waters, while Fe mg/L 0,255 in 2011,2012 and 2013, water in the river Mn mg/L 0,013 Babuna at all measuring points may be F mg/L 0,131 used for bathing and recreation for people, 212 213 sulphates, etc. was due to geological structure, hydrogeological characteristics, nature and origin of waters feeding the ground waters, anthropogenic impacts and mineralization. Quality of ground waters in Skopje Fields is presented in this report through the concentration of nitrates for 2012 and 2013 (Table). The Table indicates that measured values of nitrates correspond with the values specified for ground waters quality in the Decree on waters classification. Completed analyses indicate that there are no big changes in the quality of ground waters, except on the measuring points Jurumleri, Brazda – Niva, Creshevo and Nerezi, where improvement in the quality was recorded in 2013, and deterioration in quality compared to 2012 was recorded at the measuring point Kapishtec.

214 215 Table 6 Emissions of nutrients from plants with A of waters in Macedonia is still carried Measuring points and period of and B integrated environmental permit in out on the basis of the legislation of mg/l sampling Nitrates 2012 1999. The new Law on Waters requires Measuring preparation of programmes and rulebooks Period 2012 Class- 2012 2013 Class - 2013 point on water monitoring in accordance with 6170,00 Autumn / Winter Radusha - Skolo 53,19 V 38,22 V 7000 the European Framework Water Directive r

a 6000 e which has been transposed in the national Autumn / Winter Nerezi y 12,74 III-IV 2,32 I-II /

t 5000 legislation. Autumn / Winter Grchec 27,08 V 16,10 V 4000 1947,97 3000 Autumn / Winter Saraj no data / 39,11 V 2000 448,87 This assessment should be further Autumn / Winter Kondovo 49,54 V 33,87 V 1000 elaborated and investigated in depth. We 0 Autumn / Winter Volkovo 0,59 I-II 1,41 I-II BOD5 COD Nitrates maintain that the results of this analysis will encourage initiative for further Autumn / Winter Zlokukani no data / 10,92 III-IV Diagram 41 development and analysis of trends by the Autumn / Winter Momin Potok 31,31 V 33,09 V relevant institutions and organizations. Vizbegovo - Autumn / Winter no data / 14,62 III-IV As for the trend, it is difficult to determine Orman it because the Cadastre was not updated 8. Recommendations Autumn / Winter Brazda - Niva 23,34 V 9,80 I-II for the whole territory of Macedonia. Full Autumn / Winter Brazda - Kuka 13,79 III-IV 12,71 III-IV updating and maintenance of the Cadastre The main point of Macedonia is the Autumn / Winter Kapishtec 5,08 I-II 16,43 III-IV is not performed due to lack of financial management and protection of available Autumn / Winter Shento no data / 6,93 I-II and human resources, software solution water resources, i.e. preservation of existing waters and improvement of their Autumn / Winter Creshevo 64,75 V 7,52 I-II and appropriate legislation to regulate ecological and hydromorphological status. Autumn / Winter Jurumleri 15,25 V 14,35 III-IV the manner of Cadastre establishment, Autumn / Winter Oreshani 2,18 I-II 12,56 I-II maintenance and updating. For that purpose, the following should be Autumn / Winter Ohis 34,49 V 43,60 V accomplished: 7. Assessment . Development of river basin management plans in Macedonia The Diagram below shows calculated data This analysis has revealed interesting 6. Emissions in waters (Vardar, Crn Drim and Strumica) on the quantities of nutrients (BOD5, COD trends. Although the purpose of this . Establishment of comprehensive Macedonian Environmental Information and nitrates) discharged from the industry analysis was to identify trends, and not monitoring programme for water Centre (MEIC) maintains and updates into the river basin of Vardar for 2012. The explain them, driving forces are evident. quality and quantity cadastre of water resources polluters. Diagram shows the quantities of discharged For example, the results obtained support . Development of legislation to establish The first cadastre was made in 2004- nutrients as follows: the thesis that climate change affects the the method, form and the manner of 2005, and it was upgraded and updated available water resources in Macedonia. in 2008-2009. The Cadastre contains data ▪▪ BOD5 - 1947,97 t/year monitoring performance As far as oxygen parameters, nutrients . on 1000 facilities, including industry, ▪▪ COD - 6170,0 t/ year Strengthening of public awareness of public companies, hospitals, hotels, etc. and heavy metals are concerned, we may water resources protection ▪▪ Nitrates - 448,865 t/ year In 2012, Cadastre updating was made conclude that no significant exceeding was . Implementation of legal obligations with data only on installations that had recorded during years, but it is necessary specified in the Law on Waters obtained or applied for A and B integrated to implement legal obligations under . Procurement of modern technical environmental permits located in major the national law on waters and achieve equipment and accreditation of cities (Skopje and Bitola) in Macedonia. The compliance with the requirements of existing laboratories analysis indicated that low percentage of the EU in order to improve the quality of . Strengthening of cooperation between received responses was in accordance with waters. The analysis completed indicates relevant institutions the legal requirements, and therefore the that the most polluted measuring point is . Establishment of policies and report will include only available data. Skochivir located on the river Crna Reka. instruments for efficient and cost- We should also point out that monitoring effective use of water resources. 216 217 218 219 to treat soil as environmental medium certain parameters, investigations and SOIL from different points of view has been application of algorithm, contaminated recognized. sites were ranked by the risk they carry for 1. Introduction waters. Furthermore, we should also environment and human health. stress contamination of soil by solid wastes 3. State and trends Soil is defined as top layer of earth cover in industry and inadequate disposal of The second project related to soil formed by mineral particles, organic municipal waste, as well as inappropriate 3.1. Monitoring of soil, cadastre monitoring implemented with the support matters, water, air and living organisms. use of fertilizers and pesticides in of polluters and soil indicators of the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) was the Study for capacity Soil formation is extremely slow process agriculture. Productive stock of arable land development and therefore it can be regarded non- in our environment is also declining due to building in soil contamination management renewable resource. Soil is very dynamic land sealing, for example for construction Permanent monitoring, i.e. systematized associated with mining in the Republic of system which performs many functions of settlements and industrial facilities and measurement, monitoring and control of Macedonia. This project offers detailed and provides services that are vital for for construction of different infrastructure the state, quality and changes in soil as well analysis of soil with regard to presence human activities and ecosystems survival. projects by which soils becomes as environmental media in the Republic of of heavy metals as pollutants generated . Soil provides food, biomass and other permanently unusable for other purposes Macedonia does not exist. by mining activities in the eastern part of Macedonia on area of 201.5 km2, as well raw materials, and uses. Reducing and preventing soil With reference to data and information as capacity in mining concerning pollution . It is a platform for human activities degradation is a great challenge. This on the status and processes of soil management. and archives of geological and should be achieved through introduction of degradation in the Republic of Macedonia, archeological heritage, specific policy measures for soil protection there is erosion map in a 1:50 000 scale Through the process of development and . It plays central role as habitat and and management, as well as integration of produced in 1992, but its digital version upgrading of the process on national level depot of living organisms genes, soil protection issues into other sectoral was finalized in 2002. There is a map of covering all municipalities in Macedonia of . Soil keeps, filtrates and transforms policies, namely in agriculture, forestry, irrigation network and its data combined the cadastre of polluters and pollutants of many substances, including water, waste management, waters management, with the data from the climate map can be waters and waste generators (2008-2009), nutrients and carbon, etc. used to assess the areas of soil suspected general picture of potentially contaminated . Soil accommodates the greatest to salination. Through the project Phare sites in the Republic of Macedonia and carbon depot in the world. 2. Defined goals in soil Corina Land Cover 2000 (1996 data), land their management was obtained indirectly Soil is extremely complex and variable management and cover data of the Republic of Macedonia through data on the type and the quantity medium. Structure of the soil plays an was obtained, based on land cover satellite of discharged waste waters. important role in determination of its protection images decoding. All thus obtained maps With regard to elaboration and development abilities for its functions performance. The goal which needs to be achieved of land cover are of scale 1:100 000. On of soil quality and status indicators, we Any damage on soil structure also through soil management and protection the basis of these data, we may identify may conclude that indicators of Progress damages other environmental media and has been defined in the 2006 Second areas vulnerable for land erosion, as well in contaminated sites management, as ecosystems. National Environmental Action Plan, as changes incurred through different uses well as Land intake, have been developed namely: of land. Digital soil map in a scale 1:50 000 successfully in Macedonia and information Soil is susceptible to severe degradations. is still under elaboration. These include erosion, decline in organic . Improvement of the status of soil of the mentioned indicators are also matters, local and diffuse contamination, towards its sustainable use through In the area of soil degradation and delivered to the European Environmental sealing, biodiversity reduction, salination, reduction of erosion, contamination protection monitoring, we should mention Agency for comparative analyses with other flooding, etc. Impacts on soil caused by and other types of soil degradation. the National Waste Management Plan European Environmental Agency member human activities are constantly increasing Protection of the soil is regulated in several and Feasibility Study prepared under states and collaborating countries. and this leads to serious socio-economic laws concerning protection of environment the same name project financed by the consequences. and nature, as well as management of European Union and implemented through agricultural land, pastures and forests. the European Agency for Reconstruction. Dominant type of soil degradation in our In the frames of this project, study for country is water erosion, more specifically Yet, the need to adopt specific law for soil protection in the Republic of Macedonia industrial hot-spots was developed in the erosion caused by rain falls and running frames of this project, where based on 220 221 222 223 4. Recommendations undertaking of activities to prevent further contamination; . Prevention of uncontrolled land use . It is necessary to adopt specific law on change results in sealed soil and its soil protection where monitoring of permanent loss; the soil state, protection mechanisms, . Particular attention should be paid to mechanisms for contaminated soil soil erosion and its adequate reduction remediation, etc., will be defined; and prevention through undertaking furthermore, maximum permissible of appropriate and specific measures concentrations of heavy metals, and activities; certain substances like pesticides, . Establishment and maintenance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, permanent monitoring of soil, as well halogen hydrocarbons, etc. in soil will as public awareness and education be specified; level rising of the importance of soil. . Existence of sites with confirmed contamination in the Republic of Macedonia poses the need for undertaking measures and activities for soil remediation on those sites and

224 225 2.3. National System of Protected Presently, the system of protected areas BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND Areas in the Republic of in the Republic of Macedonia includes 86 Macedonia areas covering around 9% of the national NATURE PROTECTION territory (source of data: CDDA, WDPA, Under the Law on Nature Protection, the 2013). Government (through GiZ Project Office) system of protected areas is established 1. Introduction On national level, Category Ib - Wilderness under the component for wild fauna and for the purposes of protection of biological Area has not been established yet in Biological diversity incorporates the variety flora monitoring, final List of selected diversity within natural habitats, processes accordance with IUCN criteria. of the entire living world on earth, including key species of the flora and the fauna in going on in nature, as well as abiotic diversity at the level of ecosystems, Ohrid and Prespa Lakes was made for the characteristics and landscape diversity. The system of protected areas is in species and genes. Biological diversity and transitional phase, including areas purposes of monitoring in a period of one Designation of an area for protected ecosystem services contribute to human designated in different time periods under year. awards to it the status of natural heritage. well-being in different ways. different categorizations of IUCN (areas In the frames of the project for Prespa Lake The Law on Nature Protection, which has designated under the old categorization Abundance and heterogeneity of species Protection, Study of revalorization of the transposed the criteria of the International of IUCN, areas designated under the new and ecosystems are the main features natural values and Draft Management Plan Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categorization, re-designated areas, areas of biological diversity in the Republic of for Nature Monument Prespa Lake were for protected areas categorization provides in a process of re-designation, areas in a Macedonia. prepared. for establishment of six categories of process of designation). Namely, according 2. State and trends International Day of Biodiversity – 22 protected areas, namely: to the Law on Nature Protection, MEPP May – was marked through cooperation 1а. Strict Natural Reserve (SNR) is obliged to carry out revalorization of 2.1. Project activities for nature between MEPP and Municipality of Resen, protected areas designated prior to the 1б. Wilderness Area (WA) protection GiZ Project Office – Skopje, Macedonian application of this Law (2005) and prepare Ecological Society (MES)-Skopje, National 2. National Park (NP) new acts for designation. In January 2013, with financial support from Parks, non-governmental sector, etc. GEF, MEPP initiated the implementation 3. Natural Monument (NM) Current status of the number of protected of the Project “Support to Macedonia 2.2. National Emerald Network areas distributed in different categories and 4. Park of Nature (PN) overall area covered by them is presented for revision of the National Biodiversity According to the provisions of the 5. Protected Landscape (PL) in Table 1. Strategy with Action Plan and preparation of Convention on the Conservation of the Fifth National Report to the Convention European Wildlife and Natural Habitats 6. Multi-Purpose Area (MPA). on Biological Diversity”. Implementation (Bern 1979) and the Law on Nature Agency of the project is UNEP Vienna Protection, four projects were implemented Office. In the frames of this project, in in the period from 2002 to 2008, towards 2013, analysis of the state of biological establishment of the National Emerald diversity in the Republic of Macedonia was Network of Areas of Special Conservation made for the period 2003-2013, relevant Interest (ASCIs). The National Emerald stakeholders were identified and analysis Network covers 35 areas covering an area of the main threats to biological diversity of 752.223 ha or 29% of the territory of the was made. Furthermore, analysis of the Republic of Macedonia. legal and institutional setup for biological diversity protection was made and list of According to international criteria, 42 the relevant strategic documents in the Important Plant Areas (IPAs), 77 areas as area of biological diversity was composed. Corine biotopes, 22 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) and 8 Primary Butterfly Areas (PBAs) In the frames of the project for protection have been identified on the territory of the and sustainable use of Prespa, Ohrid and Republic of Macedonia. Scadar Lakes, funded by the German 226 227 Table 1: Protected areas 2.4.2. Ramsar Sites 2.7. Vegetation communities % of the territory of Number of areas Area ha Ramsar list of wetlands of international The number of vegetation communities Macedonia Ia - - Strict Natural Reserve 2 7787 0,30% importance includes two protected areas, in Macedonia is high reaching above 270 (SNR) Prespa Lake with riparian marsh belts communities. Forest wood communities II - National Park (NP) 3 114870 4,50% III - Natural Monument (1995) and Dojran Lake (2007). with more than 55% dominate, followed 67 78967,49 3,07% (NM) by grass communities, lake and river IV - Park of Nature (PN) 12 3045 0,11% 2.5. Ecosystems/Habitats vegetation communities, while smallest V - Protected Landscape (PL) 1 108 0,01% (represented by plant areas are occupied by marshy communities VI - Multi-Purpose Area 1 25305 0,98% communities) and temporal communities. (MPA) Total 86 230083 8,94% Richness of ecosystem types, habitat The analysis made of the structure of forest types, communities and species position communities concluded that communities Protected areas in the Republic of Macedonia, 2013 Macedonia at the very top of the list of of Kermes oak and white hornbeam (35%) countries with important biodiversity in dominate, followed by the community Europe (Hot spot). of Pubescent oak and white hornbeam Namely, based on the explorations (27.5%), community of Sessile oak (13.5%), completed so far, it has been established then montane beech community (10.6%), that several ecosystem types have submontane beech community (9.7%) and formed on the territory of the Republic of community of five-leaves pine-molika, Macedonia distributed in seven groups: spruce and Bosnian pine (3.8%). aquatic, riparian, grass, montane, steppe- 2.8. Species diversity like, forest and mountainous ecosystems. Despite of the fact that the overall territory Also, more than 260 plant communities of the Republic of Macedonia covers an have been registered with domination area of 25.713 km2 which is 0.26% of of grass and forest communities. Species the territory of the European continent, diversity is represented by more than major portion of biodiversity is found in Diagram 1 17.600 taxa of wild flora, fungi and fauna. the Republic of Macedonia and it ranges has been envisaged from the current 9% It is especially significant that as many as from 33.64% for vascular plants, 14% for Most of the protected areas belong to to 11.5% of the territory of the Republic of 976 endemic species exist in Macedonia, freshwater fish, 20.3% for amphibians, National Parks with around 4.50 %, then Macedonia. of which 870 species are Macedonian 25.2% for reptiles, 64% for birds and 29% endemites. Natural Monuments with around 3.07 % 2.4. Protected areas of for mammals. Biodiversity of the Republic and Multi-Purpose Area Jasen with around 2.6. Habitat types of Macedonia accounts for 70-90% of the 0.98 % of the national territory. Relatively internationally recognized overall Balkan biodiversity. small area of 0.30% is occupied by Strict status Investigations performed (1993-2013) in Species biodiversity is represented by Natural Reserves, then Parks of Nature the frames of several projects – project to 2.4.1. UNESCO Sites more than 17.600 taxa of the wild flora, with 0.11 % of the national territory, and establish CORINE biotopes in the Republic fungi and fauna. It is especially important the smallest area of 0.01% is covered by On international level, UNESCO’s list of Macedonia, Catalogue of wetlands, that as many as 976 endemic species exist Protected Landscape. includes Ohrid region as world natural and Establishment of National Emerald Network cultural heritage (1979), while the tentative and creation of the National Ecological in Macedonia, of which 870 species are According to Sectoral Study of Natural list of UNESCO also includes Monuments of Network (MAK-NEN) in the frames of the Macedonian endemites. Heritage (1999) prepared for the purposes Nature Markovi Kuli (King Marco’s Towers) Pan-European Ecological Network (PEEN) Flora of the Republic of Macedonia is of the Spatial Plan of the Republic of and Slatinski Izvor (springs) (2004). identified 32 types of natural habitats. very rich and diverse, represented by Macedonia (2004) for the period by 2020, 4.028 species, of which 2.169 algae, 354 increase of the portion of protected areas species of lichens, and 3.674 species of 228 229 plants. Recent flora of higher plants is Furthermore, with regard to the extent mosaic of most diverse floral elements of threat to populations of vertebrate (Tertiary relicts, Mediterranean, Greek- animals, the class of fish has 17 species Asia Minor, Ilyrian, Caucasian, Central in the category of globally threatened European, Scardo-Pinean, Euroasian, species. It is of particular importance that Arcto-Alpine, Cosmopolitan), out of which the fauna of vertebrate animals includes 228 species are endemic (Balkan, South 113 species enrolled in the European Red Balkan, Macedonian). Most of the endemic List, including: 30 species of fish, 66 species plant species 0 114 – are registered as of birds, 16 species of mammals and 1 angiosperm plants. species of reptiles. The National Red List of threatened species of fauna is in a process Fungi represent very heterogeneous group of elaboration. Data on the number of of organisms and thus explorations have species is presented on Diagrams 2 – 4. been so far targeted at phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, while others are poorly Number of endemic and endangered wild explored. The total number of studied plant species and registered self-sown fungi on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia is 1245 species. Most of those belong to the 2.169 phyla Myxomicota (10), Oomycota (20), Algae (Algae) 169 Zygomicota (35), Ascomycota (130) and 16

Basidiomycota (1.050). 354 Lichen (Lishenes) The main feature of faunal diversity is 12 389 the high extent of taxonomic diversity Mosses (Bryopsida) 2 represented by 10.354 species and 228 20 subspecies or 10.582 taxa in total. 6 Peat mosses (Lycopsida) The group of invertebrate wild animals 6

(Invertebrata) is represented with 9.819 7 Horsetails (Sphenopsida) species, 635 of which are endemic. 2

However, detailed analyses of the state of 45 Ferns (Filicinae) threat to species by taxonomic groups have 1 not been completed yet, and therefore only 16 Gymnosperms 18 25 invertebrate animals are mentioned (Gymnospermae) preliminary. 8 3.200 The group of vertebrate wild animals Angiosperms 114 (Vertebrata) is represented with 535 408 2.600 species, 31 of which are endemic. Class Dicotyledonae 109 of fish (Pisces) includes 78 species, of 283 which 27 species are endemic (34.5%). Monokotyledonae 600 5 No endemic species have been registered 57 in the classes of amphibians (Amphibia), reptiles (Rеtilia) and birds (Aves), while 0 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 in the class of mammals (Mammalia) 4 number endemic species have been registered. Diagram 2 230 231 Number of endangered fungi Number of endemic and endangered species Identified “Emerald” species have particular 2.9. Scientific research in nature importance in species diversity. Namely, Significant contribution on national level in total of 165 species have been identified, the Во Republic of Macedonia is provided number of which: 6 species of invertebrate animals, number by scientific and technical institutions and 0 500 1.000 1.500 154 species of vertebrate animals (12 0 3.000 6.000 9.000 12.000 non-governmental expert organizations species of fish, 3 species of amphibians, working in the field of protection and study 7 species of reptiles, 115 species of birds 9.818 of the natural heritage and biodiversity in 10 and 17 species of mammals) and 5 plant invertebrates 635 Macedonia. Myxomicota species. Data is presented on Diagram 5. 25 In the course of 2013, a number of scientific Number of Emerald types identified in research was carried out in nature with Macedonia 535 regard to biological diversity components, Vertebrates 31 namely: research of the populations of 140 White Stork from Prilep, Pelagonia and 20 number Tikvesh region (Manastirec and Rosoman), Oomycota 0 200 400 600 especially to establish genetic link with 78 Fishes populations of the same species in other (Pisces) 27 6 invertebrates regions; research of the populations of 30 80 several reptile species in NP Mavrovo, NP Galichica, Shar Planina and area of Dojran;

15 research of the populations of Macedonian 35 Amphibians 12 (Aphibia) ﬁsh bees of the native Macedonian subspecies Zygomicota 60 6 (Apis melifera macedonica) on the island of Golem Grad; research of the changes

3 in the communities of butterflies and 32 Reptiles amphibians moths caused by abandonment of arable 27 (Reptilia) land areas in Prilep and its surroundings; 8 130 researches aimed at conserving the Ascomycota 7 populations of Egyptian vulture in Taor reptiles 328 30 Gorge, Babuna Mountain and Mariovo. Birds (Aves) Multi-annual research included in the 66 17 Programme for Balkan lynx recovery was mammals implemented through the project: “Status, 55 1.050 82 ecology and occupation of territory by Mammals Basidiomycota (Mammalia) 4 the critically endangered Balkan lynx in 6 7 16 115 Macedonia and Albania”, enabling detailed birds approach to the survey of biology and 195 10.353 ecology of one of the most endangered Total 666 populations of cat family in the world. 5 165 ﬂora Society for Birds Study and Protection of 480 Diagram 3 Macedonia (SBSPM) organized trainings in the Information Centre in the village Diagram 4 Asamati on Prespa Lake for research groups Diagram 5 for birds and bats monitoring. 232 233 Speleological Society “Peopni Skopje” disturbance of natural balance; in cooperation with scientific experts 5. Prevention of harmful activities of from Tur de Valat, Belgium and PNMM, individuals and legal entities and Macedonia, carried out training of research disturbance in nature as a result groups in monitoring performance for bat of technological development and populations in underground morphological performance of activities, i.e. providing structures – caves in Skopje and Gostivar for the best possible conditions for regions, and issued prospects on bats protection and development of the monitoring with bat detectors. nature; 6. Providing for the citizen to exercise 3. Brief assessment and their right to healthy environment. possible development In 2013, Assembly of the Republic of 3.1. Legislation on nature Macedonia adopted the Law amending the protection Law on Nature Protection (Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia no.13/13), The basic Law regulating nature protection by which further transposition was made through conservation of biological and of the provisions of Directive on Wild Birds landscape diversity and protection of Conservation (2009/147/ЕC) and Directive natural heritage in and outside protected on the Conservation of Natural Habitats areas, as well as protection of natural and Wild Fauna and Flora (92/43/ЕЕC). rarities is the Law on Nature Protection (Official Gazette of the Republic of In the segment of more efficient Macedonia no. 67/04, 14/06, 84/07, 35/10, enforcement of the Law on Nature 47/11, 148/11 и 59/12, 13/13, 163/13 and Protection concerning provision of 41/14). financial resources in protected areas, the Government of the Republic of Macedonia The main goals of the Law on Nature took Decision for issuance of consents to Protection are as follows: the Decisions of the Public Institutions of the National Parks Pelister, Mavrovo and 1. Determination and monitoring of the Galichica to set the level of the fees for state of nature; entry and visit, parking, stay and collection 2. Conservation and restoration of the of wild plant species in the National Park. existing biological and landscape In the course of 2013, cooperation of MEPP diversity in a state of natural balance; with the Public Institutions of the National 3. Establishment of a network of Parks Pelister, Mavrovo and Galichica and protected areas for the purpose of other protected areas managing entities, sustainable protection of the features local self-governments, inspection services, on the basis of which they have scientific and technical institutions, other acquired the status of natural heritage; stakeholders (farmers, land owners, 4. Providing for sustainable use of hunters and fishermen), non-governmental natural wealth in the interest of the sector involved in nature protection, was present and future development, strengthened, through organization of without significant damage of parts of meetings, workshops and trainings. the nature and with the least possible 234 235 4. Recommendations of importance for biodiversity conservation to be supported by local In order to ensure promotion in the rural communities. protection of biological diversity and . Adopt management plan for individual nature protection, it is necessary to: protected areas. . finalize the inventory and assessment of threatened species; . adopt Red list of threatened species and respective Red Book for these species protection and conservation. . finalize re-evaluation and re- designation of all protected areas in accordance with the Law on Environment. . proceed with the expansion of the system of protected areas in a way representing the key habitats

236 237 participation in Common Committees individual bodies of UNEP, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION for monitoring of cross-border Governing Council, etc. Programmes where MEPP is a voting −− payment of membership fees 1. Introduction 2. Multilateral and member, in coordination with the to Global UNEP Facility per Ministry of Local Self-government. international agreements (Bonn Environment does not recognize bilateral cooperation MEPP contributes actively to the Convention, Bats Agreement, administrative borders and cross-border The Ministry has continued with the implementation of the Cross-border CITES, Basel Convention, cooperation for natural goods preservation implementation of current projects, as programme through participation in Stockholm Convention, is also an obligation towards generations well as negotiations for future possible meetings of the Management bodies Agreement on African and to come. To that end, the Ministry of projects in the area of environment. It has of the Operational programmes, Eurasian Water Birds). Environment and Physical Planning, maintained regular contacts on bilateral Component 2, in cross-border since its foundation to present, has been Multilateral agreements: level and taken part in international and cooperation with Albania, Bulgaria, nourishing bilateral cooperation with regional events in line with the obligations Kosovo and Greece. ▪▪ Monitoring and analysis of activities particular attention as crucial part of its in the frames of the three Rio deriving from conventions and bilateral ▪▪ Regular coordination of Japanese work programme. Protection, promotion Conventions (Convention on memoranda for cooperation signed assistance – activities are carried out and sustainable development of the three Biological Diversity, Convention on and ratified by the country, as well as in in cooperation with JICA and active natural lakes and border mountain massifs Climate Change and Convention to meetings on bilateral level. participation in the adjustment of shared by the Republic of Macedonia Combat Desertification) with its direct neighbours is imperative Bilateral cooperation: the implementation of different projects and trainings of MEPP’s Continuous in the exercise of bilateral and trilateral ▪▪ Analysis has been planned for staff in Japan. cooperation. areas of interest to individual ▪▪ Monitoring and analysis of activities Cooperation in the area of environment donors towards continuation of Multilateral cooperation: in the frames of the 5 UNECE in global and Pan-European context is the cooperation with Sweden and ▪▪ Implementation of the World Conventions. carried out in the frames of international potential bilateral projects with Heritage Convention on national and Continuous organizations, such as United Nations Check Republic, Slovakia, Turkey, international levels (part on natural ▪▪ Cooperation with GEF Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), Hungary, Croatia, Slovenia, Kosovo, heritage) and Law on Ohrid region as United Nations Development Programme Montenegro, Serbia and Bulgaria. World natural and cultural heritage. −− Following GEF Council meetings and analysis of adopted decisions (UNDP) United Nations Environmental Continuous ▪▪ Participation of Macedonian Programme (UNEP), United Nations −− proposing activities on national ▪▪ establishment of internal system for representatives in UNESCO and MAB Industrial Development Organization level upon adopted decisions (UNIDO), Global Environmental Facility coordination of bilateral cooperation Programme (Man and Biosphere) in (GEF), UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere and current coordination with sessions and workshops. −− programming of projects in the Programme, Council of Europe and the MFA with regard to bilateral frames of GEF Star 5 2010-2014 cooperation of MEPP in the area ▪▪ Established National Commission for Organization for Security and Cooperation Continuous in Europe (OSCE) and international of environment – communication implementation of MAB Programme financial institutions (IFIs), such as World of information for preparation (Man and Biosphere), initiated ▪▪ Cooperation with the Council of Bank, European Investment Bank (EIB) and of political consultations of the activities for establishment of the Europe European Bank for Reconstruction and President of the country, Prime First Transboundary Biosphere −− Following the meetings of the Development (EBRD); in parallel with this, Minister, MFA. Reserve; prepared Draft Application Council of Europe and analysis of for Transboundary Biosphere it carries out technical cooperation with Continuous adopted decisions Japanese Government through Japanese Reserve between Macedonia and −− proposing activities on national International Cooperation Agency – JICA. ▪▪ work in the Operational team for Albania for Ohrid-Prespa Region. IPA programming for Component level upon adopted decisions 2 – Cross-border cooperation, ▪▪ Cooperation with UNEP: −− participation in CEMAT permanent coordination and −− participation in the work of Conference 238 239 −− cooperation with the centre of ▪▪ Cooperation with REC For the coming period, it has been envisaged date. NATUROPA to continue with further approximation −− participation in the work of the The List of laws and bylaws in the area of of the national legislation with the EU −− participation in the work of General Assembly of REC environment is enclosed in Annex 2 of this law in order to reach full transposition in PEBLDS document. −− participation in regional projects the Chapter of Environment, concerning −− participation in the meeting of −− cooperation with REC Country especially transposition of EU law of later the expert group for Emerald Office in Skopje network development Continuous −− participation in the meeting STAKEHOLDERS IN THE PROTECTION OF of the expert group for PEEN ▪▪ ENV SEC Initiative – Coordination and network development following the activities on national THE ENVIRONMENT level and participation in the work of −− following activities that derive the Initiative; In the implementation of its annual on the Strategy of the Government from Landscape Convention activities, the Ministry of Environment and for cooperation with civil associations, Continuous −− following activities that derive Physical Planning cooperates with many postulates of the Aarhus Convention, from Bern Convention; institutions on national and local level. Law on Environment and MEPP’s Annual Active cooperation has been exercised Programme. The database elaborated Continuous with almost all ministries, especially with and updated in the Public Relations the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Department includes around 80 active Water Economy, Ministry of Transport and organizations working in the area of ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION IN THE Communications, Ministry of Economy, environment, as well as Organization of Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education the Red Cross of Macedonia as the largest REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA and Science, Ministry of Labour and Social voluntary organization in the country. In the frames of the EU integration process, Policy, Ministry of Local Self-Government, Particularly fruitful cooperation has been the Ministry of Environment and Physical . Horizontal legislation - 79 % Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Finance, as accomplished with the regional network – Planning has noted high progress in the . Quality of air- 66.35 % well as institutions of the Assembly of the Regional Environmental Centre for Central approximation of the national legislation . Waste management - 81 % Republic of Macedonia: and Southeastern Europe (REC) – Country Office in Skopje. with the EU law. So far, all framework . Quality of water – 60.53 % - Commission for transport, laws in the area of environment have . Nature protection - 55 % communications and ecology, President For the purpose of improved been adopted upon their approximation . Control of industrial pollution - 75 % of the Republic of Macedonia, People’s communication, facilitated implementation with the EU law and most of the national . Climate change - 37 % Ombudsman, and from among educational of joint initiatives towards protection legislation has been completed in all areas . Noise – 100% institutions with Macedonian Academy of and improvement of the conditions in of environment. Science and Arts, institutes, universities, the environment, as well as for easier According to the 8th completed Progress then Centre for Crisis Management, involvement of the public in decision monitoring – screening (which is under Directorate for Rescue and Protection, and policy making, Coordinative Body direct supervision of the Directorate units of the local self-government, HMA, was established in 2013 for cooperation General of Environment of the European economic chambers, different agencies, and dialogue between the Ministry of Commission), monitoring the process State Statistical Office, National and Environment and Physical Planning and of approximation of the national regional institutes for health protection, civil associations working in the area of environmental legislation with the EU law National Parks, Customs Administrations, environment. etc. and its implementation for 2013, the status Macedonian Green Centre has the function of transposition of the EU law for the area Furthermore, MEPP has established of administrative support with person in of environment is as follows (average value notable cooperation with civil associations charge from among civil organizations as of percentage per area): acting in the area of environment, based Chair person of the Body, while on the side 240 241 of MEPP administrative support is provided . Sustainable energy sources/Energy by the Public Relations Department through . Environmental inspections person delegated by MEPP. Cooperation . Water and coordination have been defined by the . Air (noise) following themes: . IPPC, EIA . Public communication and information . Biodiversity . Spatial planning and Strategic . Waste Environmental Assessment During 2013, new form was prepared to . Sustainable development and update data of civil associations and these environmental investments organizations are clustered by the field of . EU integration and legislation interest. . Climate change EDUCATION AND PROMOTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT With regard to education and public several pre-school institutions, including awareness rising, MEPP through Public New Year’s Eco-Workshop and workshop Relations Department, carried out series on climate change. During visits organized of activities (in accordance with the for groups of children from kindergartens Programme) with direct effect on the from Skopje and surrounding populated increase in the level of environmental places in the Public Relations Department, Program in Macedonia has five main topics students in the world. education, as well as development of thematic lectures were made on climate of exploration: positive habits towards environment, change and waters treatment. Teachers involved in the GLOBE Program . Atmosphere among children, youth and general public. receive appropriate training in new . Hydrology procedures and protocols for collection, 2. GLOBE PROGRAM . Land cover processing and delivering data through 1. “Green Package – Junior” GLOBE is global scientific and educational . Soil and Internet to the central server in USA, Development of ecological education in programme coordinating the work of . Phenology. educational materials, video tapes, CDs, the frames of educational system is carried students, teachers and scientists, in Macedonian Environmental Information communication with teachers from out in cooperation with the Ministry of order to study and understand global Centre prepared and published the other countries and communication with Education and Science and Ministry of environment. The Program involves publication - GLOBE Teachers’ Guide scientists from all over the world. Labour and Social Policy. We should point countries from all over the world and it is available to all teachers and students in out the implementation of educational led by US Government in partnership with printed and electronic form through the programme “Green Package-Junior” as other countries. So far, the Program was web site of GLOBE Program. an extension of the existing programme joined by 112 countries with 25 258. “Green Package” which covered children While implementing the GLOBE Program, GLOBE Program in Macedonia started back at primary school. Particular contribution students learn through observation in 1998. During the period of the GLOBE was achieved through development of of the state of environment in areas network presence in Macedonia, the this multi-media educational package with explored, deliver data on daily basis via interest in the Program among students Braille alphabet thus enabling its use by the Internet to GLOBE server in USA and teachers has increased significantly. So children with sight impediments. from where they receive maps with data far, it has comprised 19 schools, of which 5 from measurements, analyze data and Thematic workshops were organized in primary and 14 secondary schools. GLOBE cooperate with GLOBE scientists and other 242 243 3. Campaigns to protect the representatives are members of the 3.2. Days of actions for climate Coordinative Body took active part, environment namely: Centre for Crisis Management, The following national campaigns were Directorate for Protection and Rescue, implemented in the course of 2013. General Headquarters of ARM, Ministry of Education and Science, ZELS, Ministry of 3.1. “Macedonia Free of Waste Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy, 2013” Ministry of Health, etc. Support was also “Macedonia Free of Waste 2013” is a granted by the Office of the President of Macedonia, representatives’ groups, campaign carried out for the second Particular progress was achieved in time in 2013 under the Decision of the as well as representatives of diplomatic offices in the country. public awareness raising and education Government in order to reduce the in the area of climate change, by way of quantities of inadequately disposed waste The action consisted of activities for waste In the past period, seven GLOBE seminars organizing activities under the Strategy and raise the public awareness of proper cleanup, education and promotion. All were organized resulting in training of for communication and public awareness waste treatment. Activities were carried events were recorded on the web site of 71 GLOBE teachers who implement the rising in the area of climate change. As out in two phases. The first phase in August the association “Come on Macedonia” and Program in their schools in the country. support to the 19th Meeting of the Parties focused on cleaning activities in national international network “Let‘s do it world to the UN Convention on Climate Change In 2010, Macedonia hosted the 6th Annual parks (NP Pelister, NP Galichica and NP 2013”. (COP 19) held in Warsaw from 11 to 22 Conference of GLOBE Europe and Eurasia Mavrovo), involving the four units of local The action was announced intensively in November 2013, MEPP through its Public (1-6 June, Ohrid). The event was attended self-government, namely: Bitola, Ohrid, media which secured its wide participation Relations Department and UNDP carried by around 70 participants from 23 countries Resen and Mavrovi Anovi, public utilities, by the general public. Also, the action out the campaign under the title “Climate from Europe and Asia. high number of civil associations, including itself was well covered by electronic and changes – adapt! – Days of actions for mounteneering and bicycling associations, printed media, with numerous media climate 11-22 November 2013”. Red Cross, scout squads, children staying presentations, and information was on Pelister for rehabilitation and high In the course of the 12 days, series of distributed through social networks, too. number of state institutions. activities were carried out intended for Media partner of the campaign was Media general public, as well as specific activities The second phase was carried on 5 October Print Macedonia which distributed flyer to mobilize and educate media as target with great action for waste cleaning on the through their editions. group. In accordance with the Action Plan, whole territory of the country, by which It was generally assessed that the the following activities were carried out Macedonia joined the global action - Let’s campaign achieved great massiveness within the campaign: do it! World Cleanup 2013. The action and interest among national and local . Briefing of journalists – involving the was officially supported by the European institutions, but also among general public. Minister of Environment and Physical Parliament and in 2013 involved 107 This will definitely improve the attitudes Planning, National Focal Point of UN countries from all over the world. and the awareness of citizens for proper Framework Convention on Climate The national campaign took place at management of the waste and contribute Change (UNFCC), UNDP Programme total of 386 registered locations in 70 to the development of mechanisms Manager for Environment and Energy; municipalities in the country and resulted for support by citizens, municipalities . Series of daily broadcasting of articles in 19.685 m3 and 12.801 tons of waste and other interested parties for better and programs on national television; collected. Besides municipalities and their coping with unorganized and illegal waste . Half an hour discussion with the public utilities, activities also involved throwing in their communities. Minister of Environment and Physical around 70 schools with over 3700 students, Planning, National Focal Point of UN 21 civil associations, 11 companies, and Framework Convention on Climate the total number of recorded participants Change (UNFCC) in contact program was 61.637. Also, institutions whose in the peak term at the national 244 245 television; 4. Marking the days of . Participation of the Minister in the afternoon news in Albanian; ecological calendar . Round Table “Climate change impact Specific activities of public environmental on tourism sector and possibilities for awareness rising are those marking the adaptation”; days of the eco-calendar. Notable activities . Training of representatives of were carried out on the occasion of 5 June institutions dealing with cultural – the Day of Environment, 16 September heritage: “Assessment of vulnerability – Day of Ozone Layer Protection and 22 of cultural heritage to climate change”; September – Car Free Day. . Promotion of the Report on climate change impact on cultural heritage; On the occasion of the European Mobility . Promotion of documentary film “After Week 2013 (16-22 September), the Ministry the rain” on climate change in the of Environment and Physical Planning in frames of the film festival Cinedays. cooperation with the Delegation of the . The film was tailor-made in the European Union and in partnership with frames of the Project “Third National the City of Skopje organized cycling parade Communication on Climate Change”. in a length of 10 kilometers through the main streets of the city. The event under

the title “Clean air – it is your turn” was activities proposed in the Strategy for aimed at influencing the awareness of the gradual increase of the level of students’ value and benefits of the use of alternative participation in school sports for the period and sustainable means of urban transport. 2014-2016 in the segment of involving the The event was supported by ministers, students in the climbing along delineated MPs, mayors, representatives of diplomatic mountaineering paths and organization of corps in Macedonia, students, cycling cross-country at secondary school level. associations, civil societies and citizens. The Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, in its annual programme activities aimed at supporting projects for environmental awareness promotion has incorporated the requirements and the goals of the National Youth Strategy and Action Plan for its implementation and cooperates actively with the Ministry of Education and Science and Coordinative Body to implement the set goals. Furthermore, the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, in the frames of its competences and in cooperation with the Ministry of Education and Science, contributes to and supports the implementation of the Action Plan and 246 247 NAME OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT STATUS ANNEX 1 Agreement on cooperation in field of Environmet between the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning of the Republic of Agreement was signed on 14 October 2005, Bilateral Agreements Macedonia and the Ministry of Environment and Waters of the Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. Republic of Hungary NAME OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT STATUS Agreement on cooperation in field of Environmet between the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning of the Republic Agreement was signed on 18 March 2006, TRILATERAL AGREEMENTS of Macedonia and the Ministry of Environmental protection and Podgorica, Montenegro. Declaration on the creation of the Prespa Park and the Physical Planning of the Republic of Montenegro Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development of the Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the field of Prespa Lakes and their Surrounding Planned activities: Establishment of Management Environment between the Ministry of Environment and Physical Memorandum was signed on 19 March 2007, (Macedonia, Greece and Albania, 02. 02. 2000, Agios Germanos, Committee Planning of the Republic of Macedonia and the Ministry of Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. Greece) A Environment and Forests of the Republic of Turkey greement on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Prespa Park Area (Macedonia, Greece, Albania and European Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Commission, 02. 02. 2010, Pili, Greece) – Ratification envisaged Environment and Physical Planning of the Republic of Macedonia and Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning of the in 2011 Memorandum was signed in 2006. Republic of Slovenia on Cooperation for the implementation of BILATERAL AGREEMENTS the Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Agreement was signed on 01.03.2002 in Zagreb, Change Macedonia and the Government of the Republic of Croatia on Republic of Croatia. Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Cooperation in the Field of Environmental and Nature (2002, Agreement was ratified by Law on Ratification Environment and Physical Planning of the Republic of Macedonia Zagreb) Protection (Official Gazette of RM no. 13/2003). and Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning of the Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Environment and Agreement was signed on 27.01.1998 in Moscow, Republic of Slovenia for Technical Cooperation in the Project Nature Protection between the Government of the Republic Russian Federation. "Environmental Impact Assessment of the Army Training Polygon of Macedonia and the Government of the Russian Federation Agreement was ratified by Law on Ratification Krivolak" and its management (2006) (1998, Moscow) (Official Gazette of RM no. 16/98). Agreement on the cooperation in the field of environmental Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Agreement was signed on 19.07.2002 in Belgrade, protection between the Ministry of Environment and Physical Agreement was signed in November 2010 in Kiev, Macedonia and the Government of the Federal Republic of SR Yugoslavia. Planning of the Republic of Macedonia and the Ministry of Ukraine. Yugoslavia on Cooperation in the Field of Environment (2002, Agreement was ratified by Law on Ratification Environmental Protection of Ukraine Belgrade) (Official Gazette of RM no. 13/2003) Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Agreement between the Ministry of Environment of the Republic Agreement was signed on 09.06.2000 in Sofia, Macedonia and the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Agreement was signed on 17.06.2004 in Skopje, of Macedonia and the Ministry of the Environment and Waters Republic of Bulgaria. Albania for the Protection and Sustainable Development of Lake Republic of Macedonia. of the Republic of Bulgaria on Cooperation in the Field of The Agreement is not ratified as it is concluded Ohrid and its Watershed Environmental Protection (2000, Sofia) between ministries. Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Agreement was signed on 19.07.2002 in Belgrade, Memorandum of Understanding concerning Cooperation in the Macedonia and the Government of the Federal Republic of Memorandum was signed on 07.09.2000, in SR Yugoslavia. Agreement was ratified by Law on Field of Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development Yugoslavia on Cooperation in the Field of Environment (2002, Pogradec, Republic of Albania. Ratification (Official Gazette of RM no. 13/2003). between the Macedonian Ministry of Environment and Physical Belgrade) It is not ratified as it is concluded between Planning and the Albanian Environmental Agency (2000, ministry and agency. Memorandum of understanding on cooperation in the field Pogradec) of environment protection and spatial planning between the Memorandum was signed on 09.03.2012 in Memorandum of understanding and cooperation in sustainable Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning of Republic of Memorandum was signed on 04.09.2000 in Pristine, Kosovo. development and the environment between the Party of the Macedonia and the Ministry of Environment and Spatial planning Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. Second Part to the New York Interim Accord, of September 13, of Republic of Kosovo It is not ratified as it is concluded between 1995 and The Party of the First Part to the above Interim Accord ministries. Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of (2000, Skopje) Environment and Physical Planning of the Republic of Macedonia Memorandum was signed on 05.12.2013 in Letter of Intent between Republic of Macedonia and Province of and the Ministry of Rural Development of Hungary on Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. Low Austria on Establishment of Friendship and Cooperation in Cooperation in the field of Water Management the Field of Environmental Protection (06.11.2000, St.Pelten) Protocol on Cooperation in the field of Environmental Protection between the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning of Protocol was signed on 17.06.2004 in Prague, the Republic of Macedonia and Ministry of Environment of the Check Republic. Czech Republic Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning of the Republic of Macedonia Memorandum was signed on 23 August 2005, and the Ministry of Environment and Territory of the Republic of Rimini, Republic of Italy. Italy on cooperation in the field of environment and Sustainable Development 248 249 Multilateral Agreements acceded to by the Republic of Macedonia NAME OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT STATUS This Memorandum was concluded under the Bonn Memorandum of Understanding concerning NAME OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT STATUS Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species conservation and management of Central European of Wild Animals. Republic of Macedonia signed the FRAMEWORK CONVENTIONS IN THE AREA OF ENVIRONMENT population of Great Bustard (Otis tarda) Memorandum on 07.10.2000 in Amman, Jordan. Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a The Convention was ratified by the Law on Ratification The Convention was ratified by the Law on Ratification European Convention on the Conservation of European Transboundary Context (ESPO) Convention, February (“Official Gazette of RM” No.49/97). (Official Gazette of RM no. 44/99) Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern, 1979) 1991) It entered into force in April 1999. This Protocol was adopted under the Espoo Convention. The Convention was ratified by the Law on Ratification Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment Republic of Macedonia signed the Protocol in Kiev, Ukraine, Convention on the World Cultural and natural Heritage (“Official Gazette of SFRY” No. 58/74). Republic of (2003) May 2003, at the 5th “Environment for Europe” Ministerial Protection (Paris, 1972) Macedonia became Party on 08.09.1991, by act of Conference. The Protocol has not been ratified. succession. This Agreement was adopted under the Espoo Convention. Multilateral Agreement between countries of Convention on International Trade in Endangered The Convention was ratified by the Law on Ratification Republic of Macedonia signed the Agreement in Bucharest, Southeastern Europe concerning implementation of Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Washington, 1973, (“Official Gazette of RM” No. 82/99). Republic of Macedonia Romania, May 2008 during the 4th Meeting of Parties to the the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment amended in Bonn in 1979) became Party on 02.10.2000. Espoo Convention. The Agreement was ratified by Law on in a Transboundary Context (2008) The Convention was ratified by the Law on Ratification Ratification (Official Gazette of RM no. 157/10). European Landscape Convention (Florence, 2000) (“Official Gazette of RM” No. 44/2003). Convention on Access to Environmental Information, CONVENTIONS IN THE AREA OF AIR PROTECTION Public Participation in Environmental Decision Making The Convention was ratified by Law on Ratification (Official and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters Gazette of RM no. 40/99). Ratified by the Law on Ratification (“Official Gazette of (Aarhus) Vienna Convention for the Protection of Ozone Layer SFRY” No. 1.1990). (Vienna, March 1985) Ratified by the Republic of Macedonia on 10 March, 1994. This Protocol was adopted under the Aarhus Convention. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the (“Official Gazette of SFRY” No. 16/90). Ratified by the Republic of Macedonia signed the Protocol in Kiev, Ukraine, Ozone Layer (Montreal, September 1987) Republic of Macedonia on 10.03.1994. Protocol on the Pollutants Release and Transfer May 2003, at the 5th “Environment for Europe” Ministerial Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances The Amendment was ratified by the Law on Ratification Registry Conference. that Deplete the Ozone Layer – London (“Official Gazette of RM” No. 25/98). The Protocol was ratified by Law on Ratification (Official Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances The Amendment was ratified by the Law on Ratification Gazette of RM no. 135/2010). that Deplete the Ozone Layer – Copenhagen (“Official Gazette of RM” No. 25/98). TCONVENTIONS IN THE AREA OF NATURE PROTECTION Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances The Amendment was ratified by the Law on Ratification that Deplete the Ozone Layer – Montreal (“Official Gazette of RM” No. 51/99). The Convention was ratified by the Law on Ratification Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances The Amendment was ratified by the Law on Ratification Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio) (“Official Gazette of RM” No.54/97). that Deplete the Ozone Layer – Beijing 1999 (“Official Gazette of RM” No. 13/2002). It entered into force in 1998

This Protocol is based on the Convention on Biological The Convention was ratified by the Law on Ratification United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Diversity. It was adopted at the last meeting of the Expert (“Official Gazette of RM” No. 6/97). It entered into force for Task Force in Montreal, on 29.01.2000. Change (New York, May 1992) Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (Cartagena Protocol) the Republic of Macedonia on 28 April 1998. Republic of Macedonia signed it on 26 July 2000. The Protocol was ratified by the Law on Ratification (“Official Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework The Protocol was ratified by the Law on Ratification (“Official Gazette of RM” no. 40/2005). Convention on Climate Change Gazette of RM” No. 49/2004) Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, The Convention was ratified by the Decree on Ratification The Convention was ratified by the Law on Ratification Especially as Waterfowl Habitats (Ramsar,1971) (“Official Gazette of SFRY” No. 9/77). (“Official Gazette of SFRY” No. 11/86. Republic of Macedonia ratified it by act of succession. The The Convention was ratified by the Law on Ratification Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species Convention on the Long Range Transboundary Air List of the status of countries with regard to this Convention (“Official Gazette of RM” No. 38/99). of Wild Animals (Bonn, 1979) Pollution (Geneva, November 1979) specifies that the Republic of Macedonia signed it on It entered into force in November 1999. 17.11.1991. This Agreement was concluded under the Bonn Convention From the time of entry of this Convention into force, it has on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. been supplemented by eight (8) Protocols. Agreement on the European Bats Protection (London, The Agreement was ratified by the Law on Ratification 1991) Protocol to the 1979 Convention on the Long Range (“Official Gazette of RM” no. 38/99), and entered into force Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the Long-Term Amendment to the Agreement on the European Bats The Protocol was ratified by the Law on Ratification (“Official for the Republic of Macedonia on 10.09.1999. Financing of the Cooperation Program for Monitoring Protection Gazette of RM” No. 24/2010). The Amendment was ratified by the Law on Ratification and Evaluation of the Long-Range Transfer of Air (“Official Gazette of RM” no. 13/2002). Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) This Agreement was concluded under the Bonn Convention Protocol to the 1979 Convention on the Long Range on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. Agreement on the African and Eurasian Migratory Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the control of The Protocol was ratified by the Law on Ratification (“Official The Agreement was ratified by the Law on Ratification Species of Birds (Hague, 1995) sulfur emissions or their transboundary transfer by at Gazette of RM” No. 24/2010). (“Official Gazette of RM” no. 32/99), and entered into force least 30 percent (Helsinki, July 1985) on 01.11.1999.

250 251 252 253 NAME OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT STATUS Protocol to the 1979 Convention on the Long Range ANNEX 2 Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the control of The Protocol was ratified by the Law on Ratification (“Official nitrogen oxides release or their transboundary transfer Gazette of RM” No. 24/2010). LIST OF LAWS AND BYLAWS IN THE AREA OF ENVIRONMENT (Sofia, October 1988) Protocol to the 1979 Convention on the Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the control The Protocol was ratified by the Law on Ratification (“Official ENVIRONMENT of volatile organic compounds emissions or their Gazette of RM” No. 24/2010). LAW ON ENVIRONMENT transboundary transfer (Geneva, November1991) Law on Environment Official Gazette of RM no. 53/05 of 05.07.2005. Protocol to the 1979 Convention on the Long Range The Protocol was ratified by the Law on Ratification (“Official Transboundary Air Pollution concerning further Law amending the Law on Environment Official Gazette of RM no. 81/05 of 27.09.2005. Gazette of RM” No. 24/2010). reduction of sulphur emissions (Oslo, June 1994) Law amending the Law on Environment Official Gazette of RM no. 24/07 of 01.03.2007. Protocol to the 1979 Convention on the Long Range Law amending the Law on Environment Official Gazette of RM no. 159/08 of 22.12.2008. The Protocol was ratified by the Law on Ratification (“Official Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the persistent Gazette of RM” No. 135/2010). Law amending the Law on Environment Official Gazette of RM no. 83/09 of 03.07.2009. organic pollutants (Aarhus, June 1998) Law amending the Law on Environment Official Gazette of RM no. 48/10 of 09.04.2010. Protocol to the 1979 Convention on the Long Range The Protocol was ratified by the Law on Ratification (“Official Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the air Law amending the Law on Environment Official Gazette of RM no. 124/10 of 20.09.2010. Gazette of RM” No. 135/2010). pollution for heavy metals (Aarhus, June 1998) Law amending the Law on Environment Official Gazette of RM no. 51/11 of 13.04.2011. Protocol to the 1979 Convention on the Long Range Law amending the Законот за животна средина Official Gazette of RM no. 123/12 of 02.10.2012. Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the reduction The Protocol was ratified by the Law on Ratification (“Official of acidification, eutrophication and ground ozone Gazette of RM” No. 135/2010). Law amending the Law on Environment Official Gazette of RM no. 93/13 of 03.07.2013. (Goteborg, November 1999) Law amending the Law on Environment Official Gazette of RM no. 187/13 of 30.12.2013. CONVENTIONS IN THE AREA OF SOIL CONSERVATION Law amending the Law on Environment Official Gazette of RM no. 42/14 of 03.03.2014. ORDERS RESTRICTING TRADE United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification The Convention was ratified by the Law on Ratification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/ (Official Gazette of RM no. 13/2002). Convention entered Order prohibiting production, trade and use of detergents for or Desertification, Particularly in Africa into force on 6 June 2002. machine washing of textile products containing phosphorus in Official Gazette of RM no. 27/05 of 26.04.2005. organic or inorganic form with a weight exceeding 0.5 % CONVENTIONS IN THE AREA OF WASTE MANAGEMENT Order prohibiting import of used refrigerators, freezers and other cooling or freezing devices and import of ozone depleting Official Gazette of RM no. 87/06 of 01.08.2006. Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movements substances of Hazard Waste and their Disposal The Convention was ratified by the Law on Ratification (Official Gazette of RM no.49/97). Order terminating the validity of the prohibition for internal Amendment to the Basel Convention on the The Amendment was ratified by the Law on Ratification trade, purchase and export of wastes and residues of iron, steel, Official Gazette of RM no. 113/07 of 20.09.2007. Transboundary Movements of Hazard Waste and their (Official Gazette of RM no. 49/2004). aluminium, copper, lead, zinc, tin bronze and brass Disposal and Amendment to Annex I, Annex VIII and Order prohibiting use of bags for transport of goods made of Annex IX (Kichen, Malesia, 23-27.02.1998) plastic masses in shops, commercial premises and markets Official Gazette of RM no. 109/08 of 29.08.2008. CONVENTIONS IN THE AREA OF PROTECTION FROM CHEMICALS where retail sale of food products and small size products for general use is performed Republic of Macedonia signed the Convention in Stockholm, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants Sweden, on 22 May 2001. The Convention was ratified by Order prohibiting use of bags for transport of goods made of the Law on Ratification (Official Gazette of RM no. 17/2004) plastic masses in shops, storehouses, store yards, commercial premises, green markets and special markets where retail sale of Official Gazette of RM no. 48/09 of 13.04.2009 Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent The Convention was ratified by the Law on Ratification food products and in shops and kiosks where trade in small size Procedure for Certain Dangerous Chemicals and (Official Gazette of RM no. 83/2010) products for personal and general consumption is performed Pesticides in International Trade (Rotterdam,1998) CONVENTIONS IN THE AREA OF PROTECTION FROM INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS Order restricting import of air conditioning devices containing Official Gazette of RM no. 92/10 of 09.07.2010. Convention on Transboundary Effects of Industrial The Convention was ratified by the Law on Ratification hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) Accidents (Official Gazette of RM no. 19/2010)

Order restricting import of ozone depleting substances Official Gazette of RM no. 92/10 of 09.07.2010. Order prohibiting production of and trade in ozone depleting substances, as well as production of and trade in ozone Official Gazette of RM no. 92/10 of 09.07.2010. depleting substances containing products Order prohibiting import and export of products containing Official Gazette of RM no. 92/10 of 09.07.2010. hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC)

254 255 Order prohibiting internal trade in, purchase and export of Environmental Investment Programme for 2010 Official Gazette of RM no. 8/10 of 21.01.2010 wastes and residues of iron, steel, aluminium, copper, lead, zinc, Official Gazette of RM no. 41/12 of 26.03.2012. Environmental Investment Programme for 2011 Official Gazette of RM no. 6/11 of 17.01.2011. tin, bronze and brass Decree amending the Decree on the methodology of allocation Order terminating validity of the Order prohibiting internal trade of funds gained as revenue from the fee for production of energy Official Gazette of RM no. 22/11 of 23.02.2011. in, purchase and export of wastes and residues of iron, steel, Official Gazette of RM no. 56/12 of 07.05.2012. from fossil fuels allumimium, copper, lead, zinc, tin, bronze and brass Environmental Investment Programme for 2012 Official Gazette of RM no. 16/12 of 02.02.2012. Order amending the Order restricting import of ozone depleting Official Gazette of RM no. 150/12 of 29.11.2012. substances Environmental Investment Programme for 2014 Official Gazette of RM no. 7/14 of 13.01.2014. Order prohibiting internal trade in and purchase of copper, Rulebook on the form, format and content, as well as the manner and procedure of issuance and withdrawal of the brass, aluminium and metallic wire obtained by cable and Official Gazette of RM no. 40/13 of 14.03.2013. Official Gazette of RM no. 80/05 of 23.09.2005. automobile tires burning identity card of the state environmental inspector, nature protection inspector and authorized environmental inspector Order prohibiting trade in cooling devices in cylinders for single Official Gazette of RM no. 140/13 of 14.10.2013. Rulebook on the costs for matters carried out beyond use Official Gazette of RM no. 100/05 of 21.11.2005. administrative procedure upon request by the client PERMITS Rulebook on the content of the annual report of completed Guideline on detailed data for issuance of permit for goods Official Gazette of RM no. 91/04 of 23.12.2004. inspection supervision and manner and deadline for its Official Gazette of RM no. 71/06 of 08.06.2006 exported-imported under D4 declaration submission FEES Rulebook on the content, format and manner of adoption of the Official Gazette of RM no. 128/07 of 19.10.2007. Decision determining products subject to payment of fees at plan for inspection supervision performance Official Gazette of RM no. 75/05 of 07.09.2005. trade, import/export Rulebook on the format and content of the invitation for Rlebook on conditions, manner and procedre for returning education, manner of education performance, as well as the Official Gazette of RM no. 118/11 of 01.09.2011. the fee for production of tobacco products, oil derivatives and Official Gazette of RM no 115/05 of 28.12.2005. manner of keeping the central records for completed education plastic products and packaging made of plastic masses ECOLOGICAL LABEL Rlebook on the manner, procedure and deadlines for Rulebook on the form and content of ecological label, manner, determination, calculation and payment of fees; manner and conditions and procedure for its awarding and use, as well as Official Gazette of RM no. 109/05 of 14.12.2005. procedure for managing, maintaining and keeping the records on composition and manner of establishment and work of the calculated and paid fees; on the content, manner and deadlines Official Gazette of RM no. 115/05 of 28.12.2005. commission for ecological label for establishment, maintaining and keeping the records of Rulebook on the criteria to be met to obtain ecological label for persons under obligations to pay fees, as well as the manner of Official Gazette of RM no. 165/08 of 30.12.2008. submitting data for records keeping manual dish washing detergent Rulebook on the criteria to be met to obtain ecological label for Decision determining the type of material for packaging making Official Gazette of RM no. 2/09 of 05.01.2009. for which fee is calculated for plastic products and packaging tourist accomodation of plastic masses, manner of calculation of the fee and its Official Gazette of RM no. 65/07 of 30.05.2007. Rulebook on the criteria to be met to obtain ecological label for Official Gazette of RM no. 44/10 of 31.03.2010. presentation, types of products packed in packaging and types of furniture bags for which fee is calculated Rulebook on the criteria to be met to obtain ecological label for Official Gazette of RM no. 44/10 of 31.03.2010. Rulebook on detailed conditions on the manner and procedure textile products establishing, calculating and payment of the fee for energy Official Gazette of RM no. 77/07 of 20.06.2007. Rulebook on the criteria to be met to obtain ecological label for production from fossil fuels Official Gazette of RM no. 46/10 of 09.04.2010. dyes and lacquers Decree on the type and scale of installations producing energy Official Gazette of RM no. 84/07 of 04.07.2007. Rulebook on the criteria to be met to obtain ecological label for from fossil fuels combustion Official Gazette of RM no. 117/10 of 02.09.2010. hygiene paper Decree on the methodology of allocation of funds gained as Official Gazette of RM no. 12/08 of 23.01.2008. Rulebook on the criteria to be met to obtain ecological label for revenue from the fee for production of energy from fossil fuels Official Gazette of RM no. 117/10 of 02.09.2010. shoes Environmental Investment Programme for 2008 Official Gazette of RM no. 13/08 of 25.01.2008. Rulebook on the criteria to be met to obtain ecological label for Programme amending the Environmental Investment Official Gazette of RM no. 117/10 of 02.09.2010. Official Gazette of RM no. 37/08 of 19.03.2008. soaps, shampoos and hair conditioners Programme for 2008 AWARDS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Rulebook amending the Rulebook on the manner, procedure and deadlines for fees establishment, calculation and payment; Rulebook on the procedure, manner and conditions for granting manner and procedure of keeping and maintaining the records awards and acknowledgements for achievements in the area of calculated and paid fees; on the content, manner and Official Gazette of RM no. 152/08 of 05.12.2008. of environment protection and improvement, as well as the Official Gazette of RM no. 109/05 of 14.12.2005. deadlines of for establishment, maintenance and keeping the manner of work and composition of the commission for awards records of persons obliged to pay, as well as the manner of and acknowledgements delivery of the data for records keeping ACCESS TO INFORMATION Environmental Investment Programme for 2009 Official Gazette of RM no. 6/09 of 15.01.2009 Decision to publish list of entities possessing or for which Official Gazette of RM no. 82/07 of 29.06.2007. environmental information is possessed 256 257 Rulebook on the manner and procedure for provision of access Rulebook on information to be contained in the notification Official Gazette of RM no. 93/07 of 26.07.2007. to environmental information for project implementation and procedure determining the Official Gazette of RM no. 33/06 of 20.03.2006. requirement for the project environmental impact assessment STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Rulebook on the content of the state of environment report Official Gazette of RM no. 35/06 of 23.03.2006. Rulebook on the composition of the commission and manner of its work, programme and manner of passing the expert Rulebook on the composition of the commission and manner examination, the level of the compensation for expert of its work, programme and manner of passing the expert examination passing and for the compensation for establishment examination, the level of the compensation for expert and maintenance of the list of strategic environmental Official Gazette of RM no. 129/07 of 24.10.2007. examination passing and for the compensation for establishment Official Gazette of RM no. 93/07 of 26.07.2007. assessment experts and manner of acquiring and loosing the and maintenance of the list of experts and manner of acquiring status of strategic environmental assessment expert, as well as and loosing the status of environmental impact assessment the manner and the procedure for enrolment in and exclusion expert for projects, as well as the manner and the procedure for from the list of experts enrolment in and exclusion from the list of experts Decree on the criteria on the basis of which decisions are taken Rulebook on the form and the content of environment whether certain planning documents could have significant Official Gazette of RM no. 114/07 of 30.11.2007. protection elaborate, procedure for their approval, as well as the Official Gazette of RM no. 50/09 of 15.04.2009. environmental and human health impacts manner of keeping the registry of approved elaborates Decree on the content of the strategic environmental Decree on activities that are subject of compulsory elaborate the Official Gazette of RM no. 153/07 of 20.12.2007. assessment report approval of which is under the competence of the Mayor of the Official Gazette of RM no. 80/09 of 26.06.2009. municipality, the Mayor of the City of Skopje and the Mayor of Decree determining strategies, plans and programmes, including the municipalities in the City of Skopje modifications of such strategies, plans and programmes for Official Gazette of RM no. 153/07 of 20.12.2007. which procedure for assessment of their impact on environment Decree on activities that are subject of compulsory elaborate and human health is compulsory the approval of which is under the competence of the Official Gazette of RM no. 80/09 of 26.06.2009. body responsible to perform expert matters in the area of Decree on public participation in the preparation of regulations environment and other acts, as well as plans and programmes in the area of Official Gazette of RM no. 147/08 of 26.11.2008. environment Decree amending the Decree determining the projects and criteria on the basis of which the requirement for environmental Official Gazette of RM no. 109/09 of 02.09.2009. Decree amending the Decree on public participation in the impact assessment procedure is established preparation of regulations and other acts, as well as plans and Official Gazette of RM no. 45/11 of 07.04.2011. programmes in the area of environment Rulebook on the type and the level of costs for performance of environmental impact assessment procedure for projects, to be Official Gazette of RM no. 116/09 of 22.09.2009. Decree amending the Decree determining strategies, plans and covered by the investor programmes, including modifications of such strategies, plans Official Gazette of RM no. 45/11 of 07.04.2011. and programmes for which procedure for assessment of their Rulebook on the form and the content of the application for Official Gazette of RM no. 130/11 of 26.09.2011. impact on environment and human health is compulsory issuance of decision approving or rejecting the elaborate Rulebook on the format, content and form of the Decision to Rulebook on the form and the content of the application for carry out or not to carry out strategic assessment and of the issuance of consent or rejecting the application for the project Official Gazette of RM no. 130/11 of 26.09.2011. Official Gazette of RM no. 122/11 of 07.09.2011. forms for the requirement to carry out or not to carry out implementation strategic assessment Decree amending the Decree on activities that are subject ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT of compulsory elaborate the approval of which is under the competence of the Mayor of the municipality, the Mayor of the Official Gazette of RM no. 32/12 of 06.03.2012 Decree determining the projects and criteria on the basis of City of Skopje and the Mayor of the municipalities in the City of which the requirement for environmental impact assessment Official Gazette of RM no. 74/05 of 05.09.2005. Skopje procedure is established Decree amending the Decree on activities that are subject Rulebook on the content of the announcement of the intention of compulsory elaborate the approval of which is under the Official Gazette of RM no. 36/12 of 16.03.2012 to carry out the project, decision on the requirement for competence of the body responsible to perform expert matters environmental impact assessment, of the environmental impact in the area of environment assessment study, report on the adequacy of the environmental Official Gazette of RM no. 33/06 of 20.03.2006. impact assessment study, and of the decision granting consent Decree amending the Decree determining the projects and or rejecting the implementation of the project upon public criteria on the basis of which the requirement for environmental Official Gazette of RM no. 164/12 of 24.12.2012 consultation impact assessment procedure is established Rulebook on the format, content, procedure and manner of Rulebook on the format and the content of the environment elaboration of the report on the adequacy of the environmental protection elaborate in accordance with the types of activities that are subject to elaborate preparation, as well as in impact assessment study, as well as procedure for authorization Official Gazette of RM no. 33/06 of 20.03.2006. Official Gazette of RM no. 44/13 of 22.03.2013. of persons from the list of environmental impact assessment accordance with the activity and the scope performed by natural experts to prepare the report and legal persons, procedure for their approval, as well as the manner of keeping the registry of approved elaborates Rulebook on the content of the requirements to be met by the Official Gazette of RM no. 33/06 of 20.03.2006. environmental impact assessment study

258 259 INTEGRATED POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL Decree determining the activities of installations for which integrated environmental permit or adjustment permit with Official Gazette of RM no. 89/05 of 21.10.2005 adjustment plan is issued and schedule for submission of application for adjustment permit with adjustment plan Rulebook on the procedure for issuance of А-integrated Official Gazette of RM no. 04/06 of 13.01.2006. environmental permit Rulebook on the procedure for issuance of B-integrated Official Gazette of RM no. 04/06 of 13.01.2006. environmental permit Rulebook on the procedure for issuance of adjustment permit Official Gazette of RM no. 04/06 of 13.01.2006. with adjustment plan Rulebook on detailed conditions to be met by the members of scientific and technical commission for the best available Official Gazette of RM no. 71/06 of 08.06.2006 techniques Decree on the level of the compensation paid by operators of installations performing activities that are subject to issuance of Official Gazette of RM no. 117/07 of 01.10.2007. adjustment permit with adjustment plan Decree on the level of the compensation paid by operators of installations performing activities that are subject to issuance of Official Gazette of RM no. 117/07 of 01.10.2007. B-integrated environmental permit Decree on the level of the compensation paid by operators of installations performing activities that are subject to issuance of Official Gazette of RM no. 64/10 of 10.05.2010. adjustment permit with adjustment plan Decree on the level of the compensation paid by operators of installations performing activities that are subject to issuance of Official Gazette of RM no. 64/10 of 10.05.2010. B -integrated environmental permit Decree on the level of the compensation paid by operators of installations performing activities that are subject to issuance of Official Gazette of RM no. 64/10 of 10.05.2010. A – integrated environmental permit Rulebook on substances subject to emission limit values Official Gazette of RM no. 72/10 of 27.05.2010. specified in А -интегрираната еколошка дозвола Rulebook on the format and content of the application for non- issuance of permit or non-taking of decision for issuance of А Official Gazette of RM no. 130/11 of 26.09.2011. – integrated environmental permit, or decision for rejecting to issue А – integrated environmental permit Rulebook on the format and content of the application for non- issuance of permit or non-taking of decision for issuance of B Official Gazette of RM no. 131/11 of 28.09.2011. – integrated environmental permit, or decision for rejecting to issue B – integrated environmental permit INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS AND RISK MANAGEMENT Rulebook on the content of internal and external emergency Official Gazette of RM no. 50/09 of 15.04.2009. plans, as well as the manner of their approval Rulebook on dangerous substances, limit values (thresholds) for dangerous substances presence and criteria or properties by Official Gazette of RM no. 25/10 of 19.02.2010. which a substance is classified as dangerous Rulebook on the content of information on safety measures, as well as the manner of behavior of persons that might be affected Official Gazette of RM no. 22/11 of 23.02.2011. by industrial accident caused in the system Rulebook on the content of the report on safety measures Official Gazette of RM no. 57/13 of 18.04.2013. Rulebook on the content of the plan for industrial accidents Official Gazette of RM no. 60/13 of 24.04.2013 prevention

260 261 MISDEMEANOURS Law amending the Law on Nature Protection Official Gazette of RM no. 148/11 of 21.10.2011. Rulebook on the manner of keeping the central records of Law amending the Law on Nature Protection Official Gazette of RM no. 59/12 of 11.05.2012. misdemeanours, sanctions passed and decisions taken within Official Gazette of RM no. 144/08 of 18.11.2008. Law amending the Law on Nature Protection Official Gazette of RM no. 13/13 of 23.01.2013. misdemeanor procedure, as well as the manner of access to information contained in the records Law amending the Law on Nature Protection Official Gazette of RM no. 163/13 of 26.11.2013. Rulebook on the format and the content of the invitation for fine Law amending the Law on Nature Protection Official Gazette of RM no. 41/14 of 27.02.2014. Official Gazette of RM no. 16/09 of 04.02.2009 payment within mandatory procedure ORDERS FOR RESTRICTIONS TRANSBOUNDARY CONSULTATIONS Order prohibiting collection for use and trade of plant species of Official Gazette of RM no. 86/06 of 26.07.2006. Rulebook on the manner of transboundary consultations gentiana lutea and gentiana punctata Official Gazette of RM no. 110/10 of 20.08.2010. performance Order prohibiting collection for use and trade of autochthonous REPORTS species of self-sown fungi-morels of the genres morchella, Official Gazette of RM no. 161/08 of 24.12.2008. verpa and pitchoverpa Rulebook on the format, content, goals, manner of preparation and type of data sources used in report preparation, as well as Official Gazette of RM no. 81/10 of 17.06.2010. Order amending the Order prohibiting collection for use and the manner of the report evaluation trade of autochthonous species of self-sown fungi-morels of Official Gazette of RM no. 56/09 of 30.04.2009. the genres morchella, verpa and pitchoverpa LIABILITY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE Order amending the Order prohibiting collection for use and Rulebook on professional activities the performance of which trade of autochthonous species of self-sown fungi-morels of Official Gazette of RM no. 86/10 of 01.07.2010. may lead to occurrence of environmental damage, criteria for Official Gazette of RM no. 31/11 of 14.03.2011. the genres morchella, verpa and pitchoverpa determining the existence of environmental damage, as well as cases in which liability for environmental damage will not incur Order amending the Order prohibiting collection for use and trade of autochthonous species of self-sown fungi-morels of Official Gazette of RM no. 108/12 of 30.08.2012. Rulebook on the measures for remediation of caused Official Gazette of RM no. 31/11 of 14.03.2011. the genres morchella, verpa and pitchoverpa environmental damage ADVISORY BODIES Methodology for evaluation of the value of goods and impacts Official Gazette of RM no. 11/12 of 24.01.2012. on environment Decision to establish National Council for Nature Protection Official Gazette of RM no. 113/09 of 11.09.2009. Rulebook on methodology, manners, procedures and means for PROTECTED AREAS Official Gazette of RM no. 11/12 of 24.01.2012. measurement of emissions from stationary sources Ordinance proclaiming forest landscape around Mavrovo fields Official Gazette of PRM no.10 of 05.05.1949. Rulebook on the manner of scoring the written part of the for National Park expert examination for evaluators of goods and impacts on Official Gazette of RM no. 33/12 of 08.03.2012. Correction of the Law proclaiming forest landscape around Official Gazette of PRM no.20 of 01.10.1949. environment Mavrovo fields for National Park Programme for accomplishment of the first initial training for Law amending the Law proclaiming forest landscape around Official Gazette of RM no. 35/12 of 14.03.2012 Official Journal of SFRY no.23 of 23.04.1952 evaluators of the value of goods and impacts on environment Mavrovo fields for National Park Programme amending the Programme for accomplishment of Law amending the Law proclaiming forest landscape around Official Journal of SFRY no.16 of 06.04.1965 the first initial training for evaluators of the value of goods and Official Gazette of RM no. 102/12 of 13.08.2012 Mavrovo fields for National Park impacts on environment Law on the Protection of Ohrid, Prespa and Dojran Lakes Official Journal of SFRY no. 45/77 of 09.09.1977. Rulebook amending the Rulebook on the manner of scoring the Law amending the Law on the Protection of Ohrid, Prespa and written part of the expert examination for evaluators of goods Official Gazette of RM no. 110/12 of 03.09.2012 Official Journal of SFRY no. 8/80 of 15.02.1980. and impacts on environment Dojran Lakes Decision proclaiming forest landscapes of Shar Planina for forest REGISTRY OF POLLUTANTS Official Journal of SFRY no. 41/77 of 22.07.1986. reserve and hunting ground Rulebook on the format, content, methodology and manner of Official Gazette of RM no. 27/11 of 03.03.2011. keeping the pollutants release and transfer registry Programme for the Protection of Ohrid, Prespa and Dojran Lakes Official Journal of SFRY no. 7/87 of 09.02.1987. Law amending the Law on the Protection of Ohrid, Prespa and STATE MONITORING NETWORK Official Journal of SFRY no. 51/88 of 19.08.1988. Dojran Lakes Decision to establish state environmental monitoring network fficial Gazette of RM no. 122/11 of 07.09.2011. Law amending the Law on the Protection of Ohrid, Prespa and Official Journal of SFRY no. 10/90 of 23.02.1990. NATURE PROTECTION Dojran Lakes Law amending the Law on the Protection of Ohrid, Prespa and LAW ON NATURE PROTECTION Official Gazette of RM no. 62/96 of 13.10.1993. Dojran Lakes Law on Nature Protection Official Gazette of RM no. 67/04 of 04.10.2004. Law on the Proclamation of Ornithological Site “Ezerani” on Official Gazette of RM no. 37/96 of 29.07.1996. Law amending the Law on Nature Protection Official Gazette of RM no. 14/06 of 03.02.2006. Prespa Lake for Strict Natural Reserve Law amending the Law on Nature Protection Official Gazette of RM no. 84/07 of 04.07.2007. Law on the Proclamation of Ornithological Site “Tikvesh” in the Official Gazette of RM no. 35/97 of 04.06.1997. Law amending the Law on Nature Protection Official Gazette of RM no. 35/10 of 12.03.2010. Gorge of Crna Reka for Strict Natural Reserve Rulebook on the application of protection measures in the Strict Law amending the Law on Nature Protection Official Gazette of RM no. 47/11 of 08.04.2011. Official Gazette of RM no. 29/97 of 25.06.1997. Natural Reserve “Ezerani” on Prespa Lake 262 263 Decision determining the organization of protection, Decision to establish the Public Institution for management and Official Gazette of RM no. 09/06 of 25.01.2006. improvement and maintenance of the Strict Natural Reserve Official Gazette of RM no. 60/97 of 28.11.1997. protection of the National Park “Pelister” “Ezerani” on Prespa Lake Decision to establish the Public Institution for management and Official Gazette of RM no. 09/06 of 25.01.2006. Rulebook on the application of protection measures in the Strict protection of the National Park “Mavrovo” Official Gazette of RM no. 44/97 of 10.09.1997. Natural Reserve “Tikvesh” in the Gorge of Crna Reka Decision to grant consent on the statute of the Public Institution Official Gazette of RM no. 68/06 of 31.05.2006. Decision supplementing the Decision determining the National Park “Pelister”, Bitola organization of protection, improvement and maintenance of Official Gazette of RM no. 38/98 of 31.07.1998. Decision to grant consent on the statute of the Public Institution the Strict Natural Reserve “Ezerani” on Prespa Lake Official Gazette of RM no. 68/06 of 31.05.2006. National Park “Galichica”, Ohrid Decision determining the organization of protection, Decision on the acceptability of the proposal for proclamation of improvement and maintenance of the Strict Natural Reserve Official Gazette of RM no. 41/98 of 14.08.1998. the site “Kuklica” for protected area in the category of Natural Official Gazette of RM no. 18/07 of 15.02.2007. “Tikvesh” in the Gorge of Crna Reka Monument Resolution on Dojran Lake Decision on the acceptability of the proposal for re-proclamation Decision authorizing organization to perform technical matters of part of the mountain Pelister for protected area in the Official Gazette of RM no. 40/07 of 30.03.2007. for protection of the shore belt of the Strict Natural Reserve Official Gazette of RM no. 29/03 of 18.04.2003. category of National Park “Ezerani” on Prespa Lake Programme for support to the sustainable development of local Official Gazette of RM no. 58/07 of 11.05.2007. Decision authorizing organization for protection, improvement communities in NP Pelister Official Gazette of RM no. 29/03 of 18.04.2003. and maintenance of Natural Monument Prespa Lake Decision to grant consent on the price-list for game shooting Law on the Proclamation of the Site “Ploche-Litotelmi” for Strict and services in the hunting grounds of the Public Enterprise for Official Gazette of RM no. 71/03 of 05.11.2003. Official Gazette of RM no. 85/06 of 24.07.2006. Natural Reserve management and protection of the Multi-Purpose Area “Jasen”- Skopje Decision to establish the Public Enterprise for management and Official Gazette of RM no. 90/05 of 25.10.2005. protection of the Multi-Purpose Area “Jasen”-Skopje Decision to grant consent on the price-list for finished forest products, wood and tree-stumps in the Public Enterprise for Decision supplementing the Decision to establish the Public Official Gazette of RM no. 85/06 of 24.07.2006. management and protection of the Multi-Purpose Area “Jasen”- Enterprise for management and protection of the Multi-Purpose Official Gazette of RM no. 101/05 of 24.11.2005. Skopje Area “Jasen”-Skopje Decision to grant consent on the statute of the Public Enterprise Decision on the acceptability of the proposal for re-proclamation Official Gazette of RM no. 109/05 of 14.12.2005. for management and protection of the Multi-Purpose Area Official Gazette of RM no. 85/06 of 24.07.2006. of the site “Markovi Kuli” for Natural Monument “Jasen”-Skopje Decision on the acceptability of the proposal for re-proclamation Official Gazette of RM no. 109/05 of 14.12.2005. Law on the Proclamation of part of the Mountain Pelister for of the site “Smolarski Vodopad” for Natural Monument Official Gazette of RM no. 150/07 of 12.12.2007. protected area in the category of National Park Rulebook on the content of protected areas management plans Official Gazette of RM no. 117/05 of 29.12.2005. Decision to grant consent on the statutory decision amending and content of annual programmes for nature protection the statute of the Public Institution National Park “Pelister”, Official Gazette of RM no. 157/07 of 27.12.2007. Decision to establish the Public Institution for management and Official Gazette of RM no. 09/06 of 25.01.2006. Bitola, Republic of Macedonia protection of the National Park “Mavrovo” Decision on the acceptability of the proposal for re-proclamation Decision to establish the Public Institution for management and Official Gazette of RM no. 09/06 of 25.01.2006. of the site Ploche-Litotelmi for protected area in the category of Official Gazette of RM no. 16/08 of 31.01.2008. protection of the National Park “Galichica” Strict Natural Reserve Decision to establish the Public Institution for management and Law on the Proclamation of the site Kuklica for Natural Official Gazette of RM no. 09/06 of 25.01.2006. Official Gazette of RM no. 103/08 of 19.08.2008. protection of the National Park “Pelister” Monument Law on the Proclamation of the Site “Smolarski Vodopad” for Official Gazette of RM no. 35/06 of 23.03.2006. Decision on the acceptability of the proposal for re-proclamation Natural Monument of integrated area of Ostrovo for protected area in the category Official Gazette of RM no. 3/09 of 09.01.2009. Law on the Proclamation of the Site “Markovi Kuli” for Natural of Natural Monument Official Gazette of RM no. 49/06 of 14.04.2006. Monument Decision on the acceptability of the proposal for re-proclamation Decision to grant consent on the statute of the Public Institution of Lake of Prespa for protected area in the category of Natural Official Gazette of RM no. 31/09 of 02.03.2009. Official Gazette of RM no. 64/06 of 25.05.2006. National Park “Mavrovo” Monument Decision to grant consent on the statute of the Public Institution Decision on the acceptability of the proposal for re-proclamation Official Gazette of RM no. 68/06 of 31.05.2006. National Park “Pelister”, Bitola of Lake of Dojran for protected area in the category of Natural Official Gazette of RM no. 31/09 of 02.03.2009. Monument Decision to grant consent on the statute of the Public Institution Official Gazette of RM no. 68/06 of 31.05.2006. National Park “Galichica”, Ohrid Decision on the acceptability of the proposal for proclamation of the site Monospitovo Swamp for protected area in the category Official Gazette of RM no. 33/09 of 06.03.2009. Decision on the acceptability of the proposal for re-proclamation Official Gazette of RM no. 74/06 of 16.06.2006. of Natural Monument of the site “Slatinski Izvor” for Natural Monument Decision on the acceptability of the proposal for re-proclamation Decision to establish the Public Institution for management and Official Gazette of RM no. 09/06 of 25.01.2006. of Matka Canyon for protected area in the category of Natural Official Gazette of RM no. 80/09 of 26.06.2009. protection of the National Park “Galichica” Monument

264 265 Law on the Proclamation of the site Alshar for Natural Official Gazette of RM no. 83/09 of 03.07.2009. PERMITS Monument Rulebook on the issuance of permit for performance of scientific Official Gazette of RM no. 101/09 of 10.08.2009. Decision on the acceptability of the proposal for proclamation research in nature of the integrated area Ratkova Skala on Osogovo Mountains for Official Gazette of RM no. 138/09 of 17.11.2009. Rulebook on the issuance of permit for collection of threatened protected area in the category of Natural Monument and protected wild species of plants, fungi and animals and their Official Gazette of RM no. 102/09 of 13.08.2009. Law on the Proclamation of the site Lokvi-Golemo Konjari for parts Official Gazette of RM no. 124/10 of 20.09.2010. Natural Monument Rulebook on the format and the content of the application, Rulebook on the measures and activities for natural monuments permit and certificate for trade in threatened and protected wild Official Gazette of RM no. 134/10 of 07.10.2010. protection, the format and the content of the form of the permit species of plants, fungi and animals and their parts, as well as Official Gazette of RM no. 126/10 of 22.09.2010. for application of specific measures and activities for natural documentation required to be enclosed to the application monument protection and recovery Decree on the manner and procedure for issuance of permit Rulebook on the measures and activities for park of nature or certificate, as well as the type of permit or certificate and Official Gazette of RM no. 126/10 of 22.09.2010. protection determination of border crossings through which trade in Official Gazette of RM no. 135/10 of 08.10.2010. Rulebook on the content of the Programme for passing threatened and protected wild species of plants, fungi and professional examination for guard in protected area and Official Gazette of RM no. 126/10 of 22.09.2010. animals and their parts can be performed manner and procedure for the professional examination passing Decree on the manner of treating the threatened and protected Law on the Proclamation of the site Ploche-Litotelmi for Strict wild species of plants, fungi and animals and their parts by Official Gazette of RM no. 145/10 of 05.11.2010. customs authorities, other competent bodies and services at Natural Reserve Official Gazette of RM no. 177/11 of 22.12.2011. border crossings and scientific and professional institutions, Law on the Proclamation of part of the Mountain Galichica for Official Gazette of RM no. 171/10 of 30.12.2010. as well as authorized depositaries of specimens confiscated in National Park illegal trade Law on the Proclamation of the Cave “Slatinski Izvor” for Natural Official Gazette of RM no. 23/11 of 24.02.2011. Rulebook on the format and content of the application for Monument non-issuance of permit for trade or certificate for import and/ Law on the Proclamation of Prespa Lake for Natural Monument Official Gazette of RM no. 51/11 of 13.04.2011. or export and/or transit or re-export or non-taking of decision Official Gazette of RM no. 31/12 of 02.03.2012 rejecting the issuance of permit for trade or certificate for Law on the Proclamation of Dojran Lake for Natural Monument Official Gazette of RM no. 51/11 of 13.04.2011. import and/or export and/or transit or re-export Decision to grant consent on agreements regulating mutual List of strictly protected and protected wild species Official Gazette of RM no. 139/11 of 07.10.2011. rights and obligations with entities performing activities in Official Gazette of RM no. 112/11 of 24.08.2011. Lists of threatened and protected wild species of plants, fungi, protected area – Galichica National Park Official Gazette of RM no. 15/12 of 31.01.2012. animals and their parts Law on the Proclamation of the site “Ezerani” on Prespa Lake for Official Gazette of RM no. 24/12 of 17.02.2012. Strict Natural Reserve INSPECTION SUPERVISION Rulebook on the content of the study for valorization or re- Rulebook on the format and content of the invitation for Official Gazette of RM no. 26/12 of 21.02.2012 valorization of protected area education, manner of education performance, as well as the Official Gazette of RM no. 103/12 of 17.08.2012. manner of keeping the central records for completed education Rulebook on the content of protected areas management plans Official Gazette of RM no. 26/12 of 21.02.2012 and annual programmes for nature protection OFFICIAL UNIFORM AND WEAPONS OF RANGER SERVICE Law on the Proclamation of “Vevchanski Izvori” for Natural Rulebook on the appearance and type of official uniform, its Official Gazette of RM no. 39/12 of 22.03.2012. durability and manner of use – carrying of the equipment that Monument „Службен весник на РМ“ бр. 103/12 од needs to be carried by rangers and content and format of the Law terminating the Law on the Proclamation of the site Alshar 17.08.2012 год. Official Gazette of RM no. 59/12 of 11.05.2012. official identification card and the manner of identity card for Natural Monument issuance and withdrawal Decision to grant consent on the agreement with entities Official Gazette of RM no. 80/12 of 26.06.2012. performing activities in protected area – Galichica National Park PROTECTION AGAINST NOISE Decision amending the Decision for establishment of the Public LAW ON THE PROTECTION AGAINST ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE Enterprise for management and protection of the Multi-Purpose Official Gazette of RM no. 99/12 of 03.08.2012. Law on the Protection against Environmental Noise Official Gazette of RM no. 79/07 of 25.06.2007. Area “Jasen”-Skopje Law amending the Law on the Protection against Environmental Official Gazette of RM no. 124/10 of 20.09.2010. Rulebook on records keeping on nature protection Official Gazette of RM no. 102/12 of 13.08.2012. Noise Law amending the Law on the Proclamation of Prespa Lake for Law amending the Law on the Protection against Environmental Official Gazette of RM no. 79/13 of 31.05.2013. Official Gazette of RM no. 47/11 of 08.04.2011. Natural Monument Noise Decision on the acceptability of the proposal for re-proclamation Law amending the Law on the Protection against Environmental Official Gazette of RM no. 81/13 of 03.06.2013. Official Gazette of RM no. 163/13 of 26.11.2013. of Mavrovo for protected area in the category of National Park Noise Decision to grant consent on agreements regulating mutual rights and obligations with entities performing activities in Official Gazette of RM no. 167/13 of 02.12.2013. protected area – Galichica National Park

266 267 INSPECTION SUPERVISION Law amending the Law on Waste Management Official Gazette of RM no. 102/08 of 18.08.2008. Rulebook on the format and content of the seal of the Law amending the Law on Waste Management Official Gazette of RM no. 143/08 of 13.11.2008. State Inspectorate of Environment, authorized inspector of Official Gazette of RM no. 112/07 of 19.09.2007 Law amending the Law on Waste Management Official Gazette of RM no. 124/10 of 20.09.2010. environment of the municipality and municipality in the City of Law amending the Law on Waste Management (consolidated Skopje Official Gazette of RM no. 09/11 of 25.01.2011. text) Decision determining conditions under which the peace of the Official Gazette of RM no. 1/09 of 01.01.2009 citizens will be considered disrupted by harmful noise Law amending the Law on Waste Management Official Gazette of RM no. 51/11 of 13.04.2011. Rulebook on the format and content of the invitation for Law amending the Law on Waste Management Official Gazette of RM no. 123/12 of 02.10.2012. education, manner of education performance, as well as the Official Gazette of RM no. 118/11 of 01.09.2011. Law amending the Law on Waste Management Official Gazette of RM no. 147/13 of 28.10.2013. manner of keeping the central records for completed education Law amending the Law on Waste Management Official Gazette of RM no. 163/13 of 26.11.2013. NOISE INDICATORS GENERAL RULES FOR WASTE TREATMENT Rulebook on the application of noise indicators, additional noise Rulebook on the general rules for treatment of municipal and indicators, manner of noise measurement and methods for Official Gazette of RM no. 107/08 of 29.08.2008. Official Gazette of RM no. 147/07 of 07.12.2007. assessment with environmental noise indicators other types of non-hazardous waste Rulebook on environmental noise level limit values Official Gazette of RM no. 147/08 of 26.11.2008. Rulebook on the level of costs where inspection supervision is conducted at the request of legal or natural person and manner Official Gazette of RM no. 101/09 of 10.08.2009. Rulebook on the maximum permissible intensity of noise or of their collection maximum permissible amount of gases emission generated at Official Gazette of RM no. 119/08 of 10.09.2010. Rulebook on the quantity of biodegradable ingredients in waste take-off, during flight and landing of aircrafts Official Gazette of RM no. 108/09 of 31.08.2009. allowed for landfilling NOISE MONITORING Rulebook on emission limit values at waste incineration and Rulebook on the locations of measuring stations and measuring Official Gazette of RM no. 120/08 of 23.09.2008. combustion and manner of operation of the installations for Official Gazette of RM no. 123/09 of 09.10.2009. points combustion and incineration Rulebook on detailed conditions concerning the equipment to Correction of the Rulebook on the quantity of biodegradable be possessed by authorized scientific professional organizations Official Gazette of RM no. 152/08 of 05.12.2008. ingredients in waste allowed for landfilling (Official Gazette of Official Gazette of RM no. 142/09 of 25.11.2009. and institutions, as well as other legal and natural persons, to RM no. 108/09 of 31.08.2009.) perform certain technical matters in noise monitoring Methodology for calculation of the price for collection, Official Gazette of RM no. 30/13 of 26.02.2013. Rulebook on the manner, conditions and procedure for transportation and disposal of waste establishment and operation of networks, methodology and manner of monitoring, as well as conditions, manner and Official Gazette of RM no. 123/09 of 09.10.2009. BASEL CONVENTION procedure for delivery of data and information from the Law on the Ratification of the Basel Convention Official Gazette of RM no. 49/07 of 30.11.1997. monitoring of the status in the area of noise Law on the Ratification of the amendment to the Basel Official Gazette of RM no.00/00 of 00.00.2004. Rulebook on detailed content of strategic noise maps and action Convention plans for noise, manner of preparation and manner of collection Rulebook on the format and content of the forms for of data for elaboration of strategic noise maps and action plans Official Gazette of RM no. 133/10 of 06.10.2010. Official Gazette of RM no. 37/03 of 04.06.2003. for noise, as well as the manner of their collection, keeping and transboundary movement of waste recording Correction of the Rulebook on the format and content of the Official Gazette of RM no. 38/03 of 10.06.2003. Rulebook on the cooperation of the bodies responsible for forms for transboundary movement of waste elaboration of strategic noise maps and action plans for noise Official Gazette of RM no. 163/10 of 17.12.2010. TYPES OF WASTES with the bodies responsible for adoption of strategic noise maps and action plans for noise in the neighbouring country List of waste types Official Gazette of RM no. 100/05 of 21.11.2005. Decree on agglomerations, main roads, main railroads and main WASTE OPERATOR Official Gazette of RM no.15/11 of 09.02.2011. airports for which strategic noise maps should be developed Rulebook on the programme according to which professional Plants, equipment, installations and devices used outdoors examination for performance of activities for waste management/treatment is taken and manner of the professional Official Gazette of RM no. 153/10 of 26.11.2010 Rulebook on detailed types of specific sources of noise, as well examination taking, format of the certificate, as well as level as conditions that need to be fulfilled by plants, equipment, Official Gazette of RM no.142/13 of 17.10.2013 and manner of payment of the compensation for professional installations and devices used outdoors with regard to released examination taking noise and standards for protection against noise Rulebook on detailed conditions to be met by legal persons WASTE MANAGEMENT performing professional training, programme for the training LAW ON WASTE MANAGEMENT performance and format and content of the certificate for Official Gazette of RM no. 74/11 of 02.06.2011 participation in the course for professional training for waste Law on Waste Management Official Gazette of RM no. 68/04 of 05.10.2004. management and/or treatment Corrections of the Law on Waste Management Official Gazette of RM no.71/04 of 13.10.2004. Law amending the Law on Waste Management Official Gazette of RM no 107/07 of 07.09.2007. 268 269 WASTE RECORDS Rulebook on the format and content of the application for non-issuance of permit or non-taking of decision rejecting Rulebook on the format and content of the journal for waste the application for issuance of permit for collection and Official Gazette of RM no. 146/11 of 19.10.2011. treatment recording, the format and the content of the forms Official Gazette of RM no. 7/06 of 19.01.2006. transportation of municipal and other non-hazardous waste for waste identification and transport and the format and the types content of the forms of annual reports of waste treatment Rulebook amending the Rulebook on the format and the content Rulebook on the content and manner of keeping and Official Gazette of RM no. 39/09 of 20.03.2009 of permit, application and registry of issued permits for trade maintaining the records in the registry of waste in non-hazardous waste, manner and procedure for permit Official Gazette of RM no. 55/12 of 03.05.2012. INTEGRATED NETWORK FOR WASTE DISPOSAL issuance, manner of records keeping, as well as conditions for performance of the activity of trade in non-hazardous waste Rulebook on the manner and conditions for the Rulebook amending the Rulebook on the format and content of performance of the integrated network for waste Official Gazette of RM no. 7/06 of 19.01.2006. the application for permit for waste recovery, treatment and/or disposal storage, the format and the content of the permit, as well as the Official Gazette of RM no. 126/12 of 10.10.2012. PERMITS FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT minimum technical conditions for performance of the activity of waste recovery, treatment and/or storage Rulebook on the format and content of the application, format and content of the permit for collection and transportation of Rulebook amending the Rulebook on the format and content of municipal and other non-hazardous waste types, as well as the the application for permit for waste recovery, treatment and/or Official Gazette of RM no. 8/06 of 23.01.2006. minimum technical conditions for performance of the activity storage, the format and the content of the permit, as well as the Official Gazette of RM no. 09/13 of 15.01.2013. of collection and transportation of municipal and other non- minimum technical conditions for performance of the activity of hazardous waste types waste recovery, treatment and/or storage Rulebook on the format and content of the application for Rulebook amending the Rulebook on the format and permit for waste recovery, treatment and/or storage, the format the content of permit, application and registry of issued and the content of the permit, as well as the minimum technical Official Gazette of RM no. 23/07 of 27.02.2007. permits for trade in non-hazardous waste, manner Official Gazette of RM no. 41/13 of 15.03.2013. conditions for performance of the activity of waste recovery, and procedure for permit issuance, manner of records treatment and/or storage keeping, as well as conditions for performance of the Rulebook amending the Rulebook on the format and content of activity of trade in non-hazardous waste the application for permit for waste recovery, treatment and/or storage, the format and the content of the permit, as well as the Official Gazette of RM no. 76/07 of 18.06.2007. WASTE TRANSFER STATIONS minimum technical conditions for performance of the activity of Rulebook on the minimum technical conditions for waste recovery, treatment and/or storage environment protection which need to be met by waste Rulebook on the format and the content of permit, application transfer stations, conditions to be met by locations on Official Gazette of RM no. 39/07 of 29.03.2007 and registry of issued permits for trade in non-hazardous waste, which transfer stations will be developed or positioned, manner and procedure for permit issuance, manner of records Official Gazette of RM no. 115/07 of 25.09.2007. as well as the terms for waste keeping in transfer stations keeping, as well as conditions for performance of the activity of depending on the types of waste trade in non-hazardous waste TREATMENT OF SPECIAL WASTE TYPES Rulebook amending the Rulebook on the format and content of the application, format and content of the permit for collection Rulebook on the manner of treatment of asbestos waste and Official Gazette of RM no. 133/07 of 02.11.2007. Official Gazette of RM no. 89/06 of 11.08.2006. and transportation of municipal and other non-hazardous waste asbestos containing products types Rulebook on the manner of PCB treatment, manner and conditions to be met by installations and facilities for PCB Rulebook on the format and content of the application for Official Gazette of RM no. 48/07 of 16.04.2007. permit, as well as the format and the content of the permit for Official Gazette of RM no. 140/07 of 21.11.2007. removal and decontamination and manner of marking the PCB landfill operator containing equipment Rulebook on the manner of medical waste treatment, as well as Rulebook amending the Rulebook on the format and content of Official Gazette of RM no. 146/07 of 06.12.2007. the application for permit for waste recovery, treatment and/or the manner of medical waste packaging and marking storage, the format and the content of the permit, as well as the Official Gazette of RM no. 122/08 of 29.09.2008. Rulebook on the procedures and manner of collection, minimum technical conditions for performance of the activity of transportation, storage, treatment and disposal of waste oils, Official Gazette of RM no. 156/07 of 26.12.2007. waste recovery, treatment and/or storage manner of records keeping and data submission Decision of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Rulebook on detailed conditions for hazardous waste treatment Official Gazette of RM no. 162/08 of 25.12.2008. Official Gazette of RM no. 15/08 of 30.01.2008. Macedonia U.no. 132-2008 of 3 December 2008 and manner of hazardous waste packaging and marking Rulebook on the format and content of the application for Rulebook on the manner of treatment of titanium dioxide waste, permit, as well as the format and the content of the permit for Official Gazette of RM no.108/09 of 31.08.2009. manner of monitoring performance and the format, content and Official Gazette of RM no. 108/09 of 31.08.2009. performance of the activity of operator of installation for waste manner of data submission incineration or combustion Rulebook on the manner of treatment of used tires, as well as Rulebook on the format and content of the permit for collection Official Gazette of RM no.118/10 of 06.09.2010. conditions to be met by legal and natural persons that import Official Gazette of RM no. 108/09 of 31.08.2009. and transportation of hazardous waste used tires 270 271 Rulebook on the measures for environment protection that must Decision to initiate procedure for awarding concession for be undertaken by producers, owners and entities that manage funding, designing, construction and operation of regional Official Gazette of RM no. 44/10 of 31.03.2010 end-of-life vehicles, their components and materials, targets and landfill for municipal solid waste in Polog planning region deadlines for their achievement and manner and conditions for Official Gazette of RM no. 108/09 of 31.08.2009. WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY storage, the format and the content of the certificate for taking over the vehicle for destruction, the format and the content of Strategy for Waste Management of the Republic of Official Gazette of RM no. 39/08 of the reporting form, as well as the manner of records keeping Macedonia (2008-2020) 24.03.2008. Rulebook amending the Rulebook on the manner of PCB WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS treatment, manner and conditions to be met by installations and Official Gazette of RM no. 130 of 28.10.2009ина National Plan for Waste Management of the Republic of facilities for PCB removal and decontamination and manner of Official Gazette of RM no. 77/09 of 19.06.2009. marking the PCB containing equipment Macedonia (2009-2015) Correction of the Rulebook on the manner of treatment of Rulebook on the content of regional waste management Official Gazette of RM no. 63/13 of titanium dioxide waste, manner of monitoring performance and plan 29.04.2013 Official Gazette of RM no. 142/09 of 25.11.2009. the format, content and manner of data submission (Official INSPECTION SUPERVISION Gazette of RM no.108/09) Rulebook amending the Rulebook on the measures for Rulebook on the format and the content of the invitation environment protection that must be undertaken by producers, for education, manner of education performance, as Official Gazette of RM no. 118/11 of owners and entities that manage end-of-life vehicles, their well as the manner of keeping the central records for 01.09.2011. components and materials, targets and deadlines for their Official Gazette of RM no. 164/10 of 20.12.2010. completed education achievement and manner and conditions for storage, the format and the content of the certificate for taking over the vehicle for PACKAGING AND PACKAGING WASTE MANAGEMENT destruction, the format and the content of the reporting form, LAW ON PACKAGING AND PACKAGING WASTE MANAGEMENT as well as the manner of records keeping Law on Packaging and Packaging Waste Management Official Gazette of RM no. 161/09 of 30.12.2009. Rulebook on the manner of keeping, as well as the format and the content of the forms of databases to monitor reuse and Law amending the Law on Packaging and Packaging Waste Official Gazette of RM no. 74/11 of 02.06.2011. Official Gazette of RM no. 17/11 of 11.02.2011. recovery of end-of-life vehicles and targets to be achieved by Management end-of-life vehicles reuse and recovery Law amending the Law on Packaging and Packaging Waste Official Gazette of RM no. 47/11 of 08.04.2011. Rulebook on the format and content of the application for Management non-issuance of permit or non-taking of decision rejecting the Official Gazette of RM no. 129/11 of 23.09.2011. Law amending the Law on Packaging and Packaging Waste Official Gazette of RM no. 136/11 of 03.10.2011. issuance of permit for trade in non-hazardous waste Management Rulebook amending the Rulebook on the manner of PCB Law amending the Law on Packaging and Packaging Waste treatment, manner and conditions to be met by installations and Official Gazette of RM no. 6/12 of 13.01.2012. Official Gazette of RM no. 52/13 of 08.04.2013. Management facilities for PCB removal and decontamination and manner of Law amending the Law on Packaging and Packaging Waste marking the PCB containing equipment Official Gazette of RM no. 39/12 of 22.03.2012. Management Rulebook on the manner and conditions for waste storage, as well as conditions to be met by locations Official Gazette of RM no. 29/07 of 09.03.2007. Law amending the Law on Packaging and Packaging Official Gazette of RM no. 163/13 of where waste storage is performed Waste Management 26.11.2013. LANDFILLS BYLAWS Rulebook on the format and the content of the application for Rulebook on the format and the content of the form for keeping Official Gazette of RM no. 133/07 of 02.11.2007. establishment of landfill for non-hazardous and inert waste records of legal persons managing packaging waste, producers and sole managers of packaging waste, manner of records Official Gazette of RM no. 41/10 of 25.03.2010. Rulebook on the manner and procedure for operation, keeping, as well as the format and the content of the form of the monitoring and control of the landfill during operation, as well as certificate for registration of sole manager of packaging waste monitoring and control of the landfill during its closure and after Official Gazette of RM no. 156/07 of 26.12.2007. Rulebook on the conditions for durable packaging and types of care, as well as the conditions and the manner of taking care of Official Gazette of RM no. 48/10 of 09.04.2010 landfills upon termination of their operation packaging serving as indicators that it is durable packaging Rulebook on criteria for acceptance of waste in landfills in each List of illustrative samples of packaging Official Gazette of RM no. 52/10 of 16.04.2010. class, preparatory procedures for waste acceptance, general Official Gazette of RM no. 8/08 of 17.01.2008. Rulebook on the manner of enumeration and abbreviations on provisions for testing, sampling and accepting the waste which the system of identification and marking of materials of Official Gazette of RM no. 62/10 of 06.05.2010. Rulebook on the conditions to be met by landfills Official Gazette of RM no. 78/09 of 22.06.2009. which the packaging is made is based, as well as the format and the content of the mark for packaging handling Rulebook on the conditions concerning technical conditions and equipment for performance of the activity of waste disposal, Rulebook on the manner of keeping, the format and detailed Official Gazette of RM no. 108/09 of 31.08.2009. as well as the conditions and the manner of training and staff content of database and information system of packaging and Official Gazette of RM no. 113/10 of 27.08.2010. training programme packaging waste

272 273 Rulebook on the format and the content of the form of annual Rulebook on the format and the content of the form Official Gazette of RM no. 127/13 of report on the types and quantities of packaging released or of certificate for exemption from payment of fee for 14.09.2013. imported on the market in the Republic of Macedonia in the packaging waste management preceding calendar year and on the treatment of waste of this packaging, the format and the content of the form of Official Gazette of RM no. 117/10 of 02.09.2010. BATTERIES AND ACCUMULATORS manufacturing specification, the format and the content of the form of records of overall packaging released or imported on the LAW ON BATTERIES AND ACCUMULATORS AND WASTE BATTERIES AND ACCUMULATORS market in the Republic of Macedonia, as well as the manner of Law on the Management of Batteries and Accumulators and Official Gazette of RM no. 140/10 of 21.10.2010. records keeping Waste Batteries and Accumulators Rulebook on the format and the content of the form for Law amending the Law on the Management of Batteries and exemption from payment of fee for packaging waste Official Gazette of RM no. 60/11 of 27.04.2011. Official Gazette of RM no. 47/11 of 08.04.2011. management Accumulators and Waste Batteries and Accumulators Law amending the Law on the Management of Batteries and Rulebook on the manner and conditions for exceeding the levels Official Gazette of RM no. 148/11 of 21.10.2011. of heavy metals content in packaging, as well as the manner of Accumulators and Waste Batteries and Accumulators Official Gazette of RM no. 78/11 of 09.06.2011. keeping and the content of records and report on packaging Law amending the Law on the Management of Batteries and Official Gazette of RM no. 39/12 of 22.03.2012. waste treatment Accumulators and Waste Batteries and Accumulators Decision to establish Commission for packaging waste Official Gazette of RM no. 112/11 of 24.08.2011. Law amending the Law on the Management of Batteries Official Gazette of RM no. 163/13 of management and Accumulators and Waste Batteries and Accumulators 26.11.2013. Decree on the manner, procedure and required documentation BYLAWS for return of the fee for import or destruction of packed goods Official Gazette of RM no. 112/11 of 24.08.2011. and export or destruction of bags for goods transportation Rulebook on the format and the content of the annual report on the management of waste batteries and accumulators and Rulebook on format and content of the invitation for education, manner of its submission, as well as the format and the content manner of education performance, as well as the manner of Official Gazette of RM no. 118/11 of 01.09.2011. Official Gazette of RM no. 167/10 of 23.12.2010. of the form for records keeping of the quantities and types keeping the central records for completed education in LPPWM of batteries and accumulators released on the market in the Rulebook amending the Rulebook on the format and the content Republic of Macedonia of the form of annual report on the types and quantities of Rulebook on the format and the content of the reports on the packaging released or imported on the market in the Republic of quantities of collected waste batteries and accumulators and Macedonia in the preceding calendar year and on the treatment quantities of taken, treated or recycled waste batteries and Official Gazette of RM no. 167/10 of 23.12.2010. of waste of this packaging, the format and the content of the Official Gazette of RM no. 184/11 of 29.12.2011. accumulators , as well as the manner of their preparation and form of manufacturing specification, the format and the content submission of the form of records of overall packaging released or imported on the market in the Republic of Macedonia, as well as the Rulebook on the format, content and manner of submitting manner of records keeping the application for registration of producers releasing on the market or importing batteries and accumulators in the Republic Rulebook on the format and content of the application for non- of Macedonia, manner of establishing registry number, as well Official Gazette of RM no. 36/11 of 23.03.2011. issuance of permit for packaging waste treatment or non-taking Official Gazette of RM no. 3/12 of 09.01.2012. as the format, content and manner of keeping the registry of of decision rejecting the issuance of permit for packaging waste producers releasing batteries and accumulators on the market in treatment the Republic of Macedonia Rulebook on the format and content of the application for non- Rulebook on the manner of marking batteries and accumulators definition of proposal for allocation of funds or non-adoption of Official Gazette of RM no. 3/12 of 09.01.2012. and battery packaging, the form and the content of the symbol act for non-selection Official Gazette of RM no. 52/11 of 13.04.2011. for separate collection, as well as the format and the content of Rulebook amending the Rulebook on the format and the content the chemical symbol for metals of the form for exemption from payment of fee for packaging Official Gazette of RM no. 12/12 of 26.01.2012. Rulebook on the format and the content of the certificate for waste management Official Gazette of RM no. 61/11 of 29.04.2011. registration of sole operator of waste batteries and accumulators Rulebook on the format and the content of the application for Official Gazette of RM no. 35/12 of 14.03.2012 Rulebook on the format and the content of the form of permit for packaging waste treatment certificate for exemption from payment of fee for waste Official Gazette of RM no. 61/11 of 29.04.2011. Rulebook on the manner and procedure of records keeping batteries and accumulators management and maintaining with regard to calculated and paid fee for Rulebook on the manner of monitoring and calculating the packaging waste management, as well as the format and content Official Gazette of RM no. 110/12 of 03.09.2012. execution of the rates of collection of waste batteries and of the form for calculation of the paid fee for packaging waste Official Gazette of RM no. 67/11 of 17.05.2011. accumulators, as well as the format and the content of the form management for monitoring and calculating Rulebook on the standards of biodegradability to be met by Decree on the manner, procedure and required documentation bags for goods transportation, manner of releasing and using of Official Gazette of RM no. 19/13 of 06.02.2013. for return of the fee for exported quantity of batteries and Official Gazette of RM no. 112/11 of 24.08.2011. biodegradable bags for goods transportation on market accumulators

274 275 276 277 Rulebook on the format and the content of the invitation for List of types of products belonging to the categories of electric Official Gazette of RM no. 133/12 of 26.10.2012. education, manner of education performance, as well as the and electronic equipment Official Gazette of RM no. 118/11 of 01.09.2011. manner of keeping the central records for completed education List of equipment for which measures for prohibition and in LMBAWBA restriction for release of electric and electronic equipment on Rulebook on the format and the content of the application for the market of the Republic of Macedonia are not applicable, failure to take decision for allocation of funds or failure to adopt Official Gazette of RM no. 3/12 of 09.01.2012. as well as maximum values for the concentration of hazardous Official Gazette of RM no. 02/13 of 04.01.2013. an act for non-conducted selection substances, deadlines by which presence of certain hazardous substances in electric and electronic equipment is allowed, its Rulebook on the format and the content of the application for constituent parts and materials failure to issue permit for waste batteries and accumulators Official Gazette of RM no. 3/12 of 09.01.2012. management or failure to take decision rejecting the issuance of Rulebook on minimum requirements for separate treatment permit for waste batteries and accumulators management of waste equipment, materials and parts of waste equipment, as well as minimum technical requirements for storage and Official Gazette of RM no. 09/13 of 15.01.2013. Rulebook amending Rulebook on the format and the content of treatment of waste equipment which should be met by the the form of certificate for exemption from payment of fee for Official Gazette of RM no. 12/12 of 26.01.2012. installation for waste equipment treatment waste batteries and accumulators management Rulebook on the format and the content on the form for records Rulebook on the format and the content of the invitation for Official Gazette of RM no. 33/12 of 08.03.2012 keeping of the quantities by category and type of equipment payment of fine in mandatory procedure Official Gazette of RM no. 127/13 of 14.09.2013. released by the producer on the market in the Republic of Rulebook on the manner and procedure for keeping and Macedonia maintaining the records of calculated and paid fee for waste batteries and accumulators management, as well as the format Official Gazette of RM no. 110/12 of 03.09.2012 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY and the content of the form for calculation of the paid fee for LAW ON AMBIENT AIR QUALITY waste batteries and accumulators management Law on Ambient Air Quality Official Gazette of RM no. 67/04 of 04.10.2004. MANAGEMENT OF ELECTRIC AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT AND WASTE ELECTRIC Law amending the Law on Ambient Air Quality Official Gazette of RM no. 92/07 of 24.07.2007. AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT Law amending the Law on Ambient Air Quality Official Gazette of RM no. 35/10 of 12.03.2010. LAW ON THE MANAGEMENT OF ELECTRIC AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT AND WASTE ELECTRIC AND Law amending the Law on Ambient Air Quality Official Gazette of RM no. 47/11 of 08.04.2011. ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT Law amending the Law on Ambient Air Quality Official Gazette of RM no. 59/12 of 11.05.2012. Law on the Management of Electric and Electronic Equipment Official Gazette of RM no. 6/12 of 13.01.2012. and Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment Law on Ambient Air Quality (consolidated) Official Gazette of RM no. 100/12 of 06.08.2012. Law amending the Law on the Management of Electric and Law amending the Law on Ambient Air Quality Official Gazette of RM no. 163/13 of 26.11.2013. Electronic Equipment and Waste Electric and Electronic Official Gazette of RM no. 163/12 of 26.11.2013. MEASUREMENT OF HARMFUL MATTERS Equipment Rulebook on the required professional staff, equipment, BYLAWS instruments and premises to be possessed by organizations of Official Journal of SFRY no. 7/76 of 20.02.1976. Rulebook on the format and the content of the application for associated labour appointed to perform control of air pollution failure to issue permit or failure to take decision rejecting the Official Gazette of RM no. 24/12 of 27.02.2012. and measurement of harmful matters released in the air issuance of permit for waste equipment management Rulebook on the manner and deadlines for submission of reports Rulebook on the format and the content of the invitation for on completed measurements, control and records of harmful Official Journal of SFRY no. 9/76 of 5.03.1976. education, manner of education performance, as well as the Official Gazette of RM no. 33/12 of 08.03.2012. matters released in the air manner of keeping the central records for completed education Rulebook on the manner and deadlines for measurements, control and records of harmful matters released in the air from Rulebook on the format and the content of the application for Official Journal of SFRY no. 13/76 of 2.04.1976. failure to issue permit or failure to take decision rejecting the Official Gazette of RM no. 38/12 of 21.03.2012. facilities, plants and devices that may pollute the air above the issuance of permit for waste equipment management maximum permissible concentrations Rulebook on the format and the content of the declaration of Rulebook on the manner and conditions for reporting the Official Gazette of RM no. 77/12 of 20.06.2012. the obligation for separate collection of waste equipment competent bodies for completed systematic observation and Official Journal of SFRY no. 7/76 of 20.02.1976. testing of air pollution on the territory of the Republic Rulebook on the format and the content of the invitation for fine Official Gazette of RM no. 110/12 of 03.09.2012. payment in mandatory procedure AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING Rulebook on the format and the content of the form of the Rulebook on criteria, methods and procedures for ambient air Official Gazette of RM no. 82/06 of 13.07.2006. application for registration of producers releasing on the market quality assessment or importing electric and electronic equipment as end users Rulebook on methodology for ambient air quality monitoring Official Gazette of RM no. 138/09 of 17.11.2009. in the Republic of Macedonia, the format and the content of Rulebook on the content and the manner of transferring data the registry of producers releasing on the market or importing Official Gazette of RM no. 133/12 of 26.10.2012. Official Gazette of RM no. 138/09 of 17.11.2009. electric and electronic equipment as end users in the Republic and information on the state of ambient air quality management of Macedonia, manner of its keeping and maintenance, as well Rulebook on the quantities of upper limits-ceilings of pollutant as the format and the content of the certificate for entry in the emissions in order to set projections for a given time period to Official Gazette of RM no. 2/10 of 08.01.2010. registry reduce quantities of pollutant emissions on annual level 278 279 Rulebook on detailed conditions to perform certain types Rulebook on the detailed content and manner of preparation of of professional activities with regard to equipment, devices, the programme for pollution reduction and ambient air quality Official Gazette of RM no. 108/09 of 31.08.2009. instruments and appropriate commercial premises to be fulfilled Official Gazette of RM no. 69/11 of 23.05.2011. improvement by entities performing certain types of professional activities of MONITORING OF THE QUALITY OF AMBIENT AIR AND SOURCES OF EMISSIONS FROM INDIVIDUAL ambient air quality monitoring STATIONARY SOURCES Rulebook on the format and the content of the forms for Decree determining combustion plants that need to undertake delivery of emissions in ambient air from stationary sources, Official Gazette of RM no. 112/11 of 24.08.2011. manner and time period of delivery in line with the installation Official Gazette of RM no. 79/11 of 13.06.2011 measures for ambient air protection against pollution capacity, content and manner of keeping the journal of ambient INSPECTION SUPERVISION air emissions Rulebook on the format and the content of the invitation for Rulebook amending the Rulebook on the quantities of upper education, manner of education performance, as well as the Official Gazette of RM no. 118/11 of 01.09.2011. limits-ceilings of pollutant emissions in order to set projections Official Gazette of RM no. 156/11 of 09.11.2011. manner of keeping the central records for completed education for a given time period to reduce quantities of pollutant emissions on annual level METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSMENT Rulebook on the methodology, manners, procedures, methods Rulebook on criteria, methods and procedures for ambient air Official Gazette of RM no. 11/12 of 24.01.2012. Official Gazette of RM no. 169/13 of 05.12.2013. and means for measuring the emissions from stationary sources quality assessment Rulebook on criteria, methods and procedures for ambient air GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS Official Gazette of RM no. 169/13 of 05.12.2013. quality assessment LAW ON GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE EMISSIONS Law on Genetically Modified Organisms Official Gazette of RM no. 35/09 of 14.03.2008. Rulebook on maximum permissible concentrations and Law amending the Law on Genetically Modified Organisms Official Gazette of RM no. 163/13 of 26.11.2013. quantities and other harmful matters that may be released into Official Journal of SFRY no. 3/90 of 19.01.1990. the air from individual sources of pollution AREAS WHERE GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS MAY NOT BE RELEASED Decree on the limit values for levels and types of pollutants in Decree determining areas where genetically modified Official Gazette of RM no.112 /09 of 09.09.2009. ambient air and alert thresholds, deadlines for achievement of reproduction material may not be released into the environment Official Gazette of RM no. 50/05 of 27.06.2005. limit values, margins of tolerance for limit value, target values Annex to the Decree determining areas where genetically and long-term targets modified reproduction material may not be released into the Official Gazette of RM no.113 /09 of 11.09.2009. Rulebook on the methodology for inventory taking and setting environment the levels of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere in tons ADVISORY BODIES per year for all types of activities, as well as other data to be Official Gazette of RM no. 142/07 of 26.11.2007. submitted to the Programme for air monitoring in Europe Decision to establish National Council for Waters Official Gazette of RM no.149 /09 of 15.12.2009. (EMEP) DELIBERATE RELEASE OF GMO Rulebook on the limit values of permissible levels of emissions Rulebook on the content of information for carrying out and types of pollutants in exhaust gases and steams released by Official Gazette of RM no. 141/10 of 25.10.2010. Official Gazette of RM no.148 /09 of 14.12.2009. evaluation of the risk as a result of deliberate release of GMO stationary sources into the air Rulebook on the content of the plan of emergency measures Official Gazette of RM no.163 /09 of 31.12.2009. Decree amending the Decree on the limit values for levels and types of pollutants in ambient air and alert thresholds, deadlines Decree on the content, scope and methodology for Official Gazette of RM no. 04/13 of 09.01.2013. for achievement of limit values, margins of tolerance for limit environmental risk assessment appropriate to the nature of inlet Official Gazette of RM no. 22/12 of 13.02.2012. value, target values and long-term targets genetically modified organism and environment HARMFUL MATTERS MONITORING AND DETECTING RESTRICTED USE OF GMO Rulebook on the methodology for harmful matters monitoring Rulebook on restricted use of genetically modified organisms Official Gazette of RM no.08/11 of 24.01.2011. Official Journal of SFRY no. 9/76 of 5.03.1976. and detecting in the air PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS AND REPORTING CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTING FACILITIES AND ZONES Rulebook on the format and the content of the form of the Rulebook on the classification of facilities which by release of announcement of the notification for issuance of permit for harmful matters may pollute the air in populated places and Official Journal of SFRY no. 13/76 of 2.04.1976. restricted use of GMO, notification for issuance of permit for Official Gazette of RM no.150/12 of 29.11.2012. formation of zones for sanitary protection deliberate release of GMO in the environment and notification for issuance of permit for GMO products release on the market List of zones and agglomerations for ambient air quality Official Gazette of RM no. 23/09 of 19.02.2009. RELEASE OF GMO PRODUCTS ON MARKET PLANS AND PROGRAMMES Rulebook on information that may be omitted from the Rulebook on the detailed content and manner of preparation of Official Gazette of RM no.29/14 of 06.02.2014. Official Gazette of RM no. 108/09 of 31.08.2009. notification for GMO product release on the market the action plan for ambient air protection Rulebook on the detailed content and manner of preparation of Official Gazette of RM no. 108/09 of 31.08.2009. the national plan for ambient air protection

280 281 SPATIAL PLANNING Decision determining the boundaries of river basin areas Official Gazette of RM no. 107/12 of 27.08.2012. SPATIAL PLANS Decree on the composition, manner of participation, as well as the manner of nomination of representatives in the councils for Official Gazette of RM no. 106/13 of 29.07.2013 Decision to adopt Spatial Development Plan for NP “Galichica” Official Journal of SFRY no. 43/88 of 22.07.1988. river basin areas management and council for management of Decision to adopt Spatial Development Plan for NP “Pelister” Official Journal of SFRY no. 43/88 of 22.07.1988. part of the river basin area, as well as the manner of its work Decision to adopt Spatial Development Plan for NP “Mavrovo” Official Journal of SFRY no. 43/88 of 22.07.1988. PROGRAMME OF MEASURES Programme for preparation and adoption of the Spatial Plan of Rulebook on the content and the manner of programmes of Official Gazette of RM no. 17/95 of 28.03.1995. Official Gazette of RM no. 148/09 of 14.12.2009. the Republic of Macedonia measures preparation Programme amending the Programme for preparation and MONITORING OF WATERS Official Gazette of RM no. 29/98 of 24.06.1998. adoption of the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Macedonia Rulebook on the content and manner of preparation of Decision to adopt Spatial Plan for the region of Kozjak information on cartographic presentations of waters monitoring Official Gazette of RM no. 148/09 of 14.12.2009. Official Gazette of RM no. 49/99 of 30.07.1999. accumulation activities Spatial Plan for the region of Rasche springs protection zones Official Gazette of RM no. 98/02 of 27.12.2002. ADVISORY BODIES Spatial Plan of the Republic of Macedonia Official Gazette of RM no. 39/04 of 18.06.2004. Decision establishing national council for waters Official Gazette of RM no. 149/09 of 15.12.2009. Rulebook on procedure, manner of preparation, content of the BASIC PLANNING DOCUMENTS reports on conditions and changes in space and deadlines for Official Gazette of RM no. 42/05 of 07.06.2005. their submission Rulebook on the methodology for the content, manner and procedure, review of Water Management Master Plan of the Official Gazette of RM no. 148/09 of 14.12.2009. Rulebook amending the Rulebook on procedure, manner of Republic of Macedonia preparation, content of the reports on conditions and changes in Official Gazette of RM no. 111/06 of 27.10.2006. Rulebook on the format and the content of the application for space and deadlines for their submission „Службен весник на РМ“ бр. 129/11 од non-taking decision accepting or rejecting the application for 23.09.2011 год. Spatial Plan for the region of Treska River Basin Official Gazette of RM no. 25/07 of 02.03.2007. water management consent Spatial Plan for Ohrid-Prespa region 2005-2020 Official Gazette of RM no. 22/10 of 15.02.2010. Decision to announce the draft amendment of the water Annual Programme for development of spatial plans in the management master plan of the Republic of Macedonia for Official Gazette of RM no. 129/11 of 23.09.2011. Official Gazette of RM no. 8/14 of 14.01.2014. Republic of Macedonia for 2014 public debate WATERS National Strategy for Waters (2012 – 2042) Official Gazette of RM no. 70/12 of 07.06.2012. LAW ON WATERS URBAN WASTE WATERS Law on Waters Official Gazette of RM no. 87/08 of 15.07.2008. Rulebook on the format and the content of the form of the application and of the permit for reuse of treated waste waters, „Службен весник на РМ“ бр. 60, од 27.04.2011 Law amending the Law on Waters Official Gazette of RM no. 6/09 of 15.01.2009 as well as the manner of permit issuance Law amending the Law on Waters Official Gazette of RM no. 161/09 of 30.12.2009 Rulebook on the format and the content of the form of the Law amending the Law on Waters Official Gazette of RM no. 83/10 of 23.06.2010 application and of the permit for use of sludge, as well as the Official Gazette of RM no. 60, of 27.04.2011 manner of issuance of the permit for sludge use Law amending the Law on Waters Official Gazette of RM no. 51/11 of 13.04.2011. Rulebook on the format, content and manner of data delivery Law amending the Law on Waters Official Gazette of RM no. 44/12 of 30.03.2012. and type of information on the use of sludge from urban waste Official Gazette of RM no. 60, of 27.04.2011 Law amending the Law on Waters Official Gazette of RM no. 23/13 of 14.02.2013. water treatment in accordance with its intention, treatment, composition and place of its use Law amending the Law on Waters Official Gazette of RM no. 163/13 of 26.11.2013. Rulebook on the manner of sludge use, maximum values of the WATER MANAGEMENT concentrations of heavy metals in the soil in which it is used, Decision to announce the draft amendment of the water values of heavy metals concentration in sludge in line with its Official Gazette of RM no. 60, of 27.04.2011 management master plan of the Republic of Macedonia for Official Gazette of RM no. 123/13 of 06.09.2013 purpose and maximum annual quantities of heavy metals that public debate can be inlet in the soil WATERS CLASSIFICATION AND CATEGORIZATION Rulebook on detailed conditions for collection, transportation and treatment, manner and conditions of designing, Decree on waters classification Official Gazette of RM no. 18/99 of 31.09.1999. construction and operation of urban waste water treatment Decree on the categorization of watercourses, lakes, systems and plants, as well as technical standards, parameters, Official Gazette of RM no. 18/99 of 31.09.1999. Official Gazette of RM no. 73/11 of 31.05.2011. accumulations and ground waters emission standards and norms for pre-treatment quality, waste waters removal and treatment, taking into account loading and RIVER BASINS method of treatment of urban waste waters discharged in areas Rulebook on the content and manner of preparation of river sensitive to urban waste waters discharges Official Gazette of RM no. 148/09 of 14.12.2009. basin management plans Rulebook on the methodology for river basins assessment Official Gazette of RM no. 148/09 of 14.12.2009.

282 283 Rulebook on detailed conditions, manner and maximum WATERS PROTECTION permissible values and concentrations of the parameters of Official Gazette of RM no. 73/11 of 31.05.2011. Rulebook on technical and other conditions related to treated waste waters for their reuse installation and operation of plants using dangerous matters and Official Gazette of RM no.123, of 12.09.2011 Rulebook on conditions, manner and emission limit values for substances and manner of plants testing by experts prior to their waste waters discharging upon their treatment, manner of putting into operation at regular intervals during operation Official Gazette of RM no. 73/11 of 31.05.2011. their calculation, taking into account specific requirements for Rulebook on the format and the content of the application for protected zones protection failure to issue permit or failure to take decision rejecting the Official Gazette of RM no. 129/11 of 23.09.2011. Rulebook on methodology, reference measuring methods, application for issuance of permit for discharge manner and parameters of waste waters monitoring, including Official Gazette of RM no. 108/11 of 12.08.2011 Rulebook on setting the criteria for delineation of zones sensitive sludge from urban waste waters treatment Official Gazette of RM no. 131/11 of 28.09.2011. to nitrates Rulebook on criteria for identification of zones sensitive to urban Official Gazette of RM no. 130/11 of 26.09.2011. Decision delineating protection zones around the spring waste waters discharging Official Gazette of RM no. 151, of 31.10.2011 “Studenchica” WASTE WATERS DISCHARGING Rulebook on the format and the content of the registry of Rulebook on hazardous and harmful matters and substances and protection zones of areas designated as protected natural Official Gazette of RM no. 25, of 19.02.2013 their emission standards that may be discharged in sewerage heritage where maintenance and improvement of the status of Official Gazette of RM no. 108/11 of 12.08.2011. network or waste water removal system, surface or ground waters is an important factor water bodies, as well as riparian lands and wetlands FUNDS FROM COMPENSATIONS FOR WATERS Rulebook on conditions, manner and limit values of emission Programme for waters management for 2012 Official Gazette of RM no. 12/12 of 26.01.2012. for waste water discharge upon their treatment , manner of Official Gazette of RM no. 47/11 of 08.04.2011. their calculation, taking into account specific requirements for Programme amending the Programme for waters management Official Gazette of RM no. 99/12 of 03.08.2012. protected zones protection for 2012 INFORMATION DELIVERY Programme for waters management for 2013 Official Gazette of RM no. 4/13 of 09.01.2013 Rulebook on the manner of delivering information from Programme for waters management for 2014 Official Gazette of RM no. 8/14 of 14.01.2014 discharged waste waters monitoring, as well as the format and Official Gazette of RM no. 108/11 of 12.08.2011. the content of the form for data delivery WORLD NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE Monitoring of waste water discharges LAW ON THE MANAGEMENT OF WORLD NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE IN OHRID REGION Law on the Management of World Natural and Cultural Heritage Rulebook on on the manner of delivering information from Official Gazette of RM no. 75/10 of 07.06.2010. discharged waste waters monitoring, as well as the format and Official Gazette of RM no. 108/11 of 12.08.2011. in Ohrid Region the content of the form for data delivery EMISSIONS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT PETROL USE INSPECTION SUPERVISION LAW ON THE CONTROL OF EMISSIONS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT PETROL USE Rulebook on the format and the content of the invitation for Law on the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds Official Gazette of RM no. 38/14 of 24.02.2014. education, manner of education performance, as well as the Official Gazette of RM no. 118/11 of 01.09.2011. at Petrol Use manner of keeping the central records for completed education POLLUTING MATTERS AND SUBSTANCES List of polluting matters and substances Official Gazette of RM no. 122/11 of 07.09.2011. WATER RIGHT Rulebook on the format and the content of the application for failure to issue permit or failure to take decision rejecting the application for issuance of permit for use of water or permit for Official Gazette of RM no. 129/11 of 23.09.2011. abstraction of sand, gravel and stone in riverbeds and shores of surface water bodies Decision to initiate procedure for awarding concession for use of water for electricity production by hydro power plants on the Official Gazette of RM no. 144/13 of 22.10.2013 river Crna Reka Decision to initiate procedure for awarding concession for use of water for electricity production by hydro power plants on the Official Gazette of RM no. 129/12 of 18.10.2012 river Crna Reka and participation in public private partnership with AD ELEM Decision to initiate procedure for awarding concession for use of water for electricity production by hydro power plants on the Official Gazette of RM no. 138/12 of 06.11.2012 river Crna Reka and participation in public private partnership with AD ELEM 284 285 286 287 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

7ЕАP 7th Environmental Action Programme MAFWE Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy ASCI Areas of Special Conservation Interest MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs BA Batteries and Accumulators NCCC National Committee for Climate Change CDDA Common Database on Designated Areas NP National Park CLRTAP Convention for Lon Range Transboundary Air Pollution NCSD National Council for Sustainable Development CO Carbon monoxide NSSD National Strategy for Sustainable Development in the Republic of Macedonia EEA European Environment Agency О3 Ozone EU-ETS EU-Emission Trading Schemes WBA Waste batteries and accumulators GLOBE Global Learning and Observation to Benefit Environment UN United Nations IBA Important Bird Area SD Sustainable development IPA Important Plant Area PCB Polychlorinated biphenyl IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature FRSD Framework Report on Sustainable Development NAMAs National Adequate Mitigation Actions for climate change RIMSYS Automatic water quality monitoring system NH3 Ammonia USA United States of America NMVOC Non-methane Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organization NОx Nitrogen oxides UNDP United Nations Development Programme PBA Primary Butterfly Areas UNEP/GEF United Nations Environmental Programme/Global Environmental Facility

PM10 Particulate Matter sized up to 10 micrometers UNESCO United Nations for Education, Science and Culture Organizations

PM2.5 Particulate Matter sized less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers HMA Hydrometeorological Administration POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants HPP Hydropower plant REACH Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals HPS Hydropower System SAICM Strategic Access in Chemicals Management ХЕ Хидроелектрана SNAP Selective Nomenclature of Air Pollution ХЕЦ Хидроенергетски системи SO2 Sulfur dioxide TSP Total Particulate Matters UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds GEF Global Environmental Fund GMO Genetically Modified Organisms SAAAQMS State Automatic Ambient Air Quality Monitoring System DDD Name of measuring point of PHC Skopje EMEP Programme for air monitoring in Europe EMERALD Ecological network EU European Union AMO Alive Modified Organism ZZZ Name of measuring point of PHC Skopje IPA Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance PHI Public Health Institution MASA Macedonian Academy of Science and Arts MEPP Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning

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